202110202-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G08-PART2

i. Ploughing loosens the soil and helps in easy transportation of air and water. ii. Water is stored deeply for a long time as the soil is soft. iii. Roots penetrate deeper and can respire well as the air enters easily into the soil. iv. Soil friendly micro organisms and earth worms can grow well when the soil is loose and soft. Q4. Treating with fungicides before sowing the seed is necessary. Why? [Refer to TB page 140 Q4] A. Treating with fungicides keeps the harmful micro organisms like bacteria, fungus etc. away from seeds making them ideal for sowing and free of infestations. Q5. Why do farmers plough their fields during summer? [Refer to TB page 140 Q9] A. i. Summer ploughing improves soil quality by alternative heating and cooling. ii. Harmful pathogens or soil microbes which are present beneath the soil are ex- posed to su rays by ploughing and are killed by heat. 1.5 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. What do you observe in the experiment of dropping a fist of Bengal gram seeds in water? [Refer to TB page 140 Q11] (a) What are the differences you observed in both seeds? (b) Do you know why the floated seeds are lighter in weight? (c) Which seeds germinate well? Why? (d) Which seeds would not germinate properly? Why? A. (a) Good seeds are heavier, smooth, round in shape and have good colour. They sink in water, whereas the lighter seeds which float are wrinkled and rough in shape. (b) The seeds that float are lighter in weight because, the seed is not yet matured or might be attacked by the pest or might be lacking nutrients. (c) The seeds which sink to bottom are good and healthy. Only they germinate because they contain cotyledons and endosperm which germinate into plant. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 49

(d) The floated seeds are weak and lack nutrients. They do not develop cotyledons and endosperm and so, cannot germinate at all. 1.6 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Narendra sprayed overdose of pesticides on his cotton crop. Ramesh says it is a hazard to biodiversity and crop yield. Can you support Ramesh? How? [Refer to TB page 140 Q16] A. Narendra used over dosage of pesticides in his cotton field. i. These pesticides not only kill the harmful pests but also kill earthworm and other useful insects like wasps, bugs and some other insects. ii. Ramesh pointed it as a hazard to biodiversity as the pesticides used are harmful to other harmless and useful organisms as well. iii. Pesticides can eliminate some animals, essential food sources causing the ani- mals to relocate. It can also enter food chain, for example: birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have consumed pesticides. iv. Nitrogen fixation which is required for the growth of higher plants is delayed by pesticides in soil. v. Many chemicals used in pesticides are soil contaminants; and adversely affect the fertility of soil. vi. Animals including humans may be poisoned by the pesticides that remain on food. vii. Rain water carries pesticides into nearby rivers or streams which harms the aquatic system. viii. Pesticides applied to crops is carried by the wind to other areas, which cause air pollution. ix. Pesticides percolates through soil or is carried by the runoff water thereby polluting ground water. x. If we use pesticides unwisely, pests may become resistant to pesticides. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 50

SESSION 2 MANURING AND IRRIGATION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Manure –is organic matter, mostly derived from animal faeces except in the case of green manure which is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. ii. Pesticides –are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying, or mitigating any pest. iii. Paddy planter –is a specialized transplanter fitted to transplant rice seedlings onto paddy field. iv. Biofertilizers –are formed by decomposing plant and animal wastes. These are also known as Natural Manure. v. Chemical Fertilizers –Prepared in factories, these are sold in the market by the names Urea, D.A.P, Superphosphate, Potash, which are enriched with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 51

vi. Irrigation –is the process of watering crop plants in the field. vii. Furrow Irrigation –refers to the method of irrigation in which the water is allowed to enter the field through channels or furrows made between two rows of crop. viii. Basin Irrigation –refers to the method of irrigation in which the field is just filled with water as in the case of paddy. ix. Sprinkler –is a device used to spray water. x. Drip Irrigation –is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Organic pesticides which are derived from plants are neem, tobacco and chrysanthe- mum. These are less dangerous to other useful living things. ii. Inorganic pesticides which are commonly used are compounds of arsenic, zinc, sul- phur, phosphorous and fluorine. iii. Manure which contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash (NPK) is needed for healthy growth of the plants. Manure is of two types–Natural manure (Bio–fertilizers) and Artificial manures (Chemical fertilizers). iv. Bio fertilizers are formed by decomposition of plants and animals wastes which in- crease the soil health. v. Chemical fertilizers are prepared in the factories which are sold in the market by the names urea, DAP, superphosphate, potash etc. are rich in NPK. vi. Irrigation is the process of watering the crop plants. three methods of irrigation are commonly practised in India. vii. Furrow irrigation is a method where the water is allowed to enter the field through channels/furrow made between two rows of crop. viii. In the basin irrigation method the field is just filled with water as in the case of paddy. ix. In the modern method of irrigation sprinkler and drip irrigation techniques are fol- lowed. These techniques are followed where water is scarcely available which help to conserve the water. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 52

