202110239-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G09-PART1

9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] What do you mean by animal behaviour? List out the types of animal behaviour you know. (ii) [(Session 7.1)] How do spiders learn to spin the web? Long Answer Type Questions 199 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] What do you mean by animal behaviour? CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Do you believe that imitation can sometimes lead to harmful be- haviour? Support your answer. CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 200

(ii) [(Session 7.1)] The picture given below shows a tailor bird sewing its nest. What questions come to your mind while you observe this picture? Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Do you think the behaviour of humans is different from that of animals? Justify. CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 201

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Provide evidence in the support of conditioning in animals through your observations. (ii) [(Session 7.1)] Watch on the internet or go to a farm where ducks are reared. Observe the hatching of a duck’s egg. What action is performed by the duckling immediately after hatching? CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 202

Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Write about the experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Fear is an important emotion. It is essential for survival. For example, while watching a line of ants moving on the floor, if you crush one ant, all the sur- rounding ants will run helter skelter. Find and report other fear responses observed in animals. CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 203

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Short Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.3)] Give examples of expressions of animals that they use to protect them- selves from predators. (ii) [(Session 7.3)] Explain how squirrels intelligently cheat others while hiding their food. CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 204

AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.3)] How did Alex (African Grey parrot trained by Evirin Pepperberg) apply creativity in language? (ii) [(Session 7.3)] How does the Bombardier Beetle protect itself when it is in danger? CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 205

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 18. Choose the correct answer. (i) Study of animal behaviour begins with understanding how an animal’s physiology and anatomy are integrated with its . (A) behaviour (B) acting (C) hunting (D) domesticating (ii) Behaviour can be investigated in the (B) Laboratory (D)None of the above (A) Field (C)Both in field and laboratory (iii) Making of nest by birds is (B) Imprinting (D) Imitation (A) Instinctual behaviour (C) Conditioning (B) Dark and dry (D)Dark and damp (iv) Cockroaches prefer places that are (A) Light and dry (C)Light and damp (v) Chicks are able to walk almost immediately after hatching from the egg and follow the first moving objects. This is a type of (A) Imitation (B) Imprinting (C) Conditioning (D) Instinct CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 206

(vi) Wasps makes their prey unconscious (B) By biting them (D)Both B and C (A) By injecting venom (C)By spitting venom on them (vii) When school bell rings at the last period students rush to leave their classroom. This is a type of (A) Instinct behaviour (B) Imitating behaviour (C)Conditioning behaviour (D)Imprinting behaviour (viii) How many leaves does a weaver bird use to weave its nest? (A) Two (B) Five (C) Three (D) Four (ix) Beavers are a native of (A) North America (B) Babylon (C) India (D)Sri Lanka (x) This scientist was awarded a Nobel prize for his work on animal behaviour in 1973. (A) Konrad Lorenz (B) Nikolaas Tinbergen (C)Karl von Frisch (D)All the above (xi) Which of the following animals has great logical thinking power? (A) Beaver (B) Dolphin (C) Squirrel (D)Scrub jay (xii) The scientific and objective study of animal behaviour is called (A) Ecology (B) Ornithology (C) Ethology (D) Analogy (xiii) Ants search and communicate using (B) Pheromones (D) All of these (A) Hormones (C) Enzymes CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 207

(xiv) The parrot Alex had a special name for apple, called (A) Bannery (B) Cherry (C) Banana (D) Orange (xv) Which of the following is a type of learned behaviour? (A) Instinct (B) Imprinting (C) Conditioning (D) Imitation (xvi) Which of the following scientists conducted experiments on conditional reflexes? (A) Aristotle (B) Pavlov (C) Felids (D) Norway (xvii) Which of the following animals spray bad smell through their body to protect themselves? (A) Tasmanian devil (B) Bombardier beetle (C) Biller (D)Both A and B (xviii) Cheating, bluffing, and hiding are characteristic features of (A) Complexity (B) Protectiveness (C)Self consciousness (D)All the above (xix) Name the scientist who observed imitation in chimpanzees. (A) Pavlov (B) Heron (C) Pepperberg (D)None of these CHAPTER 7. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 208

