202110725-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SCIENCE-G07-FY_Optimized

6. Physical and Chemical Changes Learning Outcome • Differentiate between a physical change and a chemical change. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Define a physical change. • Represent a few chemical changes in the form of a • State the characteristics of a physical change. word equation. • Cite examples for a physical change. • Define a chemical change. • Explain rusting of iron. • State the characteristics of a chemical change. • State methods to prevent rusting. • Cite examples for a chemical change. • Define galvanisation. • Define crystallisation. Concept Map Key Points • Substances taking part in a chemical reaction are called reactants, represented by LHS of the • A change in which a substance undergoes a change equation while products formed due to the in its physical properties is called a physical change. reaction are written on RHS. • A physical change is generally temporary and • Magnesium Oxide+ Water → Magnesium hydroxide reversible. Reactants Product • In a physical change there is no formation of new • When iron reacts with water and oxygen, it forms a substances, the properties of substances remain rust and the phenomenon is called rusting. the same even when there is a change in its physical state, some changes are reversible and a few may • By alloying, greasing, painting and galvanization, be irreversible. rusting can be prevented. • A change in which one or more new substances • Obtaining large crystals of pure substances from are formed is called a chemical change. A chemical their solutions is called crystallization and it is a change is a chemical reaction. physical change. • In a chemical change, there is formation of one or more new substances, heat or light is given or absorbed, sound may be produced, a change in the smell can occur, colour change can take place, gas may be evolved or a precipitate may be formed. • A chemical equation represents the substances that react to form products. 39

6. Physical and Chemical Changes Work Plan CONCEPT CONCEPT DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/VIDEO COVERAGE Physical changes • Properties of physical changes PS – 1 Demonstrating the • Examples of physical changes change of state of ice from solid to liquid Chemical changes • Properties of chemical changes PS – 2 Burning of magnesium • Examples of chemical changes ribbon Rusting, galvanisation • Rusting of iron PS – 3 Reaction of co2 with lime and crystallisation • Galvanisation PS – 4 water • Crystallisation Worksheet for “Physical and Chemical Changes” PS – 5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation Sheet check or Peer check* 40

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms: 1. In a __________ change, no new substances are formed. 2. Physical changes can be _________ or _________________. 3. ________ react to form ______________ in a chemical change. 4. In a chemical change, __________ may be absorbed or released. 5. Magnesium hydroxide turns _________ litmus to ________. II. The characteristics of physical change and a chemical change are jumbled up. Separate them and place them under appropriate headings: 1. One or more new substances are formed that have totally different properties than the original reactants. 2. It does not alter the chemical composition of the substance. 3. Heat and light are absorbed/released in this type of change. 4. No new substance is formed. 5. Alters the chemical composition of the substance. 6. It is usually permanent and irreversible. 7. Heat or light is generally not evolved in this type of reaction. 8. It is usually temporary and mostly reversible. 41

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Classify the following as a physical change or a chemical change. 1. Burning of petrol. 2. Digestion of food. 3. Tearing paper into bits. 4. Burning of paper to ashes. 5. Formation of ice from water. 6. Burning of a magnesium ribbon. 7. Changing the shape of the clay dough. 8. Baking the wheat dough into a roti. 9. Boiling a cup of milk. 10. Forming curd from milk. 11. Cutting a log into smaller pieces. 12. Melting of ice cream. 13. Making ice cream from milk, cream and flavouring agent. 14. Reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water. 15. Inflating and deflating a rubber tube of the bicycle. 42

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 1. Which of the following is not a physical change? a. Crushing of paper b. Tearing paper c. Burning paper d. Making a paper boat 2. Which of the following is a physical but irreversible change? a. Burning of a match stick b. Melting of an ice cream c. Breaking a glass test tube d. Burning waste 3. Which of the following will result in a chemical change? a. Mixing salt and water b. Heating candle wax c. Adding curd to milk d. Adding water to milk 4. Rusting of iron can be prevented by a. Alloying b. Painting c. Galvanization d. All of the above 5. Which gas is evolved when vinegar reacts with baking soda? a. Oxygen b. Hydrogen c. Carbon dioxide d. Nitrogen 6. Which of the following is a physical change? a. Rusting of iron b. Combustion of magnesium ribbon c. Burning of candle d. Melting of wax 7. Which of the following is a chemical change? a. Twinkling of stars b. Cooking of vegetables c. Cutting of fruits d. Boiling of water 8. A chemical change may involve – a. Change in colour only b. Change in temperature only c. Evolution of gas only d. Any or all of the above 43

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. Which of the following is/are true when milk changes into curd? i. Its state is changed from liquid to semi solid ii. It changes colour iii. It changes taste iv. The change cannot be reversed Choose the correct option from below: a. (i) and (ii) are correct b. (ii) and (iii) are correct c. (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct d. (i) to (iv) are correct 10. A man painted his main gate made up of iron, to i. Prevent it from rusting ii. Protect it from sun iii. Make it look beautiful iv. Make it dust free Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. only (ii) d. (i) and (iii) 11. Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar in Delhi is famous for the following facts. Which of these facts is responsible for its long stability? a. It is more than 7 metres high b. It weighs about 6000 kg c. It was built more than 1600 years ago d. It has not rusted after such a long period 12. Galvanisation is a process used to prevent the rusting of which of the following? a. Iron b. Zinc c. Aluminium d. Copper 13. Paheli’s mother made a concentrated sugar syrup by dissolving sugar in hot water. On cooling, crystals of sugar got separated. This indicates a – a. Physical change that can be reversed b. Chemical change that can be reversed c. Physical change that cannot be reversed d. Chemical change that cannot be reversed 14. Which of the following statement is incorrect for a chemical reaction? a. Heat may be given out but never absorbed b. Sound may be produced c. A colour change may take place d. A gas may be evolved 15. Two drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to 1 g of copper sulphate powder and then small amount of hot water was added to dissolve it (step I). On cooling, beautiful blue coloured crystals got separated (step II). Step I and step II are: a. Physical and chemical changes respectively b. Chemical and physical changes respectively c. Both physical change d. Both chemical change 44

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) Answer the following: 1. Melting of wax is a change where a solid changes to liquid state. Give one more such change which you observe in your surroundings. 2. What kind of change is shown by tearing of paper? 3. Write word equations for two chemical reactions with the help of materials given in the box. Air, copper sulphate, iron, vinegar, iron oxide, carbon dioxide, iron sulphate, copper, lime water, water 4. Explain the following: a. Lime water turns milky on passing carbon dioxide gas into it. b. Bubbles are produced when acetic acid is added to a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate. 5. Give two examples for each of the following cases: a. Physical changes which are reversible. b. Physical changes which are not reversible. c. Chemical changes. 6. Give an example of a chemical reaction for each of the following situations: a A change in colour is observed. b. A gas is evolved. c. Sound is produced. 7. If you leave a piece of iron in the open for a few days, it acquires a film of brownish substance called rust. a Do you think rust is different from iron? b. Can you change rust back into iron by some simple method? c. Do you think formation of rust from iron is a chemical change? d. Give two other examples of a similar type of change. 8. A student took a solution of copper sulphate in a beaker and put a clean iron nail into it and left it for about an hour. a. What changes do you expect? b. Are these changes chemical in nature? c. Write a word equation for the chemical change, if any. 45

