202110239-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G09-PART1

2. Match the following. Column B [(Session 2.2)] a. Kidney shaped Column A b. Bark c. Cambium i. Intercalary meristem d. Dermal layer e. Transpiration ii. Gum secretion iii. Stomata iv. Dermis v. Guard cell 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 2.2 ] (viii) Meristematic tissues at the growing tip that bring about growth in length are called as . (ix) Tissues present around the edges in a lateral manner and giving rise to growth in girth of the stem are called . (x) We can find the over the entire surface of the body. (xi) Dermal tissue usually consists of layer. (xii) Small pores seen in the epidermis of the leaf are called . 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 2.1 ] (xiii) What are tissues? CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 49

(xiv) Plants around us are usually multicellular. What life processes do they perform? (xv) Name the basic types of tissues present in plants. (xvi) Make a temporary mount of the onion root on a slide and observe it under a micro- scope. How are the cells in the root arranged? (xvii) Are all the cells of the leaf similar? 50 Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.2)] Define the terms: i. Xylem ii. Ground tissues CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES

(ii) [(Session 2.2)] Differentiate between apical meristem and lateral meristem. 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.1)] What is the effect on the growth of the plants if the roots are cut off? CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 51

(ii) [(Session 2.1)] How do plants perform life processes? Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.3)] The vascular tissue in the plants play a very important role. Describe the vascular tissue and its functions. CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 52

8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.2)] What are the functions of dermal tissue in plants? AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.3)] What do you observe if you study a permanent slide of the storage tissue –chlorenchyma under the microscope. Explain in 2 to 3 points. CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 53

(ii) [(Session 2.3)] If your friend is observing a slide of aerenchyma, what questions should you ask him to understand its structure? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.2)] You visited a park and saw the gardener cutting the tips of the plant and watering the stump. What is the significance of both of them to the growth of a plant? CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 54

11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.2)] You have seen the ground tissue in the T.S of stem. How can you differentiate Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma tissues in the ground tissue? 12. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.1)] Identify the parts of a plant based on their functions as given in the table below: S.No. Function Name of the parts 1. Absorption of water from soil 2. Exchange of gases (air) 3. Photosynthesis 4. Transpiration 5. Reproduction CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 55

Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.2)] Describe the activity to find the different types of dermal tissues seen in T.S. of a leaf? 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.1)] Describe an experiment to study the cells in a root tip. Write the pre- cautions you would take. CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 56

AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.3)] Read the information given below and fill in the relevant missing infor- mation. Name of the Position Function Types tissue Apical, Meristematic Lateral, tissue Intercalary Forms outer Protection most layer of the entire body Ground tissue Forms bulk of the plant Transport of Xylem, material Phloem 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.2)] Small pores seen in the epidermis of the leaves are called stomata. They are enclosed by two kidney–shaped guard cells. Cells of the roots have long hair–like structures called root hairs. They help in absorption of water and salt from the soil. CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 57

i. What are stomata? How are they protected? ii. What are the hair–like structures on the roots? How are they useful to the plant? 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.1)] i. List the names of any five unicellular and five multicellular organisms. ii. Differentiate between the organisms with respect to the following points. • Size and shape • Presence of all cell organelles • Complexity of the body structure CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 58

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 2.3)] Plants need to be taken care of and nurtured to grow beautifully. How would you like to take care of plants? CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 59

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 19. Choose the correct answer. (i) The cells of are not similar (A) onion peel (B) leaf peel (C)both (A) and (B) (D)none of the above (ii) Name the tissues which bring about overall growth and repair. (A) Ground tissue (B) Vascular tissue (C)Dermal tissue (D)Meristematic tissue (iii) This tissue is also called as cambium (B) Dermal (D) Vascular (A) Intercalary meristematic (C) Stem (iv) This is a type of storage tissue. (A) Parenchyma (B) Apical meristem (C) Aerenchyma (D) Chlorenchyma (v) Name the tissue which covers the plant body and gives protection. (A) Dermal tissue (B) Storage tissue (C)Meristematic tissue (D)Ground tissue (vi) It is responsible for transportation of water and salt. (A) Phloem (B) Xylem (C) Meristem (D) Sclerenchyma (vii) These are the small pores in the epidermis of the leaf. (A) Root hair (B) Stomata (C) Xylem (D) Phloem (viii) Which type of tissue is parenchyma? CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 60

