84899_CO - 48_222310154-COMPASS-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G04-PART2

CO MPASS SERIES social studies Textbook part - 2 3 Name: Learn@Home Sec�on: Roll No.: School:

Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. ClassKlap presents the Compass series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for Social Studies teaching:  Connecting learning to life in the outside world  Integrating Social Studies with other subjects across the curriculum and arts  Using meaningful contexts to develop interpersonal and life skills  Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process  Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the ClassKlap textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The ClassKlap team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of ClassKlap Compass series:  CISCE framework  Develops the knowledge and skills necessary for informed and thoughtful participation in society  Introduces children to timelines and historical maps in order to help them develop timeline, map and globe skills  Helps in developing observation, reporting, analysis and critical-thinking skills  Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around them  Engages students through an interactive, age-appropriate, visually enhanced infographics and activity-based content All in all, the Compass Social Studies books aim to generate greater engagement and enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and interdependent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features • Use of simple, age-appropriate language I Will Learn • Activity-based approach to learning • Use of infographics and pictures to explain C ontains the list of learning objectives to be concepts and terms covered in the lesson • Focus on subject-related vocabulary building I Think Introduces the concept ? In-text Question or subtopic in a manner as to arouse curiosity and Gauges the understanding interest among students level of the student by testing both skills and Pin-Up-Note knowledge through oral discussions Highlights the key points or definitions A Be Amazed Connect the Dots Aims to establish better real-life connect with the Fosters interdisciplinary concept by presenting thinking by connecting fascinating facts and trivia other subjects to an aspect of the concept A Note to Parent Engages parents in out-of-classroom learning of their child to conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts

Contents 6 Discovering India�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Infographic 2 - States of India: Culture and Heritage �������������������������������������������5 7 Mapping India����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 8 The People of India������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 9 Calendars to Learn about History�������������������������������������������������������������������������25 10 Responsibilities of a Citizen�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 11 The Environment and Us�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 Infographic 3 - How to be an Earth Protector �������������������������������������������������������46 Art Education - 2�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48

6Lesson Discovering India I Will Learn About • the location of my state, capital, important cities, landforms and rivers on the map of India. • c limate (seasons), vegetation and agricultural crops in some states. • the cultural heritage of the state that I live in. I Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend who Q. lives in Hubli. He wants his father to send the greeting card. Do you think that Mehnaz will get the Meher P apa! Can you please send this greeting letter if Mr Irani just writes card to Mehnaz? ‘India’ on the envelope? Mr Irani W e have to write Mehnaz’s address on (A) yes the envelope. Here is the address: Mehnaz Khan, Shamsher Bungalow, Ganesh Peth, (B) no Hubli - 580020, Karnataka. Meher Why does an address have so many words? Why not just write ‘India’? After all, we all live in India! Mr Irani W ithout a proper address, can a postman find Mehnaz’s house? Think about it, Meher! 1

Your full address contains your name, the name of your house, street, village or city, pincode as well as the state. Look at the pictures below to understand where Meher lives. Flat no. 56, 70B Karve Road Pune in Maharashtra Maharashtra in India Shivaji Housing Society Let us convert these pictures into Meher’s address. India is divided into states and union territories. Meher Irani, Flat no. 56, Shivaji Housing Society, Each state has its own 70B Karve Road, Pune – 411052, Maharashtra. government. A union territory is looked after by States and union territories the central government. India is the world’s seventh-largest country. It is Political map of India divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 28 states. It has a central government with a President, a Prime Minister and other ministers. Each state also has a state government with a Governor, a Chief Minister and other ministers. India has eight union territories. A union territory is an area that is directly governed by the central government. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. Lakshadweep is the smallest union territory. Locate these places on the map. We learnt that address tells us the state or union territory where we live. Look at your school’s address or your home address. Find out the name of the state or union territory that you live in. 2

Capital and other cities Every country has a national capital where the ? Locate the state or union offices of the central government are located. The territory that you live in on national capital of India is New Delhi. Every state the map of India. also has a capital city where the offices of the state government are located. Look at the political map of India again. This time, find the capital city of your state or union territory. Each state has a capital and a few important cities. Important industries, tourist spots and heritage sites may be located in the states. Some cities also have big markets for various goods. There are towns and villages as well. Important physical features You have read about different landforms and water bodies in the previous lessons. You have also read how different colours of a physical map tell us about landforms and water bodies. Let us find out which physical features Meher would see in his state — Maharashtra. On a physical map of India, mark your state or union territory. Identify the landforms and water bodies in your state. Physical map of Maharashtra Legend Climate The climate of India can be divided into five seasons. 1) Summer: (from April to May) Generally, in May, most parts of India experience very high temperature. 2) M onsoon: (from June to September) This period is also called the rainy season. 3) A utumn: (from October to November) By the beginning of October, the winds that bring the monsoon rains begin to leave India. In a few parts of India, the leaves fall off the trees to prepare for the cold weather. Discovering India 3

4) Winter: (from December to March) The average temperature in the northern parts of India is usually lower than the southern parts. 5) Spring: A few parts of India experience spring ? Name all the seasons between winter and summer. experienced in India. Crops Many people in India practise farming. Farming depends largely on the monsoon. The main food grains of India are rice, wheat, maize, jowar, bajra and ragi. Many farmers grow other crops such as sugarcane, jute and cotton. Spices such as cumin, pepper, turmeric and ginger are also grown here. Indian farmers also grow seeds from which vegetable oils are made. Example: linseed, groundnut, mustard, sunflower. Which of these crops are grown in your state or union territory? Are other crops grown in your area? Crops and food items in some states of India are mentioned below. Culture and heritage Last year, you read about the culture and heritage of different communities. Each state or union territory in India has a special heritage. This heritage is represented by regional festivals, archaeological sites, art forms, food, clothing and language of the state or union territory. Look at the dresses , monuments , dance forms and festivals on the next page to know more about the culture and heritage of some states and a union territory of India. Find out about the heritage of your state. 4