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option 8. When a pinch of baking soda is added to a teaspoonful of vinegar, the gas produced is 1. The _________ water makes the process of rust ________. formation faster. a. Oxygen a. Distilled b. Hydrogen b. Sugar c. Nitrogen c. Salt d. Carbon dioxide d. River 9. What type of change is ‘burning of magnesium 2. The process of formation of salt crystals by the ribbon in air’? Is it reversible? evaporation of sea water is called: a. Physical change and reversible a. Radiation b. Chemical change and reversible b. Crystallisation c. Chemical change and not reversible c. Condensation d. Physical change and not reversible d. Galvanisation 10. Sun’s rays give out ultraviolet rays. Which of 3. The common name of acetic acid is: the following protects us as natural shield from a. Vinegar these radiations? b. Baking soda a. Atmosphere c. Lime water b. Ozone layer d. Washing soda c. Air d. Water vapour in air 4. Identify the missing component in the equation. a. CaO II. Short answer questions b. CaOH 1. What type of change is observed when baking c. Ca(OH)2 d. CaO3 soda is added to acetic acid? Write the products formed in an equation. 5. Which of these are essential for rusting? a. Oxygen and salt 2. How do you demonstrate that copper sulphate b. Oxygen and water vapour solution when reacts with iron gives iron sul- c. Hydrogen and water vapour phate and copper? d. Carbon dioxide and water 3. What type of change is ‘crushing a chalk piece 6. Explosion of fireworks produces: into dust’? Can you get back the chalk piece? If a. Light yes, write the procedure. b. Sound c. Heat and unpleasant gases III. Long answer questions d. All of these 1. Write about all the possible changes that may 7. Stainless-steel that we use in our kitchen does accompany a chemical change. not rust. It is made by mixing iron with: a. Carbon and metals like chromium, nickel and 2. Compare and contrast between physical and manganese chemical changes with examples. b. Copper and metals like chromium, nickel and manganese c. Sulphur and metals like chromium, nickel and manganese d. Magnesium and metals like chromium, nickel and manganese 46

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Say whether the following statements IV. Fill in the blanks: (3 Marks) are true or false: (2 Marks) 1. Making sugar solution is a _____ change. 1. When a candle burns, both physical and 2. A physical change is generally____________. chemical changes take place. 3. Grinding of wheat grain changes its size. It is 2. Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and a ____________ change. produce biogas. II. Match the following: (3 Marks) V. Complete the following equations: (3 Marks) 1. Magnesium + Oxygen → __________________ Column I Column II 2. Copper sulphate + Iron → ________ + ____________ i. Large crystals a. Turns lime water milky 3. Carbon dioxide + Lime water → _________ + ___________ ii. Depositing a layer of b. Physical change zinc on iron iii. Souring of milk c. Rust iv. Carbon dioxide d. Sugar candy v. Iron oxide e. Chemical change vi. Dissolving common f. Galvanisation salt in water III. Classify the following processses into physical change or a chemical change with a reason: (4 marks) 1. Beating of aluminium metal to make aluminium foil. 2. Digestion of food. 3. Cutting of a log of wood into pieces. 4. Burning of crackers. 47

7. Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Learning Outcome By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Define adaptation. • Define weather. • Relate adaptation of animals to the climate of • Explain the factors that influence weather of a their dwelling. place. • Explain adaptations seen in polar bears and • Define climate. • Differentiate between weather and climate. tropical rain forest animals. Concept Mapping WEATHER,CLIMATE AND ADAPTATIONS Weather Climate Adaptation Definition Elements Definition Zones Polar Tropical regions rainforest Rainfall Temper- Humidity Wind Torrid Frigid Temperate ature speed Keypoints • Animals living in polar regions are adapted to live in such conditions by having bigger bodies, thick • Atmospheric conditions of an area on a daily basis fur and thick layer of fat. Some of them hibernate is weather. while some migrate to warmer places during winter season. • The average weather condition of a place over a long period of time is climate. • In tropical rainforests, animals live in different layers of the forest so that they do not have to compete • Saturated air is the air that has maximum amount for food. Due to adequate food availability, large of water vapour, it can hold at a particular numbers of organisms are found in tropical rain temperature, when it reaches this point, the air forests. cools suddenly and water vapour condenses to form clouds. Keywords: Adaptation, climate, elements of weather, humidity, maximum temperature, • Climate depends on the latitude, altitude, closeness migration, minimum temperature, polar region, to sea, rainfall, humidity and other factors. tropical rainforest, tropical region, weather. • Torrid zone, frigid zone and temperate zone are the three climatic zones of the earth. • Rainfall and wind at a place depends on the closeness to the sea and presence of mountains in the surroundings. • Equatorial belt has hot and wet climate and has abundant evergreen tropical rain forests. 48

7. Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET PS-1 Weather • Rainfall • Temperature PS-2 • Humidity PS-3 • Wind speed PS-4 PS-5 Climate • Zones Self-evaluation Sheet – Torrid – Frigid – Temperate Adaptation • Adaptation – Polar region – Tropical rainforest Worksheet for “Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 49

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I Fill in the blanks choosing appropriate words from the box. Some can be used more than once: 1. The elements of weather are ____________,__ ________,____________ and ________ 2. The amount of water vapour present in air is called ______________. 3. An instrument used to measure rainfall is ____________. 4. _________ of a place changes every day. 5. Relative humidity of a place is measured with an instrument called ___________. 6. Winds bring _______ with them. 7. _________ forests are rich in flora and fauna. 8. Average weather over a long period forms the ________ of the place. II. Match the following: Column II Column I a. Flippers 1. Equator b. Trunk 2. North and South poles c. Camel 3. Elephant d. Frigid zones 4. Penguin e. Divides earth into two equal halves 5. Long padded feet PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Unscramble the following words: 1. MATLICE: Weather conditions in a region over a long period of time. 2. TREHMEOMRET: Used to measure temperature. 3. AROPL : Coolest region on the earth. 4. UHIDYTMI: One of the elements of the earth. 5. NOYAPC: Dense layers of tree crowns in tropical forests. II. Say True or False. If false, correct the statement. 1. Factors such as temperature, rainfall and humidity to determine the weather of a place. 2. The axis about which the earth rotates, is at a tilt with the plane of its orbit about the sun. 3. Penguins are adapted to live in temperate zones. 4. Instrument used to measure humidity is hydrometer. 5. Humidity of a place is usually lower in a rainy season than in summer and winter. 50

