MPL_G5_English_WB AK_All Terms

Page 70 Exercise 2.2: Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with their antonyms. Then, rewrite the sentences. 1) As soon as he rubbed the magic lamp, the genie disappeared. Ans. As soon as he rubbed the magic lamp, the genie appeared. 2) The questions in the final examinations were very difficult. Ans. The questions in the final examinations were very easy. 3) My father could not lock the door, as he had lost the keys. Ans. My father could not unlock the door, as he had lost the keys. 4) Rohan is dishonest. Ans. Rohan is honest. 5) The smooth surface of the floor made me trip and fall. Ans. The rough surface of the floor made me trip and fall. 6) At the zoo, there were only a few tame animals to see. Ans. At the zoo, there were only a few wild animals to see. Module 7 3

Grammar Main verbs and helping verbs Remember ‡ Verbs are action words. They show the action that the noun does or the state of being of the noun. Examples: a) Sandeep sings well. b) Chetan went to the market. ‡ Helping verbs do not show any action but help the main verb to complete its meaning. They also add detail or show the state of being of the noun. Helping verbs are also called auxiliary verbs. Examples: a) Reshu has learnt cycling. b) Parag is happy. Exercise 3.1: Connect the balloons that have only main verbs to Circle A and the balloons that have both main verbs and helping verbs to Circle B. One is done for you. Page 71 My friends I remember She is Arsha likes He cried They are have gone your third walking in Khushi. for his lost swimming in birthday. the park. home. dog. the pond. A B Main Main verbs verbs and 4 helping verbs

Modal verbs Remember ‡ M odal verbs are also helping verbs. They give some more information about the main verbs that follow them. ‡ can (present tense) shows someone's ability to do something }could (past tense) ‡ can (informal) } modal verbs of permission could (formal) may, (formal) might (extremely formal) ‡ w ill choice, determination, future actions would choice, wishes, advice Page 72 Exercise 3.2: Choose the best modal verbs to complete the sentences. Then, colour the symbols next to the correct options. One is done for you. 1) I will stand first as I have worked very hard. (determination) will would could 2) ____________C__a_n_____________ we go home now? (informal) Wouldn’t Would Can 3) I ____________c_o_u__ld____________ speak English when I was four years old. (ability) can could will 4) ____________M__ig_h__t ___________ I come in? (extremely formal) May Would Might 5) If I were you, I ____________w_o__u_ld____________ practise every day. (advice) would will could Module 7 5

6) _______M__a_y_______ I go to the washroom? (formal) Can Would May Subject-verb agreement Remember ‡ ,QDFRUUHFWDQGPHDQLQJIXOVHQWHQFHWKHVXEMHFWVKRXOGEHLQOLQHZLWKLWVFRUUHFW verb. This means that the subject and the verb should agree. ‡ 7KLVLVNQRZQDVsubject-verb agreement. Page 73 Rules of subject-verb agreement Rule 1: A singular subject uses a singular verb, while a plural subject uses a plural verb. Example: ‡ 0\\PRWKHUmakesJUHDWSDNRUDV   ‡ 6TXLUUHOVeat nuts. Rule 2: Two singular subjects Rule 3: A plural verb is used with connected by ‘or’, ‘either ... or’ two or more subjects connected and ‘neither ... nor’ will use a by ‘and’. singular verb. Example: However, if one of the two subjects is plural and is closer to the main ‡ .RQDUNDQG3XULare in Odisha. verb than the singular subject, the ‡ . asim and Sumi go home verb will be plural. together. Examples: ‡ (LWKHU6DPRU0RQDlives here. ‡ 0\\DXQWRUP\\XQFOHVvisit every week. 6

Page 74 Exercise 3.3: Tick the correct forms of the verbs. One is done for you. 9 1) Iram and Arjun live/lives in this house. 2) He study/stu9dies for six hours every day. 3) Ayan and Simi is/a9re in class. 4) One of the books i9s/are missing. 5) All these children e9at/eats healthy food. 6) The frogs le9ap/leaps over each other. Exercise 3.4: Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. One is done for you. 1) He has (has) a beautiful garden. 2) Both my cousins __________a__re___________ (be) visiting next week! 3) Either Karan or Ali _________c_o__o_k_s_________ (cook) on Sundays. 4) Neither Hiya nor Malya __________v_is_it_s__________ (visit) their school campus anymore. 5) Either Shrijita or her students _________h__a_v_e__________ (has) to take up the task. 6) Parents usually _________k_n_o__w__________ (know) what is best for their children. Formal Writing Message writing We write messages to communicate important information to a person who cannot be reached or contacted immediately. Remember the following points while writing a message. ‡ .HHSLWVKRUWEHWZHHQWRZRUGV ‡ :ULWHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGHWDLOVRQO\\ ‡ 'RQRWDGGDQ\\QHZLQIRUPDWLRQ ‡ 8VHLQGLUHFWRUUHSRUWHGVSHHFK Module 7 7

Read the conversation in the given box. If you had to communicate the information in a message, which points would you include? Write them in the given space. Sujal: Hi, I am Sujal. Is Akram at home? Mariam: No, he has gone to the doctor with Ammi. Can I take a message for him? Sujal: Yes, please do. Let Akram know that the drawing competition will not be take place tomorrow. It will be held on Monday. Mariam: Sure, Sujal. I’ll let Akram know. Sujal: Thank you. Also, wish him a quick recovery from my side. Mariam: All right, I shall. Thank you! Who came to give the message? Whom was the message for? Sujal Akram Page 75 Who will convey the message? What is the message? Mariam The drawing competition will not take place the next day. Instead, it will be held on Monday. 8

Exercise 4: Mathias is about to leave for badminton practice. Just then, his mother calls and asks him to convey a message to his father. Read their conversation and write a message as Mathias to convey the information. Mathias: Hello. Mummy: Mathias: Hello, Mathias, this is Mummy. Is Papa at home? Mummy: Hi, Mummy. No, Papa has gone to the market. Mathias: Mummy: OK. Please tell Papa that Saira Aunty is going to come for dinner tonight. Papa will need to make a light meal for her, as I will be late due to a meeting. Mathias: All right, Mummy, I’ll let Papa know. Is there anything else I should tell him? Yes, let him know that my phone will be switched off during the meeting and WKDW,ZLOOUHDFKKRPHE\\SP Sure, Mummy. I will leave this message for Papa before I leave for my practice. Page 76 Ans. Dear Papa, Mummy called to say that Saira Aunty is coming for dinner tonight. You need to make a light meal for her. Mummy has a meeting and her phone will be VZLWFKHGRII6KHZLOOEHKRPHE\\SP - Mathias Module 7 9

