232410061-GLIDER-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-EVS_II-G03-PART1

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES-II TEXTBOOK PART-1 Name: _________________________________________ 05/09/2022 2:53:37 PM Section: ________________ Roll No.: ______________ School: ________________________________________ Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 1

TEXTBOOK FEATURES Art-Integrated Learning There are more than 100 ways to wear a sari. Here are four popular ways. Lesson plans provided for art-integrated learning 8 Life Skills Be Amazed Activity and project-based learning for deeper exploration and critical engagement with the Fascinating facts and trivia concepts learned related to the concept Student Reflection Captures student's perception of their understanding of a lesson I Explore Machines sent into space help us learn about our 7 Encourages students to extend neighbouring planets the concept learned to advanced and heavenly bodies. application scenarios Example: Mangalyaan was sent to study Mars in The Northern The Coastal Plains 2013 by India. Mountains I Apply What things would you carry with you when you visit the region? Focuses on the application of 6 the concepts and connects the concepts to real-life scenarios 1I Will Learn About What is the Earth? Indicates the learning outcomes to be covered in the lesson (A) a star (B) a planet maps and what we can see on a map (C) a satellite (D) an asteroid how a map is used how a map is made I Think making a map Introduces the concept SKILL-BASED 2and arouses curiosity about it among students Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 2 05/09/2022 2:53:42 PM

English Fun Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. Archaeologists and historians When you travel, show them the road have been able to read the you will take using maps on your ancient languages, except mobile phone. one. No one can read the language of the Indus Valley A Note to Parent Civilization yet. Ideas to engage parents in Connect the Dots out-of-classroom learning of their child to reinforce the A multidisciplinary section to connect the lesson theme with 10concepts other subjects 9 1) Name two occupations where A collection of many planetary people make things. systems and clouds of gas and dust is called a galaxy. There are countless 2) What does a factory worker do? g.alaxies. The name of our galaxy is the Milky Way. All these galaxies are Train My Brain a part of the universe. 5 Checks for understanding to gauge I Understand the level of comprehension among students on an on-going basis Explains the sub-concepts that form the basis of the Early human beings lived in groups. They used leaves and animal skins to cover themselves. They 4concept in detail used the parts of the animals that they hunted in different ways. INQUIRY-BASED I Remember Concepts organised using a question-answer approach to foster a mindset of inquiry and 3 Introduces new concepts by reasoning building on the prerequisite knowledge or skills required Reflection Time! to understand the concept Thought-provoking questions to encourage reflection on the concept and on how it is related to the student's life, experiences and the world around Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 3 05/09/2022 2:53:43 PM

CONTENTS 1) What is History? Skill-Based 01 Art-Integrated Learning 08 11 2) Monuments and Museums Theme Art-Integrated Learning Inquiry-Based History 3) Maps Skill-Based 4) Early Human Beings Skill-Based 20 Inquiry-Based Art-Integrated Learning 25 5) Ancient Civilizations Theme Civilizations Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 4 05/09/2022 2:53:47 PM

6) Parts of India and Its Government Art-Integrated Learning Skill-Based 28 Theme 36 38 Geography Life Skills Student Reflection Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 5 05/09/2022 2:53:50 PM

Final EVS-II_ClassKlap and NEP (1).pdf 1 16/09/2022 8:45:29 PM CLASSKLAP AND NEP 2020 ClassKlap by Eupheus partners with schools, supporting them through the steps of planning, teaching, learning, personal revision and assessment to equip students with the desired knowledge and skills for the primary school level. ClassKlap presents their latest series which has been created to fulfil the vision of the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Here are some salient features of this series: NEP-aligned learning tool Description Skill-based lessons Lessons are structured as per Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy in textbook and workbook (Remember-Understand-Apply-Analyse-Evaluate-Create) and LSRW (Listening-Speaking-Reading-Writing) skills for English. Inquiry-based lessons in textbook and Lessons are structured based on a Socratic approach using a workbook question-answer format, aiming at discovery-based learning as per NEP guidelines. Exploratory activities in the workbook further facilitate Highlight features holistic learning of the skills/concepts. Practice worksheets Features such as Poetry Corner, Maths Lab, Think Like a Scientist, Life Skills and others to help learners engage in research, application-oriented learning, and the development of scientific temper; Student Reflection sheets foster the skill of reflecting on one’s own learning progress. Practice worksheets are aligned with the goals of sharpening critical thinking, evidence-based thinking, and higher-order thinking skills, as per NEP guidelines. The books contain the following overarching features recommended in the NEP 2020: a spiralling progression of frameworks adopted for Grammar, Maths and EVS inclusive representation of gender and diversity for the heterogeneous Indian classroom learner-centred content using effective and age-appropriate language multiple types of questions with scaffolded and independent practice for students All in all, the ClassKlap curriculum ensures foundational literacy and numeracy skills, develops subject-specific competencies, enhances key 21st century skills such as creativity, communication, collaboration and critical thinking, while promoting environmentally sensitive and culturally responsive democratic citizenship among students. — The Authors