8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO INCREASE THE FOOD PRODUCTION 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Fertilizers –A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. ii. Irrigation –Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. iii. Nutrient –Nutrients are components in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. iv. Kharif crops –Kharif crops or monsoon crops are domesticated plants cultivated and harvested during the rainy season in the South Asia, which lasts between April and October depending on the area. v. Rabi crops –Rabi crops are agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the spring in the South Asia. 1.3 Key Concepts i. With the increase in the population, there is a need to increase the food production. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO INCREASE THE FOOD PRODU... 209

ii. Food production can be increased by increasing the area of cultivated land, increasing production in the already existing land, developing high yielding varieties etc. iii. Water is very important for any crop to grow. iv. Crops should be well irrigated as plants cannot absorb nutrients directly from soil and have to be absorbed only when dissolved in water. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Suggest some ways in which our country could increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits? (Ref [Refer to TB page 123 Q1] A. Increasing the food production in proportion to the increasing population is always a big challenge for our country. We must ensure that the production of crops is to be increased. Some of the ways in which our country can increase the production of rice to meet at least global limits. They are: i. The kind of seeds that are going to be planted have to be the best to ensure increased production and developing high yielding varieties. ii. The properties of the soil to be studied, so that the crop which is suitable to be grown in that soil can be selected. iii. Proper usage of manure, fertilizers and irrigation. iv. Controlling insect attacks and growth of weeds. v. We should observe the climatic conditions and select which crop is suitable to grow in that region. vi. Increasing the area of cultivated land and increase production in existing land. vii. Alternating crops and growing mixed crops. viii. Cultivating short term crops like rabi crops. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO INCREASE THE FOOD PRODU... 210

SESSION 2 IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Stomata –A tiny opening or pore on the leaf of plants, which helps in exchange of gases. ii. Carbohydrate –A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hy- drogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water). iii. Transpiration – Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapour and is released to the atmosphere. iv. Pesticides – Pesticides are the toxic substances released intentionally into our envi- ronment to kill living things. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Paddy, wheat and sugarcane requires more water to grow and give maximum yield. Millets, pulses, maize, sesame etc. require less water and can be grown in waterdrought areas also. ii. Watershed is a process to improve groundwater levels. SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 211

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the adverse effects of using high yielding varieties of seeds? [Refer to TB page 124 Q15] A. In recent times, biotechnologists have developed high yielding varieties of different plants by using hybridization and genetic engineering methods. High yielding varieties may have many adverse effects. i. The nutritional value of the crop may be disturbed. ii. The crop may use more water resources than required. iii. Traditional and local varieties become extinct. iv. These mono cultural practices lead to increased and uncontrollable pests. To get rid of them, farmers have to spray pesticides which are a threat to the ecosystem. Q2. What are the essential measures that a farmer needs to take before sowing the seeds of a crop? [Refer to TB page 123 Q4] A. 1. The seeds that are to be sown should be selected carefully in order get a good yield. Seeds can be medicated with fungicides before sowing. 2. If a good quality of seed is sown, the yield of the crop also will be more. 3. Before sowing, separation of good quality seeds is very important. Seeds can be soaked in water before sowing. 4. The seeds are to be sown at uniform distances and are covered with soil, so that they may not be found by the birds and be eaten. Q3. Suppose you had a farm in a drought stricken area of your state. What crops would you grow and how? [Refer to TB page 123 Q5] A. 1. Millets, sesame, sunflower, pulses and maize are some of the crops that require less water and also drought resistant. These can be grown in drought stricken areas. SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 212

2. The farmer can follow drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is a good practice to prevent water wastage. In drip irrigation, water is supplied through small pipes. These pipes have small holes through which water passes drop by drop near the root. 2.5 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Venkatapuram village is in drought prone area. Somaiah wants to cultivate sugarcane in his fields. Is it beneficial or not? What questions would you want to ask him? [Refer to TB page 124 Q17] A. 1. Cultivation of sugarcane is suitable in places which have rich water resources. 2. So, it is not beneficial for him to cultivate sugarcane in drought prone areas like Venkatapuram where Somaiah lives. 3. If he cultivates such crops water should be provided with the help of wells and bore wells. Most of the farmers of our state cultivate crops like paddy, sugarcane irrespective of proper availability of water, only because of supporting price and marketing facility. 4. So, farmers have to invest more on irrigation of water, electricity bills, pesticides and fertilizers. 5. We can ask him questions like – i. How would you give water to crop as there is less water in this area? ii. If you use water from bore wells, the electricity charges will be more. Would you be able to pay them? iii. Why don’t you prefer to cultivate crops like pulses, which are suitable for the area? iv. How can you manage if there are power cuts? SESSION 2. IMPROVING HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES 213