Creative Writing Descriptive writing Read the following sentences and discuss how they are different. Simple sentences Descriptive sentences The tree tops were swaying in the breeze. The tree tops swayed gently in the breeze as if they were delicate brushes painting the sky. The man walked into the room angrily and sat The man stormed into the room with a fiery down on the sofa. look in his eyes and sat down on the sofa. Page 77 Writing can be made more effective and interesting by including details about people, places, things and events. In a descriptive paragraph, the writer doesn’t just tell us what’s happening but actually shows or describes it in the way they experienced it. A good description provides sensory details. look sound feel smell taste Complete the given diagram by choosing a few words from the clouds. What comes to your mind when you think about a rainy day? You may also write phrases or words of your own. earthy smell, smell of soggy, wet, cold hot tea, fries, cold eatables (pakoras) wind ice cream dark clouds, raincoats, puddles, thunder, pitter-patter, raindrops people running for cover drumming on the roof 10

feeling smells tastes (related to rain) happy, excited, cold, wet earth, hot tea, hot coffee, crispy chilly fried snacks pakoras sounds A Rainy Day sights thunder, rain falling lightning, umbrellas, on roofs, pitter-patter raincoats, puddles, of raindrops on glass dark clouds, people windows, splashing, running for cover, children playing with old songs paper boats Page 78 Let's read a description of a rainy day. I woke up to the sound of thundering clouds and rain drumming heavily on the roof. Dark grey clouds had completely covered the Sun, and the tree tops swayed angrily in the storm. From the balcony, I could see people running for cover. The local stray dogs and cats hid under parked cars, and birds sat silently on windowsills. The strong smell of wet earth brought a smile to my face. I settled down on my windowsill with a cup of steaming hot coffee and a plate of crunchy chicken pakoras. With old Hindi songs playing on the radio, I wrapped my fluffy warm blanket around me and watched the rainfall. Module 7 11

Page 79 Exercise 5: Think of your favourite market place. Why do you like it? What do you get RUGRWKHUH\":KDWFDQ\\RXÀQGWKHUH\"+RZGRHVLWORRNVPHOODQGIHHO\" Describe your favourite market place so that readers can see it in their minds. My favourite market place is the Khadki Bazaar. It is a short walk away from my house. I often visit the market with my father. It is a crowded, noisy and bustling place. On one side, there is a huge fish market. It does not smell very nice, but I love to watch the shiny fish swimming around in the little tubs. I also like watching the cats lurking around the stalls, waiting for bits and pieces of fish that the vendors throw to them. On the other side, there are rows and rows of shops selling fresh fruits and vegetables. They all look so colourful and delicious! Many stalls have heaps of pulses and other food grains in front of them. There are stalls selling flowers, pots and pans and other household items. The flower stalls are my favourite, because they look colourful, beautiful and also smell amazing! All around, there are vendors shouting excitedly. Often, you have to strain your voice to make yourself heard over the noise. The market is a dusty, noisy, vividly colourful place and I love visiting it. 12

Module 8 Page 113 Section Name What I Will Learn Dictation Sentence dictation Vocabulary Listen and answer Grammar Words related to sports Formal Writing Creative Writing Tenses Friendly letter Narrative writing Dictation Exercise 1.1: Sentence dictation 1) _Th__e_g__ir_l _w_a__s_m__a_k_i_n_g__lo__u_d__n_o_i_se__s_w__h_il_e__sl_u_r_p_in__g_o__n__h_e_r_i_c_e__c_r_e_a_m__._______________________ 2) _R_ia__w__a_s_a__b_s_e_n_t_-_m__in_d__e_d_l_y_n__ib_b__lin__g__o_n__th__e_b__re__a_d_.______________________________________ 3) _I _sh__u_d_d_e__re__d__a_t_t_h_e__t_h_o_u_g__h_t_o_f__th__e_l_o_o_m__i_n_g__e_x_a_m___d_a__te__s._______________________________ 4) _Th__e_t_e_a__c_h_e__r _d_r_o_n_e__d_o__n__m_o__n_o_t_o_n__o_u_s_ly_._______________________________________________ 5) _Th__e_r_o_t_t_e_n__e_g_g__s_s_m__e_ll_e_d__d_i_s_g_u_s_t_in_g__. __________________________________________________ 13

Exercise 1.2: Listen and answer 1) What will you see bats doing if you enter a dark cave in the daytime? [c] [d] a) eating b) flying around [a] [a] c) hanging upside down from the ceiling d) sitting on the floor [b] 2) What do we call animals that go out at night? a) amphibians b) bats c) scary d) nocturnal 3) What are the two types of bats? b) megabats and minibats a) microbats and megabats d) microbats and minibats c) microbats and giant bats 4) How are bats our friends? b) They live in caves. a) They eat insects that disturb us. d) They fly only at night. c) They are good pets. Page 114 5) How do bats find food at night? b) by using echolocation a) by using smell d) by using their claws c) by using their eyes 14

P Vocabulary Q R Words related to sports Page 115 Exercise 2.1: Write the names of the correct sports under the given pictures. karate boxing lawn tennis cycling kabaddi archery 1) 2) archery boxing karate 3) 4) kabaddi cycling 5) 6) lawn tennis Module 8 15

Exercise 2.2: Complete the crossword puzzle based on the given clues. 4 U 5 MT 16 P ENA L T Y IA RA RM 2 COAC H Page 116 EP 3 MA T C H Y Clues: Across 1) a punishment given to a player or team for breaking the rules of a sport 2) a person who trains players 3) a contest or a game Down 4) a person who carefully watches a game or a match to ensure that all rules are followed 5) a group of players that play on one side in a sport 6) an object awarded as a prize for winning 16

Grammar Tenses We have learnt various types of tenses before. Let us revise them once again. simple present describes habits, Rule: Example: ideas and subject + base verb (+ ‘-s’/‘-es’) We eatFRUQÁDNHV general rules for breakfast + object every day. simple past describes Rule: Example: actions that subject + past Sumi ate idlis last have already tense form of happened verb + object night. Page 117 simple future describes Rule: Example: actions that will subject + will/ Moiz will eat upma or may happen shall + base verb at a later time tomorrow. + object present describes Rule: Example: continuous actions that are subject + is/am/ Rustom is eating going on right are + ‘-ing’ form of verb + object chocolates. now Module 8 17

past describes actions Rule: Example: continuous that were going subject + was/ Penny was on at some time were + ‘-ing’ eating poha. form of verb + in the past object present news, completed actions Rule: Example: perfect (past) that are important subject + has/ now, actions that started in Meera has the past and continue into have + past just eaten the participle form of last omelette. the present the verb + object Page 118 Exercise 3.1: Answer the following questions in the tenses given in brackets. One is done for you. 1) How far is your house from your school? (simple present) Ans. My house is six kilometres from my school. 2) Write what you will do in the next thirty minutes. (simple future) Ans. I will eat my lunch in the next thirty minutes. 3) What were you doing last Friday? (past continuous) Ans. Last Friday I was watching a play at the theatre. 4) What did you eat for breakfast today? (simple past) Ans. I ate bread and jam for breakfast today. 18