(A) Storage tissue (B) Meristematic tissue (C)Ground tissue (D)Dermal tissue (ix) This tissue contains large air cavities. (B) Sclerenchyma (D) Chlorenchyma (A) Aerenchyma (C) Parenchyma (x) This tissue is present only in green plants. (A) Chlorenchyma (B) Aerenchyma (C) Parenchyma (D) Collenchyma (xi) Companion cells in the phloem of vascular plants are found in close association with which of the following cells? (A) Sieve cells (B) Sieve tubes (C)Phloem parenchyma (D)Phloem fibres CHAPTER 2. PLANT TISSUES 61

SESSION 1 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 1.1 Mind Map INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL TISSUES 1.2 Terminology i. Epithelial Tissue –is made up of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers which line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. ii. Connective Tissue – is the biological tissue that supports, connects, or separates dif- ferent types of tissues and organs in the body. iii. Muscular Tissue – is the most abundant tissue in most animals that has the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of body parts. iv. Nervous Tissue – is made up of specialised nerve cells called neurons and is specialised to conduct impulses to various organs in the body thus bringing response to stimuli. v. Continuous sheath –or myelin sheath is found over nerve fibres as greatly extended and modified plasma membrane responsible for increasing the speed of propagation of impulses. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL TISSUES 62

1.3 Key Concepts i. Like plants, animals also carry out different life processes which are carried out by various organ systems. ii. These organ systems are composed of organs which, in turn are made up of tissues. iii. A tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and function. iv. There are four major types of tissues in animals –epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nerve tissue. v. Epithelial tissue is a covering or protecting tissue, inside or outside the animal body. vi. A loosely spaced tissue mainly carrying different materials to different parts of the body as well as rendering support is the connective tissue. vii. Muscular tissue is responsible for the movements in our body. viii. Nervous tissue is a specialized tissue that responds to internal, external stimuli. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What do you understand by the term tissue? [Refer to TB page 37 Q1] A. i. Tissue is the group of cells that are similar in structure and perform similar function. ii. Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue are the four main types of tissues present in our body. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL TISSUES 63

SESSION 2 EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 64

2.2 Terminology i. Epithelial tissue – is made up of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers which line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. ii. Connective tissue – is the biological tissue that supports, connects, or separates dif- ferent types of tissues and organs in the body. iii. Areolar tissue –is a type of connective tissue which joins other tissues and also help in repair of the tissues in case of injury. Tissue around blood vessels and nerves is of this type. iv. Fibroblasts –are the cells of the areolar tissue which helps in packing and to help keep the organs in place. v. Adipose tissue –is fat–storing tissue found below the skin and between the internal organs. vi. Insulator –is a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity. Storage of fat globules in adipose tissue makes it act as an insulator. vii. Bone marrow – is the soft, fatty tissue present in the central hollow portion of the bones which produces blood cells. viii. Osteocytes –are cells present in the bone marrow which secrete salts like calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate which make the bone. ix. Bone cartilage – is a flexible connective tissue in animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose and the trachea. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. x. Ligament – is the connective tissue made up of fibres that connects two bones at the joints and holds them in position. xi. Tendon –is the connective tissue made up of fibres which joins the muscles to the bone. xii. Collagen –is the elastic protein of which the ligament fibres are made. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Types of epithelial tissues are –squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium. ii. The epithelial tissue which is extremely thin, flat and form a delicate lining is called squamous epithelial tissue. It is found in oesophagus, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels and lung alveoli. iii. The epithelial cells in skin are arranged in the form of layers. This is called as stratified squamous epithelium. iv. Cuboidal epithelial cells form the lining of organs or tubules or other parts and provide mainly mechanical support. v. Columnar epithelium are present where absorption and secretion occurs. SESSION 2. EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 65