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 6. Which of the following statement is incorrect for penguins? I. Choose the correct option: a. They huddle together. 1. The maximum and minimum temperature b. They cannot swim. displayed daily in the weather bulletin refer c. They have webbed feet. to the – d. They have streamlined body. a. Highest day temperature and lowest night temperature of the day. 7. Read the following environmental conditions b. Highest day temperature and highest night of tropical rain forests. temperature of the month. i. Hot and humid climate c. Temperature recorded at 12 noon and at ii. Unequal lengths of day and night mid night (00.00 hrs). iii. Abundant rain fall d. Average highest temperature of day and iv. Abundant light and moisture average lowest temperature of night. 2. Out of the given definitions, which is the Identify the conditions from the above list most appropriate definition of climate? that are responsible for the presence of large a. Changes in weather conditions in a year. number of plants and animals in tropical rain b. Average weather pattern of many years. forests. c. Change in weather pattern in a few years. a. i and ii d. Weather conditions during summer. b. i and iii 3. Which of the following briefly describes the c. i,iii and iv desert climate? d. ii and iv a. Hot and humid b. Dry and humid 8. The coldest region on earth is the c. Hot and dry a. Polar region d. Hot and wet b. Tropical region 4. Paheli went to a wildlife sanctuary where she c. Temperate region saw dense vegetation of trees, shrubs, herbs d. Coastal region and also a variety of animals like monkeys, birds, elephants, snakes, frogs, etc. The most 9. Choose the odd one from the following likely location of this sanctuary is in the – options : a. Temperate region a. Thick layer of fat under the skin b. Tropical region b. White fur c. Polar region c. Long grasping tail d. Coastal region d. Wide and large feet with sharp claws 5. Given below are some adaptive features of animals: 10. Hump of a camel is a reservoir of i. Layer of fat under the skin a. Fatty tissue ii. Long, curved and sharp claws b. Water iii. Slippery body c. Milk iv. Thick white fur d. All of these. Which of them are the adaptive features of a polar bear? a. i only b. i and ii only c. i, ii and iii only d. i, ii and iv only 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer the following: 1. “A fish dies when taken out of water whereas a wall lizard will die if kept under water.” Mention the term used to describe such abilities that allow fish and lizard to survive in their respective habitats. 2. Give one example of an animal that can live both in water and on land. 3. Why is it difficult to predict the weather of a place while it is easy to predict its climate? 4. Name two animals each that live in Polar region and Tropical rain forests. 5. Write two common adaptive features of a polar bear which help in keeping it warm. 52

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option 6. On which day is the maximum temperature 1. What all information does the daily weather noted as 26oC? a. Sunday report contain? b. Thursday a. Temperature c. Tuesday b. Humidity d. Saturday c. Rainfall d. All of these 7. When can you say that the climate of a place is 2. Which instrument is used to measure rain- wet? fall? a. If the place receives rain for a major part of the a. Maximum and minimum thermometer year b. Rain gauge b. If the place receives very little rainfall c. Laboratory thermometer c. If the place receives no rainfall d. All of these d. All of these 3. _________ of the elephant help it to keep cool in the hot and humid climate of the rainforest. 8. Climate of a place has a profound effect on: a. Large ears a. Only on plants b. Big trunk b. Only on animals c. Heavy body c. All living organisms d. Two long tusks d. All non-living organisms 4. All changes in the weather are caused by: a. The Earth 9. The polar region got its name as it is situated at: b. The atmosphere a. North pole c. The Sun b. South pole d. The wind c. Both North and South pole The given graph shows the variation of maximum d. Far away from the poles temperature in a week. Understand the graph and answer the questions that follow (Q5 and Q6): 10. The days are shorter in the winter than summer. What could be the reason? 5. On which day is the maximum temperature a. Earth revolves round the Sun. recorded highest? b. the Earth is tilted 23.4 degrees. a. Tuesday c. the Earth rotates on its axis. b. Friday d. of the atmosphere. c. Monday d. Thursday II. Short answer questions 1. What do you understand by the weather at a place and its elements? 2. How are the animals like polar bears adapted to the polar regions? Explain. 3. Why do we need to record weather conditions? What are its components? How is it going to benefit? III. Long answer questions 1. Write a short note on how the animals are adapted to the climatic conditions they live in? 2. “Migratory birds travel as much as 15000 km”. Why do they migrate? How are they able to come back? Discuss. 53

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Match the following: (4 Marks) 4. Differentiate between the following: (2 Marks) COLUMN I COLUMN II a. Weather and climate i. Red eyed frog a. very sensitive hearing ii. Penguin b. stream lined body iii. Tiger c. silver white mane iv. Lion tailed macaque d. sticky powder on feet 2. Fill in the blanks: (3 Marks) b. Humidity and rainfall Weather of a place is the day-to-day condition of the _____(a)_____ with respect to ____(b)____, _____ (c)______, ____(d)______, _____(e)______ at that place, while climate is the _____(f)______ weather pattern taken over many years. 3. Given below is a list of climatic conditions and some examples of animals. Read them carefully and place the items in the relevant columns as shown. (6 Marks) Penguin, Gorilla, Monkey, Reindeer, Assam, Greenland, Sun does not rise for six months, Hot and humid climate, Days and nights are almost equal in length throughout the year, Winter temperature around –37°C, Western Ghats, covered with snow TROPICAL RAIN FOREST POLAR REGIONS 54

8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones Learning Outcome By the end of this unit, a student will be able to: • Explain the formation of a cyclone. • Define wind. • List the destructive effects of cyclones. • Understand properties of air. • State safety measures to be taken by the people. • Identify factors that cause wind currentsW. INDS, STOR• MISnfAerNtDhaCtYtCecLhOnNolEoSgy can help in reducing the • Explain the factors that cause wind currents. destruction to life brought about by natural C••O NDDCeeffEiinnPeeTcthMyuclAnodPne:erss.torms. disasters. Concept Map WINDS, STORMS AND CYCLONES Wind Thunderstorms Cyclones Properties Formation of Formation Destruction Effective safety currents measures By the end of this unit, a student will be able to  Define wind  Understand properties of air.  Identify factors that cause wind currents.  Explain the factors that cause wind currents  Define thunderstorms  Define cyclones  Explain the formation of a cyclone.  List the destructive effects of cyclones.  State safety measures to be taken by the people.  Infer that technology can help in reducing the destruction to life brought about by natu5r5al disaste

