els

g. catch up with: reach the same level or quality h. (informal} go to a place in order to see what it as sb or sth else is like; go to see (t.) After her long illness, she had to do a lot of Let's go check out that new restaurant on extra work to catch up with the rest of the Maxwell Street. check over (t.) examine class. or investigate, esp. CHANGE thoroughly change off (int.) take turns with another, as at CHEER doing a task I'm tired of washing the dishes and I can see cheer up (t./int.) become or make happier after that you're tired of vacuuming, so why don't we feeling sad, depressed, etc. I was feeling pretty change off? change around/round (t.) move bad, but going dancing really helped cheer me up. objects such as furniture into different positions CLEAN Your house looks quite different since you've clean out (t.) changed all the furniture around. a. empty in order to straighten or clean; take change Into (int.) everything out of a room, car, container, etc., a. change one's clothes and clean the inside of it I've got to clean out my bedroom sometime this She quickly changed into her jeans and left for weekend; it's absolutely filthy! work. b. use up; exhaust b. become transformed or converted c. (informal) drive out by force It was amazing to watch the caterpillar change The demonstration was going really well, but into a butterfly. then the police came and cleaned us all out change over (int.) stop using or having one thing d. empty or rid of occupants, contents, etc. and start using or having sth else (esp. BritE) A storm of customers cleaned out the store on the My brother still refuses to change over from a very first day of the sale. clean up typewriter to a computer. a. wash or tidy up (t.) b. rid of undesirable persons or features (t.) CHECK Certain political parties believe that the country needs cleaning up. check In (int.) register, as at a hotel, airport, etc.; c. (informal) make a large profit (int.) indicate one's arrival or presence at a place, He really cleaned up on the stock market, function, etc., usu. by signing an appropriate didn't he? form We've got to check in at reception first, then we CLEAR can go out and look around. clear away or off check off (t.) put â mark next to a name or an item a. remove in order to make room (t.) on a list to show that it is correct, or that it has been dealt with (in AmE; BritE uses tick Let's clear these dirty dishes off the table off, before your parents arrive. As you go through this list of tasks for today, b. disappear; vanish (int.) please check/tick them off one by one. After the smoke had finally cleared away, we saw that the palace had completely burned check on or up on (t.) investigate, scrutinize, or down. inspect c. clear off, (informal) leave; escape (int.) You remember that new employee? Well, don't (esp.BrilE) forget to check on his work. We have to check When the tanks came, a lot of the protesters up on him and make sure he's getting on okay. cleared off. clear out a. remove the contents of (t.) check out Clear out the drawers. a. vacate and pay for one's quarters at a hotel b. remove; take away (t.) Clear out your socks from the drawers. (int.) c. go away, esp. quickly or abruptly (int.) b. verify or become verified; examine or d. drive or force out (I.) The police cleared out the striking miners by force. investigate (t.) clear up The detective decided to check out the man's a. make clear; explain; solve (t.) alibi as he had been acting somewhat I would like to clear up whatever doubts you suspicious. may have on this issue. c. fulfill requirements, as by passing a test (t.) b. put in order; tidy up (t.) (esp. BriiE) Everything checked out okay, so the plane was You're not going out until you've cleared up cleared for take-off. your room. d. make sense or be comprehensible or verifiable c. become better or brighter, as the weather, an (int.) illness, etc. (int.) His alibi didn't really check out, so the police After so many weeks of heavy rain, it is finally decided they ought to investigate further. beginning to clear up a little. Antibiotics ought e. itemize, total the cost of, and collect payment to help clear up the infection. for (a purchase) (t.) The cashier was dead on her feet after having checked out groceries all day long. f. borrow (an item) by having it listed as one's temporary responsibility ((.) I checked out the books in your name, not in mine. g. (informal] depart quickly or abruptly; leave in a hurry (Int.) ELS Q 683

