202110192-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-PART2

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Table of Contents Unit Theme Content Page No. 11A. New Kings and Kingdoms (Part 1) 1 11B. New Kings and Kingdoms (Part 2) 4 3. Political Systems and 12. The Kakatiyas – Emergence of 14 Governance a Regional Kingdom 26 13. The Kings of Vijayanagara 41 54 14. Mughal Empire 71 15. Establishment of British Empire in India 16. Making of Laws in the State Assembly Social Organisations and 18. Caste Discrimination and the 85 Inequalities Struggle for Equalities 4. 5. Culture and 22. Rulers and Buildings 93 Communication Project Based Questions 106 Additional Map based Practice questions 107

11A. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS: PART 1 SESSION 1 NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1) – MAJOR KINGDOMS DURING 7TH AND 12TH CENTURIES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1 1. Saamanth: Subordinates and provincial rulers of the king. 2. Temple: Place where Hindus worship SESSION 1. MAJOR KINGDOMS DURING 7TH AND 12TH CENTURIES

CHAPTER 11A-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1) 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Who were the parties involved in the “tripartite struggle”? [Refer to TB page 107 Q1] A. Parties involved in the “tripartite struggle” were –Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties. Q2. What were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas? [Refer to TB page 107 Q3] A. Chahamanas, later known as Chauhans ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmeer. These are the two major cities. Q3. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful? [Refer to TB page 107 Q4] A. i. Initially the Rashtrakutas in Deccan were sub–ordinates to the Chalukyas of Karnataka. ii. In the mid–eighth century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual, called “Hiranya–Garba”(literally, the golden womb). iii. When this ritual was performed with the help of Brahmanas, it was thought to lead to the ‘rebirth’ of the sacrificer as a Kshatriya, even if he was not one by birth. iv. With this, the Rashtrakutas became powerful Q4. What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance? [Refer to TB page 107 Q5] A. i. By the seventh century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the sub–continent. ii. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their “sub–ordinates’ or “Samanthas”. iii. They were expected to bring ‘gifts for their kings or overlords, be present at their courts and provide them with military support. iv. As Samanthas gained power and wealth, they declared themselves to be “Mahasamantha” or “Maha mandaleshwara” and so on. v. Sometimes, they asserted their independence over their overlords. Information Skills Q1. Collect the pictures of ancient temples and make an album. [Refer to TB page 107 Q9] A. Student response. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Contrast the ‘elections” in Uttaramerur with present — day Panchayat elections [Refer to TB page 107 Q8] SESSION 1. MAJOR KINGDOMS DURING 7TH AND 12TH CENTURIES 2

CHAPTER 11A-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1) A. Procedure of election in Uttaramerur Procedure in present day Panchyat Elections Names of those eligible members of these All the members of a particular village/ward committees were written on small tickets of who are eligible to vote have to vote on the palm leaf. These tickets were put into election day in secret–ballot procedure. The earthen ware pot, from which a young boy member who gets the maximum number of was asked to take out the tickets, one by one votes will be elected as member of for each committee. Panchayat. i) During the elections in Uttaramerur, in Chola Kingdom the person who want to become the members of the sabha should be the owners of the land from which land revenue is collected. But now a days there is no such restriction. ii) The person had to have his own home but at present there is no need to have his own home. iii) In those days, the person’s age had to be between 35–70 years but now a days their age must be above 21 years no upper limit of age. iv) He should have had the Knowledge of Vedas. At present knowledge of Vedas is not necessary. v) He should have been well versed in administrative matters and honest. That experience is needed now also. vi) Former members of other committe could not be the member of Chola sabha. No such restrictions are there now a days. vii) He had to submit his accounts along with his relatives otherwise he could not contest.Now also candi- date’s information is required. 1.3 Key Concepts i. By the 17th century there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent, existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or samanthas. ii. In the mid–eighth century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya overlord and per- formed a ritual called “Hiranya –Garbha” (literally, the Golden Womb). iii. The invocation part of an inscription is “Prashasti”; Prashastis contains details about the ruling family such as their predecessors and the period to which they belonged. iv. In 12th century, a long Sanskrit poem containing the history of kings who ruled over Kashmir was com- posed by an author named Kalhana. v. Arabic work, known as the ‘Kitab–al–Hind’ is an important source for historians. vi. Chahamanas, later known as the Chauhans, ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmeer. SESSION 1. MAJOR KINGDOMS DURING 7TH AND 12TH CENTURIES 3

11B. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS: PART 2 SESSION 1 NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 2) – THE CHOLAS 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. THE CHOLAS 4

CHAPTER 11B-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 2) 1.2 Terminology 1. Kingdom : The territory as a whole ruled by king or Queen. 2. Sultan : Muslim rulers of Turkish tradition. 3. Mandalams : Large provinces under the Chola king. 4. Valanadus : Sub division of a mandalam. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What were the activities associated with Chola temples? [Refer to TB page 107 Q7] A. 1) Chola temples often became the nuclei of settlements which grew around them. These were centres of craft production. 2) Temples were also endowed with land by rulers as well as by others. 3) The produce of this land went into maintaining all the specialists who worked at the temple and often lived near it like the priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers etc. 4) Temples were not only the places of worship, they were the hub of economic, social and cultural life as well. 5) Amongst the crafts associated with temples, the making of bronze images was the most distinctive. 6) Chola bronze images are considered amongst the finest in the world. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee in the Chola empire? [Refer to TB page 107 Q2] A. i. All those who wish to become members of the Sabha should be owners of land from which land revenue is collected ii. They should have their own homes. iii. They should be between 35 and 70 years of age. iv. They should have knowledge of the Vedas. v. They should be well–versed in administrative matters and honest. SESSION 1. THE CHOLAS 5