Page 119 5) Have you read the Harry Potter books? (present perfect) Ans. Yes, I have read the Harry Potter books. 6) What are you doing right now? (present continuous) Ans. I am colouring a picture right now. (Accept all valid responses.) Past perfect tense Read the given paragraph. Dina and Ravi participated in a dance competition yesterday. They had practised for this performance for almost a year. For this performance, they had designed their own costumes and had composed the music as well! Many dancers participated in the competition. But, Dina and Ravi's performance was the best! The previous paragraph talks about an event in the past—the dance competition—and the events that happened before it. We use the past perfect tense to show which of two past actions happened first. When I arrived at the party, my best friend had already left. an earlier past event a more recent past event now past perfect simple past Module 8 19

A sentence in the past perfect tense looks like this: subject + had + past participle form + object Kanta of verb + had + left the house + when her brother broke the cup. Let us look at some more examples. Later events in the past when the guests arrived. Earlier events in the past before it crashed. I had already finished my dinner before she visited me. The aeroplane had received many warnings when I arrived at the clinic. Navika had finished her work The doctor had left Page 120 Later events in the past Earlier actions in the past When we reached their house the baby had already fallen asleep. When the computer crashed I had thankfully saved all my data. Meera did not have any money as she had lost her wallet. Exercise 3.2: Circle the past perfect form of the verbs in the given sentences. One is done for you. 1) Everyone had gone home by the time I reached the party. 2) Samar had eaten his breakfast before he left for school. 3) When the chief guest arrived, the dance performance had already started. 4) The train had left the station when I arrived there. 5) Mayur had cleaned the house before the children came. 6) Siya had studied French before she moved to Paris. 20

Page 121 Exercise 3.3: Fill in the blanks using the simple past or past perfect forms of the verbs in brackets. One is done for you. 1) She had eaten (eat) her dinner before she boarded (board) the bus. 2) I ____________________s_le__p_t____________________ (sleep) early last night as I _______________h_a__d__c_o_m__p__le_t_e_d_______________ (complete) my project. 3) Ayush ________________h__a_d__fi_n_is_h_e__d_________________ (finish) his homework when the lights ______________w_e__n_t____________ (go) off. 4) They __________________h_a__d__liv_e__d__________________ (live) in Hyderabad for five years before they ___________________m__o_v_e_d____________________ (move) to Indore in May. 5) By the time I ____________________re__a_c_h_e__d_____________________ (reach) home, my father ________________h_a_d__r_e_p__a_ir_e_d_________________ (repair) the bicycle. 6) Mr Khanna _________________h_a_d__o__w_n_e__d_________________ (own) this house for five years before he _________________so__ld_________________ (sell) it last year. Exercise 3.4: Fill in the blanks with the present perfect or past perfect forms of the words given in brackets. One is done for you. Disha has been (be) to London before, and this year, she is going again. I saw the photographs she __________h_a_d__t_a_k_e__n__________ (taken) on her last trip. Now, Disha’s travel photos ________h__a_v_e__in_s_p__ir_e_d_________ (inspire) me to plan a London trip of my own. I _____________h_a__v_e____________ already ____________b_o_u_g__h_t___________ (buy) tickets to London. Disha ________h_a__d__p_r_o_m__is_e_d_________ (promise) to help me plan even before I bought the tickets! I _______h__a_v_e__in__fo__rm__e_d_________ (inform) her that my cousin will also be travelling with me. Module 8 21

Formal Writing Page 122 Friendly letter Read the letter that Ajay wrote to his friend Ivan, who lives in Lucknow, telling him about his summer vacation plans. Some important parts of the letter are missing. Complete the letter by choosing from the given options. House no. 401 Chittaranjan Park New Delhi – 110019 Dear Ivan, How are you? I hope you are well. I’m very disappointed because my summer school plans have got cancelled. I was very sad until mother reminded me that you are staying back in Lucknow for the vacations this time. So I have a plan—why don’t you come to Delhi? I am sure that we can find many things to do here. I’m getting excited just thinking about it! It would be fantastic if this works out. I cannot wait for you to write back! Please write back as soon as you can. Your loving friend, Ajay Options Address House no. 401 House no. 401 E-block E-block Chittaranjan Park Chittaranjan Park New Delhi – 110019 New Delhi – 110019 182 Mashak Ganj Lallu Mall Road Lucknow – 226018 22

Subject Salutation No subject Subject: Respected Sir, Dear Ivan, Request to go on a vacation to Shimla Conclusion End greeting It would be a It would be fantastic Your loving friend, Thanking you, pleasure and an if this works out. I Ajay Yours sincerely, honour were you cannot wait for you Ajay Saha to think about my to write back! Please suggestion. I would write back as soon be grateful if you as you can. replied to this letter Page 123 at the earliest. Exercise 4: Imagine that you have just created a robot! Write a letter to your friend about the robot you made by using the hints given below. Hints: ‡ +RZGLG\\RXJHWWKHLGHDRIFUHDWLQJDURERW\" ‡ 'HVFULEHZKDWLWORRNVOLNH ‡ :ULWHDERXWWKHVSHFLDOWKLQJVWKDWLWFDQGR ‡ 0HQWLRQWKHWKLQJVWKDW\\RXOLNHWKHPRVWDERXWWKHURERW ‡ +RZGLGFUHDWLQJDZRUNLQJURERWIHHO\" ‡ :ULWHWKHOHWWHUEDVHGRQWKHIRUPDW\\RXKDYHOHDUQWHDUOLHU Module 8 23