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is natural manure? How to prepare it and give two examples. [Refer to TB page 140 Q8] A. i. Natural manure is also called biofertilizer. ii. Decomposition of plant and animal wastes by bacteria like Azatobacter, Nitrobacter forms a manure called natural manure. iii. In general, natural manure is prepared as follows: • Organic wastes like farm waste, dry leaves, droppings of different animals etc. are collected and filled in a pit which is around 1 foot in depth. • Water is sprinkled to maintain the moisture followed by covering the mixture with a layer of soil. • This is left to decompose by the microbial activity for 25–30 days wherein the waste gets converted into microbial rich manure. iv. Some examples are Vermi Compost, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Compost, Green Manures. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Rajendar cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Can you guess the reason? [Refer to TB page 140 Q10] A. i. Cotton is the most important fibre yielding plant in the world. In India, it is cultivated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, A. P. and Karnataka. ii. There are four important varieties which are richly cultivated. They are Gossypium herbacium, G. lirgutum, G. arborecium and G. borbadens. iii. Cotton crop requires long term season and flowering is more in the long term season when the day duration is more than 12.5 hours. iv. So cotton must be cultivated in the month of March. It takes 8 –10 weeks for growing, so would be fully grown by July. v. During the month of July, the duration of day extends more than 12 hours. More flowering takes place, and gives sufficient yield. vi. Rajendar might have cultivated cotton crop in the winter season. In this season, the duration of day is short. So, growth and flowering did not take place properly. vii. He, therefore, could not get sufficient yield. viii. Other reasons responsible for this could be: he might not have used good quality seeds, fertilizers and pest control methods. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 53

2.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Go to your nearest fertilizer shop and collect the information about chemical fertilizers and fill the table. Copy the following table in your note book. [Refer to TB page 140 Q13] A. Name of % of Nutrients Name of the crops used the fertilizer N PK Urea 46 – – For all the crops D.A.P. 18 46 – During paddy cultivation, the first dose must be D.A.P. It is also used for other crops like cotton, groundnut, chillies etc. Super – √ – It is used for ploughing. It Phosphate converts all weeds and plant material into natural fertilizers. It is used in paddy cultivation. 28:28 √ √ – Cotton, chillies, vegetables, sunflower 14:35:14 √ √ √ Cotton, chillies, vegetables, sunflower SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 54

10:26:26 √ √ √ Cotton, chillies, 22:0.11 vegetables, sunflower 19:19:19 √ √ √ Paddy, chillies, maize, wheat etc. √ √ √ Paddy, chillies, maize, wheat etc. 2.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How do you appreciate the irrigation systems used in the drought prone areas? [Refer to TB page 140 Q15] A. During irrigation, a large amount of water is needed. If water flows through the canals, the soil near the canal will absorb more water before it reaches the plant. i. Sprinkler irrigation: • Modern methods of watering the plants by sprinklers have been developed. • It is used to conserve water where it is scarcely available or in drought prone areas. • The sprinklers are handy to use and they provide uniform watering all over the field. • It is mainly beneficial in sandy soil. ii. Drip irrigation • Another method to conserve water is by drip irrigation method. • This method is employed when the availability of water is poor. • As the water reaches the plants drop by drop, this is called drip irrigation. • In this method, long tube followed by small tubes is attached to a motor. Holes are made in the tubes so that water comes out of the tube. The holes are arranged in such a way that the water falls exactly near the roots. So sprinklers and drip irrigation methods are most suitable in drought prone areas. Sprinkler 55 SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION

2.8 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Venkatesh observed the irrigation method for paddy field. He wanted to follow the same practice for his Maize crop. What suggestions do you give him? [Refer to TB page 140 Q17] A. i. The process of watering crop plants in the field is known as irrigation. ii. Depending upon the crop they grow, there are different irrigation methods. iii. Paddy growing field is divided into many plots, leveling the land and providing water for the crop is easy within these plots. iv. For paddy fields basin irrigation is more suitable. In this method, the field is just filled with water. v. Paddy plants blossom only when there is sufficient water at that time. Moreover, the nutrients in the soil would be transported to the plants properly, when they are dissolved in water. So if we observe, paddy cultivation is entirely different from other crops. For maize crop cultivation, Venkatesh must follow some suggestions. They are: • The field cannot be divided into plots. • However if the field is with ups and downs, it must be leveled after ploughing. • By leveling the soil, water and nutrients can be reached to every part of the land. • Maize crop does not require more water as paddy. So, it is better to irrigate the maize crop either with sprinklers or with drip irrigation practices. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 56

SESSION 3 WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 57

3.2 Terminology i. Weeding –refers to removal of weeds. ii. Weedicides –are chemicals used to kill weeds. iii. Threshing –In this process, the dry plants stocks are beaten on a hard surface to remove the grain. iv. Winnowing –In this process, the grains are poured out of a basket or tray held high up. The wind blows the chaff, dust and lighter seeds aside while the heavy grains collect below. v. Cold storage units –It is a storage method. Here, the vegetables, fruits, tamarind, chillies and other products that are usually damaged and decoloured within a short time are stored. As the temperature is very low here, the vegetables and fruits can be kept for a longer time. vi. Godowns – are warehouses for storage. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Undesirable plants which compete with the primary crops for nutrients, water and light are called weeds. Removal of undesirable plants is known as weeding. ii. Garika in paddy, Gunugu in vegetable crops, Pogaku Malle in tobacco are common weeds. iii. Weeding is either done by uprooting manually or using weedicides like 2, 4D (2, 4 –Di Chloro Phenoxy acetic acid). iv. Collecting grains from the crop by cutting the mature plant is called as harvesting. Harvesting is done either. v. Threshing is a process where the dry plants are beaten on a hard surface to remove the grains. SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 58