8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones Work Plan CONCEPT SUB CONCEPT ACTIVITY SKILL TIME Moving air is called Air exerts pressure. LESSON STARTER: Teacher shows a Observes 10 min wind. High speed winds video on cyclonic effects. From this Infers 15 min Properties of air are accompanied by video, teacher and students discuss Observes reduced air pressure. about the topic. Infers Air expands on warming. Teacher demonstrates Activity 8.1 (NCERT) and explains the concept that air exerts pressure. Students work in small groups and Experiments 15 min complete Activity 8.2. From this Observes activity, Infers they understand that when wind speed increases, air pressure decreases. HW: Bring necessary materials for Activities 8.3 and 8.4. Students work in groups and Experiments 20 min complete Activities 8.3 and 8.4 (Refer Observes NCERT text). Teacher explains the Infers concept behind these two activities through a discussion. These activities reiterate the fact that increased wind speed is accompanied by a reduced air pressure. Teacher demonstrates Activity 8.5 Observes 20 min (refer NCERT text). From this activity, Infers teacher explains the concept that air expand on heating. Wind currents are Uneven heating Teacher demonstrates Activity 8.6 Observes 20 min generated due to between equator (Refer NCERT text). Then explain how Infers 20 min uneven heating on and poles. hot air moves up and cold air moves the earth. Uneven heating of down. land and water. Students watch the video on the Observes formation of wind currents. Then teacher explains the two situations that result in generation of wind currents. 56

8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones Thunderstorms Precautions to Teacher explains thunderstorm Defines 20 min develop in hot, be taken during formation and precautions to be Recognizes 20 min humid tropical areas thunderstorm taken during a thunderstorm. Recognizes like India very often. A twisting funnel of Students watch the video on cyclone Swift movement wind with its narrow formation followed by explanation of of falling water end towards the the concept by the teacher. droplets along rising land is a tornado. Teacher explains about tornadoes. air creates lightning and sound called thunderstorm. Tornadoes Effective safety Action on the part of Teacher and students discuss about Recognizes 20 min measures the people these aspects Recalls Usage of technology Students and teacher discuss chapter end exercise HW: Complete chapter end exercise. 20 min Students write WS 1,2 and 3 40 min Students write WS 4 followed by peer 40 min or self check. Teacher shows the videos again to reiterate the concepts. Students write a unit test 40 min 57

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose the appropriate term for the given description: Natural calamity Wind Air current Air pressure Monsoon winds Thunder storm Lightning Cyclones Tornadoes 1. Huge electric discharge in the atmosphere occurring within a thunder cloud between clouds or between cloud and the ground. 2. Any physical phenomenon that may cause damage to the life and property. 3. A violent twisting funnel of wind on the earth. 4. Air moving from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. 5. A storm accompanied by the strong winds, rain, thunder and lightning. 6. Rain bearing winds from sea to land. 7. Pressure exerted by air. 8. A huge and very powerful storm where a low pressure region is surrounded by high speeding swirling winds. 9. Movement of air in atmosphere. II. Say true or false: 1. Wind is caused by uneven heating of the earth’s surface. 2. We hear thunder first and see lightning later. 3. A tornado is larger than a cyclone with high speed. 4. A cyclone has a low pressure area in the centre and high speed winds revolve around it. 5. A cyclone becomes weaker when it reaches 58

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) TWO IMPORTANT FEATURES OF land. WIND I. Complete the organisers: What causes winds Uneven ____ of ___ by ___- Measured by Measured by Some places are ____ than ____________ __________ others. FOUR SAFETY MEASURES DURING A CYCLONE Hot air is ___ ___air is heavier. Warm air ___ up and ____ air flows in it to take its place This sets up an air current called ___________ 59

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 10. A fire alarm usually detects smoke in case of 1. Rain bearing winds that blow over the ocean fire. Where should such an alarm be placed in and to the land during a particular season are a room? called ___________. a. Near the door a. Sea breeze b. On the floor b. Storm c. On any wall c. Monsoon winds d. On the ceiling d. All of these. 2. Air moves 11. Four schematic diagrams are shown in Figure a. From an area of high pressure to an area of to depict the direction of sea breeze. Which of low pressure them gives the correct direction? b. An area of low pressure to an area of high pressure 12. Figure shows a child blowing air with a straw c. Between areas of same pressure near the opening of another straw which d. None of these. has its other end in a soft drink bottle. It 3. Cyclones develop over was observed that the level of the soft drink a. Oceans in the straw rises up as soon as air is blown b. Lakes over its open end. Which one of the following c. Land explains the reason for rise in level of the d. Mountains drunk? 4. The low pressure area at the centre of the a. Blowing of air decreases pressure over the cyclone is called opening of the straw. a. Spout b. The straw of the soft drink bottle collapses b. Typhoon when air is blown over its open end. c. Eye c. Blowing of air warms up the air inside the d. Storm surge straw. 5. When strong winds moves towards the land d. Blowing of air increases the pressure on the accompanied by very high waves, it is called surface of soft drink in the bottle. a. Tides b. Water spout 13. Following are precautions one must take in c. Cyclone case a storm is accompanied by lightning. d. Storm surge i. Do not take shelter under a tree. 6. Moving air is called ii. Do not take shelter under an umbrella with a. Air a metallic end. b. Wind iii. Do not take shelter in open garages, storage c. Cyclone 60 d. Tornado 7. Summer monsoon winds are winds that blow from a. Land to sea b. Sea to sea c. Sea to land d. land to land 8. Moving air creates a. High pressure area b. Low pressure area c. Low temperature area d. High temperature area. 9. Air pressure decreases with a. Decreasing altitude b. Increasing altitude c. Both a and b d. Does not change at all.

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) sheds, etc. iv. Do not take shelter in a bus in the open. Which one of these is not correct? a. i b. ii c. iii d. iv 14. Which of the following place is most likely to be affected by a cyclone? a. Mumbai b. Puri c. Goa d. Porbandar 15. A curtain is hanging at the entrance of a room. A long corridor runs at right angles to the door, that is parallel to the curtain. If a strong wind blows along the corridor, the curtain will a. Get pushed inside the room. b. Get pushed outside the room. c. Get collected towards one end/swirled. 61

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 10. Suggest some precautions to be taken to prevent the roof of a tin sheet from flying d. Remain unaffected I. Answer the following: 1. Why is Chandigarh unlikely to be affected by a cyclone? 2. Name the ocean which is mainly responsible to bring rain bearing monsoon winds to Kerala coast in June every year. 3. To expel hot air out of the kitchen, ‘A’ has an exhaust fan fitted on the window of her kitchen and ‘B’ has a similar exhaust fan fitted on the wall near the ceiling of her kitchen. Which of the exhaust fan will expel the hot air more effectively? Explain why. 4. Why is it advisable not to shut all the doors and windows during a storm? 5. A flat in Mumbai with a balcony facing the sea has some clothes hung on a clothes line in the balcony. Towards which direction the clothes will be blown in the afternoon? Explain. 6. Figure shows a diagrammatic representation of trees in the afternoon along a sea coast. State on which side is the sea; A or B? Give reasons for your choice. 7. A flag mounted on a flag post near the sea coast flutters in the direction of sea. At what time of the day does this happen – at midnight or in the afternoon? 8. Paheli kept an empty bottle made of plastic inside a refrigerator. After few hours, when she opened the refrigerator she found the bottle had collapsed. Explain the possible reason. 9. When strong/high speed wind blows, an umbrella held upright at times gets upturned. Explain the reason. 62