Page 124 House no. 24 Tejas Nagar Mumbai – 400058 Dear Charulata, I have some very exciting news to share. I have finally been able to build myself a robot! I got the idea from Isaac Asimov's book, I, Robot. My robot looks like a small cat from the outside. It is made completely of steel, has green LED lights for eyes and two antennae in the shape of cat ears. I have named him 'Nox'. Nox can find small metal objects you lose around the house such as keys, pens, small pieces of jewellery, coins, pendrives and such. You can set daily alarms and reminders on him, which he will notify you by mewing continuously and loudly. He has a sprinkler attached to the top of his head and if you connect him to a water hose, he can water plants too. When he is connected to the internet, he can detect your mood and play suitable music. However, his most special feature is his burglar alarm system. If someone tries to break in when the house is empty, Nox immediately sets up an electrical field around the entire house. Any person trying to enter the house will receive an electric shock which will fling the person away. It will also call the nearest police station. I have been working on this project for many months now, and I feel so excited 24

and happy because I have completed it successfully. I cannot wait to show Nox to my classmates when school reopens in June. Please do write back soon and tell me what you think! Your loving friend, Sreyashi Page 125 Creative Writing Narrative writing We tell stories all the time. These could be stories about people, places, objects, pets and experiences. We get to know people better when we talk to them and listen to their stories. Stories are an important part of our lives. We are so used to telling them that sometimes we do it almost unknowingly. In narrative writing, we just put these stories down on paper. Let’s read a narrative paragraph now. Once, I was passing through a desert on a day that the Sun shone bright and hot winds blew. It was a long walk. I was tired, thirsty, hungry and very lonely too. After a long search, I spotted a big, shady tree. In its cool shade, I stretched my legs and said to myself, 'I just wish I could find some water to drink.' Immediately, a jug full of cold water appeared before me. As I drank, I said, 'If only I had something delicious to eat too.' As soon as I had said these words, silver plates full of tasty food appeared. I looked up at the tree with surprise. I was sitting under the shade of the Kalpa-Vriksha—the Wishing Tree. Now, the Kalpa-Vriksha is no ordinary tree; under the tree, whatever one wishes for comes true by magic. I was thrilled! After enjoying the delicious food, I was sleepy and wished for a comfortable bed. Instantly, a big bed with an extremely soft mattress appeared. I happily lay down on the mattress. In a few minutes, I was sleeping peacefully. Module 8 25

As we have read earlier, narrative writing means writing a story about something. There is a another name for such a story. It is called an anecdote An anecdote is a short story Steps to writing a good anecdote about a personal experience. ‘ Generate interest with an attention-grabbing ÀUVWOLQH ‘ Describe the main events. ‘ Say what happened in the end. ‘ Connect the story to the present. ‘ Include adjectives to convey feelings effectively. Exercise 5: Have you ever watched a performance, such as a magic show, a play or a dance on stage? How was your experience? Narrate it in the form of an anecdote. Page 126 Hints: ‡ :KDWVRUWRIDSHUIRUPDQFHZDVLW\" ‡ :KRPGLG\\RXJRZLWK\" ‡ :KDWGLG\\RXVHH\"1DUUDWHWKHHYHQWVLQWKH order in which they happened. ‡ +RZGLGLWHQG\" ‡ :KDWGLG\\RXOLNHDERXWWKHSHUIRUPDQFH\" ‡ :KDWZLOO\\RXUHPHPEHUDERXWLW\" Last week I went to the National Centre for Performing Arts to watch a play. The play was performed by a group of children and was about a little girl who becomes friends with a fairy living in a tree. 26

Page 127 I went to watch the play with my friends Anjali, John and Arshia. Anjali's mother had booked the tickets for us. The play was very entertaining. The actors had worked very hard on their dialogues. The play began with a little girl who gets lost in a forest, and begins to feel scared as it turns dark. She rests against a tree, and realises that no one has watered the tree in a long time. She pours some water from her water bottle on the tree's roots. Seeing her act of kindness, a fairy appears from the trunk of the tree, and gives the girl a pair of magic shoes which can take her wherever she wants. The girl uses the shoes to go home but promises to come back to meet the fairy. Apart from the acting, what I absolutely loved were the costumes, lighting and music. The forest had children dressed as trees, who swayed their hands like branches. I came back home thinking about the message of the play, which was about kindness. As I fell asleep that night, I dreamt of forests and fairies too. Module 8 27

Module 9 Page 162 Section Name What I Will Learn Dictation Word dictation Vocabulary Listen and answer Grammar Homographs Formal Writing Creative Writing Adverbs Formal letter Story writing Dictation Exercise 1.1: Word dictation 1) central 2) snacks 3) photographer 6) manuscripts 4) omelette 5) gulmohar 9) trotting 7) thrilled 8) quaint 2882

Page 163 Exercise 1.2: Listen and answer 1) Whose life is this poem about? Ans. _Th__is_p__o_e_m___is_a__b_o_u__t_t_h_e__lif_e__o_f_a__c__u_p_c__a_k_e_._____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Where was the cupcake put to bake? Ans. _Th__e_c__u_p_c__a_k_e__w_a__s_p__u_t_in__a__n_o__v_e_n__to__b__a_k_e_.____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) What was the cupcake decorated with? Ans. _Th__e_c__u_p_c__a_k_e__w_a__s_d__e_c_o_r_a_t_e_d__w__it_h__c_a__n_d_y__je_w__e_l_s_. _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) What did she do after lifting the cupcake? Ans. _A_f_te__r _li_ft_in_g__t_h_e__c_u__p_c_a__k_e__sh__e_t_o_o__k_o__ff_i_ts__w_r_a_p__p_e_r_._____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5) How did the cupcake die? Ans. _Th__e_c__u_p_c__a_k_e__d_i_e_d__w_h__e_n__th__e__g_ir_l _b_i_t _in_t_o__it__a_n_d__a__te__it__u_p_._______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ PR Vocabulary Q Homographs Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different meanings. Homographs may or may not be pronounced the same way. Examples: ‡ PLQXWH²VHFRQGV  P LQXWHSURQRXQFHG PDLQ\\RRW ²YHU\\ ‡ OHDGSURQRXQFHG OHG ²DW\\SHRIPHWDO  OHDG²WRJRILUVW small ‡ GRZQ²LQDORZHUSRVLWLRQ ‡ ILQH²RIYHU\\JRRGTXDOLW\\  GRZQ²VRIWIXUU\\IHDWKHUV  ILQH²DVXPRIPRQH\\SDLGDVSHQDOW\\ Module 9 29

The words ‘fine’ and ‘fine’ and ‘down’ and ‘down’ have different meanings but share the same SURQXQFLDWLRQ)RU¶OHDG·DQG¶OHDG·DQG¶PLQXWH·DQG¶PLQXWH·WKHSURQXQFLDWLRQVFKDQJH according to the meanings. Exercise 2.1: Colour the stars next to the correct meanings of the underlined words in the given sentences. 1) I need a minute to go through the papers. a) a period of time b) very small 2) She was wearing a colourful tie around her neck. a) to secure with a string b) an item of clothing 3) Park your car here. a) bring to a stop at the side of the road  EDODUJHJUHHQSOD\\DUHD 4) The hungry seal ate a bucket of fish. a) to join two things together b) a sea animal Page 164 5) We have our annual exams in March. a) the name of a month b) to walk in a formal manner 6) He saw his friend at school. a) a tool used to cut wood b) past tense form of ‘see’ Exercise 2.2: Match the homographs given in the middle to the correct pictures in Columns A and B. One is done for you. Column A Homographs Column B 1) 4 bat b a) 2) 3 tear a b) 30