vii. Vegetables, fruits, tamarind, chillies etc. are stored in specially constructed cold stor- age Units. Other food products like paddy, wheat, maize, etc. are kept in jute bags and preserved in godowns. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do farmers dry the paddy crop after cutting them from fields? [Refer to TB page 140 Q5] A. i. Collecting grains from the crop by cutting the matured plant is called harvesting. ii. After cutting, they are dried in the sunlight. iii. Once the moisture has evaporated and dried, farmers collect the seeds, or else moisture in the grains helps in developing moulds (fungi). Such grains neither germinate nor are suitable to eat. iv. To overcome this problem, farmers dry the grain for 2 or 3 days under sun and then they store the grains in godowns. Q2. Give some examples of plants that grow after replanting. [Refer to TB page 140 Q6] A. Some plants like paddy, mirchi (chillis) are cultivated after replanting process only. Q3. Rahim removed weeds in his crop field, but David did not. Guess who get more yield. Why? [Refer to TB page 140 Q7] A. i. In cultivation of various crops, we find some undesirable plants called weeds which should be removed first. ii. If not removed, the weeds compete with the primary crops for nutrients, water and light. Because of these weed plants, the primary plants do not grow properly. iii. Besides competition for food, light and water, they also work as carriers of different diseases and pests. Some weeds disperse pollens which may cause respiratory diseases in humans. SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 59

iv. As Rahim removed all types of weeds from his crop field, he would get good yield and would benefit well. David did not remove weeds from his crop field, so his crops would not grow well and the produce would be very low. 3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. I am a plant. I grow in crop fields. Farmers pluck me. I do not know the reason. Can you tell who I am? [Refer to TB page 140 Q12] A. i. You are a weed. ii. In a field, you grow along with the primary plants. iii. You are undesirable to the farmer because you get nutrients, light and water along with crop plants. iv. So, the farmers pluck you and throw you away from the field. v. Sometimes, you may also carry different diseases and pests, which is another reason for plucking you from the field. 3.6 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Prepare a flowchart from ploughing to yielding in paddy. [Refer to TB page 140 Q14] A. SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 60

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Sowing seeds 1. Match the following. [(Session 8.1)] Column A i. Groundnut ii. Wheat b. Loosens the soil iii. Seed drill c. Winter crop iv. Pesticides d. Kharif crop v. Plough e. Controlling pests 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.1 ] (i) What are long term crops? (ii) What is the other name for monsoon crop? (iii) List 3 crops which are grown in winter. 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.1 ] (iv) The plants which are grown in large number to get useful food products are known as . (v) Wheat, paddy and sugarcane are generally affected by disease. (vi) Full form of DDT is . (vii) is needed for healthy growth of plant. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 61

(viii) are activities used for cultivation of crops. 4. Identify what farmers are doing in the images below and match it with correct options in column B: [(Session 8.3)] Column A Column B i. a. Winnowing ii. b. Removing weeds iii. c. Using modern harvester iv. d. Threshing 62 CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS

v. e. Drying of grains on road 5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (ix) are the products used to remove weeds. (x) Allergic part of Parthenium is its . (xi) Gunugu is the weed which is commonly found in field. (xii) To meet the food requirement of growing population there should be an increase in the area of . (xiii) Undesirable plants along with crops are called . 6. Who/ what should be appreciated? [(Session 8.2)] Column A Column B i. For increasing soil fertility without pol- a. Drip Irrigation lution ii. Helping in proper irrigation b. Fertilizers iii. For increasing soil nutrients c. Natural fertilizers iv. For conserving water in agriculture in d. Saagu Neeti Sahakara Sangham areas where water is scarcely available v. A technique by which water reaches e. Sprinklers the plants drop by drop CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 63

7. Match the following. Column B [(Session 8.2)] a. Should be removed Column A i. Irrigation ii. Pistia plants b. Conservation of water iii. Drip Irrigation c. Should be done properly for proper growth of crop iv. Bio Fertilizers d. Used when water availability is poor v. Sprinkler e. Reduce soil pollution Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.1)] Why do we grow different plants in different parts of India? 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] What is the need for storage of food materials? Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Write differences between chemical fertilizers and natural fertilizers. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Why should we remove weeds? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.1)] How do farmers select seeds for sowing? Why do they do this? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 64

Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] A Local ecofriendly club is organizing a competition, where students have to create a garden using the available ecofriendly materials. List out the materi- als you would require and also write the steps in creating a garden. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] India’s population is around 125 crores and it is growing faster than its ability to produce agricultural products. Research on the internet and gather the information on low agricultural productivity in India. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (i) Rearrange the agricultural activities in a proper order. , ,, , Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Identify the below–given instruments and write a note on it. a. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 65

b. AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.2 ] (i) Do you think drip irrigation helps to overcome water problems where water is scarcely available? Short Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] How do you appreciate the use of organic manure to the soil? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 19. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.1)] Mohanlal wants to grow wheat crop for kharif season in his farm land. Is he doing the right thing? Why? (ii) [(Session 8.1)] What should we do when paddy seedlings are growing? 20. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Write the names of some commonly grown weeds and the crops they affect. 21. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] A farmer is facing problems with pests in her crop. What would you suggest her to do? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 66

