CO MPASS SERIES social studies Textbook part - 2 3 Name: Learn@Home Sec�on: Roll No.: School:
Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. presents the series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for Social Studies teaching: Connecting learning to life in the outside world Integrating Social Studies with other subjects across the curriculum and arts Using meaningful contexts to develop interpersonal and life skills Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the ClassKlap textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The ClassKlap team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of ClassKlap Compass series: CISCE framework Develops the knowledge and skills necessary for informed and thoughtful participation in society Introduces children to timelines and historical maps in order to help them develop timeline, map and globe skills Helps in developing observation, reporting, analysis and critical-thinking skills Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around them Engages students through an interactive, age-appropriate, visually enhanced infographics and activity-based content All in all, the Social Studies books aim to generate greater engagement and enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and interdependent global community. – The Authors
Textbook Features Use of simple, age-appropriate language I Will Learn Activity-based approach to learning Use of infographics and pictures to explain Contains the list of concepts and terms learning objectives to be Focus on subject-related vocabulary building covered in the lesson I Think Introduces the concept ? In-text Question or subtopic in a manner as to arouse curiosity and Gauges the understanding interest among students level of the student by testing both skills and Pin-Up-Note knowledge through oral discussions Highlights the key points or A Be Amazed Connect the Dots Aims to establish better real-life connect with the Fosters interdisciplinary concept by presenting thinking by connecting fascinating facts and trivia other subjects to an aspect of the concept A Note to Parent out-of-classroom learning of their child to conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts
Contents 7 The Things We Make.................................................................................................1 Art Education - 2........................................................................................................... 9 8 The Changing Face of Indian Industry .................................................................10 9 Solar and Lunar Eclipses ........................................................................................17 10 Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth ..............................................................23 11 Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature.....................................................................28 Infographic 2 - Natural Resources ..........................................................................34 12 One Earth, One Chance ........................................................................................37 13 Laws, Rights and Duties..........................................................................................45 Art Education - 3..........................................................................................................51
7Lesson TWheeMTahkinegs I Will Learn About I Think Q. Rashi 1 Morad Rashi Meher Rashi
Development of agriculture ? reliable commercial Types of crops in India irrigation Food crops: Maize Cash crops: Livestock rearing rearing Pictures showing various forms of livestock rearing o os so a s 2
shoes are made from the skin and fur of some animals. The hooves and horns of some animals are used to produce things such as buttons and combs. Animal excreta also makes good natural fertilisers. Companies have also started to produce alternatives to these products. Those products help to prevent cruelty towards animals. The below map shows us how a variety of animals are reared in different parts of India. Animals reared in different parts of India TAhneiomfUasless The Things We Make 3
a sa s industry manufacturing Types of industries service Manufacturing industries Iron and steel factory is a part of Service industries the manufacturing industry. C ass a o o ss A restaurant is a part of the service industry Features of industries Large-scale industry complex 4
Small-scale industry Examples Cottage industry Industry Cotton-textile industry ? The Things We Make 5
Iron and steel industry Engineering industry engineering industry Information technology and electronics industry infotech industry Automobile industry Shipbuilding industry Other large-scale industries The automobile industry produces Tea manufacturing vehicles for private as well as is an important industry in India. commercial use. 6