SESSION 3 CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Crop rotation –Crop rotation is one of the oldest and most effective cultural control strategies. It means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field. ii. Mixed crop –Mixed cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. iii. Root nodule – Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen–fixing bacteria. iv. Panchagavya – This is a natural manure. The main ingredients of panchagavya are milk, curd, ghee, dung and urine of cow. v. Vermicompost – Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using vari- ous worms, usually earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste. vi. Organic farming –Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Macro nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium along with micro nutrients like manganese, boron, iron etc. are necessary for a plant to grow. ii. Fertility of the soil is also maintained with crop rotation. iii. Root nodules of leguminous plants have Rhizobium bacteria which can fix atmo- SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 214

spheric nitrogen. iv. Organic manure is produced by decaying plant and animal waste. v. Manure got by ploughing back the grown crops into the soil is called green manure. vi. Soil testing can be done to understand the nutrients that are present in the soil and those that are deficient. vii. Vermicompost is good organic manure got by cultivating earthworms. viii. Crop rotation is the process in which farmers cultivate different crops in different sea- sons in a same agricultural field. ix. Panchagavya is an organic manure in which milk, curd, ghee, dung and urine of cow are the key ingredients. x. Use of chemical fertilisers not only cause water and soil pollution; but also decrease soil fertility. xi. To maintain soil productivity, organic farming came into existence. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How are bio fertilizers more beneficial as compared to chemical fertilizers? [Refer to TB page 123 Q2] A. Micro organisms which are useful in synthesizing nutrients required for the fertility of the soil are grown to replenish the nutrients in the soil. These are called microbial cultures or bio fertilizers. They synthesize nutrients from environment and soil. They are always more beneficial when compared to chemical fertilizers. i. They do not cause water or air pollution. ii. They do not cause diseases in the people who use them. iii. They do not harm any insects. iv. They do not disturb the food chain. v. They are eco friendly fertilizers. Q2. Find out the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers needed for growing the high yielding varieties of crops? [Refer to TB page 123 Q3](a)) A. The nutrient content in the soil is replenished by adding fertilizers. The adverse effects of using chemical fertilizers are: SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 215

i. If chemical fertilizers are used more than required, the components stay in the soil, making the soil highly acidic. ii. As they are highly acidic they harm insects which may be useful. iii. They may mix with rain water, reach water resources and they may also harm the aquatic plants. Q3. Can high yielding varieties be grown without chemical fertilizers as well? How? [Refer to TB page 123 Q3](b)) A. High yielding varieties can also be grown without using chemical fertilizers as well. i. Fertilizers are added to replenish the nutrients in the soil. This can be done by crop rotation. ii. Addition of natural manure which is prepared by dumping organic wastes like left- over food, vegetable and fruit peels etc. in a compost pit and allowing it to decom- pose. iii. Vermicompost can be used as it is a very good manure. iv. Bio fertilizers can be used to improve soil fertility. v. Green manure can be used. 3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Ramaiah has soil testing done in his field. The percentages of nutrients are 34–20–45. Is it suitable for cultivating sugarcane crop? Which crops can be cultivated without using artificial fertilisers in Ramaiah’s field? [Refer to TB page 124 Q8] A. 1. The percentage of nutrients in the field is not sufficient to grow sugarcane crop. Sugar cane requires 90–17–202. 2. He can grow corn crop with the percentage of nutrients that was given in the soil testing without the usage of artificial fertilisers. 3.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. What basis would you adopt to explain to a farmer using chemical fertilizers to switch over to organic fertilizers? [Refer to TB page 124 Q16] A. Advantages of organic fertilizers i. Adds natural nutrients to the soil. SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 216