CLOSE d. arrive or appear at a place Rain just never comes along'when you need it, close down (t.) does it? a. terminate the operation of; discontinue e. exist; start to exist; appear The government was forced to dose down I gave up smoking the very day that my first child several schools because of budget cuts. came along. come around or round b. attempt to control or eliminate a. recover consciousness; revive (int.) The mayor is really trying hard to dose down music b. visit (int.) and video piracy in this city. close In on or upon (I.) a. approach so as to capture, attack, arrest, etc. You really ought to come around more often. The police dosed in on the murder suspect. c. cease being angry, hurt, etc. (int.) b. surround or envelop so as to entrap Claustrophobics feel that the walls of small After their argument, he was sulking for quite a spaces are dosing In on them. while, but in the end he came round. close off (t.) put slh across the entrance to a place in d. (for a regularly occurring event or occasion) order to slop people entering it Within minutes, happen; be about to happen the police had closed off the scene of the crime. The Christmas season has come around again, close out U.) and all the shops are full of people. a. reduce the price of (merchandise) for quick sale e. come around/round to (t.) change one's opinion, They're dosing out their stock of Blue Note jazz decision, etc., esp. to agree with another's albums. If we keep pressuring him, he's bound to eventually b. liquidate or dispose of finally and completely come round to our way of thinking. come back The company dosed out its interests after a. come back to ((.) return, esp. to one's memory almost fifty years in the city. It's all starting to come back to me now that I close up start thinking about it. a. come together in close array; converge b. come back with (t.), talk back; retort Closing up on the rioters from all sides, the Be careful how you to talk to him; he's forever army prepared to strike. coming back with sarcastic remarks. b. bring to an end; cease come between (t.) cause to be estranged or The company is dosing up its domestic antagonized operations and transferring all its production to If only financial problems hadn't come between Mexico. us, we would still be together now. come by (t.) obtain; acquire, esp. for slh thai is COME unusual or difficull lo find How did he ever come by such a nice suede come about (int.) come to pass; happen jacket? come How did it come about that you and he were in down (int.) the same building at the same time? a. become lower; fall; drop, esp. for prices Prices always come down right after the come across Christmas season. a. (also come on/upon) find or encounter, esp. by b. lose wealth, rank, etc.; be reduced in circumslances or slalus chance (I.) After the scandal had erupted, the CEO really I came across this letter when I was cleaning came down in the social scale. out the attic. c. be handed down by tradilion or inherilance The hunter suddenly came upon a bear while This pocket-watch has come down lo me from walking through the forest. my grandfather, and it's still in remarkably b. (informal) make good one's promise, as to pay a good condilion. debt, do what is expected, etc. (t.) d. be relayed or passed along from a source of It took a lot of pressure, but eventually he higher rank or aulhorily came across with the money he owed me. The general's orders will be coming down c. be understandable, convincing, or clear (int.) tomorrow, I expecl. come down on or upon ((.) His misanthropic stance comes across quite a. voice one's opposilion lo clearly in his novels, but much less so in his The presidenl came down hard on lax culs. poetry. b. reprimand; scold d. (informal) make a particular impression; The boss really came down on me for arriving comport oneself (int.) late to work. My new boss comes across as a very warm and c. come down on the side of: decide thai you friendly person. come again, (used as a support a particular person or side in an request to repeat a argument, elc. statement) Not surprisingly, the president eventually came \"I don't think I really want to marry you.\" - down on the side of increased mililary spending. \"Come again?\" comedown to (t.) come along (int.) a. be simplifiable or summarizable as a. accompany sb; attend as part of a group His whole life comes down to gambling and She prefers to stay in the city, so she didn't drinking. come along on the camping trip. b. be or prove to be mostly or mainly influenced b. (also come on) proceed, develop, or advance by one particular Ihing sufficiently or successfully The crime problem in large cilies ullimately His musical studies are coming along quite comes down to this: loo many people are forced nicely. lo live in poverty and can see no olher way of c. appear; emerge as a factor or possibility providing for Ihemselves. I won't take a new job even if one comes along - I want to just relax for a while. 684 Q ELS