Infographic 2 Culture and Heritage of India Jammu and Kashmir Assam Hari Parbat fort Ahom Raja’s palace Mekhla chador Pheran and salwar Rouf Tulip festival Bihu Bagurumba Maharashtra Kerala Lavni Kathakali Chhatrapati Shivaji Onam Maharaj Jayanti Dhoti and sari GatTeuwlipayFoefsItnivdaial Bekal fort MuTnudliup aFnedstisvaaril

Be Amazed A The highest cricket ground in the world is located in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. It was built in 1893. Connect the Dots English Fun Did you know that the names of many Indian states and cities have changed recently? ‘Chennai’ used to be called ‘Madras’; ‘Mumbai’ used to be called ‘Bombay’, and ‘Kolkata’ used to be called ‘Calcutta’. Find out about any other state or city whose name has been changed. Maths Fun Rajasthan is 92 times bigger than Goa! Rajasthan is the largest and Goa is the smallest state in India. New Words 1) convert – change into something else 2) govern 3) heritage – officially control or lead a group of people – a rt, buildings, traditions and beliefs from the past that a community considers important A Note to Parent You can put up a map of India in an area where your child will see it regularly. They can use it to mark places that you visit or where your guests come from. When they read stories, ask them to locate the state or city in which the stories are set. 6

7Lesson Mapping India India I Will Learn About Arabian Bay • the major mountains, hills, rivers and Sea of Bengal plateaus on the map of India. • the major physical divisions of India. I Think Q. Morad is excited to go on a trip to the Himalayas. Will Morad get to Meher wants to know more about the trip. see camels in the Morad I am really excited about this trip. Himalayas? Meher Why? Morad Imagine exploring the glorious Himalayas on (A) yes a bike. Imagine being surrounded by snow. (B) no I will also get to see yaks! Meher Wow! Will you get to see camels too? In the previous lesson, you learnt about the different landforms and the types of maps. India has a wide variety of physical features that includes landforms and water bodies. Based on this, India is divided into six physical divisions. A physical division is a part of a place made up of specific kinds of landforms and water bodies. 7

The following are the six physical divisions of India. A physical division is a part of a place • the Himalayan Mountains ? What are the six made up of specific • the Northern Plain physical divisions kinds of landforms • the Southern Plateau of India? and water bodies. • the Great Indian Desert • the Coastal Plains • the Islands Physical divisions of India These natural regions are made up of various landforms and water bodies. Let us read about each of these regions. 8

The Himalayan Mountains The Himalayas are divided into three parallel mountain ranges. They are the Himadri mountains, the Himachal mountains and the Shiwalik mountains. The Himadri mountains are also known as the Greater Himalayas. 1) Features of the Himadri Range Location of the Himalayas Snow • p eaks are covered with snow throughout the year Rainfall • very cold climate throughout the year • receives scanty • some important peaks: Nanga Parbat, rainfall Annapurna and Mount Everest The Himachal mountains are also known as the Middle or Lesser Himalayas. 2) Features of the Himachal Range Snow • only a few peaks are covered with snow throughout the year Rainfall • receives low rainfall • winters are very cold and long The Shiwalik mountains are also known as the Outer Himalayas. 3) Features of the Shiwalik Range Snow • o nly a few peaks are covered with snow throughout the year Rainfall • receives moderate rainfall • the climate is moderate throughout the year Mapping India 9

The Northern Plain The Northern Plain in India stretches from Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. Also known as the Indo-Gangetic plain, it covers parts of Pakistan and Bangladesh as well. Many rivers, both big and small, flow through the Northern Plain. The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra are the most important rivers that flow across this region. These rivers have their sources in the mountain ranges to the north of India. Hence, they are called Himalayan rivers. Look at the map showing the rivers to see how they flow. N INDIA AFGHANISTAN Jhelum LADAKH PHYSICAL MAP PAKISTAN JAMMU & KASHMIR Indus CHINA Chenab Ravi Indus HIMACHAL Beas PRADESH Sutlej PUNJAB UTTARAKHAND (Yarlung Tsangpo) Brahmaputra HARYANA Ganga NEPAL ARUPNRAACDHESAHL DELHI YamunaUTTAR Ghaghara PRADESH BHUTAN SIKKIM BrahmapuAtSrSaAM RAJASTHAN Chambal Betwa Teesta NAGALAND Kosi MEGHALAYA MADHYA BIHAR MANIPUR PRADESH Son BANGLADESH MIZORAM Narmada Tapi JHARKHAND Ganga TRIPURA MYANMAR WEST GUJARAT BENGAL Mahanadi Daman & Diu GodavMaArHi ARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH ODISHA DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI Arabian Krishna TELANGANA Bay Sea of Bengal hadra Puducherry GOA Tungab ANDHRA ANDAMAN PRADESH KARNATAKA International Boundary State Boundary Kaveri Rivers KERALA Puducherry & NICOB A R LAKS(HINADDIAW)EEP (INDIA) TAMIL NADU SRI LANKA Map not to Scale IS L ANDS INDIAN OCEAN Rivers of India 10