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1 What is History? I Will Learn ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and About ‘sources of history’ t he importance of learning history p eople who study history and how they use the sources of history m aking a timeline of events Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 1 1 05/09/2022 2:53:55 PM

I Think Mrs Irani is wearing a sari, and she is proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. Mrs Irani: This sari belonged to my grandmother. It is more than one hundred years old! It is a part of our family history. Rashi: What is family history, Mrs Irani? Mrs Irani: Well, it is the story of your family. I know An old family photo stories about what my grandparents did when they were young. My grandfather also told me stories about his father and mother. I learned about my family’s past through these stories. Rashi: I want to know my family history too! Q. What is a family history? (B) the story of a family (A) a poem to learn (D) the story of a place (C) a bedtime story I Remember The word past refers to the time that has gone by. It is the time History is before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the Greek word a study of ‘historia’. It means ‘a story’ or ‘an account of anything that has the past. happened’. Thus a study of past events is called history. It also refers to the past and all things that have happened at that time. How can we remember all the events that happened in the past? TIMELINE We use the correct order of events to remember and understand the past. A timeline is a drawing that shows the order of events that took place in the past. Look at the example. 2 What is History? Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 2 05/09/2022 2:53:55 PM

the earliest event the latest event 1 2 10 30 June June June June It was the I made a We planted The seed first day new friend. a seed in became of school. a plant. the garden. An example of a timeline On a timeline, the first event is on the left-hand side. The latest event is on the right-hand side. A timeline can only show the order of events that have happened in the past. It helps us to remember when events happened in the past. But how do we learn about history? To learn about history in detail, we need to know more about the sources of history. SOURCES OF HISTORY We need objects, materials, buildings and written stories to study the past. These are called sources of history. Stories that tell us about the past are also sources of history. They may or may not be written. The three types of sources of history are as follows. Oral sources: stories, songs and poems that people remember Written sources: letters, books, plays and travel stories written in the past Archaeological sources: famous buildings, tools, clothes, jewellery and other such materials I Understand THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to understand the different diseases and treatments of the past. A journalist studies history to understand the present events better. An architect learns about ways of constructing buildings and the materials used in the past. The study of materials helps them understand which materials are strong and which are weak. This helps them make new buildings better. Some reasons to study history are as follows. • to understand the stories of people in different situations • to know why events happened in the past What is History? 3 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 3 05/09/2022 2:53:56 PM

• to help us understand the changes in the world • to help us become better citizens We use different sources of history to learn different things about the past. Sources of history What can we learn from them? Oral sources languages spoken, everyday activities and festivals Written sources laws, famous people and places Archaeological sources commonly used objects, materials used to make things WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT FAMILY HISTORY Every person has a past or family history. How can we know about the family history of our older family members? We can learn about our family history in many ways. Some of them are the following. • W  e can look at oral sources such as the stories that our family members remember about themselves and others. • F or written sources, we can read letters, diaries and journals of various family members. • We can look at old photographs, clothes, jewellery, videos and other belongings. Train My Brain 1) What is the meaning of an ‘event’? 2) Why does an architect study history? I Apply ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. They find out about different people and groups. An archaeologist studies buildings, paintings, 4 What is History? Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 4 05/09/2022 2:53:56 PM

clothes and other objects used by the people in the past. A historian studies the meaning of the text in books and other documents written in the past. I Explore 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information. • the day you were born • your first day of school • the first time you walked • a recent family holiday What is History? 5 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 5 05/09/2022 2:53:56 PM

Remember to take the help of your family to get the information. You can also make a timeline with photographs and drawings on a chart paper. 2) F ind one written source and one oral source for your family’s history. Write down what they are. Written source: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Oral source: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Be Amazed Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a large hole-like space that is commonly formed on the side of a mountain or a hill. Human beings painted pictures on the walls of the caves that they lived in. The oldest cave painting is thousands of years old. Connect the Dots English Fun Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. 6 What is History? Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 6 05/09/2022 2:53:57 PM