Objective Questions (AS1) 22. Choose the correct answer. (i) Vermi compost is a (A) manure (B) chemical fertilizer (C) pesticide (D) fungicide (ii) Water logging is harmful to plants because (A) it absorbs all nutrients from the soil (B) it does not allow plant to breathe (C)it creates problem in photosynthesis (D) none. (iii) Chemical substance rich in nutrients is called (A) fertilizer (B) pesticides (C) weedicide (D) fungicide (iv) Paddy requires high quantity of (A) water (B) salt condition (C)acidic condition (D)none of the above (v) In this type of irrigation, canals and tanks are the water resources (A) furrow (B) drip (C) sprinklers (D) basin (vi) Urea is a (B) natural fertilizer (A) pesticide (C)fungicide (D)chemical fertilizer CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 67

(vii) Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called (A) cultivation (B) harvesting (C) irrigation (D) sowing (viii) Over dosage of manure leads to (B) sound pollution (A) soil pollution (C)water pollution (D)both A and C (ix) The ratio of numbers present on the manure packet indicates the ratio of (A) nitrogen, phosphorous and potash present in manure respectively. (B) phosphorous, nitrogen and potash present in manure respectively. (C)potash, nitrogen and phosphorous in manure respectively. (D)nitrogen, potash and phosphorous present in manure respectively. AS4-Information skills and projects 23. Choose the correct answer. (x) \"Weeds should be removed as they compete with primary crops for nutrient, water and light\" In the light of given statement tick the wrong statement about weeds. (A) Weeds are harmful to plants. (B) Weeds take up water present in the soil. (C)Weeds provide the absorbed nutrients to primary crops. (D)Weeds should be removed. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 68

AS(5D-)CWoemedmsusnhiocualdtioben rtehmroouvegdh. drawing and model making 24. Choose the correct answer. (xi) Name the type of irrigation shown in the figure given below. (A) Drip (B) Furrow (C) Sprinkler (D) Basin CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 69

9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Animal Husbandry –refers to the rearing of animals by providing food, shelter, protec- tion and getting milk, meat and other food varieties from them. ii. Fodder –is food, especially dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock. iii. Veterinary –is related to the diseases, injuries, and treatment of animals. iv. Parasite –is an organism which lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriv- ing nutrients. v. Livestock –is defined as farm animals that are raised to generate profit. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Animal husbandry is a science of breeding and caring for animals. ii. Domesticated animals include cow, buffalo for milk; hens, goats, sheep for meat; ox, bulls, horse and donkeys for agriculture and transportation. iii. Supplying of nutritious food, accommodation, clear and hygiene shelters are very important issue in animal husbandry. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 70

iv. Taking care of animal health is also an equally important task in animal husbandry. Galikuntu is a common and dangerous disease partially in cows and buffaloes. Sheep and goats suffer from worm infections (Nattala Vyadhi) 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Write about the accessory products produced in animal husbandry. [Refer to TB page 156 Q4] A. i. Animals are reared and domesticated mainly for milk, meat and eggs. However, apart from these, there are various ways animals are important to us and benefit us. ii. Some of the accessory products produced from animal husbandry are biogas, fibres (fabric), leather, and medicines. 1.5 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Agriculture and animal husbandry are both sides of same coin. How can you justify this? [Refer to TB page 156 Q11] A. i. Farmers adopt different methods of management for getting better yield in agri- culture. In the same way, care is required in the management of rearing animals also. ii. For a long time, man has been using animals not only for obtaining food but also for agriculture, transportation etc. iii. Food production from plants alone does not fulfill all food requirements of people. So we need food from animals too. iv. Production of food from animals is as important as agriculture in our country. Bulls are mainly reared or used in agricultural practices like ploughing. v. Agricultural produce is used as a fodder to cattle. vi. The cattle give milk and help in ploughing. vii. Agriculture and animal husbandry are interdependent on each other. So, they are called both sides of a same coin. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 71

SESSION 2 MILK PRODUCTION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Jersey –is a breed of light brown dairy cattle from Jersey. ii. Holstein –is an animal of black–and–white breed of large dairy cattle, originally raised in Friesland. iii. Pasteurization –is the act or process of heating food, especially a beverage such as milk or beer, to a specific temperature for a specific period of time in order to kill microorganisms that could cause disease, spoilage or undesired fermentation. iv. Biogas –refers to any gas fuel derived from the decay of organic matter, as the mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of sewage, manure, garbage, or plant crops. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 72

2.3 Key Concepts i. Traditional species give 2–5 litre of milk everyday where as foreign varieties like Jersey and Holstein give up to 25 litres of milk per day. ii. Out of milk produced 60% is used to prepare cheese, khova, ghee, curd, milk powder and other milk products. iii. Prof. J.K. Kurian, the ‘Father of White Revolution’ has worked a lot in increasing milk production in our country. iv. Milk is adulterated with urea, flour and different types of substance to increase the quantity of milk. v. From cattle, we not only get milk and milk products, leather of animals are used in leather industry, bones are used in fertilizer industry and dung is used as a fertilizer and in biogas production. vi. Beef from bulls and buffaloes, pork from pigs, mutton from sheep and goats are the prominent meat varieties. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Make a list of characters of local variety of buffaloes which give good quantity of milk in your village? [Refer to TB page 156 Q2] A. i. The buffalo is generally regarded as a good dairy animal in India. Murra is very good milk-giving animal which is distributed throughout Punjab, Haryana, and U.P. ii. Zaffarabadi is also a good milk yielding animal found in Nasik, Maharashtra. Nili and Ravi are common in Punjab and are good milk yielding varieties. iii. The Surti are economical and are common in Gujarat. In Orissa, traditional live stock –Chilka buffaloes are reared. iv. Some of the above mentioned buffaloes are also used in our village as a livestock. They give up to 8 litres of milk. Murra is widely reared in our state. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 73