CHAPTER 11B-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 2) vi. If anyone has been a member of any committee in the last three years, he cannot become a member of another committee. vii. Anyone who has not submitted his accounts and those of his relatives cannot contest the elections. Q2. What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region? [Refer to TB page 107 Q6] A. 1) A variety of methods were used for irrigation. 2) In some areas wells were dug. 3) In other places huge tanks were constructed to collect rain water. 4) These irrigation works require planning, organization, labour and resources, maintaining these works and deciding on how water is to be shared. 5) Most of the new rulers, as well as people living in villages took an active interest in these activities. 6) In many areas two crops were grown in a year. 7) Canals were constructed to carry water to the fields. 8) Bunds are constructed to stop the overflow of the streams. 9) Forests around the Kaveri were cleared and opened for large scale cultivation. 10) In these delta regions embankments were built to prevent flooding. Q3. Read the first two paragraphs under the title ‘Agriculture and Irrigation’ from pages 104 and 105 and com- ment on them. [Refer to TB page 107 Q10] A. Student response. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Vijayalaya—family of the Cholas built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini. ii. The big temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda –Cholapuram built by Raja Raja and Rajendra are archi- tectural and sculptural marvels. iii. The empire was divided into Mandalams or provinces, further sub divided into Valanadus and Nadus. iv. Groups of such villages formed larger units called Nadus’. v. The Chola kings gave some rich landowners titles like Murendavelan (A velan or peasant serving the kings) SESSION 1. THE CHOLAS 6

CHAPTER 11-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Deccan 1. Match the following. Column A i. Chahamanas ii. Rashtrakutas b. Karnataka iii. Cholas c. Tamil Nadu iv. Palas d. Rajasthan v. Chalukyas e. West Bengal 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. A building devoted for worship i. Samantha ii. Temple b. Group of villagers forming large Cholas ad- ministration iii. Nadu c. A Muslim sovereign iv. Sabha d. Subordinate to existing king v. Sultan e. As assembly of prominent Brahmins 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) To which state did Chalukyas belong to? (ii) What is meant by Embankment? (iii) What is the present name of Kalinga? (iv) What were the administrative functions of village council? (v) What was the main occupation of Cholas? CHAPTER 11. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) 7

CHAPTER 11-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) (vi) Who was the Afghan ruler defeated by Prithviraja III? (vii) What were Nagarams? (viii) Who was Kalhana? (ix) What was meant by maha mandaleshvara? (x) What did kings often reward Brahmans? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The invocation part of an inscription is . (xii) The best known Chahamana ruler was . (xiii) Dantidurga performed a ritual called . (xiv) built the town of Thanjavur. (xv) , of Afghanistan ruled from 997 A.D to 1030 A.D. (xvi) Group of villages formed large units called . (xvii) Chahamana has ruled over the region around . (xviii) Chalukyas belonged to . (xix) One particular prized area was the city of in Ganga Valley. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Who was the best known Chahamana ruler? (ii) What were the ways and methods to organise the Sabha? (iii) What do you know about the invasion of Mahmud Ghazni? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What do you know about the Chola Administration? CHAPTER 11. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) 8

CHAPTER 11-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) (ii) What activities were associated with Chola temples? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) “Cholas contribution to agriculture and irrigation was enormous”. Support the statement. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following ruling dynasties of seventh and twelfth centuries on the given map. a) Cholas b) Gurjara–Pratiharas c) Rashtrakutas d) Palas CHAPTER 11. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) 9

CHAPTER 11-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) (ii) Look at the map and answer the following questions. i. Name the neighbouring places of the Chola Kingdom. 10 ii. Name some cities in the Chola dynasty. iii. In which part of India was the Chola kingdom established? CHAPTER 11. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2)

CHAPTER 11B-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) (iii) Observe the map below and answer the following questions. i) Pandyas kingdom shared its boundary with which kingdoms. 11 ii) Which kingdom in south India had fluctuating frontiers. iii) Name three southern most kingdoms. iv) Which kingdom ruled over modern day state of Andhra Pradesh. CHAPTER 11B. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2)

CHAPTER 11-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) images are considered to be the finest in the world. (A) Chola Bronze (B) Kakatiya bronze (C) Pallava bronze (D) Chalukyas bronze (ii) The Chola ruler who built Thanjavur was (B) Rajendra (A) Rajaraja–1 (C) Karikalachola (D) None (iii) Associations of traders were known as (B) Nadu (A) Sabha (C) Samiti (D) Nagarams (iv) Uttaramerur is in . (A) Karnataka (B) Tamil Nadu (C) Kerala (D) AndhraPradesh (v) temples were the centre for craft production. (A) Kakatiya (B) Chalukyas (C) Chola (D) Palas (vi) means an earthen or stone bank for keeping back water. (A) Embankment (B) Engagement (C) Both A and B (D) None of above (vii) An organized community headed by a king is called (A) Temple (B) Kingdom (C) Sabha (D) Samantha CHAPTER 11. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) 12