Maths Fun Like a timeline, a line to count numbers is called a ‘number line’. Smaller numbers are on the left-hand side and larger numbers are on the right-hand side. smaller numbers larger numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Note to Parent Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family members to find out each person’s point of view. Always encourage the habit of finding out all the different sides of a story. New Words 1) event – s omething important that has happened, is happening or will happen 2) a  rchaeological – relating to the study of objects and places found by excavating sites where people in the past lived 3) disease – something that makes a living being ill or unwell 4) journalist – someone who writes news for a newspaper or magazine 5) architect – someone who designs a building 6) excavate – carefully dig in the ground to find objects from the past What is History? 7 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 7 05/09/2022 2:53:57 PM

2 Monuments and Museums Have you ever been to the Taj Mahal in Agra or visited the Red Fort in Delhi or the Charminar in Hyderabad? If yes, then you have visited a monument. What is a monument? A monument is a structure1 or a building that is built to remember an important event or person. Forts, temples and palaces are all examples of An ancient fort A temple monuments. They were mostly built by kings or queens or the government. Monuments can be old or new. Dolmens2 are examples of very old monuments. Dolmens mark the burial3 places of people. The National War Memorial in Pune is an example of a new monument. It was built in 1998 to remember Indian soldiers. Many old monuments need to be cleaned, repaired and looked Workers cleaning after. This helps to preserve4 the monuments. the Taj Mahal Here are some more examples of famous Indian monuments and their locations. Gingee Fort, Golconda Fort, Konark Sun Gol Gumbaz, Gingee Bijapur Hyderabad Temple, Puri _____________________________________ 1structure - something that is built using different parts 2dolmen - a tomb with a large flat stone laid on an upright stone 3burial - putting someone under the ground after their death 4preserve - to keep something in good condition 8 05/09/2022 2:54:15 PM Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 8

Monuments are built for different purposes. For example, the Gateway of India in Mumbai was built by the British government to celebrate their king’s visit. Some people love visiting museums. Have you ever been to a museum? A museum is a place where different kinds of old and interesting objects are displayed, such as coins, weapons, tools, paintings, utensils, toys and so on. Who do you think discovered the things we see in museums? Many objects we see in museums were discovered by archaeologists. Archaeologists and historians make sure that museums display objects with correct and complete information. Emperor Akbar used farmans5 to pass messages or give orders. His farmans are displayed at the National Museum in Delhi. Emperor Akbar’s farman Why do we need monuments? • If we want to learn about history, monuments are very important. Monuments help us understand how people lived in earlier times. For example, Emperor Ashoka’s pillars at Sarnath show how he cared for animals. • They also help us remember important events. For example, Akbar had built the Buland Darwaza to mark his victory over Gujarat. Why do we need museums? • We need museums as we learn about objects and materials used in the past from them. For example, the National Museum displays old coins made of silver and gold. Tipu Sultan’s steel sword is also displayed in the same museum. We learn about people’s lives. We learn how life in the past was A clay toy similar and different from ours. Look at the picture of the toy made of clay. How is this toy similar or different from your toys? _____________________________________ 5farman - an order or message given by a king or a queen Monuments and Museums 9 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 9 05/09/2022 2:54:17 PM

So how are monuments and museums different? Monuments Museums They are old structures built to remember They are built to display different things an event or a person. from the past so that people can learn about history by seeing them. Just like other buildings and places, museums and monuments can get damaged because of fires, earthquakes, floods, pollution, strong sunlight, plants growing on them, as well as traffic and people. Did you know that the Taj Mahal is losing its white colour? This is because of air pollution. How to care for monuments and museums? Here are a few ways in which one can take care of monuments and museums. 1) Do not touch things that are on display in museums. They may get damaged. 2) Do not write on the walls of monuments. This damages them and makes them look ugly. 3) Do not litter in these places. Keep them clean. Reflection Time! 1) Now that you know what monuments are, have you ever visited any? Which ones? How was the experience? 2) Many towns and cities are known for their monuments. Which are some places you know that are famous for their monuments or museums? 3) Now you know a little about the kinds of things one can see in a museum. If you were visiting a museum, what would you be most interested to see? Why? 10 Monuments and Museums Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 10 05/09/2022 2:54:18 PM