3) 1 wave d c) 4) 5 bow c d) 5) 2 present f e) 6) 6 nail e f) Page 165 Grammar Adverbs Remember ‡ Adverbs are words that show how actions are done. ‡ $GYHUEVWHOOXVwhen where or how something happens. ‡ $ GMHFWLYHVDQGDGYHUEVKDYHDVWURQJFRQQHFWLRQ0DQ\\DGYHUEVDUHIRUPHGE\\ adding ‘-ly’ to the ends of adjectives. Examples: Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb most mostly smooth smoothly clear clearly real really ‡ + RZHYHUZHPXVWUHPHPEHUWKDWadjectives describe nouns or pronounsZKHUHDV adverbs describe YHUEVDGMHFWLYHVRURWKHUDGYHUEV. Module 9 31

Kinds of adverbs Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of manner place degree time frequency Underline the adverbs of mannerdegree and place in the given sentences. Write AM next to the sentences with adverbs of manner and AD next to those with adverbs of degree. Write AP next to the sentences that have adverbs of place. ‡ +HNLFNHGWKHEDOOSRZHUIXOO\\A M    ‡ <RXUWDEOHWLVFRPSOHWHO\\EURNHQ AD    ‡ :HGDQFHGWHUULEO\\DWWKHSDUW\\ AM ‡ 0\\XQFOH·VKRXVHLVQHDUE\\AP    ‡ :DLWIRUPH,·YHDOPRVWUHDFKHG. AD ‡ 7KHEDOORRQVIOHZXSZDUGVAP    ‡ 7KH\\WRRNWKHJXHVWVLQVLGH AP ‡ 7KHZRUNVKRSZDVYHU\\JRRGA D Page 166 Adverbs of manner tell us the way in Adverbs of degree tell us the degree which something is done. They are usually or intensity of actions. They answer placed either after the main verb or after the question ‘how much?’ or ‘to what the object. Adverbs of manner answer extent?’. the question ‘how?’ or ‘in what manner?’. Examples: Examples: ‡ 6KHLVextremely smart. ‡ <RXUKDQGZULWLQJLVhardly readable. ‡ +HVZLPVwell. ‡ + HSLFNHGXSWKHERRNVquickly. Adverbs of place WHOOXVWKHSODFHORFDWLRQRUGLUHFWLRQRIDQDFWLRQDQGDQVZHUWKH question ‘where?’. Examples: ‡ ,ORRNHGIRUP\\ERRNeverywhere. ‡ 7KH\\DUHSOD\\LQJhere. 32

Here are some common adverbs. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of degree Adverbs of place cheerfully joyfully extremely completely up down sadly tiredly very enough backwards away silently terribly quite almost around nearby bravely carefully nearly hardly here there happily well just too eastwards westwards fast hard fairly rather inside outside Exercise 3.1: Read the following passage and underline the adverbs. One is done for you. Page 167 ,WZDVDFROGDQGZLQWU\\QLJKWDQGWKHZLQGEOHZwildly. A ship ZDVVDLOLQJZHVWZDUGVRQWKHVHD7KHUHZDVDVWRUPDQGWKH passengers on deck were completely soaked in the heavy rain. They ran into their cabins and started praying for the storm to FDOPGRZQ7KH\\ZHUHVFDUHGDQGWKH\\FULHGELWWHUO\\,QWKH PRUQLQJWKHIORRURIWKHVKLSGHYHORSHGFUDFNVDQGZDWHU VWDUWHGHQWHULQJLW7KHSDVVHQJHUVQHDUO\\GURZQHGEXWWKH\\ were saved quickly before the ship sank. Let us learn about adverbs of time and frequency. Adverbs of time Read the following sentences. I visited Goa last yearZKHQ Goldilocks stayed at the They have lived in this house bears’ house all day long. since 1998KRZORQJ KRZORQJ Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened or for how long the action continued. Module 9 33

Adverbs of time are usually placed at the ends of sentences. when? WRGD\\EHIRUHODWHU\\HVWHUGD\\WRPRUURZODVW\\HDUODWHUQRZ how long? DOOGD\\DZHHNDPRQWKWZRKRXUVDZKLOH Here are some more examples. We will call you later. I met an old friend yesterday. She has to leave now. We stayed in Mumbai for a week. Exercise 3.2: Find six adverbs of time in the word search. Use each adverb of time to form a meaningful sentence. One is done for you. month tomorrow now later tonight soon AFU WG I S < EHKC MBD L L S K E < FHHF P L U CW S V A X N C <MP DWK D Q L GVGB E RG Page 168 M U F I W T MO U < L NCUWP H J H WW Z O N B V Z B AWMO N T H T U P T K V OQOW X E M NNV J L < U Z I QD T S A U < NWV F MO F OMV L F Z D X X F I QNO S E O< I Z K T A T R E CR < A AO R S L Q X J RWN E R P G L AWM L A T E R F A A V J WQ U U GQ V L D R C U I U X Q E OG U X I L GF I O< R Z K E NA RMK L Z NHO X J N V F < G X R T F F P L X R AWOO F D E J < T MP F L T O< B < C T ORWU N P T O N I G H T S OW < L L A U S OO N < R MW S D N I O N MC V T X L R PO< K < E E DR E V EW OBO B SMJ KQS R U N T I AMVM RRS CB SNB FCZ Q F AHOR RAX V E O P A VW FZF I< OU V Z WDWM D GM WEG FNK 34

Sentences: 1) I will stay in Leh for a month. 2) We are going to Nicco Park tomorrow. 3) The President will give her speech now. 4) /HW VZDWFKVRPHFDUWRRQVQRZZHFDQVWXG\\ODWHU 5) We are going to watch The Jungle Book movie tonight. 6) ,I\\RXZDVWHVRPXFKZDWHUVRRQWKHUHZLOOEHQRQHOHIW $FFHSWDOOYDOLGUHVSRQVHV Adverbs of frequency Read the following sentences. Page 169 We always study after class. Rita is often late for work. I usually watch movies on Sundays. Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something occurs or somebody does something. ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH\\VKRZroutine or repeated activities. Module 9 35