come down with (t.) become afflicted with an illness come out with (I.) I think I'm cowing down with a cold. a. (informal) speak, esp. to confess or reveal sth come forward (int.) offer one's services; present They asked him where he had been last night oneself; volunteer and what he had been doing, and all he came When the president called for volunteers to out with was a bunch of lies. fight in his very unpopular war, very few people b. (informal) say sth suddenly that is not expected actually came forward. They asked their son what he'd been doing the night before, and he came straight out with the come In (informal) (used to describe how sb is truth: he had gone to a bar with friends and involved in a situation, story, or plan) We got absolutely drunk. need someone to distract the security c. make available to the public; bring out guard, and that's where you come in. The publisher is coming out with a revised edition of the novel, whose first printing had come In for (t.) receive; get; be subjected to contained many errors. The prime minister's proposed tax cuts came in come over for a great deal of criticism from certain circles. a. happen to; affect, esp. in a negative way ((.) Why's he acting so strangely? What's come over come Into (t.) acquire; get, esp. by inheritance him? After coining into a large fortune at the age of b. change sides or positions; change one's mind 21, he blew it all on women and wine. (int.) At first, he was against the plan, but now he's come Into it (informal, esp.BritE), influence a come over. situation c. visit informally (int.) Love doesn't come into it; her marriage to that A few friends came over last night and we had a nice old man is strictly a financial affair. long talk. come through (int.) a. endure or finish successfully come of/out of (t.) happen as a result of sth I worked very hard for a long time, and in the Nothing at all came (out) of my business trip end, I managed to come through. this time. b. (informal} do as expected or hoped; perform; succeed come off (int.) (informal) We never really doubted that he'd a. happen; occur come through for us in the end. b. be given or completed; occur; result c. (for emotions, feelings, etc.) be noticeable, esp. when sb is trying to conceal an emotion or Her presentation came off very well. feeling c. succeed; be successful However dispassionate he was trying to be, his anger still came through when he spoke. come to The end of the novel just didn't come off as well a. recover consciousness (int.) as I'd hoped it would. b. amount to; total (t.) d. come off with (t.) reach the end; acquit oneself The bill comes to twenty-one million liras. He came off with very high marks. come under (t.) come off It (informal) stop being wrong, foolish, or a. fit into a category or classification pretentious; be truthful or honest This novel comes under the heading of satirical Oh, why don't you come off it? We know you're social criticism. as unhappy as the rest of us. b. be the province or responsibility of come on (int.) This issue comes under the Ministry of Foreign a. begin; appear Affairs. come up (int.) Hurry up! The show's coining on in a couple a. be referred to; arise minutes! Whenever he's involved in any conversation, b. (informal, used mainly in the imperative) hurry; politics is bound to come up. begin b. be presented for action or discussion Come on, it's starting to rain! Next Monday, the new tax bill will be coming c. (informal) as an entreaty or attempt at up for consideration. come up against (I.) have persuasion) please to deal with problems or Come on, join us for the movie. difficulties d. (informal} (used to tell someone that you do not After being released from prison, he came up agree with them, do not believe them, etc.) against a lot of prejudice at work and in his Come on! You tried the same excuse last week neighborhood. and we didn't believe it even then! come up to (t.) e. (informal} try to make an impression or have a. approach; near an effect; present oneself A beggar came up to us in the street and asked My new boss comes on a bit too authoritarian for for some money. my taste. come out (int.) b. compare with as to quantity, excellence, etc.; a. be published; appear match; equal His new album is due to come out next month. I'm sorry to have to tell you this, but this particular b. become known; be revealed essay hardly comes up to your usual standard of It eventually came out that the politician had excellence. come up with (t.) produce; supply held back certain important information from Can anybody come up with a good solution for the public. this problem? c. make a debut in society, the theater, etc d. end; terminate; emerge ELS Q 685 The match came out badly, as both teams lost several players to injuries. come out against (t.) publicly voice one's opposition to The candidate came out strongly against the ban on homosexual marriage. come out for (t.) publicly endorse or support The normally liberal journalist quite surprisingly came out for the reelection of the staunchly conservative mayor.