2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. If you have a chance to visit milk chilling center, what doubts you like to clarify? Please list them out. [Refer to TB page 156 Q6] A. On the visit to milk–chilling centre, the following doubts may be clarified: i. Whether nutrients in the milk also get affected and are destroyed by the processes involved. ii. We can enquire whether hygienic conditions are maintained during the process. iii. Can we ask about the necessity of rapid cooling after heating? 2.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Collect news from news papers about milk production and impurities in milk. Prepare a note and display it on your wall magazine. [Refer to TB page 156 Q7] A. Students’ Activity (Some points are given for reference) i. According to the economical and statistical survey, about 40 –60 lakh litres of milk was produced every day in our state in the year 2011. ii. At present, some dairy farmers use hormone injections for their cattle to get high quantity of milk. iii. The cattle reach early puberty. These hormones settle down in our body when we consume milk and cause various diseases. iv. In milk chilling centres, some harmful chemicals are used to preserve milk. They are also injurious to our health. 2.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How do you appreciate the uses of cattle? [Refer to TB page 156 Q12] A. i. Cattle provide milk, from which in turn, other dairy products like cheese, butter, cream and yogurt are derived. ii. Cattle also provides meat, which is the main product in beef industry. iii. Cow dung is used in the production of biogas. iv. Cow dung manure contains several plant nutrients including nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The composition of cow dung manure makes it ideal for several uses, including fuel, fertilizer and medicine. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 74

v. Ash formed from burning of dung can be used as a cleaning agent for house hold utensils or used as fertilizer. vi. The urine of cows is considered an elixir of life and is used as a natural remedy for liver and health conditions as well as for enhancing mental and physical strength and increasing long life. vii. Bones are used in fertilizer industries. Leather of cattle is used in leather indus- tries. viii. Oils and lubricants, soaps, some medicines are derived from the inedible fats from cattle. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 75

SESSION 3 POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 76

3.2 Terminology i. Hatching –refers to causing the young to emerge from (the egg) by brooding or incubating. ii. Incubator – is an apparatus in which environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can be controlled. It is often used for growing bacterial cultures, hatching eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for a chemical or biological reaction. iii. Honey bee hive –is an enclosed structure in which honey bee species of the subgenus Apis live and raise their young. iv. Honey wax or Beeswax –is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. v. Queen bee –is the single reproductive female in a hive or colony of honey bees. vi. Drones –are male honey bees which are the product of an unfertilized egg. Unlike the female worker bee, drones do not have stingers and do not participate in nectar andpollen gathering. Its primary role is to mate with a fertile queen. vii. Aqua culture –refers to cultivating fish in fresh and salt water. viii. Marine Fisheries –refer to the fishery industry related to marine water resources like ocean, sea etc. ix. Inland fisheries –refer to the fishery industry related to fresh water resources like river, pond etc. x. Breeding –is the mating and production of offspring by animals. xi. Food processing –is the transformation of raw ingredients, by physical or chemi- cal means into food, or of food into other forms. It combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the con- sumer. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Production and rearing of hens on a large scale is generally called Poultry. ii. Poultry farms are of two types: broilers are reared for meat and layers are reared for the production of eggs. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 77

iii. New Hampshire, White Plymouth, Rhode island red, White leg horn, Anoka are the foreign varieties of meat giving species. iv. Aseel, Kadaknath, Chittagong, Longshan, Bursa are the pure local varieties which have low rate of egg production than hybrid varieties. v. During January to April, rate of hatching is more because of this most of the egg are used for hatching. vi. Culture of honey bees (apis) for production of honey is called Apiculture. vii. Apis dorsata, Apis indica, Apis •oera, Apis melipona and Apis prigona are the five wellknow species in India. viii. Apis cerena, an Indian honey bee, produces 3–10 kg of honey from a colony per an- num whereas Apis mellifera, an European honey bee produces 25–30 kg of honey perannum. ix. A honey bee colony consists of three types of bees: one queen, thousands of workers and hundreds of drones. x. Besides honey, bee wax and bee venom are other products in Apiculture. Bee wax is used in production of polish, cream, nail polish etc. and been venom is used in Homeopathic treatment. xi. Cultivation of fish in fresh and salt water is called aqua culture. xii. Popular marine fish varieties include Mackerel, Tuna, Sardines, and Bombay duck. xiii. Some marine fishes of high economic value are also found in sea water which include finned fish like Mullets, Bhetki and Peral spots, Sea fishes such as prawns, Mussels and Oysters as well as sea weed. xiv. In composite fish culture systems, a combination of five or six fish species are used in a single fishpond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them and have different types of food habits. xv. Fish culture is sometimes practised in combination with a rice crop, so that fish are grown in the water in the paddy field. Cultivating fish in paddy fields lower pests like stem borers on paddy. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. One honey bee hive consists of different types of bees. What are they? How do they differ from each other? [Refer to TB page 156 Q1] SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 78