ii. Increases soil organic matter. iii. Improves soil structure. iv. Improves water holding capacity. v. Reduces soil crusting problems, reduces erosion from wind and water. vi. Organic fertilizers are made from materials derived from living things. vii. They are prepared naturally. viii. They are cheap. ix. Do not pollute the soil and water. By explaining all these factors we can ask the farmer to switch to organic fertilizers. 3.7 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw a block diagram of water resources in your village. (Pg.124; Q no 11) A. Students activity (Hints: A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. You have to consider all the water resources like river, lake, pond etc. in your village and represent in the block diagram) 3.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Organic manure is helpful to biodiversity. How do you support this statement? [Refer to TB page 124 Q13] A. i. Organic farming is a boon to bio diversity. ii. In organic farming farmers use bio fertilizers, instead of using chemical fertilizers and synthetic pyrythroids, to get higher yield. iii. By using chemical fertilizers, high yield can be obtained for only 20 to 30 years. After that soil becomes reluctant to plant growth. These chemicals damage soil fertility. If the soil condition is proper, then only the soil responds to fertilizers. iv. To maintain soil productivity organic farming came into existence. Bio fertilizers are useful to maintain soil health and productivity. v. Biofertlizers synthesize nutrients from environment and soil. These are also called farmer (eco) friendly fertilizers. SESSION 3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 217

SESSION 4 CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology i. Weed – Unwanted plants growing in the field along with the crop. ii. Weedicides –a chemical weed killer. iii. Insecticides –a substance used for killing insects. iv. Immunity –Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defences to fight infection, disease. v. Predatory Insects –Beneficial insects which are used to control pest insects. vi. Pest controlling –Pest control refers to the regulation or management of pest. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Crops must be protected from weeds, pests, insects and birds for a better yield. ii. Weedicides, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides are being used to get rid of the weeds and pests. iii. Natural pest controlling methods can be used to avoid the adverse effects of the pes- ticides and insecticides. iv. Farmers should be aware of quality and innovative practices in agriculture to get a better yield. SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 218

4.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What measures will you take to save your field from seasonal outburst of insects? [Refer to TB page 123 Q6] A. 1. Generally insecticides, fungicides and other chemicals are used to control insects. 2. Natural pest controlling methods are also used. Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects. 3. Spiders, Dragon fly, Mirids, Lady bird, beetle etc. are the insects that eat larvae of Jasids, Thrips and stem borers. 4. Some fungi (like Tricoderma species) and bacteria (like Bacilus thuringiensis) are capable of destroying pests like stem borers, tobacco etc. 5. Some mixed crops also control some pest and diseases like after paddy, cultivating black gram, groundnut etc. prevents Tungro disease on paddy. 4.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. A farmer had been using a particular insecticide for a long time. What consequences will it have on (a) Insect Population, (b) Soil Ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 124 Q7] A. (a) Insect Population: 1. Use of insecticides will have a very bad effect on the insect population. Moreover prolonged use of a particular insecticide would lead to immunity in that insect. 2. There are also insects that are useful for plants. Insecticides may kill those too and pollination may become difficult. 3. We can use some other methods that do not give rise to these problems. For example, we can make use of the natural food chains to control pests. SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 219

4.There are many insects that eat other insects. They are called predatory insects. We can make use of these insects. There are also birds that eat insects. We can use these birds to get rid of insects. (b) Soil ecosystem: 1. When we use insecticides, pesticides or herbicides to destroy weeds, a large per- centage of these chemicals remain in the soil. 2. From the soil, these chemicals find their way into air and water sources. 3. The soil in that area would become less fertile and would be deprived of the required nutrients. 4.6 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Observe the fields in your surroundings and collect the information from farmers about the process to remove weeds. [Refer to TB page 124 Q9] A. i. Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated field, for example xanthium, parthe- nium etc. They compete for food, space and light. Weeds take up nutrients and reduce the growth of the crop. Therefore, removal of weeds from cultivated land during early stages of crop growth is essential for a good harvest. ii. Farmers adopt many ways to remove weeds and control their growth. iii. Tilling before sowing of crops helps in uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. iv. The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, from time to time. This is done with the help of Khurpi. v. A seed drill is also used to uproot weeds. vi. Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals called Weedicides like 2, 4–D. These are sprayed on the fields to kill weeds. vii. Intercropping and crop rotation also help in weed control. 4.7 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Make a list of the major weeds in your area. Find out the weeds which are grown in different crops. [Refer to TB page 124 Q10] A. List of the major weeds – SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 220