CHAPTER 11-NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) (viii) A group of villages forming large units under Chola administration are (A) Nadu (B) Kingdom (C) Sultan (D) Sabha (ix) Subordinate to the existing king is (B) Samantha (A) Sultan (C) Nadu (D) None (x) A building devoted to worship or dwelling place of god is (A) Sabah (B) Temple (C) Kingdom (D) None (xi) __________ contain details about a ruling family. (B) Sculptures (A) Prashastis (D) Copper plates (C) Temples (xii) During the ‘tripartite struggle’ rulers fought over control of ________. (A) Thanjavur (B) Kanauj (C) Delhi (D) Ajmer (xiii) The scholar __________ was asked by Mahmud Ghazni to write an account of the subcontinent. (A) Kalhana (B) Harichandra (C) Al-Biruni (D) Dantidurga (xiv) The rashtrakuta chief _________ overthrew his Chalukyan overlord in the mid eighth centuary. (A) Nagabhata (B) Prithviraja III (C) Dantidurga (D) Rajaraja I (xv) The Rashtrakutas did not occupy parts of modern-day _____ (A) Maharashtra (B) Kerala (C) Madhya Pradesh (D) Karnataka CHAPTER 11. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS (PART 1, 2) 13

12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM SESSION 1 THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM – RULE AND CONTRIBUTION OF KAKATIYAS TO INDIAN HISTORY 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. RULE AND CONTRIBUTION OF KAKATIYAS TO INDIAN HISTORY 14

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 1.2 Terminology 1. Warrior : A skilled fighter, someone notable for strength of spirit. 2. Swayambhu : The God who was unearthed originally but not hand made by anybody. 3. Nayankar system : This system was introduced by Rudramadevi and Prataparudra. They encouraged some skilled warriors who were not from noble family but were very loyal to the Royal family. They were given high positions with the title Nayakas. 4. Artisans : skilled manual workers like gold smiths, carpenters, potters,etc. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Why was it difficult for women to rule in those days? Is it different today? [Refer to TB page 114 Q5] A. i. In those days women never had any social importance. ii. They were not considered to be on the front line of anywhere. iii. They were supposed to be home–bound and be busy with their husband and kids. iv. So, it was difficult for women to rule. v. People were not ready to accept the women rulers. vi. The kings also preferred to declare males as future kings but not the princesses. vii. They were given training in fine arts but not in martial arts viii. But now a days women are also leading in many fields. ix. So many women have become the rulers of the countries and ruled successfully x. According to the Indian constitution every body is equal before the law and reservations are also being given to the women. Thus, the position of women is quite different to day from that of the past. Q2. ’ Women too manage the administrative affairs effectively’–How do you support it? [Refer to TB page 114 Q8] A. History is full of examples proving that women can manage the administrative affairs effectively. For exam- ple Rudrama Devi. She ruled from modern day Warangal for 27years. Foreign visitor Marco Polo visited Rudramadevi’s kingdom and wrote about her bravery and administrative efficiency.Raziya Sultana ruled Delhi proving her administrative capabilities. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. In those days, powerful men had their own land and were also able to tax other farmers, traders and artisans. Can powerful people do this now? Give reasons. [Refer to TB page 114 Q6] A. i. No, the powerful people cannot do that now. ii. Now, Government has the authority to fix the tax. iii. Even now some powerful persons are there. iv. They have their own land and also try to occupy the government sites illegally. SESSION 1. RULE AND CONTRIBUTION OF KAKATIYAS TO INDIAN HISTORY 15

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM v. They mislead the government or bribe the officials and occupy hectars of government land. vi. This is resulting in scams which become public. vii. They force the poor to vacate the sites and occupies them. viii. However there is the law, which can punish them for their illegal acts, even though they are very influenced people. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The Kakatiya Kingdom in Warangal was one of the powerful kingdoms established in South India. ii. Srimad Andhra Mahabharatamu, the first poetic Work in Telugu was composed by the Kavitrayam –Nan- naya, Tikkana and Yerra Pragada. iii. Rudrama Devi (1262 to 1289) was a very powerful ruler of Kakatiya . iv. She was like Raziya Sultana of Delhi Sultanate but unlike the Sultana, she faced the oppositions suc- cessfully. v. According to the inscriptions, Durjaya the producer of Kakatiya ruler was a Sudravarna warrior. vi. The Kakatiya kingdom included three Telugu speaking regions of South India –Telangana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra. vii. This was the first serious attempt to unite these regions. viii. Earlier, these regions were ruled by Chalukya of Karnataka. ix. By the fall of Western Chalukyas, they became independent. x. Rudrama Devi shifted the capital from Hanamakonda to Orugallu. xi. She had constructed a well planted fort and the famous Thousand Pillared –Temple at Warangal. xii. The chiefs and clans in Andhra Pradesh, who were constantly at war, were well controlled. xiii. Their attempts to become independent through revolt were well subdued by the Kakatiya rulers. xiv. Trade flourished well, coins were also introduced. xv. The powerful and faithful families were brought to the position of Nayaka, with many villages under him, from where they could collect tax. These villages were called Nayankaras. SESSION 1. RULE AND CONTRIBUTION OF KAKATIYAS TO INDIAN HISTORY 16