COUNT cry out (int.) shout or make a loud noise because count against (I.) make sb or sth more likely to fail you are frightened, hurt, etc. She cried out in horror when she saw what had Even though she's got all the necessary happened to her cat. cry up (t.) qualifications, her lack of experience will almost definitely count against her. praise; extol (esp.BritE} count down (int.) count backward, usually by ones, I think Michael cries up his children a bit too from a given integer to zero. often and too much. count in (t.) include You're going out to the pub tonight? Well, you CUT can count me in\\ cut across (I.) count on or upon (t.) a. precede or go beyond considerations of; a. depend or rely on He can always be counted on to help out his transcend friends. The anti-war campaign cuts across narrow b. expect sth to happen and make plans based on boundaries such as political party and religion. it b. (also cut through) go from one side of an area I didn't buy very much food because I didn't to the other instead of going round it count on so many people coming tonight. We should cut across this field if we want to count out (t.) exclude save time. You're going to that party tonight, aren't you? By cutting through the park, I managed to get to Well, you can count me out - I'm too tired to go work on time this morning. cut back (t.) out tonight. count towards (t.) be part of a. shorten by cutting off the end what is needed to b. curtail or discontinue complete or achieve sth Last quarter, wool production was severely cut Your homework will not count towards your back. final grade, but 1 still suggest that you do it c. cut back on, reduce the amount of money being regularly, as it will help you understand the spent on sth lesson better. In order to be able to have the money necessary for hosting the Olympic Games this summer, the COVER government has had to cut back on many basic cover up (t.) expenses. cut down (t.) a. cover completely; enfold a. (also cut down on) lessen; decrease My doctor warned me that I should cut down A favorite method of covering up a wall-safe is on my consumption of saturated fat. to hang a picture before it. b. destroy, kill or disable b. keep secret; conceal The barbarians cut down everything in their The minister's staff tried very hard to cover up path. his role in the savings and loan scandal. c. remodel, remake, or reduce in size, as a garment CROSS I need to get this dress cut down if I want to be able cross over (from sth to sth else) to wear it. cut In (int.) a. switch allegiance, as from one political party to a. move or thrust oneself, a vehicle, etc., abruptly between others another That car cut in in front of me. I'll never understand exactly why he crossed b. (informal] to interrupt a dancing couple in over to the Conservative Party. order to dance with one of them b. change successfully from one field of endeavor, c. (also cut into) (t.) interpose; interrupt genre, etc., to another He's always cutting into other people's In the mid-1960s, Bob Dylan successfully conversations with some snide remark or other. crossed over from folk music to rock. cross off cut it out, (informal) stop doing sth (I.) remove a word or phrase from a list by That's not a nice thing to say! Cut it out! drawing a line through it cut off (t.) Michelle has called to say that she can't come, a. intercept so be sure to cross her name off the guest list, The army besieged the cave where the bandits will you? cross out ((.) draw a line through sth had taken refuge and thus cut off their support that you have from outside. written, usually because it is wrong b. interrupt Cross out this word; you've misspelled it. He cut me off in the middle of my story to cross up announce that he would be getting married. a. change arrangements made with; deceive (t.) c. stop suddenly; discontinue We'd agreed not to tell my parents the truth, The water supply was suddenly cut off as a but then he crossed me up. result of the Water Bureau's incompetenl b. confuse (int.) (esp.BritE) management. I got all crossed up on the way to the post d. disinherit office and didn't know where I was. Despite living a life of great debauchery, the young artist was never cut off by his wealthy CRY parents. cry down (t.) disparage; belittle (esp.BritE) e. sever; separate The severity of his wounds meant that the He's always crying down people less strong soldier's leg had to be cut off. than he is. cry off (int.) break a promise, agreement, etc. (esp.BritE) We'd already .signed the new lease, but at the last second, the owner cried off and we were left without a place to live. 686 Q ELS

