51705016_Maple G4_Textbook Integrated_Term3

FRICTION We have learnt that force is needed to stop a moving object. Now, roll a ball slowly. After some time, the ball stops rolling on its own. Think, when your bicycle’s tyre goes flat, is it easy to pull the cycle to reach home? Why is it so tough? It is because of friction. Friction is a force that stops the movement of two things flat tyre of the bicycle touching each other. Friction can be thought to be caused by bumps on two things. On smooth surfaces, things move longer distances. On rough surfaces, the movement stops soon. This is because things with a rough surface cause more friction. When we hold anything with our hands, there is friction acting between our fingers and the object. Due to the friction, the object does not slip out of our hand. Friction helps us hold things tight. Have you noticed that oil on our hands makes it more slippery? Oil forms a layer over the surface and reduces its roughness. So, the friction becomes low. Application When we apply force on an object to move it, stop a moving object or change its shape, we do work. For example, we pick up a box from the ground. The box moves from its original position. The force we put on the box made it move. So, we did work. When we hit a ball using a bat, the force lifting a box hitting a ball with a bat we apply makes the ball move to another position. So, we can say that some work is done. Amazing Facts Have you observed that tyres of vehicles have grooves and spikes in them? This is to make the surface rough and increase friction. Tyres with good friction prevent skidding while you apply the brakes. tyre with a rough surface Force and Work 13

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) In our daily life, we do many activities and say that we have done some work. But in science, work is not done in every activity. Here are a few pictures. Identify the objects that are moving and those that are not moving. Tick mark the pictures where some work is done. Work is done when things move from their place. falling leaf moving car girl sitting with books on her head Measuring work can sometimes be tricky. For the work to be done, the pushing the wall position of the object should change from one point to other. If you push the wall with all your energy but the wall doesn’t move, no work has occurred. This is because the wall did not change its position. Sometimes, we may apply a lot of force to move something. But if things don’t move on putting force, then it means that no work is done. 14

Lesson Forms of Energy 17 Let Us Learn About R energy and its sources. u forms of energy. a uses of energy. h saving energy. Think We need energy to do any work. We get energy from the food we eat. Have you ever wondered what energy is? Where does this energy come from? Remembering Do your parents tell you to drink milk or eat vegetables to get boy kicking football with force energy? We hear the word energy often. What do you do to kick a football? We have learnt in the last lesson that we need force to move, stop or change the shape of an object. We put force on the ball to move it. To put force, we need energy. So, all types of forces have some energy linked with them. 15

Where does the food we eat get the energy from? The Sun is the basic source of energy plants using solar energy kid eating food for energy on the Earth. The energy we get from the Sun is called solar energy. We can feel the solar energy in the form of light and heat. Plants use this energy to make their food and store it in different plant parts. Some energy is used for the growth of the plant. When we eat plant parts, we get the energy stored in plants. Other than Sun, there are some other energy sources. Let us recall what they are: • Where do vehicles get the energy to run? They get the energy from fuels. • The wind is another source of energy. • Moving water is also an important source of energy. fuel as energy source trees swaying due to the wind flowing water as an energy source Some sources of energy like the Sun, wind and water are not limited, while other sources like fuels are limited. They may get over someday. We must save all kinds of energy sources. Think, can we hold the energy in our hands? Try to hold the wind energy or hold the running water from the tap. We cannot hold energy. Energy has no shape. Understanding We have learnt that we get energy from different sources. Now, let us learn about different forms of energy using some examples. 16

1) Do you find any difference between day and night when there are no bulbs or tube lights? It is the presence of light. When you go to the theatre to watch a movie, is it easy for you to find your seats? It is dark until the movie starts. Light is the form of energy we can see. 2) Rub the palms of your hands 10–15 times. Now, quickly theatre with few lights touch your eyes with your palms. What do you feel? We can feel the warmth. This form of energy is heat. 3) Try blowing on a notebook from the side. What happens to the pages of the notebook? Think, about what you do when you want to blow a balloon. The wind energy from your mouth made the pages move and the balloon expand. rubbing the palms place palms on eyes wind used to blow a balloon 4) Look at the electric bulbs and fans in your classroom. Where do they get the energy to work? They use electricity or electrical energy. 5) Throw your eraser slowly towards the roof. Did it stop near the roof or the floor? Gravity pulls everything down. Application We need energy to do work, whether sitting, standing, running or sleeping. We need energy: • for our body to do different work. • to light up bulbs, tube lights and so on. • to use phones, televisions, computers and so on. • to cook food. • to cool or heat homes and offices using fans, heaters and coolers. • to run vehicles. Forms of Energy 17