3 Maps I Will Learn maps and what we can see on a map About how a map is used how a map is made making a map I Think Rashi, Meher and their families are going to a wedding. A map Mrs Jain: Do you know where the wedding hall is? Mrs Irani: It is called J K Hall. It is near Grant Road. Mr Irani: I have never heard of J K Hall. But, I do know how to reach Grant Road. Meher: Look! There is a picture on the invitation. It shows us where J K Hall is. Mr Jain: Very good, Meher! You have found a map. It will tell us where to go. Q. What do we call a picture that shows us where a place is? (A)  a map (B)  a drawing (C)  a page (D)  an invitation Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 11 11 05/09/2022 2:54:19 PM

I Remember A crow flies high over Meher’s school. It can see the tops of buildings, the roads and the playground. Look at what the crow can see. A view from top A picture of the view from top When we draw a picture of this view, it is a map. We can A map is a drawing of a make a map of any place in the world. We can even place on a flat surface draw the map of Meher’s classroom. Imagine that the as seen from a position classroom has no ceiling. This way we can look down above the place. It uses into the room and see the tops of different objects. place names, signs, Let us make some signs to show these things in the pictures and colours to classroom. The signs used on a map are called symbols. show information. Object Symbol Object Symbol Teacher’s table Blackboard Students’ desks Cupboard and chairs Dustbin Window Window Symbols used for different objects 12 Maps Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 12 05/09/2022 2:54:21 PM

We can use these symbols to make a map. Look A map of a classroom at the given map of a classroom. Using the list of symbols on the previous page, can you point out Key the objects shown on the map? Door Maps are of many kinds. They can be a map or Window a plan of a house, a route map, or a map of a Sofa country. The signs or symbols used in maps depend Sink on the type of the map. Some maps also use / different colours to show different information. The Chair symbols, colours and what they show is explained in Commode the key or legend. Look at the maps shown below. 1) A map or plan of a house with the key. Key Position/Location 2) A map showing the route with the key. Roads Path to use Maps 13 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 13 05/09/2022 2:54:22 PM

3) A map of India showing the states and capitals in India. 14 Maps Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 14 05/09/2022 2:54:22 PM

Directions are also important for maps. They make it easier to locate Directions places and follow routes. Look at the map on page 14. The arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows the north. North is one of the four main directions. The other main directions are east (E), south (S) and west (W). They are used to find the position or location of a place on a map. A compass is an instrument used to show the four directions. I Understand USING MAPS We look at a place from above to make a map. Maps show us the top view of a place. Maps also help us to locate our position. How do we do this? We point out landmarks on a map. A landmark is a building or object that is easy to locate from a distance. It helps people know where they are. We can decide which way to go using landmarks. Look at the map below. The bookshop can be a landmark. Rashi and Meher are going to the park. In which direction should they turn from the bookshop? Maps 15 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 15 05/09/2022 2:54:23 PM

Some maps show a large area. This means that only a few important things are marked on them. For example, the map of India showing the states. We cannot see our house or school on a map of India. We can see the state where we live and the capital city of that state. Some maps show us every small thing in a place. For example, a map of your neighbourhood would show every building and shop. These maps need correct measurements. We need to measure the space between two places or objects. Measurements help to mark the correct positions of things on a map. Straight lines drawn on a map divide it into many equal parts. We can use these parts to find a place or object quickly. The map given below has been divided into equal parts. Can you name the parts? Some parts have been named for you. Study each part of the map carefully and answer the following questions. Maps 1) In which part is the building with the blue windows located? 2) What colour is the building in A1? 05/09/2022 2:54:32 PM 3) In which part is the sign with the directions placed on the map? 16 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 16

Train My Brain 1) What does the letter ‘N’ stand for? 2) Can you see every town on a map of India? I Apply MAKING MAPS EASY TO USE Imagine you have two maps – Map A and Map B. Map A is as big as your classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B is as big as the page of this book. Can you tell which of the two maps will be easier to use? Map B will be easier to use. A map needs to be easy to use. Yet, the measurements need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. Example: The distance from the bookshop to the park is 1 cm 1 kilometre. On the map, it can be shown as 1 centimetre. The distance from the park to Meher’s school is 10 kilometres. On a 1 km map, it can be shown as 10 centimetres. This is called the Scale of a map scale of the map. Now, we can use maps on mobile phones. We decide the area we want to see using these maps. To see more details we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. Some maps also allow us to see what the roads look like in different places. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if they stand on the road. Street view of a road on a smartphone Maps 17 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 17 05/09/2022 2:54:33 PM