i. Ranunculus sceleratus ii. Malvella leprosa iii. Barbarea orthoceras iv. Allium vineale v. Taraxacum vi. Glechoma hederacea vii. Tropaeolum Crops affected by weeds – i. Allium vineale –Tomatoes, peppers ii. Taraxacum –Various grains, tomato plants iii. Glechoma hederacea –Tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, cauli•ower iv. Tropaeolum–Most vegetables, cabbage, broccoli, cucurbits, cucumbers, melons, peppers 4.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. What threats to nature do chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides pose? [Refer to TB page 123 Q12] A. The threats caused to artificial fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides are immense. i. A large percentage of these substances remain in the soil and through soil they find their way into the water sources, thus polluting water. ii. Spraying these chemicals causes death of the insects which are a part of the food chain and thus may disturb the entire food web. iii. The insects which cause pollination are also killed. Q2. Spraying high dose of pesticides is hazardous to bio diversity and crop yields. How can you support this statement? [Refer to TB page 124 Q14] A. Spraying high dosage of pesticides will have a very bad effect on the insect population. It is also considered a hazard to biodiversity and crop yield. The hazardous effects are as follows: SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 221

i. Insect population becomes less and so there may be a disturbance to the food chain in that ecosystem. ii. Insects that are useful for plants are also being killed and pollination may become difficult. iii. Pesticides mixed with water during irrigation cause water pollution. iv. When this water enter into the ground it causes soil pollution. v. Also the animals in the water are killed when the polluted water is redirected to any water source. 4.9 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Natural pest controlling methods are useful to bio diversity. Comment on it. [Refer to TB page 124 Q18] A. i. Natural pest controlling methods are useful to bio diversity as they do not harm any species on the planet. ii. Insects are used to kill the pests and harmful insects. This does not disturb any food chain in the ecosystem. iii. Some insects control the harmful insects and they are called friendly insects. iv. E.g. Spiders, dragon fly, Krisopa, mirids, lady bird beetle, etc., are the insects that eat worms like jasids, trips, and stem borers. Trycoderma bacterium lives in the eggs of stem borer, tobacco caterpillar, gram caterpillar and destroy these pests at the egg stage. SESSION 4. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT 222

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.4 ] (i) Write the names of any two weeds in paddy fields. (ii) Name one insect which can be appreciated for its participation in pollination. (iii) In what way are insects helpful to plants? (iv) For what can mixed crops be appreciated? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 223

(v) Name any bacteria that destroys pests. (vi) What can be appreciated in helping to get rid of weeds and pests in crop fields? (vii) Give an example of a predatory insect. (viii) From which organisms do we need to protect our crops? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 224

(ix) Which districts of Andhra Pradesh are using pesticides and insecticides in large quan- tities? (x) List some measures which can be appreciated for speeding up the process of attract- ing insects. 2. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.4 ] (xi) The diseases caused by insects and microorganisms affect . (xii) Overusage of pesticides leads to and and is hazardous to bio–diversity. (xiii) are chemicals that are used to kill insects. (xiv) If we cultivate black gram or groundnut after paddy, we can prevent disease on paddy. (xv) We can make use of natural food chains to control . CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 225

(xvi) Use of herbicides and can cause soil pollution. (xvii) People who spray insecticides and pesticides can have a chance of getting . (xviii) Natural pest controlling methods can be used to avoid the adverse effects of the and . 3. State true or false. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (xix) We cannot use panchagavya as food for hens and fish. [] (xx) Bio–fertilizers are called eco–friendly fertilizers. [] (xxi) Watershed is a process to improve groundwater levels. [] (xxii) Usage of chemical fertilizers by the farmer can be appreciated when he has a choice between chemical fertilizer and bio–fertilizer. [] (xxiii) Vermicompost is good organic manure obtained with the help of earthworms. ] [ 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (xxiv) Name any one crop which is suitable for growing as a mixed crop in fruit growing fields like lemon. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 226