A. i. There is only one queen bee in a hive. The primary function of a queen bee is to lay eggs (800 – 1200 eggs per day). ii. Queen bee produces two kinds of eggs, one kind is unfertilized which produces only drones. The second kind is fertilized eggs which produce queen or workers. iii. Whether the larva of a fertilized egg will develop into a queen or worker is deter- mined by the food given to it. iv. All larvae at first feed on a royal jelly produced by workers. After a few days, the larvae destined to become drones and workers are fed on a mixture of honey and predigested pollen. The larvae which will become queens are fed continuously on royal jelly only. v. The life span of a queen bee is 2 to 3 years. A worker has 5 – 6 weeks and drone has 57 days life time. vi. The worker bees attend to indoor duties during first three weeks such as secretion of royal jelly, feeding of the brood. vii. After three weeks, they attend to outdoor duties like collecting nectar, pollen and water. viii. Drones are the male members of the colony. They are lazy and unable to gather food. Their main duty is participating in mating with the queen bee. ix. Mating takes place in the open when the queen is in flight. The drone dies during the act or immediately after it. Q2. Explain the process of hatching eggs under broody hen in rural areas. [Refer to TB page 156 Q3] A. i. Rural people do not use incubators to produce chicken. They hatch eggs by plac- ing them under broody hen. ii. For this, they use fertilized eggs collected from local hen. During this period, a villager would keep about 12 to 20 eggs in a basket of soft husk or other soft materials. iii. Around 21 to 24 eggs are kept under the selected hen. During this period, the hen incubates the eggs with her body heat, very rarely the hen comes out for its food, and most of the time, it is there on the eggs. iv. The hen also turns the eggs from one side to other and from up and down. v. This facilitates the incubation of every portion of the egg. vi. Hatchability of eggs is generally higher at 37– 38o C temperature. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 79

vii. Hatching period is from January to April. At that time, the external temperature is also between 30 – 35o C. viii. During incubation period, the embryo formation inside the egg is complete and small chicks come out of the eggs. The young ones are looked after by the adult hen for some days. Q3. What are estuaries? How are they suitable for both marine and river fish to live? [Refer to TB page 156 Q5] A. i. An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water along the coast where fresh water from river and streams meets and mixes with salt water from the ocean. ii. Estuarine water is very productive and its pH ranges between 7.5 to 8.3. iii. This water contains most of the nutrients required for aquaculture. iv. Since it is a combination of fresh and salt water with considerable variations in salinity, it is suitable for both marine and river fish to live. 3.5 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Collect information about sea weeds, sea kelp from your school library and write a note with examples. [Refer to TB page 156 Q8] A. i. Sea weeds constitute one of the commercially important marine living resources. ii. They grow upto 25 meter depth in the sea. They are commonly called as Green Algae, Brown Algae (Sea kelp), Red Algae. Following are a few examples and uses of see weeds – SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 80

Example Uses Ulva 1. Most of them are used for human Enteromorpha consumption in the form of soup, Caulerpa salad, curry etc. Jelly, jam, chocolate Codium and pickle is prepared from certain Monostroma Sargassum sea weeds. Hydhoelathyrus Laminaria 2. The phytochemicals such as agar, Macrocystis carrageman, and sodium are Polophyra extracted from Gracillaria Euchema sea weeds. They are agents in food, Acanthophora confectionery, pharmaceuticals, paper, textile, paint and varnish industries. Q2. Observe a nearby poultry farm and find out how they export eggs to market. What material is used for transportation? [Refer to TB page 156 Q9] A. Economical marketing generally requires protection of egg by adopting specialized pack- aging and handling procedures. i. Packing eggs with clean and odourless rice husks, wheat chaff or chopped straw in a firm walled basket or crate greatly decreases the risk of shell damage. ii. A very common form of packaging is the filler tray. The fillers are then placed in boxes or cases. Filler trays are made of wood pulp moulded to accommodate the eggs. iii. Eggs can also be packed in packages that are smaller and specific for retail sale. Each package can hold from two to twelve eggs. These cases can be made of paper board or moulded wood pulp or can be made of plastic. iv. Egg containers should be stacked tightly and tied down securely to minimize move- ment. Covers should be used to protect them from the heat of the sun, rain and extreme cold (where applicable). SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 81

3.6 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Observe a dry honey bee hive and how the bees build it. Draw a picture. How does it look? [Refer to TB page 156 Q10] A. i. The living colony of honey bee has one female or queen, several males or drones and thousands of workers. ii. The honey comb is made of two layers of hexagonal cells, constructed of wax. iii. The hive or honey comb has cells of different sizes to accommodate the larvae and for storage of honey. iv. Cells around the top and sides of the comb are for storing honey. They are closed with wax. v. Cells in the center and lower parts are ordinary sized cells for larvae of workers, larger cells for larvae of drones and a few very large irregular peanut shaped cells for larvae of queen. The queen lives several years and lay eggs in it. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 82

3.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. What makes you amazing in division of work in Honey bee colony. Support your answer. [Refer to TB page 156 Q13] A. i. A honey bee colony typically consists of three kinds of adult bees: workers, drones, and a queen. ii. Several thousand worker bees cooperate in nest building, food collection, and brood rearing. Each member has a definite task to perform, related to its adult age. iii. Surviving and reproducing take the combined efforts of the entire colony. Individual bees (workers, drones, and queens) cannot survive without the support of the colony. iv. Each colony has only one queen, she is the only sexually developed female, her primary function is reproduction. She produces both fertilized and unfertilized eggs. Queens lay the greatest number of eggs in the spring and early summer. v. Drones (male bees) are the largest bees in the colony. Drones have no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax glands. Their main function is to fertilize the virgin queen during her mating flight. Although drones perform no useful work for the hive, their presence is believed to be important for normal colony functioning. vi. In this way, the work is divided among all the bees present in a colony. 3.8 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Conversion of agriculture lands into fish ponds lead to food crisis and environmental pollution. Write your opinion to conduct a debate on this issue? [Refer to TB page 156 Q14] A. There is a big demand for prawns in other countries. So farmers in coastal areas of our state convert their fields into prawn culture ponds. Many farmers cultivate fish and prawn in these ponds which lead to the following effects: i. As more land is converted into ponds, a lesser area is there for food crop produc- tion, and so food crisis arises due to this practice. ii. Many bacterial and viral diseases are prevalent in prawns. Some may cause dam- age to domestic animals and humans. iii. For every one or two months, the old water should be replaced with fresh wa- ter. The discharged water, with contamination, is injurious for cattle and human consumption. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 83