cut out (t.) b. informal, attack, work, or apply oneself a. omit; delete; excise voraciously, vigorously, or energetically I dug into writing the essay and had managed to You should cut out this paragraph about the finish it by morning. discovery of penicillin, as it is not really related to the main topic of your essay. dig out (I.) b. not let sb share sth or be included in sth a. find by searching I kept trying to say something, and they just kept cutting me out. In order to write a good article, I had to dig a lot c. not to be cut out to be sth/not to be cut out for of details out of different magazines and sth, not have the right qualities for a particular newspapers. task, endeavor, career, etc. b. find and look at or use sth that you have not I finally had to admit to myself that I just seen or used for a long time wasn't cut out to be a great musician. Whenever my aunts and uncles come over, Mum DEAL digs out my old baby photographs and shows them deal In (t.) buy and sell particular goods as a around. dig up U.), business a. take something out of the ground by digging My grandmother ran a shop which dealt tn rare The pirate greedily dug up the treasure chest. books. deal b. break the ground or make a hole in the ground with (I.) with a tool, machine, etc. a. take action in order to achieve sth or solve a They've dug up my street several times so far problem this year. If the government doesn't start to deal with the c. discover in the course of digging energy crisis soon, there will be loads of While they were repairing the sewage system, problems in the future. the workers accidentally dug up a chest b. be about a particular subject containing several thousand-year-old The documentary dealt with the international manuscripts. spread of AIDS and its consequences. d. (informal) (also dig up dirt on sb) locate; find, c. do business with a person or organization; esp. in order to discover information that is meet or talk to sb, esp. as part of your job secret or forgotten by searching very carefully In my job, I often have to deal with dissatisfied \"See if you can dig up any dirt on my customers. opponent.\" - \"Alright, I'll let you know as soon DIE as I've dug something up.\" die away (int.) (of a sound) become weaker or fainter and then cease DO The sound of gunfire gradually died away as do away with (t.) the battle came to a close. die down (int.) a. put an end to; abolish become calm or quiet; subside After the riot, it took many hours for people's The candidate claimed he would be doing away anger to die down. die off (int.) die one after with wasteful spending of the taxpayers' another until the number money. is greatly reduced b. kill As she grew older, her friends began to die off do by (t.) deal with; treat one by one. die I've always tried to do well by my friends and out (int.) family, although it hasn't always been easy. a. cease to exist; become extinct do for, (usu. passive) cause the defeat, ruin, or If we take no steps against deforestation, death of thousands of animal and plant species, some of \"We're done for,\" whispered the general when them unknown to man, will die out. he saw the size of the army closing in on him b. die away; fade; subside and his soldiers. The sound of the blades died out as the do In (t.) (informal) helicopter flew off. a. kill, esp. to murder to die for, (informal) stunning; remarkable The gang leader had his rivals done in one by That skirt is just to die fort one. DIG b. injure gravely or exhaust; wear out; ruin dig In (int.) My job is really doing me in, so I'm thinking a. dig trenches, as in order to defend a position in about quitting. battle c. cheat or swindle The soldiers dug in and waited for the enemy to I think that car salesman did me in when he close in. sold me this piece of junk. do out b. maintain one's opinion or position of (t.) (informal) swindle; cheat I tried to argue calmly and logically with her, That guy over there did me out of several but she had dug in and wasn't even listening to hundred dollars a few years ago. what I was saying. do over (I.) c. (informal) start eating a. redecorate Go ahead, dig in, there's plenty of food for b. redo; do sth again because you did not do it everyone. dig Into (t.) a. press or push hard well the first time (esp.AmE) into sb or sth, or press sth The teacher said I'm going to have to do my hard into sb or sth assignment over because it was too messy for her The cat dug its claws deep into my leg. to even read. do up (t.) (informal) My backpack was digging into my shoulder. a. wrap and tie up b. pin up or arrange (the hair) Let me just do up my hair and then I'll be ready to go. ELS Q 687