(xxv) Name any one leguminous plant. (xxvi) Give an example where blue–green algae culture is used. (xxvii) List the five ingredients of Panchagavya. (xxviii)What do you mean by N, P, and K written on chemical fertilizer. 5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (xxix) If more than one crop is cultivated in the same field then it is called . (xxx) Manure produced from decomposed plant and animal products has more material. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 227

(xxxi) Animal excreta, compost, deep litter are the examples of manure. (xxxii) Because of humus, the natural manure,and water holding capacity of soil is . (xxxiii)Natural organic manure is generally divided into manure and manure. 6. State true or false. [Refer to Session 8.2 ] (xxxiv)Plants utilise all the water that they absorb through their roots. [ ] (xxxv) Most of the water absorbed by plants evaporates from the leaves. [ ] (xxxvi)When the weather is hot, stomata begin to close. [] (xxxvii)Legumes utilise more amount of nutrients from the soil. [ ] (xxxviii) Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are called micronutrients. [ ] 7. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.2 ] (i) Starch is a . (ii) grams of water reacts with grams of carbon dioxide to form 180 grams of carbohydrate. (iii) Plants use only percent of the water they absorb to form carbohydrates. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 228

(iv) irrigation is a good practice in agriculture to prevent water wastage. (v) is the process in which one crop is followed by another crop on an agricultural field. Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] Why is it necessary to remove weeds from our fields? (ii) [(Session 8.4)] How do weedicides pollute water? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 229

9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Why should we use organic manure? (ii) [(Session 8.3)] Why do farmers sometimes plough back the crop grown in the soil? (iii) [(Session 8.3)] In what way is vermicompost better than chemical fertilizers? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 230

(iv) [(Session 8.3)] How has the usage of fertilisers improved crop production? 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Which type of irrigation is preferred in dry land agriculture? Why? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 231

(ii) [(Session 8.2)] What do you mean by crop rotation? Give some examples of combi- nations used for crop rotation. Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] What is a mixed crop? What are its uses? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 232

12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] What are the three types of methods to get high yield? Explain. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] What questions will you ask your teacher about natural pest control through insects? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 233

14. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] If you were a farmer, what questions would you like to ask an Agricul- ture Officer of Soil Testing Centre when he comes to your field? Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Kishore is a farmer in Karimnagar district. He found out about the local Bhusara Pariksha Kendra, but had some questions in mind. What questions do you think he had? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 234

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Visit some fields in a village close to where you stay. Find out what the main water sources for agriculture in that village are. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 235

AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] Write the names of some commonly grown crops in your district and give the names of weeds that grow along with them. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Long Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.4)] Identify the below given image. Write a note on it. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 236

CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 237

19. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] What are the plants in the picture below? What is the use of it? CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 238

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 20. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Appreciate the existence of organic farming in relation to the use of chemical fertilizers. 21. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Genetic engineering has solved the problem of the food crisis on one hand, but on the other hand, it is a threat to the environment. Justify this statement. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 239

AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 22. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Should we cultivate crops like paddy and sugarcane under wells and bore wells? Why? (ii) [(Session 8.2)] Sundariah has been cultivating paddy from past three years in the same field. But the yield of paddy was decreasing every year. When he consulted the Kissan help center, officials said that his field got depleted with nutrients, especially nitrogen. He is so poor that he cannot afford to buy fertilizers. Suggest a method to Sundariah by which he can improve his field fertility as well as get produce crops. Explain why he should use that method. CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 240

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 23. Choose the correct answer. (i) With the increase in the population, there is a need to increase the (A) land production (B) food production (C)air production (D)none of the above (ii) Which of the following crops requires more quantity of water? (A) Paddy (B) Cloves (C) Maize (D) Cotton (iii) Food production can be increased by (A) increasing the area of cultivated land (B) increasing production in the already existing land (C)developing high yielding varieties (D)all of the above (iv) We should mix urea and fertilizers with so that plants can absorb these nutri- ents. (A) alcohol (B) formic acid (C) water (D)acetic acid (v) Water is very important for any crop to (A) be harvested (B) grow (C)both A and B (D)none of the above CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 241