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: 7. The difference of air pressure helps us to: 1. The winds from the ________ carry water and a. eat food b. drinking through straw bring rain. c. Inflating tires a. oceans d. Both (B) and (C) b. wells c. lakes 8. In winter, the direction of the wind flow gets d. land reversed; it flows from the _______ to the _______. 2. The wind speed of the cyclone that hit Orissa on a. ocean, land 19th October 1999 is _____. b. land, ocean a. 150 km/h c. land, land b. 200 km/h d. ocean, ocean c. 220 km/h d. 260 km/h 9. Which of following is not a property of air? a. Air exerts pressure 3. The word monsoon is derived from the b. Air expands on heating __________ word ________, which means ‘sea- c. Air occupies space son’. d. Air conducts electricity a. Arabic, Mausam b. Greek, Mousam 10. High speed winds are accompanied by ________ c. Latin, Mausom air pressure. d. Italic, Mausam a. Increased b. Reduced 4. Which of the following instruments is used to c. 2 times the measure the speed of winds? d. None of the above a. Thermometer b. Barometer II. Short answer questions c. Anemometer 1. What are the after effects of a cyclone? d. Speedometer 2. How can you prove that air expands on heating? 3. What makes the wind blow? 5. What happens when the wind is blowing? a. Leaves of trees flutter III. Long answer questions b. Banners flutter 1. What precautions should you take, if you ar- c. Flags flutter d. All of these estaying in a cyclone hit area? 2. Clouds bring rain and give ushappiness.Howev- 6. What do you call the wind blowing from sea to land? er, it is not always a happy Ending. Analyse the a. Sea breeze problems created by heavy rains? b. Land breeze c. Cyclone d. Storm 63

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 30 Time: 30 Mins away during a fierce wind storm. 2. Explain why smoke rises up always? 3. Why is it difficult to force the paper ball into I. Fill in the blanks: (4 Marks) the bottle? 1. Air around us exerts __________ . 4. List some effective safety measures for 2. The moving air is called _________ . 3. The main cause of wind movement is uneven cyclone. ___________ on the earth. 4. High speed wind can cause cyclone in regions of ___________ pressure. II. State whether the following statements are True or False: (4 Marks) 1. If wind flows from land to the ocean, then it is daytime. 2. A very high pressure system, with very high speed wind surrounding it forms a cyclone. 3. The coast line of India is not vulnerable to cyclones. 4. Warm air is lighter than cool air. III. Match column I with column . There can be 5. What are monsoons? more than one match: (2 Marks) COLUMN I COLUMN II a. On heating, air i. Descends b. On cooling, air ii. Expands iii. Contracts iv. Rises VI. Answer in detail: (5 Marks) IV. Answer in a word or a sentence: (5 Marks) 1. Describe an activity to demonstrate that warm air is lighter than cool air. 1. An instrument used to measure wind direction. 2. An instrument used to measure wind speed. 3. Another name for a cyclone. 4. What influences weather pattern of a region? 5. What happens to a cyclone as it approaches land? V. Answer in two or three sentences: (10 Marks) 1. Is it difficult to ride a bicycle against the direction of the wind? Why? 64

9. Soil • Explain properties of soil with respect to percolation, moisture content and water Learning Outcome absorption capacity of soil. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Reason the type of soil best suited for crops based • State the importance of soil. on the needs of the plant and soil properties. • Explain soil profile. • Classify soils. • List the properties of different types of soils. Concept Map Key Points • Clayey soil is made up of fine particles with small air spaces, retains moisture and becomes very • Continuous weathering of rock forms the soil. sticky when wet. • The formation of soil depends on several factors • Loamy soil is made up of sand and silt in equal such as climate, parent rock and land scape. proportions. It is rich in humus, has required • A vertical section through different layers of the porosity and aeration for plants to grow. soil is called the soil profile. • Soil has nitrates, sulphates and phosphates as • Horizons are the layers of the soil that differ in nutrients. texture, colour, depth and chemical composition. • Sandy soil is suitable for fruits and vegetable • The layers of the soil are: cultivation. • Horizon A- Top soil, rich in humus • Clayey soil is suitable for paddy. • Horizon B-Sub soil, rich in minerals. • Loamy soil is suitable for cultivation of crops and • Horizon C- Rich in weathered pieces of rock, gardening. characterized by cracks and crevices. • Bedrock-Lowers most layer, very hard with no water percolation. • Different types of soils are sandy, loamy and clayey soils. • Sandy soil has large particles with large air spaces, porous and prevents water retention. 65

9. Soil Work Plan CONCEPT DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/ VIDEO CONCEPT COVERAGE Soil profile Soil profile and its types • Layers of soil PS – 01 • Types of soil Properties of soil • Percolation rate of water PS – 02 • Moisture in soil • Absorption of water by soil Soil and crops • Types of crops that can be PS – 03 grown in different types of soil PS – 04 • Soil erosion Worksheet for “Soil” PS – 05 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 66

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. C horizon forms the top soil. 2. Water cannot penetrate the bed rock. 3. Particles of loamy soil are larger than the clayey soil. 4. Soil takes only few years to form. 5. Paddy requires sandy soil. II. Match the following and complete the box. TERMS MEANINGS 1. Humus a. Top soil 2. Soil profile b. Greater proportion of fine particles. 3. A-horizon c. Loamy soils 4. B-horizon d. Rotten dead matter in soil 5. C-horizon e. Small lumps of rocks with cracks and crevices. 6. Bed rock f. (U-V) x 100 50 7. Sandy soil g. M ixture of big and small particles in almost equal 8. Clayey soil proportions. 9. Loamy soil h. Greater proportion of big particles. 10. R ate of percolation i. Vertical section through different layers. 11. Percentage of water absorbed j. Mineral rich layer 12. L entils and pulses k. ml/min l. Water cannot penetrate through this layer. 67

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Unscramble the following words to meaningful words related to soil: 1. CORDEKB: 2. USHMU: 3. NADSY: 4. TCNPORLEOA: II. Write one word for the following: 1. Decayed plant and animal remains. 2. Disintegration of rocks on the earth’s surface caused by exposure to natural forces. 3. Removal of trees on a large scale. 4. The vertical section of a soil. 5. The amount of water that seeps through the soil. 68