The Himalayan rivers have a continuous flow of water throughout the year. Rivers with a continuous flow of water are called perennial rivers. Hence, the Himalayan rivers are perennial rivers. Let us discuss the most important rivers flowing through the Northern Plain. 1) The Indus – Partially flowing through India, it is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Its tributaries are the rivers Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. These rivers flow through the land of the five rivers or Punjab (‘punj’, means ‘five’ and ‘ab’ means ‘water’) and are the tributaries of the Indus river. 2) The Ganga – It is the longest river in India. It meets river Yamuna at Prayagraj (earlier known as Allahabad). Chambal and Betwa rivers are the tributaries of Yamuna. Son river is a tributary of the Ganga. Hooghly in West Bengal is a major distributary of the Ganga. 3) The Brahmaputra – Beginning in Tibet, Brahmaputra enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam. It then meets the Ganga in Bangladesh and flows into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers and their tributaries make river basins which are highly fertile. The three basins together form the Northern Plain. Hence, farming is a major occupation and many crops are grown in the Northern Plain. Let us learn about the three basins. Features of the River Basins 1) Indus Basin Location Special features Bhakra Dam the western part of • Bhakra-Nangal dams: built the Northern Plain on the Sutlej river; provide Rivers in this basin electricity and water for India’s part of the farming Indus basin is drained • Punjab: the granary by Sutlej and Beas of India or India's breadbasket 2) Ganga Basin Location Special features east of the • largest part of the Northern Plain Indus basin • most densely populated area in Rivers in this basin India Ganga, Yamuna • has many historical, religious and their tributaries and industrial towns and cities. Example: Delhi, Agra, Prayagraj, The Ganga in Varanasi, Mathura, Haridwar, Haridwar Patna, Kolkata Mapping India 11

3) Brahmaputra Basin Location lies in the easternmost part of Special features the Northern Plain • a narrow plain Rivers in this basin • surrounded by hills and Brahmaputra, mountains on three sides Teesta, Manas The Southern Plateau The Southern Plateau is the largest region in India. It is triangular in shape. It lies to the south of the Northern Plain. The Southern Plateau consists of the Malwa Plateau, the Chota Nagpur Plateau and the Deccan Plateau. The Southern Plateau is bordered on the west by the Western Ghats and on the east by the Eastern Ghats. The Western and Eastern Ghats are two mountain ranges that run parallelly along the coasts of India. They lie between the Southern Plateau and the Coastal Plains. Features of the Malwa Plateau and the Chota Nagpur Plateau • The Chota Nagpur • The Malwa Plateau • B oth were formed as Plateau lies to the east lies to the north of the a result of volcanic of the Malwa Plateau river Narmada. It is activity that took and to the south of the wider in the west and place a very long Northern Plain. narrower in the east. time ago. • The rivers Chambal, Betwa and Son flow through the Malwa Plateau. The river Damodar runs through the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast. Features of the Deccan Plateau • It stretches from the Satpura Range to almost the southern tip of India. • B lack soil is • The Godavari, Kaveri and found in Narmada rivers flow through the region. this plateau. • Most of the plateau slopes to the east. So, the Godavari and Kaveri meet the Bay of Bengal. A part of it slopes west. So, the Narmada meets the Arabian Sea. The uneven land results in many waterfalls. 12

A few rivers have their sources in the ? Point out the Southern mountain ranges around the Southern Plateau on the map of India. Plateau. These are the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges and the Western Ghats. Such rivers are called peninsular rivers. Example: Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari Many peninsular rivers are non-perennial. They do not have continuous flow of water throughout the year. They are rain-fed rivers, that is, they get water from rainfall during monsoon. They have a seasonal or periodic flow of water. Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers 1) Indus 1) Narmada 2) Ganga 2) Tapi 3) Brahmaputra 3) Godavari 4) Krishna 5) Mahanadi The Great Indian Desert This region is also known as the Thar Desert. Temperature in the daytime is very high in this region. This region also receives very little rainfall. Features of the Thar Desert • It has taken many thousands of years for this desert to form. Winds carried sand from different places and left it in this region. • The famous hill station of this region, called Mount Abu, is in the Aravalli Range. The Coastal Plains and the Islands In India, there are two long stretches of coastal plains. They run along the eastern and the western coasts of India. They are called the Eastern Coastal Plains and the Western Coastal Plains respectively. The following are the differences between the Eastern and Western Coastal Plains. Mapping India 13

Features of the Eastern Coastal Plains • T  he Eastern Coastal Plains are • T hey have many deltas and a 100 to 130 km wide. few natural ports. • T hey have a hot and wet climate. They get rains during the monsoon season. The southern part receives rains during the winters as well. Features of the Western Coastal Plains • T he Western Coastal Plains are • T hey have fast-flowing rivers, about 50 km wide. In some natural indentations and many parts of Kerala, they are about ports. 96 km wide. • T hey also have a hot and wet climate. They get more rain than the Eastern Coastal Plains. India has two major groups of islands. They are located on the eastern and western sides of the Indian peninsula. The Lakshadweep are located in the Arabian Sea, close to the southwestern coast of India. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal, close to the Eastern Coastal Plains. 14

Features of the Islands • The islands are mostly covered by forests.d • They have a warm climate, but cool sea breezes blow constantly. Be Amaze A A tribe from the North Sentinel island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands rejects contact with modern people. They do not practise agriculture and still hunt and gather food like early humans. Connect the Dots English Fun Which words rhyme with the following? hill _______________________________________________________________ plain _______________________________________________________________ mountain _______________________________________________________________ lake _______________________________________________________________ river _______________________________________________________________ Mapping India 15