SESSION 2 THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM – CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY AND DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Samanthas : The sub–ordinate rulers of the king or the emperor. 2. Kavitraya : A group of three(trinity) Telugu poets namely Nannaya battaraka, Tikkana , Yerra pragada were (not belonged to same period) called so because they translated the sanskrit Mahabaratha into Telugu. SESSION 2. CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY AND DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE 17

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How do you think the Kakatiyas were able to gain control over the chiefs? [Refer to TB page 114 Q3] A. i. Rudramadevi and Prataparudra were very successful in handling the chiefs. ii. Samantha were given special protection. iii. Nayankara system was introduced. iv. The Kakatiya took the samanthas with them whenever they went to conquer the other kingdoms, to enstrengthen themselves and ensure that the samanthas didn’t go against them. v. When any samantha chief made attempt to become independent the Kakatiya kings sent armies to subdue the samantha. vi. Thus, they gained control over the chiefs by observing their activities and showing their valour and power. Q2. Why do you think the Kakatiyas did not appoint powerful chiefs as Nayakas? [Refer to TB page 114 Q4] A. i. Nayakas had a good hold over their area. ii. The powerful chiefs could influence the people. iii. That could be a potential threat for the Kakatiyas. Q3. Compare the warriors of those times with what you know about the armies of modern times. What differ- ences do you see between them? [Refer to TB page 114 Q1] A. Modern days Old days 1. Led by the President of the Nation. 1. Led by the king. 2. Crude kind of weapons. 2. Advanced weapons. 3. Guns were unknown. 3. Guns and related weapons are generally used. 4. No vehicles, used mainly horses 4. Uses very advanced vehicles. 5. Basic form of Army and Navy 5. Advance Army and Navy and Air force. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title ‘Nayankara System’ of page 112 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 114 Q7] A. Student response. SESSION 2. CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY AND DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE 18

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Kings and chiefs built irrigation tanks to improve agriculture in the Kakatiya times. What would they do now? [Refer to TB page 114 Q2] A. They cannot do anything now as Rajas and chiefs do not have any more roles in administration 2.4 Key Concepts i. The Kakatiyas encouraged agriculture. They brought large land areas under cultivation. ii. Patronized a lot of temples as well. iii. They encouraged trade and commerce as well. iv. The Kakatiya kingdom fell following the advancement of Delhi Sultanate. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Trinity of poets 1. Match the following. Column A i. Prathaparudra Yashobhushanam ii. Vinukonda Vallabharaya b. Prataparudra Charitramu iii. Ekamranatha c. Kridabhiramamu iv. Svayambhu Siva temple d. Warangal v. Kavitrayamu e. Vidyanatha 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. 1262 –1289 CE i. Prola II ii. Rudradeva b. 1199 – 1262 CE iii. Ganapati Deva c. 1116 –1157 CE iv. Rudramadevi d. 1158–1195 CE v. Prataparudra II e. 1289 – 1323 CE CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 19

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Name the kingdom which arose in Warangal? (ii) What was the major contribution of the Kakatiyas? (iii) Who were called as Kavitrayamu? (iv) Who was Marco Polo? (v) Which is the first poetic work in Telugu? (vi) Who defeated Prataparudra? (vii) Who were ruling in Karnataka? (viii) By which name Orugallu is presently known? (ix) Who was the powerful ruler of Kakatiya? (x) Who were Rattadis? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The Kakatiyas adopted as the forwarded language of the court. (xii) The new kings in Delhi were called as . (xiii) The posts of village heads were called . (xiv) was able to defeat Kakatiya Prataparudra in 1323 AD. (xv) Kakatiya’s emerged as independent rulers after the fall of . (xvi) The title of was given to skilled warriors. (xvii) The capital of Kakatiyas shifted from Anmakonda to . (xviii) Rudramadevi was known as . (xix) An inscription was issued by Kakatiya king Ganapati Deva in a place called . (xx) The Kakatiya Dynasty ended by the year . CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 20

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How was Raziya Sultana different from Rudramadevi? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What do you know about Nayankara System? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the given Para and answer the following questions :–Rudramadevi ruled from Orugallu (modern Warangal) and belonged to the famous Kakatiya family. She ruled from 1262 AD to 1289 AD for nearly 27 years. In our country, there have been very few women rulers. In distant Delhi too, there was a woman ruler called Raziya sultana few years ago. But her nobles did not like to be ruled by a woman and had killed her. A famous traveler from Italy, called Marco Polo visited Rudramadevi’s kingdom and said that she was fearless, dressed herself like a man and rode horses with ease. In fact, in inscriptions, Rudramadevi was known as Rudramadevi Maharaja. i) Who was Marco polo? ii) How did he describe Rudrama Devi? iii) By which name was Rudramadevi known in inscriptions? iv) Rudramadevi belongs to which family? v) What was the old name of Warangal? CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 21

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a given map of India:– i. Place where Kakatiya kingdom originated ii. Telangana iii. Rayalaseema iv. Karnataka v. Delhi CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 22