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 1. Chemical weathering is fastest in a. Hot and wet climate b. Cold and moist climate c. Hot and dry climate d. Cold and dry climate. 2. Which one of the following layers is characterised by cracks and crevices? a. A horizon b. B-Horizon c. C-Horizon d. Bedrock. 3. Which type of soil dries out quickly after a rain? a. Loamy b. Sandy c. Clayey d. None 4. Soil pollution is caused by a. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides b. Leakage of chemicals into the soil c. Acid rain d. All of the above. 5. Soil contains a. Nitrates b. Phosphates c. Sulphates d. All of these. 6. Humus is made from dead and decaying ___________ matter. a. Inorganic b. Organic c. Metallic d. Non metallic 7. B-Horizon is also called a. Soil b. Sub soil c. Top soil d. Bed rock 8. Soil erosion is caused due to a. Vegetation b. Deforestation c. Overgrazing d. Both b and c 9. The microorganisms present in the soil require moisture (water) and nutrients for growth and survival. Choose from the options below the habitat (place) where the soil has plenty of water and nutrients. a. Desert b. Forest c. Open field d. Cricket ground 69

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 10. Availability of water and minerals in the soil for maximum absorption by roots is in the __________. a. B-horizon b. C-horizon c. A-horizon d. Surface of soil 11. Soil conservation measures are mainly aimed at protecting which of the following? a. Plants b. Top soil c. Sub soil d. Soil organisms 12. Read the following statements with reference to soil. (i) Weathering is a very fast process of soil formation. (ii) Percolation of water is faster in sandy soils. (iii) Loamy soil contains only sand and clay. (iv) Top soil contains the maximum amount of humus. Choose the correct statements from the above. a. (ii) and (iv) b. (i) and (iii) c. (ii) and (iii) d. (i) and (ii) 13. Rate of percolation is given by the unit a. cm/min b. ml/min c. mm/sec d. ml/sec 14. Percentage of water absorption is calculated by using the formula a. (U-V)/50 x 100 b. (V-U)/50 x 100 c. (U-V)/100 x 50 d. U/V x 100 15. Wheat is best grown in a. Sandy soil b. Sandy and loamy soil c. Fine clayey soil d. Any of the above soils. 70

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer the following: 1. Soil has particles of different sizes. Arrange the words given below in increasing order of their particle size. rock, clay, sand, gravel, silt 2. Which of the following situations – ‘A’ or ‘B’ – is advantageous for absorption of water and minerals? Why? Situation ‘A’ : Growth and branching of roots in the C-horizon. Situation ‘B’ : Growth and branching of roots in A and B horizons. 3. How can a farmer convert acidic soil to neutral soil? 4. Locate the following zones given as boxed items in Fig. which shows a diagram of soil profile. Top soil, Subsoil, C-horizon, Bedrock 5. Rajasthan is a desert state in India. Once while travelling to Rajasthan by train, Boojho observed several streams and rivulets of rain water during the journey but to his surprise he did not see streams of water in the desert region even during rains. Help Boojho find a suitable explanation for this. 6. Continuously water-logged soils are disadvantageous for plant growth. Why? 7. Why is soil erosion relatively less in dense forests as compared to barren, open fields? 71

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option. 8. The process of weathering takes place by the action of: 1. ________ is made up of small lumps of rocks a. Wind with cracks and crevices. b. Water a. A-horizon c. Climate b. B-horizon d. All of these c. C-horizon d. Bed rock 9. Which of the following makes up soil profile? a. Sand, clay, loam and silt 2. Soil is affected by: b. A-horizon, B-horizon, C-horizon and Bed rock a. Wind and rainfall c. A-horizon, B-horizon, C-horizon and Sand b. Temperature and light particles c. Humidity d. A-horizon, B-horizon, C-horizon and clay d. All of these 10. They are required for the growth of crops. What 3. Soil erosion is caused due to the removal of land are they? surface by: a. Plastics a. Water b. Pesticides b. Wind c. Nutrients and minerals c. Ice d. Fertilisers d. All of these II. Short answer questions 4. _______occurs as a deposit in riverbeds. 1. Write the formula to find percolation rate in a a. Loam b. Silt soil. Calculate the rate of percolation of a soil if c. Sand it takes 10 minutes for 50 ml to percolate. d. Clay 2. What is the cause of soil erosion? How can you 5. Which of the following is not a natural resource? prevent soil erosion? a. Sun light b. Soil 3. Soil is an inseparable part of our life. Justify. c. Electricity d. Water III. Long answer questions 1. What is the soil? Write about the different types 6. Which of the soils is most aerated soil? a. Sandy soil of soil. b. Clayey soil c. Loamy soil 2. “Soil and crops that grow in it are inter-related”. d. All of these Justify. 7. Paheli has a field of fine clayey soil. Which crop do you suggest her to grow in it? a. Wheat b. Cotton c. Lentils d. Paddy 72

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following statements and give the III. Answer the following: (6 Marks) appropriate terms for each of them. (4 Marks) a. The process of breakdown of rocks by the 1. Calculate the percentage of absorption of action of wind, water, sunlight. water in a soil sample of 50g, the initial volume of the water in the measuring cylinder was 5mL. The final volume of the water in the measuring cylinder was 2ml. b. Removal of top soil during heavy rains or strong winds. c. Accumulation of wastes in the soil generated 2. Gardeners gently dig up the soil around by human activity which alter the features of the roots of garden herbs frequently. Give soil. reasons. • For enabling easy root growth d. The process of movement of water into • For easier percolation of water deeper layers of soil. • For aerating the soil/enabling air to get into deeper layers of soil • For removing the weeds. II. Match the animals in column I with their 3. Draw the diagram showing soil profile and natural place of dwelling (habitat) in column label the horizons. II. (5 Marks) Column I Column II a. Earthworm i. Sand and beaches b. Garden lizard ii. Burrows in soil c. Crab iii. Deep narrow holes in dry d. Rodents soil e. Scorpion iv. Surface of soil v. S urface of shaded moist soil vi. H orizon of moist soils 73

10. Respiration in Organisms Learning Outcome • Illustrate and label the parts of human respiratory system. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Define respiration. • Explain the process of respiration in human • State the significance of respiratory process. beings. • Classify organisms as aerobes and anaerobes • Explain the process of respiration in cockroach. based on mode of respiration. • Explain the process of respiration in earthworm. • Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic • Explain the process of respiration in fish. • Explain the process of respiration in plants. respiration. Respiration Concept Map in different organisms RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS Need for Kinds of respiration respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Man Cockroach Earthworm Plants Anaerobes Muscles Respiratory Process organs Keypoints • Respiration is a process in which food is oxidised to release energy in the body. • Inhalation refers to taking in oxygen rich air from the atmosphere. • Exhalation refers to giving out carbon dioxide rich air to the outside from the body of the organisms. • Nostrils, basal cavity, trachea and lungs are the re- spiratory organs in human beings. • Amoeba and earthworm breathe by diffusion of gases through their skin. • Insects have tracheal system for breathing. • Fishes have gills and birds have lungs. • Frogs respire through skin, lungs and through mouth. • Plants respire through root hairs, lenticels and stomata. Keywords: Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, breathing rate, cellular respiration, diaphragm, exhalation, gills, inhalation, spiracles, tracheae 74