Science Fun This is a picture of a cactus plant. It grows in deserts. The green, fleshy parts are not the leaves. They are the stem of the plant. The cactus requires very little water to stay alive. New Words 1) coastal – related to the coast, where the land meets the sea 2) parallel – lines that are always at the same distance and never meet 3) source – the beginning of a river 4) tributary – a river flowing into a larger river 5) distributary – a branch of a river that does not return to the main river after leaving it 6) river basin – a portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries 7) granary – a region producing large quantities of grains 8) densely populated – a region where a lot of people live 9) slope – slant up or down 10) peninsular – relating to land that is surrounded by water on three sides 11) port – an area of water near land where ships and boats stop 12) indentation – a cut in the land 13) reject – say ‘no’ to something A Note to Parent Discuss the physical features of your hometown with your child and discuss the local vegetables and fruits available. Also, do this when you go anywhere on a vacation. Point out to them various landforms, vegetation and climate. 16

8Lesson TofhIenPdeioaple I Will Learn About • s imilarities and differences in the lives of people of India. • unity in diversity. I Think Rashi met Morad on the road. He was wearing a Q. turban she had never seen before. Rashi Which community has the Paghdi as part of its your head? traditional costume? Morad This is a Paghdi. It is part of a traditional Parsi (A) Jains costume. Every community has a traditional dress. Jain monks, too, wear traditional (B) P arsis white robes. (C) Kashmiris Rashi We are all so different and similar at the same time! (D) Christians India is a huge country and you have read about its six physical divisions. The lives of the communities in each physical division are different from those of the others. Why do we see such differences? India has cold mountains in the north and warm plains south of the mountains. We have dry heat in the west and humidity in the east. The climate and natural regions affect the culture of each region. 17

Climate and natural regions affect the crops that are grown. The staple diet or the main food depends on what is easily available. The climate also affects the clothing of different regions. Different languages, types of food and clothing make India diverse. Diversity means ‘variety or range of different things’. Let us read about the differences and similarities between the lives of various communities. Climate: It is cold in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Clothing: People use warm, woollen clothing. Kashmiri pashmina shawls and shawls from Nagaland and Manipur are very famous. Food: Seasonal fruits and vegetables are used to make food. Meat is popular too. Climate: There are very few trees, plants and Climate: It is hot and wet in the coastal flowers here. Scrubs, thorny plants and cacti regions of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, grow in the dry regions. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha Clothing: Clothes are made of light cotton and West Bengal. cloth. They are bright and colourful. Mirrors Clothing: People wear cotton mundus, are used to decorate clothes. Woollen dhotis and saris. These loose cotton clothes shawls are used to keep warm. do not stick to the body. Food: Bajra and meat are popularly eaten in Food: Fish is an important part of the staple the desert. diet. Rice grows well. Hence, people have many dishes made from rice. Climate: The summers are hot and humid. Winters are cool and sometimes cold. In the plains, highlands and plateaus, the climate is good for agriculture. Many grains are grown. Clothing: People wear cotton clothes in summer and light woollen clothes in winter. Food: Grains, seasonal fruits and vegetables are used. 18

People and population India is home to a large population. The number Name one similarity of people living in a certain area is called the population of that place. India is the second ? between the clothing of the people in northern most populated country in the world after China. and western India. In 2011, the population of India was around 1.2 billion, and it is rising continuously. The population is not equally spread all over the country. The number of people living in a particular area depends on factors such as climate, landforms and jobs. Some important cities such as Mumbai, Bengaluru and Delhi are more populated than other places as more jobs are available there. Languages Hindi and English are the official languages of the Indian government. Official languages are used by governments for their work. States choose their own official languages. The 22 official languages used in India are as follows. Language States and Union Territories Language States and Union Territories Assamese Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Dogri Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab Bengali West Bengal, Tripura, Gujarati Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Bodo Assam, Jharkhand, Haveli and Daman and Diu Andaman and Nicobar Islands Hindi Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Kashmiri Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Assam Madhya Pradesh Kannada Karnataka Jammu and Kashmir Konkani Goa, Maharashtra Maithili Bihar Malayalam Kerala Manipuri Manipur Marathi Maharashtra, Goa Nepali Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Oriya Odisha Punjabi Punjab, Haryana Sanskrit Uttarakhand Santhali Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Sindhi Tamil Odisha Telugu Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab Tamil Nadu, Puducherry Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Urdu Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Bihar Other than these, there are about 1600 languages in India. Example: Bhojpuri, Tulu, Lepcha, Marwari. Which language do you speak? Is it on the list? The People of India 19

Look at the map. It shows a few languages that An official language is used by are used by the majority of people in different the government for its work. regions. LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN INDIA Food and clothing Indians use different kinds of food and clothing too. Read about these people from different parts of India. Find out which state or union territory they live in , their language , their 3 4 1 2clothes and their favourite food . Find them and their families on the given map. Use the given map and your previous knowledge to fill in the blanks on the next page. 20

____________________! I am Irfan. Namaste, I am Vimala. 1 _________________________ 1 Rajasthan 2 Kashmiri and Urdu 2 Hindi and _____________ 3 _________________________ 3 ghagra choli with mirrors 4 kulcha and rogan josh 4 ______________________ ________________! I am Arissa. Namaskar, I am Tukaram. 1 Nagaland 1 Maharashtra 2 ___________ and English 2 __________________ 3 woollen shawl 3 d hoti, pheta 4 m eat, fish, rice and 4 ___________ (like a roti) and vegetables with tathu ________ (made from brinjal) (tathu is a chutney) Hello! I am Jacob. _____________, I am Lakshmi. 1 ______________ 1 Karnataka 2 E nglish, ______________ and 2 _______________ 3 sari Portuguese 4 __________________ – rice 3 cotton pants and shirt cooked with spices 4 _ _________ – meat in a curry and dals The People of India 21