Adverbs of frequency can be arranged like this: always usually generally/normally often/frequently sometimes/ occasionally hardly ever / rarely / seldom never Page 170 Adverbs of frequency are usually placed before the main verbs and after the helping verbs. Examples: ‡ 0\\IDWKHUrarely gets angry. ‡ , seldom eat junk food. ‡ : HDUHnever late for rehearsals. ‡ :Hsometimes go out for movies. DIWHUWKHKHOSLQJYHUE Exercise 3.3: Complete the sentences with appropriate adverbs of frequency. Use the stars as hints. One is done for you. 1) Alia never tells lies. 2) I _____a__lw__a_y_s_____ brush my teeth before going to bed. 3) We ___so__m__e_t_im__e_s__ eat Chinese food. 4) My father ____u__su__a_ll_y____ cooks dinner on Fridays.  7KH\\BBBBsBeBlBdBoBmBBBBBPHHW$VLIDVKHZRUNVDEURDG 6) I noticed you visiting the library _____o_f_t_e_n_____ this week. $FFHSWDOOYDOLGUHVSRQVHV 36

Exercise 3.4: Fill in the blanks with the correct adverbs (of manner/degree/place/ time/frequency) given below. One is done for you. joyfully down quite a while very seldom Page 171 Hansel and Gretel were roaming around in the forest. They were very hungry. After some WLPHWKH\\FDPHDFURVVDKRXVHLQWKHIRUHVW7KHKRXVHZDVPDGHRIFKRFRODWH7KH\\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBsBeBBldBoBBmBBBBBBBBBBBBDWHFKRFRODWHV6RWKH\\MXPSHGBBBBBBBBBBBBjBoByBfBuBllByBBBBBBBBBBB when they saw the chocolate house. They spent _____________a__w__h_il_e_____________ eating the FKRFRODWHV7KHQWKH\\OD\\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBdBoBwBBnBBBBBBBBBBBBBBRQWKHJURXQGand fell asleep as they were _______________q_u_i_t_e______________ tired. Module 9 37

Formal Writing Formal letter Read the given sample of a formal letter carefully. See the different parts that a formal letter has and study the format. Page 172 Receiver's address %*55RDG Sender's address MVR Colony Salutation/Greeting Trichy Date <RXFDQXVH respectful titles such 'HFHPEHU Subject DV 6LU RU 0D DP  State the purpose of The Principal writing the letter to Body East Point School focus the attention of This is the part where Trichy readers. you talk about the main idea of the Subject: Request to write the Introduction letter. It is in between exams missed due to illness Introduce yourself the introduction and explain in detail and the closing 5HVSHFWHG0D DP why you are writing. paragraph. Use formal language 0\\QDPHLV$SDUQD.DQQDQDQG,DP throughout. Do not Signature a student of Class 4 Section C in your use contractions. Sign your full name. school. As I was suffering from typhoid IRUWKHODVWWZRZHHNV,KDYHPLVVHGP\\ Conclusion half-yearly exams. 6D\\WKDQNVDQGLI QHHGHGVWDWHWKDW ,DPDJRRGVLQFHUHDQGZHOO you look forward to a EHKDYHGVWXGHQWDQG,ZRXOGEH response. grateful if you would give me the chance to write my exams next week. I promise that I will do my best. I know that this is extra work for my WHDFKHUVVR,WKDQN\\RXLQDGYDQFH <RXUVVLQFHUHO\\ Aparna Kannan 38

Page 173 Exercise 4: Write a letter requesting permission from your school Principal for a class WULSWRZDWFKDÀOPLQWKHFRPLQJZHHN7KHÀOPZLOOEHKHOSIXOIRU\\RXWRXQGHUVWDQG how India gained independence. ______8_Q_L_Y_H_U_V_LW_\\_5__R_D_G________________________________________________________________________ _R_ic_h__m__o_n_d__C__ir_c_le____________________________________________________________________________ _B_e_n_g__a_lu__ru__________________________________________________________________________________ ___-_D__Q_X_D_U_\\_________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ The Principal _B_lo_s_s_o_m__s__H_ig__h_S_c__h_o_o__l ______________________________________________________________________ _B_e_n_g__a_lu__ru__________________________________________________________________________________ Subject: Requesting permission _f_o_r_a__c_l_a_s_s_t_r_ip__to__w__a_t_c_h__a__f_ilm_________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5HVSHFWHG6LU ,DPBNBBinBaBBMBBaBtBhBeBBwBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDVWXGHQWBoBfBcBBlaBsBsBB5BSBeBBcBtBioBnBBDBBinBByBoBBuBrBsBcBhBoBBoBl BBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7KLVZHHNDILOPFDOOHGBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBIBnBdBiBaBBGBaBBinBsBBHBeBrBBInBdBBeBpBeBBnBdBeBnBBcBeBBBBBBBBBBBBUHODWHGWR __________W_K_H__V_W_R_U\\__R_I__,Q_G__LD_ _V_LQ__G_H_S__H_Q_G__H_Q_F_H___________________________________ has released. I am writing on behalf of _m__y__c_l_a_s_s_m_a__t_e_s_________________ who _w__o_u_ld__l_ik_e__t_o__g_o__w_a__t_c_h__th_i_s___ _fi_lm__a__t_a__t_h_e_a__tr_e__n_e_a__r _o_u_r_s_c_h__o_o_l_____________. This film is important because _i_t_h_a__s_a__lo__t _o_f____ _in_f_o_r_m__a_t_io__n_a__b_o_u__t _t_h_e__e_v_e_n__ts__in__h_is_t_o_r_y_t_h_a__t _w__e_a__re__s_t_u_d_y_i_n_g__t_h_is_y__e_a_r________________________. It will also show us _t_h_e__u_n__it_y_a__m__o_n_g_s_t_t_h_e__p__e_o_p__le__d_e_s_p__it_e__th_e__d__iv_e_r_s_it_y__in__c_u_l_tu__re_s__d_u_r_in__g_t_h_i_s___ _d_i_ff_i_c_u_lt__ti_m__e_o__f_o_u_r__c_o_u_n__tr_y________________________________________________________________. We would request permission to ___w__a_t_c_h__t_h_is_f_i_lm_________________________________________ on BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB)BUBLGBBDB\\BB-BDBBQBXBDBUB\\BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBGD\\DQGGDWH DWBBBBBBBBBBDBBPBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBWLPHLQBBBCBeBBnBtBraBBl BCBiBnBeBmBBaBsBBnBeBaBBr BoBuBrBsBcBBhBoBoBlB. BBBBBBBBBSODFH We are also going to work on _______________________a__r_e_p__o_r_t _______________________________ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEDVHGRQWKHILOP2XUFODVVWHDFKHUBBMBBs BRBaBjBaBnBBBBBBB Module 9 39