10. Respiration in Organisms PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/ Work Plan VIDEO CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PS-1 Why Respiration Kinds of Respiration Aerobic Human respiratory Anaerobic PS-2 system Organs and process Activity to check • Man the content of Respiration in different • Cockroach PS-3 exhaled air during Organisms • Earthworm • Plants breathing PS-4 Worksheet for “Respiration in Organisms” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 75

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks: 1. The _________ is commonly called the windpipe. 2. The number of times, a person breathes is called _______________. 3. Respiratory organs in fish are ___________________. 4. During exhalation, volume of the lungs ______________. 5. In earthworm, _________ serves as a respiratory organ. II. Say true or false: 1. When diaphragm contracts, carbon dioxide rich air is expelled out of the lungs. 2. Air enters larynx after passing through trachea. 3. Oxygen absorbed in the alveoli combines with red pigment of the blood. 4. Plants do not take in oxygen. 5. More energy is released during aerobic respiration. III. Label the parts of the human respiratory system: 76

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Differentiate between inhalation and exhalation by putting the following under appropriate headings: • Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped. • Lungs expand. • Volume of chest cavity decreases. • Air is forced out of lungs. • Diaphragm contracts and flattens. • Lungs contract. • Air flows into the lungs. • Volume of chest cavity increases. INHALATION EXHALATION II. Classify the following as animals with gills, animals with lungs and animals with spiracles: Bat Tree snake Prawn Butterfly Turtle Bee Crab Dragon fly Leopard Dog Sea snake Shell fish Ant Ladybird Beetle Lobsters Hermitcrab Crocodile Koala bear Rat snake Flying fish Shark ANIMALS WITH GILLS ANIMALS WITH LUNGS ANIMALS WITH SPIRACLES 77

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. Gaseous exchange occurs in place through a. Roots I. Choose the correct option: b. Stomata 1. Which of the following allows exchange of c. Stem gases? d. All of the above. a. Respiration b. Digestion 10. Sometimes when we do heavy exercise, c. Excretion anaerobic respiration takes place in our d. None of the above. muscle cells. What is produced during this 2. The intake of oxygen rich air takes place in process? a. Inhalation a. Alcohol and lactic acid b. Exhalation b. LALaalcccotthiiccoaal ccaiindddoaCnnOdly2CO2 c. Both a and b c. d. None of these. d. 3. Respiratory organ in honey bee is a. Nose 11. Yeast is used in wine and beer industries b. Gills because it respires c. Lungs a. Aerobically producing oxygen. d. Spiracles b. Aerobically producing alcohol. 4. Which of these can absorb air dissolved in c. Anaerobically producing alcohol. water? d. Anaerobically producing CO2. a. Gills b. Spiracles 12. During the process of exhalation, the ribs c. Lungs move d. All of the above a. Down and inwards. 5. Where does gaseous exchange takes place in b. Up and inwards. earthworm? c. Down and outwards. a. Moist skin d. Up and outward. b. Lungs c. Gills d. Body surface 6. ___________ is utilised during respiration. a. Protein b. Lactic acid c. Glucose d. Cellulose 7. Oxygen is carried to all parts of the cell by a. Blood b. Lungs c. Water d. Glucose 8. What is not required for anaerobic respiration? a. Energy b. Oxygen c. Glucose d. Carbon dioxide. 78

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer the following: 1. Pick the odd-one-out from each of the groups given below on the basis of respiratory organs. Give reason for your answer. a. cockroach, grasshopper, snail, ant b. lizard, cow, earthworm, snake c. crocodile, whale, dolphin, fish d. snake, tadpole, crow, goat 2. Which gas present in air is essential for aerobic respiration? What is the role of oxygen during respiration? 3. On an average, an adult human being at rest breathes 15–18 times per minute. The breathing rate, however, may differ under different conditions. Arrange the following activities given in the box in order of increasing breathing rates and give reason for your answer. sleeping, cycling, brisk walk, watching T.V. 4. Whenever we feel drowsy or sleepy, we start yawning. Does yawning help us in anyway? 5. Insects and leaves of a plant have pores through which they exchange gases with the atmosphere. Can you write two points of differences between these pores with respect to their position, number and extension into the body? 6. Paheli participated in a 400 m race competition held at her school and won the race. When she came home, she had mixed feelings of joy and pain as she had cramps in her leg muscles. After a massage, she was relieved of the pain. Answer the following questions related to the situation. a. What can be the possible reasons for the pain in her legs? b. Why did she feel comfortable after a massage? 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option 8. In the beginning of a movie you observe an advertisement that says to avoid smoking. Why 1. The number of times a person breathes in a a person is advised not to smoke? minute is termed as the _____. a. Smoking damages lungs a. Inhalation b. Smoking causes cancer b. Exhalation c. Smoking leads to lung infections c. Breathing rate d. All of these d. Breathing 9. What is the main difference of aerobic and 2. _____ helps fish to breathe under water. anaerobic respiration? a. Fins a. Energy is released only in aerobic respiration. b. Gills b. Only aerobic respiration requires oxygen. c. Tail c. Carbon dioxide is released in aerobic respiration d. Mouth whereas oxygen in anaerobic. d. Only anaerobic respiration releases water 3. The percentage of oxygen in the inhaled air is along with carbon dioxide and energy. __________. a. 16.4% 10. What happens to lime water, when we exhale air b. 21% into it? c. 0.04% a. remains same d. 4.4% b. turns blue c. turns milky 4. From where does the roots get air? d. becomes colourless a. Stem of the plant supply air to roots b. Water we pour will supply air to roots II. Short answer questions c. From air spaces present between the soil 1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of human particles d. From atmosphere roots take air respiratory system. 5. Earthworm and frog has moist skin because: 2. Explain the expansion of lungs while breathing a. They breathe through their skin experimentally. b. They live in water c. They sweat a lot 3. What would happen if a potted plant is d. They consume more water overwatered? 6. Which of the following organism respire III. Long answer questions anaerobically? 1. Write a short note on breathing. a. Yeast b. Human being 2. Compare the two types of respiration with c. Plants examples. d. All of these 7. During which of the following activities the breathing rate increases the most? a. Sleeping b. Heavy exercise c. Walking d. Writing 80