vi. Connective tissue helps in; Binding the other tissues and organs together, Transport of materials from one tissue to another, Body defence, body repair and storage of fat. vii. Areolar tissue is a type of connective tissue which joins different tissues. viii. Fibroblasts are major type of cells in areolar tissue which helps in packing and keeping the organs in place. ix. Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between the internal organs which acts as a insulator. x. Bone is a type of connective tissue that forms the framework that supports the body. xi. Cartilage is softer than the bone and is found in the joints of bones, tips of ribs, nose, external ear and trachea. xii. Ligaments connects bones at the joints and hold them in position. They are made up of collagen. xiii. Collagen are fibers made up of highly elastic protein which is elastic in nature. xiv. Tendon is a type of connective tissue which is made up of collagen joins the muscle to the bone. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Name the following: [Refer to TB page 37 Q4] A. (A) Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth — Squamous epithelium (B) Tissue that connects muscle to bones in humans — Tendon (C) Tissue that transports food in animals— Blood (D) Tissue that stores fat in our body — Adipose tissue (E) Connective tissue present in brain – Meninges Q2. Identify the type of tissue in the following: [Refer to TB page 37 Q5] A. (A) Skin — Epithelial tissue (B) Bone — Connective tissue (C) Internal lining of kidney tubule — Epithelial tissue (D) Linings of the organs — Epithelial tissue SESSION 2. EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE 66

SESSION 3 BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Blood –is a fluid connective tissue which flows in closed tubes in our body as a red stream. ii. Erythrocytes –are one of the types of cells present in blood which are also called red blood cells. They are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin which helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 67

iii. Granulocytes –are a type of white blood cells which attack and destroy the microor- ganisms which enter the blood. They include Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils. iv. Agranulocytes –are a type of white blood cells which include monocytes and lympho- cytes. They attack, engulf and destroy the foreign materials entering in the blood and act like scavengers. v. Universal recipients –are human beings with AB+ blood group, as they can receive blood from any other blood groups. vi. Universal donors –are human beings with O–blood group, as they can donate blood to any other blood group. vii. Antiserum –is a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases. viii. Agglutination –refers to clumping of red blood cells. It is used for blood typing in which a small sample of blood is mixed with antiserum anti–A or anti–B and presence or absence of agglutination is observed to determine the blood type. ix. Muscle tissue – is a soft tissue composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. x. Contractile proteins –are special proteins present in muscles which contract and relax to cause movement. xi. Voluntary muscles –are those muscles whose movement is normally controlled by an individual’s will. They mainly compose of skeletal muscles. xii. Involuntary muscles – are those that contract due to unconscious impulses sent by the body. Muscles of heart, stomach and intestine are examples of involuntary muscles. xiii. Nerve tissue –is composed of nerve cells highly specialised for rapidly transmitting the stimulus from one place to another within the body. xiv. Cyton –is the main body of the nerve cell with large nucleus and cytoplasm. xv. Nissal’s granules –are the granular structures present in the cytoplasm of the cyton. xvi. Dendrites –are sharp and branched projections arising out from the nerve cell body or cyton. xvii. Axon –is the projection of the cell body or cyton which is longer than all remaining projections. xviii. Myeline sheath –is an insulating layer formed around nerves which allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. xix. Ranvier nodes –are the unmyelinated spaces or nodes present at regular intervals on the myeline sheath. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Blood is a type of connective tissue which forms the frame work that supports the body. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 68