In India, people often speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called bilingual. People who can speak three or more languages are called multilingual. Some Indians are either bilingual or multilingual. Festivals Earlier, you have read about a few regional and national festivals. Let us now read about how different communities celebrate the same event in different ways. Every community has its own celebration of the new year. These celebrations happen at different times in different regions. The new year begins on different days for different communities. They are as follows. Name of the festival Community Gudi Padwa Gudi Padwa marks the new year in Poila Boisakh Maharashtra and parts of Karnataka. A ‘gudi’ (a bamboo stick with a sari and a pot on top of it) is decorated and placed outside the house to mark the occasion. Poila Boisakh marks the new year for the Bengali community. It is celebrated largely in West Bengal. ‘Poila’ means first and Boisakh is the first month of the Bengali calendar. People wear new clothes and eat sweets. Ugadi marks the new year in parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. People make rangoli and give food and clothes to the poor. Ugadi 22

Nowruz is the new year for the Parsi community. Wheatgrass is grown as a tradition. People visit the agiary to offer their prayers and spend the day with their families. Nowruz Therefore, Indians wear different kinds ? Name three different of clothes and eat a variety of food. celebrations of the new year. We speak many languages and celebrate different festivals. At the same time, we are all united as people of India. We sing the same national anthem and celebrate the same national festivals such as Independence Day and Republic Day. All Indians are also united by the same constitution. The Constitution of India contains the laws followed in India. It states that all Indians are equal before the law. Thus in India there is unity in diversity. dBe Amaze A Four major religions of the world began in India. Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism took birth in ancient India, while Sikhism began in medieval India. Connect the Dots English Fun Many words from Indian languages have become a part of English. The Gujarati word ‘bangalo’ is used in English and spelt as ‘bungalow’. It means a low-rising house, usually of one storey and with a large veranda. The People of India 23

Science Fun Very small living things in food can change the look, smell and feel of the food. This is called fermentation. Rice dishes such as idli are made by fermentation. New Words 1) unity – being together as one kind 2) humidity – the amount of water vapour in air 3) climate – a particular pattern of weather seen in a place 4) majority – a greater number of something A Note to Parent You can organise a small fancy dress party for your child and their friends. Ask them to wear their traditional clothes to the party. Their parents can bring the food that they cook at home. 24

9Lesson HCLeaisaletrnondraaybrosutto I Will Learn About • different calendars and the rules of their design. • sequence of events and marking them on a timeline. I Think Rashi is visiting the home of the Irani family to celebrate Q. Nowruz. Nowruz is the new year celebration of the Parsis. Rashi It is so funny! We wish each other ‘Happy New How do you wish Mr Irani Year’ so many times between January and someone on Nowruz? December! (A) Happy Diwali You are right! Different groups of people have different events that are important to them. (B) Happy New Year Rashi But how come there are so many new years? (C) Nowruz Mubarak Mrs Irani I will tell you. Different groups of people in India (D) Merry Christmas use different calendars. Each group celebrates the new year with a certain special event. Morad And we all celebrate each other’s festivals as well. This is why I wish you ‘Happy New Year!’ during Diwali. And you wish me ‘Nowruz Mubarak!’ on Nowruz. Rashi I want to make a list so that I can remember to wish everyone on their special days! 25

What are the different kinds of calendars? What do we use to know the month of the year? Can you see it in this classroom? A calendar is a chart that shows the days, weeks and months of a year in an organised way. Sometimes they also contain information about certain events such as seasons and festivals. Gregorian and Saka calendars A classroom When we use the following names for days and months, we are using the Gregorian calendar. Days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday Months January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December The Gregorian calendar was created by Pope Gregory XIII. It has 28 days in February. After every four years, February has 29 days. This is known as a leap year. It is because the Earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to complete one revolution of the Sun. These 6 hours add up to 24 hours to make one extra day after four years, making a leap year. The Gregorian calendar is used by most countries of the world. The people in India also use the Saka calendar along with the Gregorian calendar. The Saka calendar was first used by King Shalivahana. The Saka calendar is used to know the festival days. Again, the Gregorian calendar is used in India to make interaction with other countries easier. ? Name the first and last months of the Saka calendar. 26

Calendars based on positions of the Sun and the Moon We can see the Sun’s position in the sky change over a year. Someone standing on the Tropic of Cancer will see the Sun over her head at 12 noon on 21 June. On 22 December, she will see that the Sun appears to have moved further south. This apparent movement of the Sun is an effect of the Earth’s revolution. In June, the northern hemisphere receives the direct rays of the Sun. Hence the Sun is seen overhead at 12 noon. In December, the slanting rays of the Sun are received by the northern hemisphere. Hence, the Sun appears to move south. This movement is used to calculate time and mark the passing of days on a solar calendar. Example: Gregorian calendar position of the Sun on position of the Sun 21 June on 22 December Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator the changing position of the Sun in the sky Have you ever observed the Moon? We can see its shape change throughout a month. It takes about 15 days for the Moon to go from not being visible (new moon) to being fully visible (full moon). The time taken for the appearance of the Moon to change is also used to make calendars. These calendars are called lunar calendars. Example: Islamic calendar Phases of the Moon Calendars to Learn about History 27