iv. When fish or prawns are processed, the waste materials if left over in open spaces may cause various diseases to humans. v. So in this way, a lot of environmental pollution is developed by the prawn culture methods. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding . Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.1 ] (i) In India rearing of cattle is a (ii) Animal husbandry is a part of . (iii) Donkeys are used for . (iv) also require nutritious food, clean and hygenic shelters. (v) The hospitals where animals are treated and given vaccination are called . 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (vi) Who is the father of white revolution in India? (vii) What do people of India feel about cattle? (viii) What is the increase in the hybrid varieties of livestock leading to? CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 84

3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (ix) Out of milk produced in India, % is used to prepare cheese, Khova, ghee, curd, milk powder etc. (x) Murra cows give litres of milk per day. (xi) is lacteal secretion of the mammary glands of animals. (xii) Bones of dead cattle are used in . (xiii) In milk, fat is present as . 4. State true or false. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xiv) Development of apiculture also improves cross-pollination. [ ] ] (xv) Bees of a colony sometimes rob another colony during drought period. [ (xvi) If you want to be a healthy person “Eat egg every day” is the slogan given by AICC. [] (xvii) Blue revolution is the term which is related to aqua culture. [ ] ] (xviii) Increase in prawn culture in ponds leads to environmental pollution. [ CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 85

5. Fill in the blanks. . [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xix) Culture of honey bees is called (xx) is the second largest bird in the world after ostrich. (xxi) We get % chicken and % of eggs only from poultry farms. (xxii) Broilers grow fully in just weeks to weeks. (xxiii) The total available area for fishing both inshore and offshore in India is nearly . Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Why does the price of an egg increase during January to April? (ii) [(Session 9.3)] Write a short note on sea weeds. Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] What is poultry? Write a note on difference between broilers and layers. CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 86

AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Sita has seen some people selling donkey’s milk. On asking, her mother said that it is fed to children and spoke about the value of donkey’s milk. What points might Sita’s mother have told her about the donkey’s milk? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences (i) [(Session 9.2)] Rita wants to preserve her juice by killing microbes. Guide her with a suitable protocol she should follow to preserve her drinks. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Collect information from internet about “Operation flood” and “Milk man of India”. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (i) What does the below logo stand for? CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 87

Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Prepare a flow chart on intensive fish farming in inland water bodies. Also, write a note on fish culture practised in combination with a rice crop. AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (i) List out the two advantages of biogas over other fuel. Short Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] How do you appreciate the use of milk and milk products in daily life? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Animal husbandry contributes a large part to human livelihood. List the ways in which animals have become a part of our daily life? CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 88

Objective Questions (AS1) 16. Choose the correct answer. (i) NECC is an abbreviation for (A) National Egg Co–ordination Committee (B) National Energy Co–ordination Committee (C)National England Congress Committee (D)National Economic Co–ordination Committee (ii) Which of the following plays a vital role in total milk production of our country? (A) Goat (B) Donkeys (C) camels (D) Cows (iii) Which of the following is a reason for more interest in rearing broilers rather than layers? (A) To get more meat (B) Chicken rate is higher than eggs (C)The capacity of laying eggs decreases after a period (D)None of the above (iv) Bee venom is used in the preparation of (A) Apis tincture (B) Apex tincture (C) Anisomycin (D) Apexotocin (v) Which of the following vitamin is present in milk? (A) Vitamin A (B) Vitamin D (C)Vitamin E (D)All of these CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 89

(vi) Aseel is used in traditional fighting during Sankranthi in some districts of Andhra Pradesh because of its (A) High pungacity (B) High stamina (C)Majestic gait (D)All of the above (vii) Which of the following varieties should be reared to get more eggs? (A) Broiler (B) Layer (C) Local (D)All of the above (viii) Upto how many days milk of Chilka buffaloes can be kept without refrigeration? (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 (ix) Cultivating fish in paddy fields lowers pests like (A) Stem borers (B) Stem elantis (C)Stem aquatus (D)Stem pisecia (x) Bees wax is used in the production of (A) Polish cream (B) Nail polish (C)Bth A and B (D)None of the above (xi) Which of the following varieties give milk upto 25 litres per day? (A) Murrah (B) Holstein (C) Jersey (D)Both B and C CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 90

(xii) After mating drones die because (A) Its abdomen bursts open to allow genital organs to function during mating (B) It loses its energy during mating. (C)Queen bee injects venom during mating. (D)Worker bees kill drone after mating. (xiii) Sea weeds are used in the production of (A) Agar–Agar (B) Poultry feed (C)Cattle feed (D)All of the above (xiv) Along with milk production cattle can also be used in the production of (A) Biogas (B) Leather (C) Meat (D)All of the above AS4-Information skills and projects 17. Choose the correct answer. (xv) Read the statement given below and state the possible consequence of Increased mechanized fishing. ”The consequences of mechanised fishing have increasingly become the source of re- search interest. Much of this has been prompted by the collapse of commercially valuable fisheries, as well as the threat of extinction to many sea animals”. (A) Depletion of sea wealth (B) Depletion of water (C)Both A and B (D)None of the above CHAPTER 1. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 91