ii. A chief component in blood is water, which is stored in plasma. Beside water, it also has several nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins and hormones etc. iii. Cells present in blood are corpuscles. Three types of cells are RBC, WBC and Platelets. iv. Red blood cells/erythrocytes are red in colour because of the protein called haemoglobin. v. White blood cells do not have haemoglobin, hence they are colourless and called leucocytes. WBC is of two type granulocytes and agranulocytes. vi. Granulocytes is of three types – Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils. These cells attack and destroy the microorganisms that enter the blood. vii. Agranulocytes are of two types – Lymphocytes and Monocytes. viii. Human beings have four major blood groups – A, B, AB and O. AB group human can receive the blood from any other group hence they are called Universal Recipients. O group people can donate blood to any other group hence they are called Universal Donor. ix. Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibres which causes move- ments in our body. x. Contractile proteins present in muscles causes contraction and relaxation of muscles, thereby bringing about movement. xi. Based on their structure, location and function, muscles are of three types –Striated, non–striated and cardiac muscles. xii. Nervous tissue is made of neurons that receive and conduct impulses to different parts within a body. xiii. A nerve cell is made up of three main parts – Cyton, Axon and Dendrites which connect to nearby cells forming a web–like network that extends throughout the body. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscles? [Refer to TB page 37 Q2] A. i. Cardiac muscles are the muscles present in the heart. ii. Although they show striations, they are involuntary in function. iii. The main function of cardiac muscles is to help the heart in pumping of blood. iv. The contractile proteins present in muscle cells cause contraction and relaxation which brings about movement. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 69

Q2. Differentiate between striated, non–striated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. [Refer to TB page 37 Q3] A. SN Striated muscles Non–striated Cardiac muscles muscles 1. These are These are These are voluntary muscles, involuntary involuntary also called muscles. muscles. skeletal muscles. 2. These muscles Striations or Resemble striated show alternate bonds are muscles. light or dark bonds absent. or striations. 3. Cells are long, The cells are long Cells are long cylindrical, with pointed cells branched and un–branched and and uninucleate. have nuclei. multinucleate. 4. They are present They are present They are in limbs. in iris of the eye, present in the bronchi of heart and help lungs, blood in pumping vessels etc. blood. Q3. Blood group of Koushik is O+ve and Pranivi is B–ve. To whom can they donate blood and why? A. i. O is universal donor, i.e. it can donate blood to all blood groups. AB is universal acceptor, i.e. it can accept blood from all blood groups. ii. But, Rh factor also needs to be taken into consideration. People with Rh–can donate blood to both Rh–and Rh+, but Rh+ people can donate only to Rh+ people. iii. Therefore, Koushik with blood group O+ can donate to the people with blood groups: O+, AB+, A+ and B+. iv. And, Pranivi with blood group B–can donate blood to people with blood groups: B–, B+, AB–and AB+. Q4. Why is blood called a connective tissue? [Refer to TB page 37 Q7] SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 70

A. i. Connective tissues connect different organs and muscles. ii. Blood is different from other connective tissues but it provides connection be- tween all tissues and organs by transporting useful materials to all parts of the body. iii. It also transports waste products. iv. Moreover, it has the same origin as other connective tissues and originates from mesodermal cells. 3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. If the platelets are not present in the blood, what happens? [Refer to TB page 37 Q8] A. i. Blood platelets are a group of blood cells which are disc–like projections. ii. They accumulate at the site of wound in case of injury. iii. Accumulation of platelets seals the wound and produces a clot. iv. Formation of blood clot prevents further blood loss by sealing the wound in the blood vessel. v. If no platelets are present in blood, flow of blood will not stop and would lead to enormous blood loss in case of injury. 3.6 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Identify your blood group with the help of a kit. [Refer to TB page 37 Q10] A. Using a kit, blood group can be identified using the following procedure: i. Take one porcelain plate, clean and dry it. The plate must be very clean so that it does not interfere with the reaction. ii. With a wax pencil, draw three lines on the plate to divide the surface into three parts and then draw three circles, one in each part as shown below. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 71

iii. Place one drop of the corresponding antiserum near the edge but within each circles as shown in figure below. iv. Clean the fingertip with an alcohol in a cotton ball and let it dry. Press the bottom of the fingertip with the thumb of the same hand and quickly prick the fingertip with the help of a needle. v. Quickly, let one drop of blood get into each circle but not touching the anti–sera. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 72