Page 174 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDQGBBBBBBBBBBBBaBBfBeBwBBoBBf BoBuBrBpBBaBrBeBnBtBsBBBBBBBBBB will help us ________________b_o_o__k_t_h_e__t_ic_k_e__ts__a_n_d__t_ra__v_e_l_t_o__th_e__t_h_e__a_t_re_________________________. We assure you that __w__e__w__ill_b__e__o_n__o_u_r_b__e_s_t_b_e__h_a_v_i_o_u_r_a__n_d__r_e_t_u_rn__t_o__sc__h_o_o__l _a_s_s_o_o__n_a__s_______ ___w__e__fi_n_is_h__w__a_t_c_h_in__g__th__e_f_il_m_______________________________________________________________. We request you ___________t_o__k_in__d_ly__g_r_a_n_t__u_s_p__e_r_m_i_s_si_o_n__fo__r_t_h_e__sa__m__e_________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. <__R_X_U_V_V_LQ__F_H_U_H_O\\__ _____________________ N__in__a__M_a__th__e_w________________________ ____________________________________ Creative Writing Story writing Read the short story given below and complete the diagram afterwards. 7KH)R[WKH5RRVWHUDQGWKH'RJ 2QHPRRQOLWQLJKWDIR[ZDVJRLQJDURXQGDIDUPHU VKHQFRRS+HVDZDURRVWHUVLWWLQJKLJK up beyond his reach. *RRGQHZVJRRGQHZV KHFULHG :K\\ZKDWLVWKDW\" VDLGWKHURRVWHU .LQJ/LRQKDVGHFLGHGWKDWQRDQLPDOPD\\KXUWDELUGIURPQRZRQZDUGVDQGDOOVKDOOOLYH WRJHWKHULQEURWKHUO\\IULHQGVKLS6RZK\\GRQ W\\RXFRPHGRZQKHUHDQGZHFDQKDYHDQLFH ORQJFKDW :K\\WKDWLVJRRGQHZV VDLGWKHURRVWHU DQGWKHUH,VHHVRPHRQHFRPLQJZLWKZKRPZH FDQVKDUHWKLVJRRGQHZV $QGVRVD\\LQJKHWXUQHGKLVQHFNIRUZDUGDQGORRNHGIDURII :KDWLVLW\\RXVHH\" DVNHGWKHIR[ ,WLVRQO\\P\\PDVWHU VGRJWKDWLVFRPLQJWRZDUGVXV 7KHIR[EHJDQWRWXUQDZD\\DVVRRQDV he heard the news. :LOO\\RXQRWVWRSDQGFRQJUDWXODWHWKHGRJRQWKHVDPHQHZV\" ,ZRXOGJODGO\\GRVR VDLGWKHIR[ EXW,IHDUKHPD\\QRWKDYHKHDUGRI.LQJ/LRQ V DQQRXQFHPHQW DQGVSHGDZD\\DVIDVWDVOLJKWQLQJ7KHFOHYHUURRVWHUKDGDKHDUW\\ODXJKDW having outsmarted the cunning fox. 40

7LWOH 7KH)R[WKH5RRVWHUDQGWKH'RJ Setting Characters DIDUPKRXVHDWWKHKHQFRRS a rooster a fox a dog Plot LQDIHZVKRUWVLPSOHVHQWHQFHV A hungry fox sees a rooster sitting high up on a roof. He tries to trick the rooster into coming down by telling him a lie. 7KHURRVWHUVHHVWKURXJKWKHIR[ VWULFN+HSOD\\VDVLPLODUWULFNRQWKHIR[DQGWKHIR[IDOOV for it. Page 175 Conclusion The fox gets outsmarted by the rooster who uses wit and common sense to save himself. Exercise 5: Look at the various elements of a story given below. Write a story using these elements. Give it a suitable title. Characters: Module 9 41

Page 176 Setting: Important things to be included in the plot: Events: children camping in a forest – stories about treasure – go looking for treasure in the forest 7KH6HFUHW7UHDVXUH&KHVW 5LNL.L\\DDQG-R\\ZHUHWKUHHIULHQGVZKRORYHGH[SORULQJQHZSODFHV 7KDWZHHNHQGDVWKH\\VDWDURXQGDFDPSILUHLQDMXQJOH-R\\·VGRJ%UXQREHJDQWREDUN loudly. It ran towards an old tree in the middle of the forest and began sniffing at its roots. The children followed him curiously. They decided to dig around and see what Bruno was sniffing at. Kiya ran to their tent and brought out a shovel. 7RJHWKHUWKHWKUHHRIWKHPWRRNWXUQVGLJJLQJDURXQGWKHWUHHKXIILQJDQGSXIILQJ6XGGHQO\\ DV-R\\GXJGHHSHUWKHVKRYHOKLWVRPHWKLQJKDUG:LWKDORWRIGLIILFXOW\\WKHFKLOGUHQSXOOHG out what looked like a rusty old trunk which was filled with something heavy. 7KHFKLOGUHQZHUHUHDOO\\H[FLWHG:KDWFRXOGSRVVLEO\\EHLQVLGHWKHFKHVW\":RXOGWKH\\ILQG WUHDVXUH\" 2QO\\RQHZD\\WRILQGRXW VDLG5LNLDVKHWRRNDODUJHVWRQHDQGEURNHRSHQWKH lock of the chest. $ODVWKHUHZDVQRWUHDVXUHLQVLGH,QVWHDGWKHFKLOGUHQIRXQGVRPHROGERRNV 0RUHVWRULHVIRUWRQLJKW VDLG.L\\DH[FLWHGO\\EHFDXVHVKHORYHGERRNV 42

Module 10 Section Name What I Will Learn Dictation Sentence dictation Vocabulary Listen and answer Synonyms Grammar Prepositions Page 56 Formal Writing E-mail writing Creative Writing Poem writing *Note to teacher: Please do not dictate the sample answers provided for the writing sections to the learners. They are meant to help learners generate ideas. Dictation Exercise 1.1: Sentence dictation 1) The witches prepared a powerful potion. 2) The cat secretly scrambled its way into the house. 3) We could see many windmills in the distance from the car. 4) We only caught a glimpse of the thief before he disappeared beyond the wall. 5) I brought a bouquet of fresh daisies for my sick friend. 1

Exercise 1.2: Listen and answer [b] 1) What fills people with awe? a) the natural and human-made structures on the Moon b) the natural and human-made structures on the Earth c) only the human-made structures on the Moon d) only the natural structures on the Earth 2) Who compiled the list of the new seven wonders of the world? [c] a) The United Nations b) The New Wonders Society c) The New Seven Wonders Foundation d) The Seven Wonders Foundation 3) Which is the only surviving wonder from the ancient world? [d] a) the Great Wall of China b) Machu Pichu c) the Taj Mahal d) the Great Pyramids of Giza Page 57 4) Which of the following has been newly elected as one of the seven wonders? [ a ] a) Chichen Itza b) Qutub Minar c) Sydney Opera House d) Eiffel Tower 5) Which emperor ordered the Taj Mahal to be built? [d] a) Humayun b) Akbar c) Aurangzeb d) Shah Jahan RP Vocabulary Q Synonyms Synonyms are words or groups of words that have the same meaning or similar meanings. 2