Marking time in history India has a long and glorious history. It has experienced many events such as the rule of ancient kings, the struggle for freedom, the making of Mangalyaan and so on. To arrange past events in the correct order in which they happened, we can use a timeline. Timeline A timeline is a drawing of a line with important past events marked on it. A timeline shows the important events that took place in certain periods of time and the order in which they happened. As mentioned in an earlier lesson, BC is used to number years for events that happened before the birth of Jesus Christ and AD is used for events that took place after his birth. Thus, when Old term Full form New term Full form events are marked on a timeline, BC and AD are used BC Before Christ BCE Before to number the years. Look at Common Era the timeline to see how the AD Anno Domini (‘the CE Common Era years are marked. year of our Lord’ in Latin) A timeline The timeline tells us that 100 BC is 100 years before Jesus was born. Again, 100 AD is 100 years after Jesus was born. If we think of 1 AD as the year of Christ’s birth, then the year before his birth is 1 BC. Also, 1 year after Jesus’s birth is 2 AD. Study the timeline on Alexander the Great who was born before Christ’s birth and see how the years are marked. 28

In the BC years, as we show events Are the years before Christ’s progressing in time (by writing them from left to right), we number the years in ? birth numbered in ascending descending order. order or descending order? Is 310 BC or 103 BC closer to After the birth of Jesus Christ, the years are the birth of Jesus Christ? numbered in ascending order. Read about the life of Mahatma Gandhi. What makes a decade or a century? A set of ten years is called a decade. For example, 1911 AD to 1920 AD has a span of ten years and makes a decade. A set of one hundred years is called a century. So, 1 AD to 100 AD has a span of hundred years and make a century. Since 1 AD to 100 AD is called the first century AD, 101 to 200 AD is called the second century AD and so on. So, the year 1420 AD is a part of the fifteenth century AD. The year 1915 AD is a part of the twentieth century AD. See the table below to know more. Years BC Years AD Century Century 100 BC – 1 BC First century BC 1 AD – 100 AD First century AD 200 BC – 101 BC Second century BC 1501 AD – 1600 AD Fifteenth century AD 300 BC – 201 BC Third century BC 1901 AD – 2000 AD Twentieth century AD 400 BC – 301 BC Fourth century BC 2001 AD – 2100 AD Twenty-first century AD Almanacs An almanac is a calendar in the form of a book. It shows a detailed list of events for a coming year. It records weather predictions, the times at which the Sun will Calendars to Learn about History 29

rise and set and many more details. Hundreds of years ago, there was no television and no internet. It was difficult to share information. Almanacs were used to share local information. For example, an almanac for a region near the sea would contain information about the high tides and low tides. Almanacs also predict rains, which helps farmers decide when to plant crops. An almanac is a very detailed calendar. year month how the Moon will look date and day weather prediction o ther predictions for each day An almanac Designing a calendar A calendar can be made in various ways. Special details can be added according to the needs. Some features of a calendar are as follows. • It shows time in weeks, days and months. • Days are written column-wise and dates are written row-wise. • W e can show days row-wise and dates column-wise as well. 30

• A few days are marked in red. It indicates a holiday or a special day. • In a few calendars, special days are also written below the dates. You can also make your own calendar and put dates and events important to you in red. Be Amaze A calendar A d March October May September November To remember which months have 30 days February and which ones have 31, make fists with both January April June August December hands. Count your knuckles leaving out the July thumb knuckle. Each knuckle stands for a month with 31 days and each groove stands for 30 days apart from February which has 28 days. Calendars to Learn about History 31

Connect the Dots English Fun In the past, many calendars used the appearance of the Moon to calculate time. This is why the word ‘month’ is closely related to the word ‘moon’. This meant that one cycle of the moon was equal to one ‘month’. Maths Fun There are usually 28 days in February. A leap year has 29 days in February. Complete the series of leap years. 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, _________, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, _________ New Words 1) event – s omething important that has happened, is happening or will happen 2) Pope 3) apparent – the head of the Roman Catholic Church 4) prediction – something that seems true, but is not 5) local – something that says what might happen in the future 6) tide – of a particular place – the regular rise and fall of the water in the sea or ocean A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find out about the different calendar systems of the world. The Islamic, Chinese and Korean calendars are a few examples. 32

10Lesson Responsibilities of a Citizen I Will Learn About • being a worthy citizen, developing civic sense and appreciating its significance. • importance of public and private property and its preservation. • responsibilities of a citizen which covers solving issues in school and in the neighbourhood. I Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are walking down the stairs in Q.their building. They spot one of their neighbours drawing on the wall. Why should Gaurav not Rashi Hey Gaurav! What are you doing? draw on the wall? Meher Can I join you? (A) b ecause the wall is Rashi dirty Morad No! What he is doing is wrong! (B) because all families Gaurav Rashi is right. Gaurav, many families live in this living in the building Morad building. We all use the staircase. may not want drawings on the wall Gaurav So what? Rashi (C) b ecause Morad said T hat means all of us are responsible for taking that he should not care of it. (D) because there are no But my drawing will make it beautiful! lights on the staircase E ven so, you need permission! You must ask all the families living in this building if they would like it. Morad W e live together, and so we must take all important decisions together! 33