vi. After putting three drops of blood, gently press on the wound with cotton ball. Remember to properly dispose of the used needle. vii. Use a toothpick to mix the blood and antiserum and stir gently. Do it for each of the circles using a fresh toothpick every time. The wax pencil circles will the help to keep the samples isolated. viii. Watch to see if any of the samples show agglutination. The agglutination will appear as the grainy clumps of red blood cells suspended in a clear solution. Rh is slower to agglutinate, so do not give up too soon. 3.7 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Collect the old blood reports of your friends/relatives and prepare a project report on the contents of the blood. [Refer to TB page 37 Q11] A. Students’ Activity 3.8 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres with diagrams. [Refer to TB page 37 Q9] A. Striated Muscles Non–striated Muscles SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 73

Cardiac Muscles S.No. Striated Non–striated Cardiac 1. muscles muscles muscles These are These are voluntary These are involuntary muscles. involuntary muscles. muscles. 2. These muscles Striations or Resemble show alternate bonds are striated light or dark absent. muscles. bonds or striation. 3. Cells are long, The cells are Cells are long cylindrical, long with pointed branched and un–branched cells and having have nuclei. and having a single nucleus. many nuclei in the body. 4. They are They are present They are present in limbs. in alimentary present in canal and blood heart. vessels. Q2. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron. [Refer to TB page 37 Q12] 74 SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE

A. 3.9 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Ramu felt weak. His father took him to the hospital. The doctor advised blood test. The report says that he does not have the required levels of haemoglobin. What are the ill effects? [Refer to TB page 37 Q13] A. i. Haemoglobin is the pigment present in RBCs in blood. It is responsible for the redness of blood. ii. It binds to oxygen and transports it from the lungs to all the tissues in the body. iii. If a person has low levels of haemoglobin, he/she is termed as anaemic. iv. Low levels of haemoglobin leads to fatigue, and problems in neurological develop- ment and concentration in children. 3.10 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. If you touch at elbow, you get a shock like feeling. Why? [Refer to TB page 37 Q6] A. i. A superficial nerve called ulnar nerve runs through our elbow. ii. There is no muscle cushioning in the elbows. iii. Thus, when we get hurt at our elbow, the nerve gets hurt, the stimulus is sent to brain and other parts in fraction of seconds and we get a shock–like feeling. iv. The nerves have an action potential of 0.08 volts, thus we get a shock–like feeling. SESSION 3. BLOOD, MUSCULAR TISSUE AND NERVOUS TISSUE 75

Q2. How is blood test useful in diagnosing a disease? Explain with daily life situations. [Refer to TB page 37 Q14] A. Student’s Activity Hints: Students may refer to the following links i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodtest ii. http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/procedures/examinations/a1158/blood-tests/ —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 3.2 ] (i) Define the term ‘epithelium’. (ii) What is areolar tissue? (iii) What salts are bones made up of? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 76

(iv) What forms the lining of the kidney tubules? 77 (v) What kind of tissue is skin? (vi) What is cartilage? (vii) What kind of cells are the scales of fish? (viii) Which tissue connects the bones at the joints? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES

2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 3.3 ] (ix) ”As Sita’s blood group is O+, she should be administered O+ blood group” said Ravi. However, Sowmya argued saying she can be given AB group as well. Whose state- ment is correct? (x) Which cells are called the ‘scavengers of body’? (xi) Sumanth met with a small accident, but the blood oozing out from his wound is not stopping. What might be the reason? (xii) What is the dead WBC that comes out of wound called? (xiii) Which cells are responsible for the sitimulus and response in the body? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 78

(xiv) Which type of cells present in the blood prevent blood loss? 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 3.3 ] (xv) O+ patient can receive blood from and group. (xvi) prevents clotting of blood in blood vessels. (xvii) Smooth muscles are also called as . (xviii) is absent in cockroach so its blood is white in colour. (xix) Muscles of legs and hands are muscles. 4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 3.1 ] (xx) Do tissues help the organs to carry out their functions? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 79

Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] What are osteocytes in bone? Where are they present? (ii) [(Session 3.2)] What are the functions of connective tissue? 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Which blood group is a universal donor and which is a universal recip- ient? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 80