Amazing Facts Have you seen lightning during the rainy season? It is the natural form of electricity. It is very powerful. It can burn everything on its way. During lightning, we should avoid standing under a tree. lightning Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) It is important to save or conserve energy. Some of the easy ways to save energy are: 1) Turn off fans, lights and other electrical devices when not in use. 2) Lots of energy is used in making paper and plastic. So, we should recycle these things to make newspapers, bottles and so on. We should not waste paper from our notebooks. We should also try to use less plastic. We should use jute and paper bags instead of plastic bags. 3) We should use renewable energy more than non-renewable energy. 18

Inside the Lab – C Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. . Activity C1: Building a Shelter You will need: chart papers, cardboard boxes, coloured/crepe papers, crayons or colour pencils, glue or tape You need to: 1) Make groups of students, and provide them with cardboard boxes. 2) They need to build a model shelter using the materials provided. 3) For making a shelter using cardboard boxes, the following steps can be helpful: Step 1: Take a cardboard box. Step 2: Draw the outlines for doors and windows on it. Step 3: Cut the doors and windows, and stick craft paper as you need. (Teacher should help the students while cutting.) Step 4: M ake a roof for your cardboard house by cutting small pieces of cardboard as shown in Step 4. Step 5: You can make different types of houses as shown in Step 5. step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5 19

4) For building a shelter using chart papers, you can use the following steps: Step 1: Draw the outline of the house on the chart paper. Cut the paper on the borders. (Teacher should help the students while cutting.) Step 2: Fold the paper on the outlines. Step 3: Cut the windows. Step 4: Stick the border as shown in Step 4. Step 5: Paint it or use craft papers to decorate this shelter. You can even put lights in it. step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5 Activity C2: Power of Solar Energy Let us use sunlight and a magnifying glass to make fire. You will need: paper, small pieces of dry wood, a magnifying glass, a bucket of water to put out the fire You need to: 1) take a piece of paper to an open ground where you get bright sunlight. (Carefully select a place where the fire cannot spread and burn anything else) 2) take a small piece of dry wood, and place the paper over it. 3) hold the magnifying glass in such a way that the sunlight falls on it and all the light is focused on the paper. A small, bright dot will appear on the paper. 4) wait for some time. After a while, you can see that the paper catches fire. 5) put off the fire as soon as it ignites by pouring water on it. (Take help from the teacher.) 20

EVS - II (SOCIAL STUDIES) TERM - 3 TERM 1

Contents 4Class 7 Public Facilities 7.1 Public Facilities�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 8 Laws, Rights and Duties 8.1 The Indian Constitution������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5

LESSON 12 The Lesson Public Constitution Facilities 7 of India Let Us Learn About 7.1 R public facility and public property. U important public facilities and their functions. A the need to protect public facilities. h the steps to safeguard public facilities. Concept 7.1: Public Facilities Think Rashi went to her friend’s house. There, she met her friend’s Chetan uncle. He had brought many books for her friend. Chetan uncle: Do you have a library in your school? Rashi: Yes uncle,We go to the library only once a week. Chetan uncle: You should then visit the public library in your town Rashi, You will get to see many books there. Rashi: What is a public library, uncle? Chetan uncle: The government provides facilities for public. Just as we have transport, hospitals or water, there are libraries for the public as well where anyone can go and read books. There will be a children’s section too. You should ask your papa to take you there. You will surely enjoy your visit. Rashi: Thank you uncle. I will ask Papa to take me. Rashi said and went out to play with her friend. 1

Q. Who provides facilities for the public? (A) public (B) school (C) government (D) uncle Remembering Wherever we stay, we are dependent on some things in our daily life. We need water for drinking, washing, irrigation and also for animals. It is necessary to clear the garbage in our neighbourhood every day. We need public libraries to read books. We need public roads, street lights, schools, hospitals, parks and gardens. All these are known as public facilities. Since they are provided in public places and for the benefit and use of the public, they are also called public property. Public facilities are important to make our life easy and comfortable. They address to the basic needs of the people. Any society would need these facilities to meet its basic needs. Example: imagine your town or city without roads or street lights or public transport. Don’t you think that would make your life difficult? The important feature of a public facility is that once it is provided, its benefits can be shared by many people. Example: A school in the village will allow many rural children to get an education. Understanding Given that public facilities are so important, someone must carry the responsibility of providing these to the people. This ‘someone’ is the local government body. One of the most important functions of the local government body is to ensure that these public facilities are made available to everyone and are well maintained. If the public facilities are damaged, they have to be replaced or repaired. Some of the public facilities taken care by the local government body in your city are listed below: If you stay in an urban area, the Nagarpalikas are the urban local body responsible for the public facilities. However, if you stay in a rural area, the Panchayati Raj is responsible for the public facilities. 2

Water supply Roads and bridges Cleaning of garbage Fire fighting services Hospitals Community facilities such as parks, gardens and playgrounds Street lighting Bus stands Public Facilities 3