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks: (3 Marks) IV. Answer the following: (6 Marks) 1. What is cellular respiration? 1. Diaphragm forms the _________ of the chest cavity. 2. Exchange of gases in the leaves take place 2. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic with the help of ______. respiration. 3. Cockroaches breathe with the help of air Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration tubes called ________ II. Mark the following statements as True or False. Correct the false statements. (2 Marks) 1. Oxygen breaks down glucose outside the cells of organisms. 2. Insects have spiracles on the lower surface of the body. III. Match the following: (4 Marks) 3. Why do we get muscle cramps at times? Column I Column II 1. Butterfly a. Lungs 2. Earthworms b. Gills 3. Sparrow c. Spiracles 4. Fish d. Skin 81

11. Transportation in Animals and Plants Learning Outcome • Trace the path of blood flow in the human heart. • Describe excretory system in human beings. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • State the functions of excretory system. • Explain the components of blood and their • Explain the transport of water and minerals in structure. plants. • Describe the blood vessels-arteries, veins and • Recall transpiration as an important function. capillaries. • Describe the structure of human heart. • Label the parts of the human heart. Concept Map Key Points kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. • Kidneys have nephrons to filter blood and produce • Simple organisms like amoeba transport oxygen and food through diffusion through the small urine. openings on the body surface. • Ureters collect urine from the kidneys and bring to • In higher and complex animals like human beings, urinary bladder. the substances are transported through a fluid • Urinary bladder is a muscular bag that stores urine called blood. temporarily. • The transport system of human beings consists of • Urethra is the opening through which urine is blood vessels, blood and a four chambered heart. excreted from the body. • Components of blood are RBC, WBC and platelets. • Plants also need a transport system. The • RBCs help in oxygen transport, WBCs help in transportation in plants is carried out by xylem and defending the body and platelets help in clotting phloem that form the vascular bundles. of blood. • Xylem helps in transport of water and minerals • In human beings, heart is the main organ of from the soil to different parts of the plant. circulatory system that circulates blood through • Phloem helps in transport of food materials from blood vessels. the leaves to different parts of the plant. • Wastes are produced during the process of • Transpiration is loss of water in the form of water respiration, digestion and metabolism. vapour from the aerial parts of the plant. • The excretory system of humans consists of • Transpiration helps in pushing water in the xylem 82

11. Transportation in Animals and Plants and it cools the plant. 83

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE CONCEPT DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/VIDEO Electric circuit and its • Symbols of components of circuit PS – 1 Human circulatory components • Function of each component in system the circuit • Conductor and insulator Heating effect of • Working of heating coil its PS – 2 Working of human heart electric current • Working of heating iron • Working of fuse and importance Magnetic effects of • Magnetic effect of electric current PS – 3 Humans excretory electric current • Electromagnet and its uses system • Working of an electric bell Worksheet for “Transportation in Animals and Plants” PS – 4 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 84

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Give two examples for each of the following: a. Blood cells. b. Body wastes in humans. c. Parts of human heart. II. Write one word for the following: a. Straw coloured fluid that consists of suspended blood cells. b. Red pigment of the blood. c. Number of times blood flows in the arteries. III. Say whether the following statements are true or false: a. Blood transports urine from kidney to urethra. b. The circulatory fluid in human beings is water. c. Blood has two components- fluid component and blood cells. IV. Label the parts of the human heart. V. Choose the correct option: 1. Which one of these substances need to be transported within a body? a. Food b. Oxygen and waste materials c. Water and minerals d. All of these. 2. Hydra and sponges get oxygen by a. Circulation b. Diffusion c. Transportation d. All of these. 3. Which of these is not a blood vessel? a. Artery b. Vein c. Capillary d. Xylem 4. Which of these cells are present in blood? a. RBC b. WBC c. Platelets d. All of these. 85

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 5. The cells of the blood that help in defending the body a. RBC b. WBC c. Platelets d. Plasma 6. The absorption of nutrients and exchange of respiratory gases between blood and tissues takes place in – a. Veins b. Arteries c. Heart d. Capillaries 7. In which of the following parts of human body are sweat glands absent? a. Scalp b. Armpits c. Lips d. Palms VI. Answer the following: 1. Veins have valves which allow blood to flow only in one direction. Arteries do not have valves. Yet the blood flows in one direction only. Can you explain why? 2. What is the special feature present in a human heart which does not allow mixing of blood when oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood reach the heart? 3. Name the organ which is located in the chest cavity with its lower tip slightly tilted towards the left. 4. (a) Name the only artery that carries carbon dioxide-rich blood. (b) Why is it called an artery if it does not carry oxygen-rich blood? 86

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Label the parts of human excretory system: II. Choose the correct alternative: 1. The tubes that arise from kidneys are a. Ureters b. Urinary bladder c. Urethra d. Fallopian tube 2. The waste of human beings consists of a. Urea b. Uric acid c. Ammonia d. All of these. 3. The muscular tube through which stored urine is passed out of the body is called – a. Kidney b. Ureter c. Urethra d. Urinary bladder 4. Aquatic animals like fish excrete their wastes in gaseous form as a. Oxygen b. Hydrogen c. Ammonia d. Nitrogen III.  Answer the following: 87

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option 8. When you run for some time and stop, you breathe restlessly because 1. Blood is composed of a. You need less oxygen a. Arteries b. You need more oxygen b. Plasma c. You sweet a lot c. Veins d. Your legs are painful d. Atrium 9. The walls of the chambers of the heart are made 2. Blood transports up of: a. Digested food a. Muscles b. Oxygen b. Blood c. Waste c. Capillaries d. All of these d. Veins 3. The largest excretory organ in human beings is 10. Imagine that you fell while playing and your a. Kidney knee is bleeding. Even after some time if it b. Lungs doesn’t clot, what you are supposed to do? c. Skin a. Put bandage d. Nose b. Leave it to clot on its own c. Apply some ointment 4. Which of the following is responsible for blood d. Rush to doctor clot? a. Platelets II. Short answer questions b. White blood cells 1. What are xylem and phloem? Write their func- c. Red blood cells d. Haemoglobin tion. 5. On reaching the tissues, arteries divide further 2. Write an activity to show that stem conducts into extremely thin tubes called water to all parts of the plant. a. Veins b. Capillaries 3. Blood is filtered by blood capillaries in the kid- c. Tissues neys. Suppose the kidney’s stop working, what d. Cells could be the reasons for it? What happens to the waste collected at kidneys? By what process it 6. Pulse rate is: can be rectified? a. Clotting of blood b. Fighting against germs III. Long answer questions c. Number of beats per minute 1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of ‘Sections of d. All of these human heart’. 7. Which of the following organs work restlessly even when you are in sleep? 2. Voluntary blood donation is harmless. Justify. a. Lungs How is it stored? Write its uses. b. Kidneys c. Heart d. All of these 88