I Explore Did you know that nowadays we can use maps on our mobile phones? The Global Positioning System or GPS is a very accurate navigation and location system that uses satellites. Apps such as Google Maps use GPS. Tell your parents that you would like to explore Google Maps on their phone next time you are going somewhere. Complete this table based on your experience. Did you walk or use a vehicle to go to your destination? How long did Google Maps say it would take to reach your destination? Find out the full form of ETA. What did the map show if there was traffic on the way? Was the map accurate? What happened when you changed the route? Be Amazed The magical map in the Harry Potter books is a map of his school. Not only does it show the rooms in the school but also who is in each room. 18 Maps Visa_G3_SST_L02_TB_Part 1_V1.indd 18 06/09/2022 3:07:12 PM

Connect the Dots English Fun Signs or symbols are used to show different things. Here are the symbols for a few words and phrases. Word Symbol Word Symbol Word Symbol stop hospital no parking danger recycle school Maths Fun The first map to use the name ‘America’ was made in 1507. How old is the map? A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. When you travel, show them the road you will take using maps on your mobile phone. New Words 1) view – what can be seen from a certain point 2) route – the way or path taken from one place to another 3) state – a region of India with its own capital city 4) neighbourhood – the area around one’s house Maps 19 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 19 05/09/2022 2:55:17 PM

4 Early Human Beings I Will Learn early human beings About changes in early human beings how agriculture and tools changed the lives of early human beings comparing modern and ancient clothing I Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look at the different An early exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He human is surprised that it looks more like a monkey. Meher: Morad, look! How can this monkey be a human being! How silly! Morad: It is not a monkey, but an ape. Once upon a time, human beings looked and behaved just like apes. After thousands of years, some of those apes changed into what we are today. Rashi: Then, how did we become so different from apes? Q. Which animal did early human beings look like? (A) fish (B) lizard (C) ape (D) bird I Remember Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings looked and behaved like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. 20 05/09/2022 2:55:18 PM Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 20

They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Many also caught fish from the rivers and ate them. So, they are called hunter-gatherers. How did they dig earth and cut fruit and meat? STONE TOOLS Early humans used different shapes and sizes of stones as tools. Type of stone tool Uses large and heavy stones kill animals for food, protect themselves from animals small, sharp stones cut fruit and skins of animals long and flat stones dig earth sharp stones, called scrapers clean the skins of animals THE LIFE OF EARLY HUMAN BEINGS Early human beings lived in groups. They used leaves and animal skins to cover themselves. They used the parts of the animals that they hunted in different ways. A tool is an object that is made for a specific function. Example: A pencil is made for writing. Some stone tools used by early humans Parts of the animals Their uses bone tools weapons meat jewellery skin food clothes A handle tied to a stone tool Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them from animals, rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in one area, they moved to a new place. A cave When humans found food to eat, they ate it raw. They did not know how to cook. Early Human Beings 21 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 21 05/09/2022 2:55:25 PM

I Understand HOW DID EARLY HUMAN BEINGS CHANGE? Millions of In the beginning, early human beings looked like apes. As time went by, their faces and bodies changed. They stopped living in trees like apes and began living on the ground. They stopped walking on four legs. They started walking on two legs with their backs straight. They also started using their hands to do other things. USING AND LEARNING TO MAKE FIRE Early humans saw that lightning made trees catch fire and burn. All the animals were afraid of fire. Early humans picked up burning branches to protect themselves from dangerous animals. At times, meat and roots fell into the fire. So, early humans tasted this food. They found that it tasted better than raw food. This is how they learnt to cook. But, they had to wait for lightning to burn a tree to get fire. To make tools, early humans banged stones against each other. Sometimes, while making tools, they observed sparks, which made the grass catch fire. In this way, they learnt to make their own fires. Human beings change over time Train My Brain 1) Why did early human beings live in caves? 2) What made trees catch fire and burn? I Apply FARMING Early humans carefully observed nature. They threw seeds of fruit on the ground. Soon, 22 Early Human Beings Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 22 05/09/2022 2:55:27 PM

they saw new plants growing from these seeds. They saw that seeds grew well in warm weather. They stored fruits for the cold weather. They wrapped fruits in the skins of animals to keep them fresh. They planted seeds, grew plants and began farming. USING WHEELS Early humans travelled a lot. They did not have an easy way to move heavy things from one place to another. They observed rocks and logs rolling easily on land. This gave them the idea to roll heavy things on logs. This is how they started using wheels. Early humans also started making wheels from stone. SETTLING DOWN Early humans travelled in search of food. When they An early human settlement started farming, they started staying in one place. They started making simple huts with the stems of plants and long leaves. They also used animal skins and bones to make huts. I Explore 1) Look at the two pictures on the next page. The clothes shown are different from each other. Discuss the following. • the difference between them based on the material • one special feature of each item of clothing Picture A Picture B Connect the Dots Be Amazed Ötzi, also known as the Iceman, was an early human being. His body and belongings were preserved in ice for thousands of years. Ötzi is displayed in the South Tyrol Museum in Italy. Early Human Beings 23 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 23 05/09/2022 2:55:28 PM