c. renovate; launder; clean b. clothe oneself in; put on, esp. in a slow manner d. wear out; tire e. fasten (esp.BritE): (t.) She drew on her gown and walked elegantly Don't forget to do up your coat; it's quite chilly towards the balcony. outside. c. utilize or make use of, esp. as a source (t.) f. dress, esp. in a fancy or funny way Many bebop tunes drew heavily on songs from old musicals. On Halloween, many children get all done up in draw oneself up, assume an erect posture funny costumes. do with (L), draw out (t.) a. gain advantage or benefit from; make use of a. pull out; remove b. prolong; lengthen You could definitely do with a vacation. You can't draw this boring conversation out b. (informal, used to ask where sb put sth) much further. c. persuade to speak What did you do with my files? I can't seem to She's not really quite as dull as she may seem, find them anywhere. if you make the effort to draw her out. c. have to do with, be about or connected with sb d. take or withdraw (money) from a place of or sth deposit He drew his money out of the bank and blew it all I never watch those silly talk shows on television; on the horse races. draw up what do all those people's problems have to do with a. devise or formulate; draft, esp. in legal form or me? do without as a formal proposal a. forgo; dispense with (I) He drew up his will only a week before he passed away. He just can't do without a glass or two of beer b. put into position; arrange in order or formation after work. The captain drew up his men and ordered b. dispense with the thing mentioned them to charge. The store didn't have any milk left, so we'll c. bring or come to a stop; halt have to do without. The van drew up at the curb and about a dozen clowns jumped out onto the street. DOUBLE DREAM double back (int.) turn and go back in the direction from which you have come dream up (t.) form a creative idea or plan in the Alter realizing that I'd taken the wrong turn, I imagination; devise had to double back. He's always dreaming up the most outlandish schemes for making money. double up (int.) a. share quarters planned for only one person or DRESS family dress down, Because there aren't enough rooms for all of us, a. reprimand; scold (t) (esp.BritE) we'll have to double up. b. suddenly bend your body forward, usu. We got dressed down pretty badly for smoking because of pain or laughter in church. The amateur boxer doubled up in agony when the b. dress informally or less formally (int.) champion punched him in the stomach. We all We always dress down when we go out on doubled up with laughter when he walked in Saturday nights. dress up without any clothes on. double (up) as (t.) have the a. put on one's best or fanciest clothing; dress purpose of sth in addition to its original purpose A relatively formally (int.) futon is essentially a bed that doubles (up) as a sofa. He always used to dress up for his own birthday parties. DRAW b. dress up in/as (t.) dress in costume or in another person's clothes: draw ahead of ((.) gradually pass sth. moving in the \"My sister's going to dress up in Victorian same direction clothing for the costume party.\" The first-time auto racer slowly drew ahead of \"I think I'll dress up as Che Guevara.\" c. embellish or disguise, esp. in order to make the reigning champion. more appealing or acceptable (t.) draw away (t.) If you don't dress up the facts a bit, no one will a. move or begin to move away be interested in your story. He slowly drew his hand away from the fire. DRIVE b. move farther ahead drive at (t.) attempt or intend to convey; allude to; The Formula One driver Michael Schumacher suggest quickly drew away from the competition. I don't know exactly what it is you're driving at, drawback (int.) move away from sb or sth, usu. but I don't think I like it. drive back (t.) (also because you are surprised or frightened She drew back in disgust when she saw the drive o3\\ push back; force back; cockroach crawling over the kitchen counter. repel; repulse draw Into (t.) cause to take part or enter, esp. The rebels were quickly driven back/off by the unwittingly superior numbers of the governmental forces. They somehow managed to draw him Into the discussion on human rights, although he had drive off, leave in a car, usu. suddenly (int.) wanted to remain quiet. He jumped in his Ferrari and drove off without draw off (int.) move back or away even saying \"goodbye.\" draw on a. come nearer; approach (int.) Winter is drawing on, you can feel it in the air. 688 Q ELS