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM (ii) Read the map and answer the following questions. Stone wall and Moat Inner Rampart Outer Rampart i. Why did the kakatiyas build the Warangal fort? ii. Why was the outer fort wall constructed? iii. Why moat was mostly constructed around a fort or a coastal area? iv. Mention the use of rampart in a fort? v. How many ramparts are seen in the map? Mention their importance. AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why do you think Kakatiyas constructed the temple of Svayambhu Shiva in the middle of the fort? (ii) Appreciate the role of Kakatiyas in building a Telugu regional consciousness. CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 23

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) Most of the Kakatiya inscriptions are in (B) Sanskrit (A) English (C) Telugu (D) Hindi (ii) Bahamani and Vijayanagara kingdom were located in___________. (A) Karnataka (B) Maharashtra (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Kerala (iii) Who were the independent rulers after the fall of Western Chalukyas? (A) Mughals (B) Kakatiya (C) Chola (D) Rashtrakutas (iv) Who shifted the capital of the Kakatiya kingdom to Warangal? (A) Rudradeva (B) Ganapati Deva (C) Prataparudra (D) Rudramadevi (v) Thousand pillared temple is situated in____________. (A) Hyderabad (B) Anmakonda (C) Warangal (D) Golkonda (vi) Rudramadevi ruled for (B) 35 years (A) 27 years (C) 18 years (D) 40 years (vii) Who among the following visited Rudramadevi's kingdom? (A) Heung Tsang (B) Marco Polo (C) Columbus (D) Megasthenes CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 24

CHAPTER 12-THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM (viii) Who was the grandson of Rudramadevi? (B) Ganapati deva (A) Prataparudra (C) Prola II (D) Rudradeva (ix) The person who revolted against Rudramadevi was (A) Keshava (B) Kayastha Ambadeva (C) Raziya Sultana (D) Ganapati Deva (x) Marco Polo the famous traveler came from (B) Britain (A) Germany (C) Italy (D) France CHAPTER 12. THE KAKATIYAS - EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL KINGDOM 25

13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA SESSION 1 THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA – ESTABLISHMENT OF VIJAYANAGARA KINGDOM 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Amaranayaka : The captain who hold Amara ( revenue assignments ) also. 2. Iqta : Revenue assignment of Delhi sultanate. 3. Amirs : Nobles. 4. Rayagopuram : Towering temple gateways. 5. Fortification : The process of strengthening a fort/building/a city. 6. Canon : A large gun mounted on wheels. 7. Cavalry : The part of an army consisting of soldiers on horseback. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why did the kings of Vijayanagara lived in a separate quarter and not in the middle of the city as in Orugallu? [Refer to TB page 121 Q2] A. The division of the quarters was based on the availability and convenience of the terrain. But, it had not been the same in Orugallu. Q2. Historians feel that Vijayanagara state was a highly militarized — in what way do you think it would have affected the common people? [Refer to TB page 121 Q3] SESSION 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF VIJAYANAGARA KINGDOM 26

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA A. 1) Vijayanagara had a huge army. 2) A large number of young and able were recruited to army. 3) This had affected the agriculture severely. Q3. Why was the Vijayanagara army dependent upon imports from the western coast? [Refer to TB page 121 Q6] A. 1) The Vijayanagara empire had introduced fire arms in the military. 2) Guns and canons were mainly used. 3) But neither the weapons nor the ammunition were produced in Vijayanagara. 4) So they had to be imported, through the ports in west coast. 1.4 Key Concepts 1. ‘Vijayanagara’, which means ‘The City of Victory’, was located on the banks of Tungabhadra in Karnataka. 2. Established by two brothers - Harihara and Bukka Raya around 1336 A.D, it lasted for about 250 years. 3. The most famous of all the kings was Krishnadevaraya. 4. Books and buildings of the period are the important sources to know about the Vijayanagara Empire. 5. Vijayanagara was visited by a lot of people from other nations like a. Nicol Conti –Italy - 1420 A.D b. Abdul Razak – Persia - 1443 A.D c. Paes - Portugal - 1520 A.D d. Nuniz - Portugal - 1537 A.D SESSION 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF VIJAYANAGARA KINGDOM 27

SESSION 2 THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA – ADMINISTRATION AND MILITARY OF CHOLA AND VIJAYANAGARA 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. ADMINISTRATION AND MILITARY OF CHOLA AND VIJAYANAGARA 28