English Fun Using language is a unique ability of human beings. But scientists are not sure when and how humans started using language. Scientists believe that humans developed language so that they could communicate more complex thoughts to each other. How many languages do you speak? Did you know that people who speak more than one language are smarter? Are there any languages you wish to learn? Which ones? Science Fun A sk the members of your family for the names of any two tools they use in the kitchen. Can you guess which of these would have been used by early human beings as well? A Note to Parent As human beings evolved so did our brains. The modern human brain is the largest and very complex. Help your child understand that the size of a human brain is advantageous to humans in their social interactions and encounters with unfamiliar things. New Words 1) exhibit – something that is displayed for people to see 2) ape – an animal that is like a monkey but does not have a tail 3) weapon – a tool used to hunt animals 4) handle – the part of a tool that is used to hold it 5) raw – uncooked; without cooking 6) spark – a very small fire that lasts for less than a second 7) observe – watch and study something carefully 8) log – a long piece of a tree that has been cut 24 Early Human Beings Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 24 05/09/2022 2:55:28 PM

5 Ancient Civilizations You know that early humans, who were apes, started to change and look more like we do. As humans started to develop, they started settling down and building cities. This led to the growth of civilizations. What is a civilization? A civilization is a group of human beings living together who have common rules and language and have similar ways of life. Very old civilizations of the past are called ancient civilizations. Where did ancient civilizations mostly grow? Ancient civilizations began to appear about 10,000 years ago and all of them developed around rivers as the land there was good for farming. Look at the map showing the ancient river valley civilizations. Did you notice the rivers around which the civilizations were built? Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 25 25 05/09/2022 2:55:31 PM

Here are some of the world’s ancient civilizations and the names of the rivers where they were situated. Civilization River Mesopotamian Tigris and Euphrates Indus Valley Indus Egyptian Nile Chinese Yangtze Archaeologists have found the ruins of these ancient civilizations. The Mesopotamian civilization is the oldest among them. Look at a few pictures from the remains of some of these civilizations. The Great Sphinx of Giza A photo of the King Priest from The Great Bath from the from the Egyptian civilization the Indus Valley civilization Indus Valley civilization People in these civilizations were a lot like us. They used languages and followed rules. They made many things from clay and built tools using iron as well as other metals. People in these civilizations also had different occupations. For example, people who made rules were priests1 and those who protected their people were soldiers2. What do you think led to the growth of these civilizations? There were a number of factors that led to the growth of civilizations. Growing crops Human beings needed to stay in one place to take care of their farms. They grew crops, harvested them and stored the grains. This is called agriculture. They built strong houses so that they could stay in the same place for a long time. They needed water for their farms. So, they built houses near big rivers. _____________________________________ People grew the food they needed in one place 1 priest – someone who performs religious duties and makes rules of worship 2 soldier – a person who serves in the army 26 Ancient Civilizations Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 26 05/09/2022 2:55:34 PM

Look at the map that shows the different climatic zones of the world. Do you see any civilization in the very cold areas? All ancient civilizations began in warm regions as crops grow well there and humans also find it easy to live there. Domesticating animals Humans found that a few animals could be used to carry heavy loads and do other tasks. So, they started to domesticate3 them. Some of the animals domesticated by early humans were cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, horse, dog, cat, donkey, ox and bull. They also got wool and meat from animals such as sheep. Trade As people grew crops and domesticated animals, they built houses, settled in one place and families started living together. Sometimes, one family would have a little meat but a lot of grain. Another family would have more meat and less grain. They exchanged meat and grain to get what they needed. Such exchange of resources4 is called trade. People of different villages traded with each other and settled down in places of trade. Due to this, more houses were built and led to the rise of cities. Some cities were close to each other. A number of cities where people shared a common way of life became a civilization. Reflection Time! 1) Imagine a world with no human civilizations. What would such a world look like? What would the lives of humans be like? 2) How do you think human civilization today is different from the ancient human civilizations? Are there still some similarities? What are they? _____________________________________ 27 3 domesticate – train a wild animal to live and work with human beings 05/09/2022 2:55:34 PM 4 resource – a place or thing that provides something Ancient Civilizations Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 27