Exercise 2.1: Match the words in Column A with their synonyms in Column B. One is done for you. Column A Column B Page 58 1) brave a) pointed 2) cheap b) inexpensive 3) sharp c) courageous 4) strange d) uneven 5) shy e) timid 6) rough f) odd Exercise 2.2: Fill in the blanks with the synonyms of the words given in brackets in the passage below. Choose the synonyms from the given words. One is done for you. jog spoiled gloomy bright instantly groceries Ruma woke up this morning to dull grey skies and heavy rain. It instantly (immediately) put her in a ___________g_lo__o_m__y___________ (bad) mood. Where were the blue skies and Module 10 3

____________b_r_ig__h_t___________ (brilliant) sunshine that the weather forecast from the previous day had promised? Ruma had planned to go for an early morning ____________jo__g____________ (run). She would then go to the market to buy some __________g_r_o_c__e_r_ie_s__________ (vegetables and fruits). The rains had completely ___________s_p_o_i_le_d____________ (destroyed) all her plans. Grammar Page 59 Prepositions Underline the prepositions in these sentences and write them next to the correct descriptions in the table given below. ‡ 6KHZDVVWDQGLQJDPRQJDJURXSRIWHHQDJHUV ‡ 7KH6XQZDVVKLQLQJDERYHWKHPRXQWDLQV ‡ 7KHUHZDVDSKRWRJUDSKEHORZWKHFORFN ‡ ,RUGHUHGDQLFHGWHDZLWKP\\SL]]D ‡ 7KHUHLVDKRXVHEHVLGHWKHODNH ‡ $ONDLVWUDYHOOLQJWR1DQGHG ‡ 0HHWPHDWKRPH ‡ 6KHWXUQHGDURXQGZKHQVKHKHDUGKHUQDPH Preposition Description around It means ‘to turn in the opposite direction’. below It means ‘lower than’. to It means ‘in the direction of’. among It means ‘to be along with or surrounded by other things’. with It means ‘along with’ or ‘being together’. beside It means ‘next to’. above It means ‘higher than’. at It points out a specific place. 4

Remember Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns and phrases to the other words in a sentence. They show the position of the nouns and give information about time, place and direction. Let us learn a few new prepositions. Towards shows movement in the direction of a place or to get closer to someone or something. Page 60 On hearing a knock, she Mira and Varun turned their The boy and girl are walking walked towards the door. faces towards the camera. towards the beach. Through means 'continuing from one end or side of something to the other'. It also means 'from the start to the end'. The Thames river flows The boy cried through Mita studied through through London. the movie. the night. Module 10 5

Across means 'from one side of something to the other'. I can see the police station They travelled across He sailed across the sea. that is across the street. the desert. Page 61 Exercise 3.1: Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the brackets. One is done for you. 1) The bread is kept with (with/from) the cheese and the milk. 2) She gets nervous ___________a_m__o_n_g___________ (to/among) strangers. 3) I will be walking ____________fr_o_m_____________ (among/from) home to school by myself. 4) The bridge runs ___________a_c__ro__ss___________ (across/in) the river. 5) The aeroplane flew ____________o_v_e__r ___________ (below/over) the building. 6) What have you put _____________i_n_____________ (in/over) the tea? Exercise 3.2: Complete the paragraph by using appropriate prepositions from the ones given below. One is done for you. in towards to around at across I went to the beach last Saturday. There were many people _________________a_t________________ the beach. I like visiting the beach. I collect the colourful shells that lie all 6

______________a_r_o_u_n__d______________ me. On Saturday, I walked _____________t_o_w__a_r_d_s_____________ the waves gleefully and dipped my feet ______________in______________ the water. My friend Tarun was on the beach as well. He waved to me from ___________a__c_r_o_s_s___________ the sand. Exercise 3.3: Look at the picture and make sentences based on the given prompts. Use different prepositions to link the given nouns. One is done for you. Page 62 1) flowers vase : The flowers are in the vase. 2) ball table : The ball is under the table. 3) lamp vase : The lamp is beside the vase. 4) cat carpet : The cat is near the carpet. Module 10 7

5) chair table : The chair is next to the table. 6) table ball : The table is above the ball. (Accept all valid responses.) Exercise 3.4: Use the picture to form sentences with the given prepositions. One is done for you. Page 63 1) on – There are cushions on the sofa. 2) towards – The man is walking towards the bed. 3) above – There is a chimney above the kitchen counter. 4) behind – The bookshelf is behind the sofa. 8

5) between – The bed is between the bedside tables. 6) next to – The lamp is next to the sofa. (Accept all valid responses.) Formal Writing Page 64 E-mail writing E-mail means ‘electronic mail’. It is a means of communicating with people using the internet. We write informal or friendly e-mails to our family members and friends to ask how they are, to invite them for something or to congratulate them. Exercise 4: Write an e-mail to your friends, inviting them to spend a day at an animal shelter with you. Hints: ‡ : ULWHWKHHPDLODGGUHVVHVRIWKHIULHQGV\\RXZDQWWRLQYLWH ‡ : ULWHDQLQWURGXFWRU\\VHQWHQFHDVWKHVXEMHFWRI\\RXUHPDLO ‡ :ULWHZK\\\\RXZDQWWRYLVLWDQDQLPDOVKHOWHU ‡ :ULWHDERXWZKLFKDQLPDOV\\RXZLOOVHHDWWKHVKHOWHU ‡ :ULWHDERXWKRZYLVLWLQJWKHVKHOWHUZLOOKHOSDOORI\\RX ‡ *UHHWDQGVLJQRIIDV\\RXKDYHOHDUQWHDUOLHU Module 10 9

Page 65 [email protected], [email protected] Subject: Inviting you to spend a day at an animal shelter Dear friends, Hope you two are doing well. I am writing this mail to ask if you would like to come spend this Saturday at an animal shelter near my house. I know both of you love animals just as much as I do. There are some adorable kittens and puppies there. The people at the shelter usually rescue these little ones and look after them until they are adopted. Visitors like us can go play with the puppies and kittens for as long as they want. There is a really cute kitten named Kaapi, who is called that because she is coffee-brown in colour. I am sure we will have a great time at the shelter, and so will the puppies and the kittens. They are all extremely playful, and love being petted. Do let me know if any of you can come this weekend. I will be waiting. Your friend, Prachi 10