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why were the Portuguese travelers interested in forts and armies of Vijayanagara kings ? [Refer to TB page 121 Q1] A. 1) The Portuguese were one of the European Nations, who were trying to establish their power in India. 2) Vijayanagara was a rich and prosperous kingdom in South India, with many ports and trade centers. 3) They had found it as a good area to get themselves established. Q2. Why were the Amaranayakas very powerful? [Refer to TB page 121 Q4] A. 1) Amara was a tax in Vijayanagara. 2) Some Nayakas were allowed to collect and have this tax. 3) They were able to maintain a better army too. 4) In Vijayanagara kingdom most of the Amaranayakas were Telugu warriors. They recruited their soldiers usually from among their own villages or kings men and trained them. 5) Many powerful Nayakas like Saluva Narasimha or Narasa nayaka controlled vast areas and at times could even challenge the Vijayanagara kings. 6) In fact some of them were so powerful that when a king died they took power in their own hands and themselves become kings. 7) So, Amaranayakas were very powerful Q3. Compare the Amaranayakas with the old Chiefs of Kakatiyas. Were they different or similar — in what way? [Refer to TB page 121 Q5] A. 1) Both the Chiefs and Amaranayakas were very important in the administration. 2) Both had many villages under them. 3) Tax collection had some difference, when the Nayakas had the authority of the tax called ‘Amara’; the chiefs had no such special types. 4) Both had the rights to use the tax. 5) In return, they had to help the ruler, with their troops in case of need on demand. Q4. Discuss the support of various kingdoms to telugu literature? [Refer to TB page 121 Q10] A. Vijayanagara kingdom contributed significantly to telugu literature. One of the most famous Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of Telugu literature.He himself composed the poetic work Amuk- tamalyada on the life of Andal and the Tamil Bhakta poetess.His court was adorned with eight poets known popularly as “Ashtadiggajas”. SESSION 2. ADMINISTRATION AND MILITARY OF CHOLA AND VIJAYANAGARA 29

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following in the Indian map. [Refer to TB page 121 Q9] a) Humpi b) Bijapur c) Tirupati d) Srisailam e) Kanchi f) River Tungabhadra A. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Vijayanagara kings were interested in expanding the army, horses were imported. Firearms were also used. ii. Nayakas were the army captains, who held the amara revenue. They were obliged to maintain a certain number of troops as well. iii. These captain Nayakas were equal to that of nobles or amaras in Delhi Sultanate. iv. Most of these Nayakas were Telugu warriors. v. Tanks and reservoirs were constructed throughout the kingdom by the kings/Nayakas/Chiefs/Traders. vi. Agricultural products and cloth were the important items of trade. They had established trade with Arabs, Jews, Armenians etc. SESSION 2. ADMINISTRATION AND MILITARY OF CHOLA AND VIJAYANAGARA 30

SESSION 3 THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA – KRISHNADEVA RAYA - THE RULER 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. KRISHNADEVA RAYA - THE RULER 31

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 3.2 Improve Your Learning Information Skills Q1. Krishnadevaraya fought against several enemies in order to consolidate his kingdom? Make a list of all of them. [Refer to TB page 121 Q7] A. Krishnadevaraya ruled from 1509 AD to 1529 AD. He fought against several enemies in order to consolidate his kingdom they were: 1) Bahmani Sultans of South India. 2) Gajapathi’s of Odisha. 3) Revolting chiefs of Andhra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. This gave him control over the entire region of south of river Krishna and especially control over the ports of the eastern coast. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Krishnadevaraya (1509 to 1529) was the most famous of all Vijayanagara Emperors. ii. He had complete control over the regions to the south of river Krishna and the ports of the Eastern Coast. iii. He had paid special attention towards the temples and organized elaborate festivities and celebrations. iv. He had patronized Telugu literature and language as well. v. The Bahamani Kingdom, another powerful South Indian kingdom attacked Vijayanagara in 1565 and defeated Rama Raya, the ruler of Vijayanagara. vi. Amara nayakas had the right to collect the tax called Amara and maintained an army. vii. Land was gifted to temples in a large scale. viii. Vijayanagara had a military force. SESSION 3. KRISHNADEVA RAYA - THE RULER 32

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A i. Vijayanagara empire established a. 1687 CE ii. Vijayanagara empire began to break up b. 1443 CE iii. Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagara c. 1336 CE iv. Abdul Razzak visited Vijayanagara d. 1420 CE v. Aurangzeb captured the fort of Golconda e. 1489 CE Column B 2. Match the following. Column A i. Nicolo Conti a. Gulbarga ii. Abdul Razzak b. Italy iii. Domingo Paes c. Amuktamalyada iv. Krishnadevaraya d. Portugal v. Bahamani Kingdom e. Persia 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who was the architect of the city Hyderabad? (ii) Who was the governor of the Bahmanis in Telangana Region? (iii) Who built Mecca Masjid and Jama Masjid? (iv) Why were Amaranayakas very powerful? (v) Who founded Vijaynagara? (vi) Vijayanagara kingdom was divided into how many kingdoms? CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 33

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA (vii) On which river puranapul was built? (viii) Vijayanagara Kingdom lasted for how many years? (ix) By which name the towering temple gateways are known? (x) What do you mean by Iqta system? 4. Fill in the blanks. . (xi) Vijayanagara means the . (xii) Aurangzeb captured the fort of Golconda in the year (xiii) The kings of Vijayanagara worshipped asTahasildar. . (xiv) Abul – Hasan Tana Shah appointed (xv) Sri Krishnadevaraya gave due importance to language. (xvi) was the founder of Qutub Shahi Dynasty. (xvii) On the north of the Tungabhadra River Kingdoms arose. (xviii) Domingo Paes, visited Vijayanagara empire in the year . (xix) is the most recognizable symbol of Hyderabad. (xx) Vijayanagara was located on the banks of Tungabhadra River in . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) From which sources did we come to know about the Vijayanagara Empire? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Write about Sultan Ibrahim Qutub Shah? CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 34