PUNJAB HARYANA RAJASTHAN UTTAR PRADESH GUJARAT JHARKHAND MAHARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH ODISHA WEST BENGAL GOA ANDHRA LEGEND KARNATAKA PRADESH Infotech industry Iron and steel industry KERALA TAMIL Engineering industry NADU Textile industry Automobile industry Shipbuilding industry Be Amaze Large-scale industries in different states of India A d The cotton-textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India. The Things We Make 7
Connect the Dots Science Fun Maths Fun New Words A Note to Parent 8
Art Education - 2 Paper-cup penguin Penguin wing Decoration of 3D Objects Penguin foot Paper-cup penguin Gather the following. You need to do the following. Paper-cup rabbit Art Education - 2 9
8Lesson The Changing Face of Indian Industry I Will Learn About I Think Q. Rashi Meher Rashi Morad Rashi Morad 10
a ma a s o s oo s Setting up a factory for a large or small-scale industry requires land, money, labour, goods. Materials found in nature are known as raw materials. Cotton is used to make cloth, or iron ore is used to make iron and steel. Cotton and iron ore are examples of help of human labour or machines is called ma a . Finished goods Raw materials Manufacturing Raw materials s oo s Grains from plants Chapati Wood from trees Furniture The Changing Face of Indian Industry 11
Raw materials s oo s o oo s mpo a o ss sa o o ? sa o o export 12
a a so s s Refrigerator Sewing machine Ceiling fan sa a a s o ss a as oa s a sa s p a po Indian pottery The Changing Face of Indian Industry 13
zardozi Zardozi C aa oo a m a s Chikankari Wooden almirah Cane furniture Ca a p am silk saris C aa Kancheepuram silk saris Ca 14
C a s am m o s ? The Changing Face of Indian Industry 15
dBe Amaze A ₹ Connect the Dots English Fun Science Fun New Words A Note to Parent 16
9Lesson Solar and Lunar Eclipses I Will Learn About • the meaning of ‘eclipse’. • causes of an eclipse. • solar and lunar eclipses. • the difference between a total and a partial eclipse. I Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are watching television at Q. the Irani house. What is not visible during a lunar eclipse? Rashi Why are they saying that the Moon will not (A) Moon be seen for some time tonight? (B) Jupiter (C) Earth Morad It is because there is going to be a lunar (D) Mars eclipse today. Scientists from all over the world will watch it. Meher What is a lunar eclipse? Shadows and eclipses An eclipse is an astronomical event in which a heavenly body blocks another heavenly body from the view of people at a particular place on Earth. During an eclipse, the shadow of one heavenly body falls on another. Have you ever wondered why shadows 17
Ask your parent to shine a torch on your hand. Place your hand in a straight line between a wall and the torch. What do you see? You will see a dark shape resembling your hand on the wall. Your hand blocks the light of the torch from reaching the wall. Thus, it creates a dark area which looks like your hand. Look at the pictures below. An eclipse is an astronomical event in which a heavenly body blocks another heavenly body from the view of people at a particular place on Earth. Shadows on the wall made by a hand The dark shapes are shadows. A shadow is a dark shape cast by an object blocking light from reaching a surface such as a wall. So when the shadow of a heavenly body falls on another, an eclipse takes place. Why do eclipses occur? at times the Moon and the Earth come in a straight line with the Sun. This leads one heavenly body to block another from view. 18
A shadow is formed when one heavenly body blocks the light of another. An eclipse thus happens when one heavenly body moves through the shadow of another. between the Sun and the Earth, it hides the Sun from the view of people on Earth. The Earth comes under the shadow of the Moon in a solar eclipse. In a lunar eclipse, the Moon comes under the shadow of the Earth. Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon comes in between the Sun and the Earth. This causes the Moon to cast a shadow on a part of the Earth. Solar eclipses occur only during the daytime. They usually last for a few minutes. The eclipse can be seen gradually beginning to disappear. Those parts of the Earth become dark. Formation of a solar eclipse What happens during a solar eclipse? During a solar eclipse, the shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth. This shadow has two parts: the umbra and the penumbra. The umbra is the darkest part of the shadow, where the Moon is completely covering the Sun. The umbra gets smaller as it reaches the Earth. The ? Name the types of penumbra is the outer area of the shadow where the solar eclipses. Moon is covering only a part of the Sun. The penumbra gets bigger as it reaches the Earth. Solar eclipse Solar and Lunar Eclipses 19