Application Public property is everyone’s property. If public property is destroyed, then each of us loses. We must use public facilities only as much as we need. We should also see that they are not damaged or spoiled. We get services in the form of street lights, water pipelines, roads, hospitals and so on. They are maintained by the government using our money. We pay the money to the government in the form of different taxes. They are meant to serve us. We need to protect them •  We should keep public places clean and beautiful. •  We should not damage public facilities like public parks, buses and so on. •  We should prevent water from being wasted. • We must be careful that books in the public library are not damaged while using them. Let us look at another type of property called private property. We already learned that public property is owned by the government. However, private property is owned by an individual or a private institution. For example, a family home and the land on which it is built are private property. No one outside the family has a right to occupy or use them. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) You have read about public facilities. Read the two situations and discuss with your classmates what steps you would take to care for public facilities. 1) You see a public tap on the road near your house. The tap is broken and the water is being wasted. 2) You are on your way to the school and you noticed that the street lights on your lane are still lit. Amazing Facts Chongqing in China has the world’s largest public bathroom. It has 1000 toilets in a four storey building and is spread over 32,290 square feet. That is the size of around 15 tennis courts! New Words 1) urban – of or having to do with a city or town 2) rural – of or having to do with a village 4

LESSON 12 The Lesson Laws, Constitution Rights and 8 of India Duties Let Us Learn About 8.1 R d efinitions of 'constitution' and 'national symbols'. U fundamental rights and duties. A the people who wrote the Indian Constitution. h the rules of games and sports. Concept 8.1: The Indian Constitution Think Rashi and Meher decide that both of them would make the rules of their games together. But Rashi has some questions about making rules. So she asks her aunt, Priya, who is a professor. Rashi: Priya Aunty, tell me something, we have learnt that in earlier times the kings would make laws and rules for the people. Who does that now? Dr B R Ambedkar Priya: The Indian Constitution lays down all the rules and laws about how India should be governed. Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar and his team wrote it after working on it for around three years. Q. Is the Indian Constitution a written document? (A) yes (B) no 5

Remembering Just as our parents and teachers make rules for us, the government too makes rules for the country. These rules need to be followed by everyone living in the country, including the government itself. THE CONSTITUTION A constitution is a document that contains a set of rules for the government and the citizens. The constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The Indian Constitution is the longest, written constitution in the world. It is written in both Hindi and English. What does a constitution tell us? • rights and duties of the citizens • the way the government should work • roles to be played by the courts and the police How was the constitution written? Our constitution was written by Dr B R Ambedkar and a team of 300 very educated leaders of India. They took about three years to write the constitution. The constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950. This is the day our country became a republic. So, we celebrate Republic Day on 26th January every year. NATIONAL SYMBOLS National symbols are symbols that represent India. On 24th January 1950, just two days before India became a republic, the Constituent Assembly adopted 'Jana gana mana' as the national anthem of India. The national anthem is one of our national symbols. national animal national bird national river national flower (tiger) (peacock) (Ganga) (lotus) 6

jn gx mn national song national anthem currency symbol Understanding Let us understand more about the Indian Constitution. PREAMBLE The Constitution of India begins by setting out its goals and aims. This is called the ‘Preamble’. The Preamble says what we want our country to stand for. Example: The Preamble says that everybody is equal. the preamble People are free to express their thoughts and follow any religion they want. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ...to ...to FREEDOM CONSTITUTIONAL The Indian Constitution guarantees some basic rights. Some of these OF RELIGION are: REMEDY Right to equality ...to ...to FREEDOM EQUALITY We are all equal, whatever our religion, gender or place of birth is. CULTURAL ...against Right to freedom AND EXPLOITATION We are free to share our ideas and thoughts EDUCATIONAL with anyone. We can also live anywhere in the RIGHTS country and practise any occupation. Fundamental Rights... Right to freedom of religion We are free to follow any religion. Also, the freedom of religion government will not favour any religion. Right to education All children up to 14 years of age have a right to receive free and compulsory education. Laws, Rights and Duties 7

Right to information We have a right to find out about the way any government office works. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES While the Constitution guarantees our basic rights, it also expects us to perform certain tasks or duties. Some of these are: 1) Follow the Constitution and respect it. right to education 2) Protect public property and never damage it. 3) Protect and improve our forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. 4) Preserve our heritage such as museums and monuments. fundamental duties Application About 300 people created the Indian Constitution. They discussed and debated every point before deciding anything. This is why it took more than two years to complete writing the constitution. 15 members were women. No women had been a part of writing a constitution in any other country before this. The group of people who wrote the constitution were from different communities in India. This made sure that the constitution was fair to all communities. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Choose a game you like. Discuss with your friends the rules that need to be followed while playing the game. What do you think will happen if the rules are not followed? 8

Amazing Facts Did you know that the UK does not have a written document called the constitution? They instead have an unwritten one which is a sum of all their laws and principles. New Words 1) comes into force – to start following something 2) republic – a country where people choose their government Laws, Rights and Duties 9