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA (ii) Who were captains in the kingdom of Vijayanagara and what did they do with the villages and towns under their control? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and comment on it. Right from the times of Ibrahim qutub shah, the mughals were keen on conquering the wealthy state of Golconda and eventually succeeded under Aurangzeb when he captured the fort of Golconda in the year 1687. AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Our government also levies taxes on people. What is the impact of collecting tax from common people? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline map of India:– a) River Krishna b) Odisha c) Goa d)Vijayanagara kingdom e)Telangana CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 35

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA (ii) Locate the following on a given map:– 1. River Tungabhadra 2. Vijayanagara Kingdom 3. Quli Qutub Shah Dynasty 4. Bijapur 5. Gulbarga. CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 36

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA (iii) Read the map and answer the following questions: i. Name some important places that come under Qutub Shahi Dynasty? ii. On which river was Vijayanagara was built? iii. Name some rivers that flow in south India? iv. Which sea is located on the east of Qutub Shahi Dynasty? CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 37

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA (iv) Read the given map and answer the following questions:– i. What are the man made constructions you can find in this map? 38 ii. On which river is Vijayanagara city situated? iii. What do you mean by urban area? iv. Do you find any separate divisions in this map? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How can you say that Krishnadevaraya was a generous king? CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA Objective Questions (B) Sage AS1-Conceptual Understanding (D) Painter 11. Choose the correct answer. (B) Delhi (D) Agra (i) Vidyaranya was a (A) Traveler (B) 1543 CE – 1565 CE (D) 1443 CE – 1470 CE (C) Ruler (ii) Where was the capital of Bahamani kingdom? (A) Hyderabad (C) Gulbarga (iii) Krishnadevaraya ruled from (A) 1509 CE – 1529 CE (C) 1336 CE – 1357 CE (iv) Quli Qutub Shah Established (B) Qutub Shahi Dynasty (A) Mughal Dynasty (C) Kakatiya Kingdom (D) Bahamani kingdom (v) The main part of Golconda state was in ____________. (A) Telangana (B) Andhra Pradesh (C) Rayalaseema (D) Kerala (vi) Vijayanagara was located on the bank of this river. (A) Krishna (B) Tungabhadra (C) Godavari (D) Ganga (vii) Sultan Ibrahim Qutub Shahi patronized this literature. (A) Hindi (B) Urdu (C) Telugu (D) Tamil CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 39

CHAPTER 13-THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA (viii) Who captured Golconda in the year 1687? (B) Aurangzeb (A) Akbar (D) Rudramadevi (C) Ibrahim Qutub Shah (ix) During Qutub Shahi period this palace was known for its famous diamonds. (A) Charminar (B) Golconda (C) Delhi (D) Vishakhapatnam (x) Who was impressed by the architecture of Qutub Shahi tombs? (A) Krishnadevaraya (B) Shah Jahan (C) Pratapa Rudra (D) Akbar CHAPTER 13. THE KINGS OF VIJAYANAGARA 40

14. MUGHAL EMPIRE SESSION 1 MUGHAL EMPIRE – ESTABLISHMENT OF MUGHAL EMPIRE 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF MUGHAL EMPIRE 41

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE 1.2 Terminology 1. Mansabdar : A rank holder, directly appointed by the Mughal emperor. They were salaried and in charge of cavalry. 2. Jagirdar : The tax collectors on the revenue assignments called Jagirs. 3. Jagir : The revenue assignments which were under Jagirdars. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do you think the Mughals allowed the earlier rulers to continue in their old kingdoms as before? [Refer to TB page 129 Q6] A. 1) By allowing the old rulers to continue in their old kingdom, administration was simplified. 2) This also helped in not turning the people against the empire. 3) But they could not wage war against each other. 4) The Mughals followed a diplomatic policy. They wanted to bring them under their control only through friendly policy. 5) Further they had to keep an army ready for the use of the emperor. 6) The Emperors accepted them as their feudatories and made them accept their supremacy. Information Skills Q1. Collect and fill in the table with the particulars of Mughal emperors. [Refer to TB page 129 Q9] S.No. Name of the emperor Ruling period Important features 1. 2. 3. 4. A. Student Activity 1.4 Key Concepts 1. The Mughals were from Central Asian Countries, like Uzbekistan and Mongolia. 2. Babur was the first Mughal Emperor (1526-1530). 3. He seized Kabul in 1504 and defeated Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi Sultanate in 1526. 4. The Mughals effectively controlled the small kings and chieftains but with due respect. Even those who refused to accept the Mughal authority were dealt in the same way. 5 ˙ The Mughals expanded their empire and recruited all kinds of people. SESSION 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF MUGHAL EMPIRE 42

SESSION 2 MUGHAL EMPIRE – MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION 43