(ii) [(Session 3.3)] Classify leucocytes. Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] Identify the type of tissue in the following and write about them. i. Kidney tubules ii. Bones connected at joints CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 81

8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] What is the function of muscular tissue? What are voluntary and invol- untary muscles. Explain in detail about them. 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.1)] What are the four major types of tissues in animals? Do you see a similarity in the structure and function of a tissue? Explain. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 82

AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Our body shivers when exposed to cold. Give reason. (ii) [(Session 3.3)] What happens if there are no platelets in our blood? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 83

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Rina has performed an experiment for finding blood groups. She has got the following results. Help her to determine the blood groups based on her observations. Sample Anti –A Anti –B Type 1 Yes No 2 No Yes 3 Yes Yes 4 No No Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Write the aim, apparatus, procedure and precautions to determine blood group in humans. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 84

13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.1)] Write a procedure to identify the type of tissue in the collected sample. AS4-Information skills and projects 85 Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES

(i) [(Session 3.2)] How do you support the statement that bone is a connective tissue? Collect information on this. 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] Find out how nerve cell passes the information. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 86

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] Draw a neat labelled diagram of adipose tissue. Write a short note on adipose tissue. 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] On what basis we can draw a conclusion that the below image is AB blood group? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 87

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values 88 Short Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES

(i) [(Session 3.3)] How do you appreciate Karl Landsteiner for blood group discovery? Long Answer Type Questions 19. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] Connective tissue binds tissues and organs. Write about the impor- tance of the different connective tissues to our body. CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 89

20. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.3)] How do you appreciate the role of nervous system in responding to different stimuli in the environment? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 21. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 3.2)] If you touch your inner side of the cheek, you feel it soft. Which tissue is it? CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 90

(ii) [(Session 3.2)] How does melanin help us from UV rays? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 22. Choose the correct answer. (B) 10 (D) 8 (i) A normal adult has litres of blood. (A) 5 (C) 2 (ii) A needle should be used while performing activity/experiment. (A) decorated (B) fertile (C) sterile (D) motile CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 91

(iii) In which organ is ‘squamous epithelium’ found? (A) Oesophagus (B) Lining of mouth and blood vessels (C)Lung alveoli (D)All of the above (iv) When we hit our elbow suddenly, we tend to feel a shock. Which cells are respon- sible for this feeling? (A) Osteocytes (B) Nephrons (C) Neurons (D) Erythrocytes (v) Pick the odd one out. (B) Dendrites (D)Cell wall (A) Cyton (C) Axon (vi) Presence of these muscles make us to move our hand. (A) Involuntary (B) Smooth (C) Voluntary (D)None of the above (vii) This tissue is present in the lining of blood vessels. (A) Epithelial tissue (B) Meristematic tissue (C)Muscular tissue (D)Connective tissue (viii) Bones belong to this type of tissues. (B) Connective tissue (A) Epithelial tissue (D)Nervous tissue (C)Muscular tissue (ix) These blood cells possess haemoglobin in them. (A) White blood cells (B) Platelets (C)Red blood cells (D)Blood plasma (x) These muscles are responsible for pumping of blood in the heart. (A) Cardiac muscles (B) Pulmonary muscles (C)Striated muscles (D) Non–striated muscles CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 92

(xi) Which of these blood cells are not granulocytes? (A) Monocytes (B) Neutrophils (C) Basophils (D) Eosinophils (xii) Fat globules are stored in which of these connective tissues? (A) Areolar Tissue (B) Adipose tissue (C) Bone (D) Cartilage (xiii) Which of these connective tissue joins muscle to the bone? (A) Cartilage (B) Ligament (C) Tendon (D)Both (B) and (C) (xiv) Nissal’s granules are present in the of a nerve cell. (A) nucleus of cyton (B) cytoplasm of cyton (C) axon (D) dendrites (xv) Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles are not present in which of these? (A) Iris of the eye (B) Bronchi of lungs (C) Uterus (D)Inner limbs (xvi) Ranvier nodes present in the myeline sheath is found on of the nerve cell. (A) cyton (B) axon (C) dendrites (D)none of these CHAPTER 3. ANIMAL TISSUES 93