6 Parts of India and Its Government I Will Learn village, town, city and state About levels of a government functions of the government functions of people working in the government I Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend who lives in Karnataka. He wants his father to send the greeting card. Meher: Papa! Can you please send this greeting card to Mehnaz? Mr Irani: We have to write Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Mr Irani writes Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. To, Meher: Why does an address have so many words? Mehnaz Khan Why don’t you just write India? After all, we all stay in Shamsher Bungalow, India! Ganesh Peth, Hubli - 580020 Mr Irani: Without a proper address, can the postman Karnataka find Mehnaz’s house? Think about it, Meher! Q. W ill Mehnaz get the letter if Mr Irani writes just ‘India’ on the envelope? (A) yes (B) no 28 05/09/2022 2:55:35 PM Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 28

I Remember The letter that Meher sent had Mehnaz’s full address on it. The address has the name of the person, the name of the house, street, village or city, as well as the state. Look at the pictures to understand where Meher lives. 56 K G Society Senapati Bapat Road Pune, Maharashtra, in Maharashtra in India As you can see, Meher’s house is on Senapati Bapat Road, which is in Pune. Pune is a city in the state of Maharashtra. So his address will be 56 K G Society, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune 411016, Maharashtra. India is made up of many such villages, towns, cities and states. VILLAGES, TOWNS AND CITIES Villages India has one of the highest number of villages in the world. They are governed by the gram panchayats. More than half the Indian population lives in villages. Compared to a city or a town, a village is as follows. • smaller in size A village • has more open space and greenery • less polluted • has no airports Towns Towns are governed by the municipal councils. They are A town bigger than villages but smaller than cities. Towns have more facilities, such as hospitals and schools, as compared to a village. However, they are also more polluted than villages. Parts of India and Its Government 29 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 29 05/09/2022 2:55:38 PM

30 Parts of India and Its Government Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 30 05/09/2022 2:55:39 PM

Cities A city Cities are governed by municipal corporations. They are bigger than both towns and villages. Cities also provide many facilities such as big hospitals, schools and colleges. However, cities are more crowded than towns and villages. They are also much more polluted. The villages, towns and cities together form states. STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA India is the world’s seventh-largest country. It is difficult to manage such a large country. Therefore, it has been divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 29 states. The capital of India is New Delhi. Each state also has a capital. For example, Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh and Dispur is the capital of Assam. India also has seven union territories. A union territory is an area that is directly governed by the central government. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state and Goa is the smallest state. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is India’s largest union territory while Lakshadweep is the smallest. I Understand Many people live in India. It is the second most populated country in the world. Who takes care of the people living in India? It is the government. WHAT IS A GOVERNMENT? A government is a group of people that makes important A government is a decisions for a country. The government also makes laws group of people that people in a country follow. Let us learn more about the that makes different levels of government in India. important decisions for a country. Parts of India and Its Government 31 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 31 05/09/2022 2:55:40 PM

LEVELS OF A GOVERNMENT It is difficult for the government to manage a large country like India from one place. For example, a state is run by a state government. A union territory is directly ruled by the central government. The government in India works at three levels. Levels of a Government The central government is as follows. • Located in New Delhi • Makes decisions for the entire country • Has a President, Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers • Also directly governs the union territories The state government is State as follows. Government • Present in every state • Located in the capital Parts of India and Its Government city of a state 05/09/2022 2:55:40 PM • Looks after people living in the state • Has a Governor, Chief Minister and other ministers 32 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 32

The local government is as follows. • Present in every city, town and village • Looks after basic needs such as water and roads • Known by different names Location Name of the local government Local Government city municipal corporation town municipal council village gram panchayat Train My Brain 1) Do villages have airports? 2) How many levels does the government in India have? I Apply FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT Just as we are responsible for a lot of things, the government is also responsible for the following functions. Maintaining law and order: The central and state governments often work together to make many laws. It includes making rules and seeing that the rules are properly followed. It also includes punishing the people who do not obey the laws. Fulfilling duties: The government also fulfils its many duties such as preserving monuments, forests, water bodies and so on. It also provides aid during bad events such as earthquakes and floods. Providing various facilities: The government is also responsible for providing different kinds of facilities. These facilities are cheap or free. The facilities offered by the government are available to everybody. Some of them are the following. Parts of India and Its Government 33 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 33 05/09/2022 2:55:40 PM