Types of solar eclipses There are three types of solar eclipses: total solar eclipse, partial solar eclipse and annular solar eclipse. Lunar eclipse natural satellite of the Earth. It does not have any light of its own. We see the light of suddenly comes between the Sun and the Moon? Will we be able to see the Moon? What happens during a lunar eclipse? Which eclipse is caused when the Earth Lunar eclipses occur when the Earth, while orbiting comes between the ?around the Sun, comes between the Sun and the Sun and the Moon? Sun during a lunar eclipse. The shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon, thus, hiding it from the view of people on the Earth. Unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses can continue for a longer time. 20
Lunar eclipse Types of lunar eclipses Lunar eclipses can be total or partial. Eclipses are of great interest to scientists and astronomers. They study eclipses in great detail to know more about the Sun and the Moon. It also helps them gather more knowledge about the solar system. Many people, across the world, also watch eclipses as a hobby. Solar and Lunar Eclipses 21
Be Amazed A The longest total solar eclipse of the 20th century took place in June 1955. The duration of the eclipse was 7 min 8 sec. The in July 2018 for 1 hr 42 min 57 sec. Connect the Dots English Fun eclipse, the Sun or the Moon do not appear to the human eye. Darkness comes over the land as there is no light. Science Fun should be used to watch a solar eclipse. Watching a solar eclipse without any protection can damage the eye. New Words 1) astronomical – related to space and heavenly bodies 2) cast – to make light or shadow appear in a place A Note to Parent There are many stories about eclipses in Indian mythology. Search for them on the internet and share them with your child. Also, tell them the differences between the 22
10Lesson Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth I Will Learn About I Think Q. Rashi 23 Morad Rashi Meher
Natural resources Natural resources Natural resources renewable resources resources non-renewable Renewable resources regenerate Non-renewable resources exhausted Why do people use non-renewable energy resources? ? 24
Coal Petroleum marine organisms Coal fossils Petroleum Minerals ? ores Minerals explosives Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth 25
Dangers of using non-renewable resources smog Carbon dioxide: Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide: Ash: Be Amaze A d Connect the Dots Maths Fun ____________________________________________________ 26
Science Fun New Words A Note to Parent Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth 27
11Lesson Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature I Will Learn About I Think Q. Rashi Maya Rashi Maya Rashi 28
Renewable resources renewable resources renewable resources Solar panels Windmills Sun solar energy Air survival photosynthesis Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature 29
shaft generator Water A dam evaporates water cycle Soil deforestation soil erosion Soil 30
Plants Forests forest ? Animals extinct Animals found in nature Ways to conserve resources Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature 31
Use the resources wisely so that they are not wasted depletion Try to protect the resources sanctuaries habitat REDUCE ? REUSE RECYCLE ++ = Reduce Reuse Recycle Happy Earth! The three Rs 32
Plant trees Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Use renewable sources of energy Use a cycle for Use organic fertilisers short distances Stop polluting water dBe Amaze A Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature 33
Infographic 2
Connect the Dots English Fun Maths Fun ____________________________________________________________ New Words A Note to Parent 36
12Lesson One Earth, One Chance I Will Learn About I Think Q. Meher 37 Mr Jain Rashi Meher
Components of the natural environment components biotic Abiotic components organisms biotic decompose abiotic abiotic biotic abiotic biotic abiotic biotic Biotic and abiotic components of the environment Interdependence 38
But, why do we need to depend on others? Can we not do everything ourselves? interdependent Interdependence of people doing different occupations Interdependence importing ? exporting One Earth, One Chance 39
Ozone layer Ozone layer ultraviolet rays C oo oo a o s Global warming Global warming Causes 40
How global warming happens Effects Glacier melting over time White Chuck Glacier, 1973 White Chuck Glacier, 2006 One Earth, One Chance 41
How can you help? ? Fighting global warming Natural disasters Earthquake Tsunami Cyclone Forest fire Flood Volcanic eruptions 42
dHow to protect ourselves during a natural disaster Be Amaze A Connect the Dots English Fun One Earth, One Chance 43
Maths Fun ________________________________________________________________________________ New Words A Note to Parent 44
13Lesson Laws, Rights and Duties I Will Learn About I Think Q. Rashi elections 45 Mrs Jain polling station Rashi Mrs Jain Need for a constitution
The Constitution constitution What does a constitution tell us? How was the constitution written? The Constitution of India republic Preamble Preamble Our Fundamental Rights Fundamental Rights 46
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