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making 18. Choose the correct answer. (xvi) Provide a suitable title for the given diagram (A) Sericulture (B) Apiculture (C)Emu culture (D)Prawn culture CHAPTER 1. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 92

SESSION 1 11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL? INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Disease –is an abnormal condition of a part, organ or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, inflammation, environmental factors or genetic defect and characterized by an identifiable group of signs, symptoms or both. ii. Acute disease –is a disease or disorder that lasts a short time, comes on rapidly, and is accompanied by distinct symptoms. iii. Chronic disease –is a long–lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured. iv. Symptoms – a physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 93

v. Penicillin –is a group of antibiotics, derived from fungi Penicillium. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Health is a state of being fit enough to function physically, mentally and socially with optimum efficiency. ii. The health of all the organisms will depend on their surroundings or environment. iii. We need food for health and this food will have to be earned by doing work. Opportu- nity to do work has to be available. Good economic conditions and jobs are therefore needed for individual health. iv. Disease literally means being uncomfortable. Diseases are classified as acute or chronic disease depending on the duration. v. The disease which last for very short period of time is called acute disease. Common cold last only for few days. vi. The disease which lasts for a long time, even life time are called as chronic disease. An example is the infection causing elephantiasis. vii. Causes of disease may be through uncleaned drinking water, lack of nourishment and due to many other reasons. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why acute diseases become chronic diseases? [Refer to TB page 190 Q3] A. i. Some diseases last for only short periods of time. These are called acute diseases. The common cold lasts only for a few days. However, there are some ailments that last for a long time, even as much as a life time and are called chronic diseases, e.g. elephantiasis. ii. Sometimes an acute disease becomes a chronic disease, when iii. The diseases have been neglected due to economical or financial status of the person. iv. People are unaware of the disease as there may not be any visible symptoms during acute phase. v. Immune system is suppressed. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 94

1.5 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses? [Refer to TB page 190 Q8] (a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any one/ most of the above illnesses. (b) Think of one change you would make in your surroundings in order to avoid any or most of the diseases. A. Students’ Activity. Hint: a) Change in habit: I can implement healthy eating habit and avoid junk food. b) Change in the surrounding: I can maintain strict personal hygiene around me and also in my surroundings. Q2. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common dis- eases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases. [Refer to TB page 190 Q9] A. Students’ Activity. Hint: Most common diseases may be: Common cold and fever, Dengue, Diarrhoea. Suggested preventive measures are: i. Maintaining cleanliness in the surrounding that includes putting garbage in dustbins only, cleaning of area outside home regularly and avoiding water to stagnate. ii. Spraying of mosquito repellents on a regular basis. iii. Educating people on cure and symptoms of diseases. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION, HEALTH AND DISEASE 95

SESSION 2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Air–transmitted disease – is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. ii. Infectious disease –is caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite. iii. Non infectious diseases –are those diseases that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be shared from one person to another. iv. Manifestation –is the act of demonstrating. v. Inflammation –is a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection. SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 96

2.3 Key Concepts i. Diseases may be due to infections or non–infectious cause. ii. Diseases where microbes are the immediate causes are called infectious diseases. Some of the infectious agents which cause diseases are bacteria, fungi, viruses, pro- tozoans etc. iii. Few example of infectious disease are common cold, influenza, dengue fever, AIDS etc. iv. Diseases which are not caused by infectious agents and are mostly caused internally are called non–infectious diseases. Cancer, high blood pressure are some examples. v. Microbes which cause diseases spread through air, water, physical contract or vec- tors. vi. AIDS virus is transmitted through sexual contact, through blood transfusions, from infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or through breast feeding. vii. An active immune system recruits many cells to the affected tissue to kill off the dis- ease–causing microbes, this process is called inflammation. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. A doctor/ nurse/ health worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the com- munity. Find out how she/ he avoids getting sick herself/ himself. [Refer to TB page 190 Q1] A. i. In general, doctors, nurses and other health workers are exposed to more sick people than others. Among the sick people the level of infection may be very high and at the same time their sufferings have to be considered. ii. When they are visiting sick people, they themselves have to take some precau- tions; otherwise they may get infected with some communicable diseases. iii. The important precautions are: • They must use masks around their nose and mouth. • They should use sanitizer to clean their hands before visiting other patients and before leaving for home from the hospital/clinic. • They should be careful while handling syringes, blood samples etc. of the infected patients. SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 97

Q2. Differentiate between infective and non–infective diseases. [Refer to TB page 190 Q2] A. Infectious Diseases Non–Infectious Diseases 1. They are spread 1. They are not spread from one from one individual to individual to another. another. 2. They are mostly 2. They are mostly genetically caused by microbes. inherited. In some cases, they may be caused by microbes too. 3. Eg : Common cold, 3. Eg: Cancer, Polio, Heart AIDS, Cholera, Typhoid diseases etc. etc. 2.5 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw the figures of the Leishmania and Trypanosoma. [Refer to TB page 190 Q4] A. Leishmania SESSION 2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 98