SESSION 1 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Plasma membrane – is the outermost, delicate, elastic and membranous covering of the cell that separates its contents from the external environment. ii. Solute –is a substance dissolved in another substance. It is usually the component of a solution present in lesser amount. iii. Saturated solution –is the solution in which no more solute can be further added. iv. Permeability –refers to allowing certain substances to pass through. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 94

1.3 Key Concepts i. Plasma membrane is the outermost, extremely delicate, elastic and membranous cov- ering of the cell that separates its contents from the external environment. It is a living flexible membrane. ii. Plasma membrane is selective permeable in nature as it allows entry and exist of particular substance preventing passage to other substances. iii. It performs the various functions – Provides definite shape, protects internal contents, endocytosis, acts as recognition centers and point of attachment etc. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. The structure which control the entry and exit of the materials into the cells is [Refer to TB page 47 Q1] a) Cell Wall b) Cell membrane c) None of them d) Both A. (b) Cell membrane SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 95

SESSION 2 OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Osmosis – is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi–per- meable membrane in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. ii. Exosmosis –refers to expulsion of water from inside to outside the cell. iii. Endosmosis – refers to entry of water inside the cell from outside. iv. Semi permeability –refers to membrane permeability only for solvents but solutes are prevented from passing through. v. Selectively permeable – refers to membrane permeability for solvent and some se- lected solutes. vi. Endocytosis –is the flexibility of the plasma membrane that enables the cell to engulf food and other foreign particles from its external environment such as in Amoeba. vii. Plasmodesmata – are small channels important in cellular communication that di- rectly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, allowing certain molecules to pass directly from one cell to another. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 96

viii. Diffusion – is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high con- centration to a region of low concentration until all the molecules become evenly dis- persed. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Osmosis is the movement of solute from a less concentrated solution to high concen- trated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Osmosis occurs only in living cells. ii. Exosmosis is the process in which water molecules leave the cell and come out in the surrounding medium. iii. Endosmosis is the process in which water molecules enter the cell from the surround- ing medium. iv. Diffusion is a process through which some materials when kept in medium like air and water spread equally throughout. v. Graham’s law of diffusion states that a more soluble substance in a medium diffuses faster than a less soluble substance. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to TB page 47 Q2] A. (a) The smell of flowers reaches us through the process of diffusion. (b) The MIC gas of Bhopal tragedy spread throughout the city through the process of diffusion. (c) Water enters into the potato osmometer due to a process called endosmosis. (d) The fresh grape wrinkles, if kept in salt water because of exosmosis. Q2. What do you mean by permeability of membrane? Explain with suitable example. [Refer to TB page 47 Q3] A. i. The property of the plasma membrane of allowing only certain substances to pass through is called permeability of membrane. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 97

ii. It allows passage of water and certain minerals dissolved in water, but does not allow certain other substances to pass through it. iii. This can be explained with the help of an example as given below: iv. Set up a filtering apparatus as shown in the figure. v. Prepare a solution of wheat or rice in water, add a drop of tincture or iodine solution in it and then pour the whole solution through the funnel containing filter paper into the beaker as shown in the above setup. vi. We will observe that the powder remains in the filter paper and water passes through the filter paper and gets collected in the beaker. vii. The tincture or iodine dissolved in water was also able to pass through the filter paper. viii. In this experiment, the filter paper functions as a semipermeable membrane. Q3. If the dried vegetables are kept in water they become fresh. What is the reason? [Refer to TB page 47 Q4] A. i. The water content of the cells of dried vegetables is very low. ii. When kept in water, there will be movement of water inside the cells of the dried vegetables from low solute concentration to high solute concentration present in- side the cells through the process of endosmosis. iii. As water enters the cells of the dried vegetables, they regain their structure and shape and appear fresh. SESSION 2. OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION 98