Public transport facilities Public transport facilities: These include facilities that allow people to travel to different cities, towns, villages and states. Example: buses, trains Entertainment facilities Entertainment facilities: These include facilities that allow people to enjoy and have fun. Example: zoos, parks Healthcare facilities Healthcare facilities: These include facilities to look after the health of the people. Example: hospitals, clinics Educational facilities Educational facilities: These include facilities that allow the government to provide education to people. Example: schools, libraries I Explore 1) With the help of adults, find the transport facilities provided by the government in your area. Also, talk to your neighbours and find out the most popular mode of public transport in your area. 2) Visit a government office with your parents or family members. Talk to the people who work there. Learn about the different things they do. Try to create a timeline of the things they do in a day. Be Amazed When we write addresses, we also write the PIN Code. Postal Index Number (PIN) is a 6-digit code used across the country. Different areas of a city have different codes. This system was introduced on 15 August 1972 to improve the delivery of mail. 34 Parts of India and Its Government Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 34 05/09/2022 2:55:43 PM

Connect the Dots English Fun Did you know that the names of many Indian states and cities have changed recently? ‘Chennai’ used to be called ‘Madras’; ‘Mumbai’ used to be called ‘Bombay’, and ‘Kolkata’ used to be ‘Calcutta’. Find out from adults at home if they know of any other states or cities whose names have changed. Maths Fun Imagine Lakshadweep, India’s smallest union territory, has 27 villages and Goa, India’s smallest state, has 397 villages. How many more villages than Lakshadweep does Goa have? A Note to Parent Give your child a wall-sized map of India. They can use it to mark new cities and villages that you visit or places your guests come from. When they read stories, ask them to locate the state or city in which the stories are set. These little exercises will help them understand how to use a map and develop an understanding of the state boundaries of India. New Words 1) govern – make decisions for a country or a state 2) airport – a place from where aeroplanes arrive and leave 3) capital – the city where the national or state government is located 4) laws – rules that tell us what we can and cannot do 5) facilities – things that people can use 6) transport – ways of moving from one place to another such as bus or train 7) entertainment – something that people enjoy Parts of India and Its Government 35 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 35 05/09/2022 2:55:43 PM

LIFE SKILLS Activity 1 Study the two pictures. The first shows early humans who lived in the past. The second picture shows modern humans who live in the present times. Do these pictures tell us the same story? How are they similar or different? Hunter-gatherers did not speak to each other using words like we do. They used sounds and hand gestures to communicate. Imagine how the daily life of the hunter-gatherers might have been, and perform a skit on any one such scene. Remember that you must use sounds and hand gestures, instead of words. See how well you can do it! Activity 2 Make an information booklet about your local government. Find out basic information about the various government facilities mentioned below to add in your booklet.  police station  fire department  electricity department  government hospital  government school  ration office  local municipality ward office 36 05/09/2022 2:55:49 PM Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 36

Include the following details.  address and phone number, including emergency number, if any  a few sentences about the work they do You can take help from your parents, neighbours, local newspapers or the internet. Remember to always mention the source from which you have gathered the information. You can add pictures wherever possible. Activity 3 Talk to your grandparents and parents and find out about the usual food habits and sources of entertainment, the common hobbies, means of transport and modes of communication used when they were children. Write them down in your notebook. Now, compare with the things that are common today. Do you notice any differences? If yes, find out the reasons behind those changes and write about those as well. Life Skills 37 Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 37 05/09/2022 2:55:50 PM

Student Reflection Come to this page after you complete a lesson. Choose the smiley that shows how well you have understood the lesson. What is History? Monuments and Museums Very clear Clear Somewhat clear Not clear at all Very clear Clear Somewhat clear Not clear at all I need help with ..........………………...............……… I need help with ..........………………...............……… ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... What I liked about this lesson ................................... What I liked about this lesson ................................... …………………………………………............................ …………………………………………............................ Maps Early Human Beings Very clear Clear Somewhat clear Not clear at all Very clear Clear Somewhat clear Not clear at all I need help with ..........………………...............……… I need help with ..........………………...............……… ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... What I liked about this lesson ................................... What I liked about this lesson ................................... …………………………………………............................ …………………………………………............................ Ancient Civilizations Parts of India and Its Government Very clear Clear Somewhat clear Not clear at all Very clear Clear Somewhat clear Not clear at all I need help with ..........………………...............……… I need help with ..........………………...............……… ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... What I liked about this lesson ................................... What I liked about this lesson ................................... …………………………………………............................ …………………………………………............................ Visa_G3_EVS-II_Book_TB_Part1_Print.indb 38 38 05/09/2022 2:55:50 PM