Many families share the facilities in a housing society. All Civic sense consists the students share the facilities in a school. In the same of the behaviour and way, the people, or the citizens of India, share certain habits that do not have facilities. A citizen is a person who is recognised as the a bad effect on the member of a country by its government. Citizens of a environment and the country have some rights. They also have certain duties. people. The study of rights and duties of a citizen is called civics. Behaviour and habits that do not have a bad effect on the environment and the people around are called civic sense. When people show civic sense, they help to protect the environment and maintain good relations in the society where they live. Look at the following pairs of pictures in Picture A and Picture B. Tick the correct actions. 12 or or Picture A Picture B We live together in communities. We work together. To live together happily and peacefully, we should be mindful of our actions. We should work for our own good and also be kind to each other. Being a good person is the first step towards becoming a good citizen. How to be a good citizen A good citizen does the following. 1) Obeys the laws and rules of a place. 2) P articipates in the elections by voting. They can even choose to become a candidate in the elections. In this way, they can participate in government work. 3) D oes not hurt any living being or other people who are different from them. 4) Makes an effort to remain a peaceful part of the Helping people community. They take care of people in need. shows civic sense. 34

5) Cares for the environment. ? State any one role of a good citizen. 6) D oes not damage or dirty public property such as trains, buses, roads and places such as monuments and parks. Littering spoils Growing plants Writing on walls shows the environment. shows civic sense. poor civic sense. 7) H elps people who are being harmed by others. Sometimes, this means being courageous and stopping something bad from happening. A good citizen asks others not to damage public or private property. They also request others to take care of the environment. 8) Is honest. They do not give or take bribes. They do not steal from others. Good citizens do not fight We should not Stealing is not right. with one another. give or take bribes. How to solve problems in school It is important to act responsibly in school. All students should help to keep a healthy and safe environment in school. Some ways to be responsible in school are as follows. • Talk to your teacher if a student is bullying others. • The class leader or monitor should take responsibility for classroom cleanliness by involving all classmates. • S hare ideas on how everyone can get a fair chance to use play areas. Responsibilities of a Citizen 35

• Switch off lights and fans when leaving the classroom. • Do not litter or spill food in the classroom. Importance of being a good neighbour We follow rules to keep our neighbourhoods clean What should be done and safe. There are different ways in which poor ? if you hear loud music civic sense can affect others. Playing loud music at coming from the night or throwing trash everywhere is not allowed. neighbourhood? Breaking these rules affects our neighbours. Similarly, if we break the rules and laws of our country, we affect other citizens. Given below are the pictures of two train stations in India. Which one would you feel comfortable waiting at? Why? or Station A Station B Places or things that can be used by all the people of the country are called public property. Places such as train stations, roads, bridges, community parks and so on are public property. Sometimes, heavy usage damages public property. However, damages often happen due to misuse by the citizens and carelessness of the government. The government is responsible for maintaining and repairing public property. Citizens are responsible for using public property carefully. Citizens with poor civic sense act irresponsibly. Vandalism damages properly A few citizens also damage and destroy public property on purpose. This is called vandalism. Vandalised property becomes useless and unsafe. Repairing such damage may cost the government a lot of money. 36

d Be Amaze A ‘Mawlynnong’, a village in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, is the cleanest village in Asia. This village is famous for its cleanliness and natural beauty and was recognised as the cleanest village in Asia by Discover India Magazine in 2003. Connect the Dots English Fun To be good citizens, we must be good members of the community. The word ‘community’ comes from the Latin word ‘communitas’. Community refers to people who live in the same area and share common interests. Science Fun Animals do not have any written rules and laws. But, they do have their kind of civic sense. Elephants travel in groups. They make sure that the young ones are well fed and the old ones are not left behind while travelling. The older members of the group are also responsible for disciplining the younger ones. They also interact with other groups. Responsibilities of a Citizen 37

New Words 1) staircase – a set of stairs in a building 2) facility 3) election – a place or an equipment provided for a particular purpose 4) bribe – a process of choosing a person to represent our interests in the government 5) steal 6) litter – money or present you give to someone so that they help you unfairly – take something without permission – make a place untidy by leaving many things lying around A Note to Parent Children usually develop a good civic sense by observing their elders. Be a role model for your child by being a good citizen and displaying civic sense. You could ask your child to explain why they think that a certain action shows civic sense. 38

11Lesson The Environment and Us I Will Learn About • v arious types of pollution in the environment. • the causes and the effects of pollution. • the importance of preventing pollution and ways to reduce the various kinds of pollution. • being sensitive towards the right methods of waste disposal. I Think Q. Mr Irani’s school friend has come to visit the Irani family Why is it important to after many months. keep rivers clean? Meher Hello, Ajay Uncle! How are you? (A) to throw waste into them Ajay Uncle Hi, Meher! I have been busy with work. (B) to help birds build a Meher Yes, I heard that you were working to nest keep Nashik’s rivers clean. What do you do for the rivers? (C) to ensure the good health of villages Ajay Uncle W ell, Meher, I work with an NGO that and cities organises events to pick up the waste thrown into rivers. We talk to school (D) to build roads over children about keeping rivers clean. We them also speak to the government about making strict cleanliness rules. It is very important to keep our rivers clean because the health of our villages and cities depends on them. Meher Oh! I did not know that rivers are so important. 39