(vi) Which of the following is a correct combination of crop rotation? (A) Paddy –Groundnut (B) Tobacco –Chilli (C)Red gram –Maize (D)All of the above (vii) Plants cannot absorb nutrients directly from soil, so they have to be (A) sprayed on leaves (B) sprinkled on roots (C)dissolved in water and irrigated (D)Both B and C (viii) Agriculture casing officers advise to cultivate in less water areas. (A) aaruthadi pantalu (B) dry land crops (C) paddy (D)both A and B (ix) Why should we study the properties of soil? (A) To know whether we can grow our desired crop or not (B) To select the crop which is suitable in that soil (C)Both A and B (D)None of the above (x) Which of the following crops should be grown in the field after the cultivation of cereals? (A) Solanaceae (B) Legumes (C) Gymnosperms (D)Both A and C (xi) Xanthium and Parthenium are examples of (A) weeds (B) pesticides (C) fungicides (D) pathogens CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 242

(xii) Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium are examples of (A) fertilizers (B) micronutrients (C) macronutrients (D)none of the above (xiii) Which one of the following nutrients is not available in fertilizers? (A) Phosphorous (B) Calcium (C) Potassium (D) Nitrogen (xiv) Which one of the following is raised as food for livestock? (A) Millet (B) Sorghum (C) Legumes (D) Sugarcane (xv) The way of incorporating desirable characters into crop varieties is by (A) hybridization (B) crop rotation (C)inter cropping (D)multiple cropping (xvi) The percentage of nitrogen in urea is (A) 36% (B) 46% (C) 56% (D) 44% (xvii) Insecticides are chemicals used to kill (A) microorganisms (B) weeds (C) insects (D) fungi (xviii) Which of the following is an example of nitrogen fixing bacteria? (A) Rhizobium (B) Bacillus (C) Mycorrhiza (D) Pencillium CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 243

(xix) Identify the friendly insect(s) among the following. (A) Spider, dragonfly (B) Crispi, myriads (C)Lady bird (D) All (xx) Name the bacteria that can destroy pest like stem borer. (A) Bacilli (B) Trichoderma (C) Rhizobium (D) Azotobacter CHAPTER 8. CHALLENGES IN IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 244

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS —— Project Based Questions —— (i) Observe temporary mounts of onion peel and Rheo leaf peel under the microscope. Are chloroplasts visible in both the peels? Give reasons to support your answer. Also collect information from your school library and write a detailed note on the discovery, location and functions of chloroplast in a plant cell. (ii) Using internet, collect pictures of different types of tissues in different plants. Make a picture collage using these pictures of different tissue types and their cells. (iii) Visit a blood testing centre and collect information from the lab technician on differ- ent methods of testing blood group. Write a note on blood testing. Also mention the various components of blood. (iv) Take help from your school library or internet and prepare a chart on various types of animal tissues, their structure, location and functions. Provide the information in a tabulated form. (v) Ask your friends how many of them have water purifiers at home which work on the principle of reverse osmosis. Then write a note on reverse osmosis collecting infor- mation from your parents and books. (vi) Write a newspaper article on the importance of osmosis and diffusion in nature. (vii) Collect pictures of different members of the major groups of kingdom Animalia, and arrange them on a chart by pasting them in increasing order of their complexity and tissue differentiation. Also mention the group they belong to along with their pictures. (viii) Prepare a list of seed–bearing plants. Collect their pictures and classify them as monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Also observe and make a note of other sim- ilarities and differences in these plants. Justify their classification into monocot or dicot. (ix) Collect information from your school library or internet on the functioning of an eye and a digital camera. Make a note on the similarities and differences in the formation of an image in eye and camera. (x) Visit an opthalmologist and an ENT specialist at your local health centre. Discuss and make a list of the diseases of eye, ear and nose and also list out their preventive mea- sures. Project Based Questions 245

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS (Xi) Visit a few farms in a village and collect the details of i. Food grains cultivated ii. Irrigation methods which are followed iii. Fertilizers and manures used iv. Method they follow to protect the crops. Write a report on which you have observed. Compare the farms based on all the factors above and conclude which farm will get the highest yield and why? Project Based Questions 246