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE 2.2 Terminology 1. Zamindar : Hereditary landlords and middlemen. Sometimes given the responsibility of tax collection also. 2. Zabt : The new revenue system introduced by Akbar with the help of Todarmal the revenue minister. 3. Sulh–i–Kul : The tolerant religious policy introduced by Akbar which was aimed at “Universal peace”. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Match the following. [Refer to TB page 129 Q1] A B 1.Mansabdar ( ) a) Marwar 2.Zamindar ( ) b) Revenue Assignment 3.Sisodiya Rajput ( ) c) Heriditary chiefs 4.Rathor Rajput ( ) d) Sulh–i–kul 5.Akbar ( ) e) Mewar 6.Jagirdar ( ) f) Rank A. 1) f 2) c 3) e 4) a 5) d 6) b Q2. What was the relationship between the mansabdar and his jagir? [Refer to TB page 129 Q2] A. 1) The mansabdar did not reside in or administer their jagir. 2) The mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments from jagir. 3) The jagirs are some what comparable to the Vijayanagara Nayakars. 4) They could only collect the revenue due from their jagir villages and send to the emperor. 5) Some times the revenue was collected by the assistant of Mansabdars and some times by himself personally. 6) The jagirs were administered by the other officials directly under the emperor. Thus, the relationship between the Mansabdar and their jagir was only revenue collection and adminis- tration. SESSION 2. MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION 44

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE Q3. What was the role of zamindar in Mughal administration? [Refer to TB page 129 Q3] A. 1) Zamindars were the intermediaries. 2) They were either the village headmen or powerful chieftains. 3) They too had contingents of armed followers. 4) They often acted as the representatives of the local people in dealing with Mughal officials. Q4. How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance? [Refer to TB page 129 Q4] A. 1) Akbar was interested in religion and social customs of different people. 2) So, he started discussion with various religious scholars. 3) He felt that there were both good and bad elements in all religions. 4) They could be separated only with tolerance and reason. 5) So, he thought and decided that an emperor should work hard for the welfare of the people, irrespective of their religion, social status or community. 6) Abul Fazi helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance around the idea of “Sulh-i-kul” Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. ”The decision of emperor is final”–Is this procedure formulated by Mughals? What do you think? [Refer to TB page 129 Q5] A. Students activity Q2. Read the first para under the title ‘Zabt and Zamindars’ of page 126 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 129 Q8] A. Student Activity 2.4 Key Concepts i. Mansabdars–were rank holders and they were directly under the control of the emperor. ii. They were assigned various duties and were not allowed to settle or to become powerful. They were regularly transferred. iii. They had to maintain an army of specified number and had to collect taxes from their region. iv. Jagirs were division of land regions. For revenue collection, which are looked after by officials called Jagirdars. They too were transferred regularly like mansabdars. v. During 1570–1580, Todarmal the revenue minister of Akbar introduced a tax system. In this the total farm land area, total yield and prices were calculated and the tax rate was fixed accordingly. This system was known as Zabt. vi. Zamindars were the intermediaries, who were the local village headman or powerful chieftains, who also represented the people of their region. vii. Abul Fazl, a friend and the member of the court of Akbar, wrote a book on Akbar and his policies, namely ‘Akbar Namah’. viii. As Akbar wanted to bring together the people of different faiths, which gave him the idea of ‘sulh–i kul’ or “universal peace.” ix. Helped by Abul Fazl, Akbar framed a policy, which insisted the rulers to work for the welfare of all his subjects, irrespective of their religion, community or social status. x. This was followed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well. SESSION 2. MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION 45

SESSION 3 MUGHAL EMPIRE – THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN THE 17TH CENTURY AND AFTER 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN THE 17TH CENTURY AND AFTER 46

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE 3.2 Terminology 1. Elite : The Mughal nobility who had enormous wealth and resources. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why was the policy of ‘Sulh–i–kul’ important for the Mughals to control their vast empire? [Refer to TB page 129 Q7] A. 1) The Mughal Empire was a vast empire. 2) There were people who followed different religious ideologies in their kingdom. 3) The policy of ‘Sulh-i-Kul’ was to treat all people equally. 4) This included social harmony and resulted in easy administration. 5) The principle of Sulh-i-Kul or the universal peace was followed by Akbar, Jahangir and even Shah Jahan. 6) There were people of different religions, social groups lived in the empire. 7) It required them to control the vast empire to maintain law and order. 8) Unless the emperor was secular, the subjects of the empire would not be peaceful. 9) It would help for the social harmony among all the people of the empire. 3.4 Key Concepts i. Mughal Emperor had achieved great economic and commercial prosperity. But some became rich and powerful, whereas the others were discarded. ii. Slowly several regional authorities, like Avadh and Hyderabad, became powerful and slowly consolidated their independence. SESSION 3. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN THE 17TH CENTURY AND AFTER 47

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A i. Sisodiya Rajputs a. Revenue minister ii. Mansabdars b. Local chieftain iii. Todar Mal c. Ibadat Khana iv. Zamindar d. Chittor v. Akbar e. Jagirs as salaries 2. Match the following. Column B Column A i. Zabt a. Universal peace ii. Abul Fazal b. Founder of Asaf Jahi dynasty iii. Sulh–i–kul c. Akbar Nama iv. Nizam–Ul–Mulk d. Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad v. Mir Osman Ali Khan e. Revenue system 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) When did the new age begin in India? (ii) Who were benefited during Mughal period? (iii) Where did the Mughals come from? (iv) What made Mughal nobility extremely powerful? (v) What were the new weapons introduced by Babur in Indian warfare? (vi) What were the people who joined Mughal service called? CHAPTER 14. MUGHAL EMPIRE 48