What is pollution? Earlier, you have read about pollution and its types. You read about a few activities that cause pollution. Let us read about the ways in which pollution affects our environment. Pollution is the process of adding harmful materials to the environment. The things that cause pollution are called pollutants. A person responsible for the release of pollutants is called a polluter. Example: When Rohan burns plastic, he acts as a polluter. This creates poisonous gases which act as pollutants and cause air pollution. In our everyday lives, we produce many types of waste that cause contamination of soil, water and so on. Types of pollution In the previous class, you have studied air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. These are different types of pollution. They are caused by various human activities. Air pollution Case study: In November 2016 and 2017, there was a thick blanket Smog in of smog in Delhi. It was caused by air pollution from vehicles and New Delhi industries in and around New Delhi. Most vehicles release gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and so on. Farmers find it easier to burn remains of crops, called agricultural waste, in the fields rather than take them away safely. The smoke released from such sources contains carbon and other small particles. When there is no breeze to blow the smoke 40

away, a thick blanket of smog forms, as happened in New Delhi. This caused breathing problems and allergies in many people. It also affected people’s vision and routine. Prevention ? List the gases that pollute the air. We can prevent such a situation by doing the following. 1) using public transport as much as possible 2) banning the burning of agricultural waste 3) making all factories obey rules regarding pollution 4) educating people and spreading awareness about the environment Water pollution Case study: On 16 February 2017, a few people found a lot of smoke coming from the middle of Bellandur Lake in Bengaluru. Later, it was found that the lake had caught fire. This was called the burning lake incident. The lake caught fire because of water pollution. People living around the lake dumped waste from their households into this lake. Untreated sewage water and Homes along the lakeside waste from factories were also dumped into this lake. in Bengaluru All the chemicals reacted with each other. Methane, a gas that easily catches fire, was produced as a result of these reactions. When the household waste caught fire, it became difficult to control. The Environment and Us 41

The pollution caused serious harm to the plants and animals in and around the lake. The water from the lake is not suitable for use anymore. The lake is also covered by froth because of the chemicals present in it. Prevention We can prevent such a situation by taking the following steps. 1) treating all liquid waste from industries and homes to make it safe before it is allowed to drain into water bodies 2) preventing people from throwing waste materials into water bodies 3) cleaning lakes and ponds around us regularly 4) educating people and spreading awareness about the environment Noise pollution India is a country with many festivals. During these festivals, loudspeakers are used which causes noise pollution. Case study: A study conducted in 2011 has shown that Delhi Loud sounds cause has recorded the loudest levels of noise in India. On the noise pollution. streets, the noise level can go above 100 decibels. When noise level crosses 85 decibels, it can permanently damage hair cells in the inner ear leading to hearing loss. In residential areas too the level of noise is above the accepted levels of 50-55 decibels. Honking of horns is a major reason for high noise levels in Delhi. 42

People living near sources of noise pollution may face many problems. Noise causes the heart to beat faster. It also causes stress and headache. Loud sounds for very long periods of time may lead to deafness. Loud sounds can also make cracks appear in buildings. Prevention We can prevent such situations by doing the following. 1) making sure that the volume of loudspeakers is kept low 2) n ot allowing the use of loudspeakers and other sources of loud noises at night, especially around hospitals 3) educating people and spreading awareness about noise pollution The need for conserving the environment Conservation is the process of keeping something safe Conservation is the from harm. When the environment gets polluted, it can process of keeping harm all living things including human beings. Thus, to something safe protect the environment, we must reduce pollution. from harm. We can each practise a few steps to reduce pollution. Earlier, you have read about using public transport and using organic cleaners in your home. You have also learnt how to reduce sound pollution. You have even learnt about separating dry and wet waste. What are the three Waste can be of two types: biodegradable and ? ways to conserve non-biodegradable. Biodegradable waste breaks materials that help to down naturally and does not cause pollution. save the environment? Example: vegetable peels and other food waste. Non-biodegradable waste does not get broken down naturally and causes pollution. Example: plastic bottles. Biodegradable waste can be buried in the soil. This is because it comes from nature and turns back into soil after some time. This biodegradable waste is used for growing plants. There are many more ways of conserving the environment. The three Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle Reduce: We need to reduce or lessen the amount of waste from The three Rs our everyday activities. Example: Take your own bags when you are going shopping. This will reduce the number of new plastic bags that you use. This, in turn, will reduce the amount of plastic that is thrown into rivers, lakes, oceans and even on land. Use of plastic should be reduced and bags made of biodegradable materials such as jute should be used. The Environment and Us 43

dReuse: We should make sure that materials and items are reused for as long as possible. Example: The blank side of the paper with printing on one side can be used for drawing, taking notes and so on. Plastic ice cream spoons can be reused. Reusing is helpful in situations where reducing is difficult. Recycle: We can use old items and materials to make new things. Example: Plastic bottles can be recycled to make toys, pots for plants, pen stands and so on. Using glass bottles helps the environment as glass can be recycled many times. Newspapers can also be recycled. To satisfy the needs of our increasing population, we have harmed the environment. It is now time to take steps to conserve the environment. Be Amaze A Even thousands of years ago, people took care of their environment and tried to reduce pollution. In ancient Rome, there were limits on the level of noise. So, vehicles called chariots were not allowed to travel during the night. This is because the sound made by the moving chariots would disturb people’s sleep. Connect the Dots Maths Fun Each Indian living in a city creates at least 200 to 600 grams of garbage every day. How much garbage does a person create in one week and in one month? ______________________________________________________________________________ Science Fun Eco-towns in the UK are towns designed to reduce pollution. These towns will be built from recycled materials. They will be largely car-free and cycle-friendly. 44

New Words 1) NGO – non-governmental organisation 2) contamination – the process of adding impurities or waste to something 3) visibility – how far one can see clearly due to the weather conditions 4) vision – the ability to see 5) sewage – dirty water from homes and factories 6) react – mix and make new chemicals 7) froth – a thick layer of foam or bubbles A Note to Parent You can make a chart of the things in your house that can be reused or recycled. You can ask your child to note down the names of the materials and items that have been reused and/or recycled. The Environment and Us 45

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