DROP FACE drop behind (t.) fall short of the required pace or face down (t.) confront boldly or intimidate (an progress: opponent, critic, etc.) As a result of her long absence, she had The musician faced down his critics by dropped far behind the rest of the class and claiming that they were all failed musicians was forced to study much more in order to keep up. drop by/In (at) (I.) visit sb for a themselves. face up to (t.) acknowledge; admit; meet short time, usu. without arranging it before courageously; confront; accept that a difficult I might drop by Steve's house later and see situation exists how he's been doing. You should face up to the facts - she doesn't love vnu anymore. drop off a. (informal) fall asleep (int.) FALL fall (all) over oneself: show unusual or excessive I was so tired last night that I just dropped off enthusiasm or eagerness, esp. in the hope of in front of the TV. being favored or rewarded b. decrease; decline (int.) The young artist fell all over himself to praise The number of students entering university his mentor's newest painting. dropped off significantly last year. fall apart (int.) c. take sb or sth to a place, usu. by car as you travel somewhere else ((.) a. break into pieces Don't waste money on a taxi; I'm going in that My old shoes have started to fall apart. direction myself, so I can drop you off. drop out of ((.) b. start having problems that you cannot deal a. withdraw from being a member or participant with I dropped out of the chess club because, to be honest, it was starting to get boring. After she'd discovered that he'd cheated on her, she b. stop attending school or college: fell apart. fall away (int.) My sister dropped out of high school at 16 and started working full-time. a. withdraw support or allegiance As soon as it became clear that the candidate DRY was xenophobic, many of his supporters dry up (int.) cease to exist; evaporate, esp. for quickly fell away. supplies of sth b. become lean or thin; diminish; decline After all his money dried up, he was forced to According to Edward Gibbon, the power of the ^sk for a loan from the bank. Roman Empire began to fall away with the adoption of Christianity as the state religion by EAT Constantine the Great. eat away at (t.) fall back (int.) give way; recede; retreat a. (also eat Into) destroy gradually, as by erosion . After many hours of fighting, the weakened soldiers were forced to fall back. Centuries of rain and wind, not to mention air pollution, is eating away at many historical fall back on or upon (t.) buildings and statues. a. (also, fall back to) retreat to b. (for people's feelings, emotions, etc.) make sb The exhausted soldiers fell back on the the feel more and more unhappy, worried, etc. town and dug themselves in. • The memory of what 1 said to her is really eating away at me. b. have recourse to; rely on eat Into (I.) Having no savings to fall back on when his first a. same as eat away at (a) child came along, he had to get a second part-time b. use or take away a large part of sth valuable, job in order to make ends meet. fall behind such as money or time a. lag, in pace or progress (t./int.) The wedding preparations are eating into our savings. eat up (t.) If we don't slop arguing over the details of the a. show enthusiasm for; take pleasure in project, we're going to fall behind the others. The audience just ate up the comedian's every joke. b. fall behind in (I.) fail to pay (a debt, obligation, b. believe without question etc.) at the appointed time My parents were eating up everything I said; they didn't even stop to think it might all be Al Capone fell behind in his tax payments, and it lies. was for that reason that he was finally arrested. fall for ((.) (informal) ENTER a. be deceived by enter Into (t.) I can't believe that you fell for such an old a. investigate; consider trick! The president said that he would enter into the b. fall in love with sb question of what should be done with the He says that he's fallen for her. fall In with (t.) refugees at a later date. become acquainted with and spend b. form a constituent part or ingredient of Another factor entering into our consideration time with, esp. by chance of this issue is whether or not state employees I feu in with a strange young Australian couple should have their salary raised. while I was visiting Sicily. fall off (int.) decrease in number, amount, or intensity; diminish Profits fell off sharply last quarter due to the economic crisis. ... .. . . . . . . ...... fall on or upon ((.) a. assault; attack The cavalry suddenly fell on us from the rear. ELS a 689

b. be the obligation of FILL The burden of choosing who is to be sacked fill in (i.) a, fill In for sb; substitute for has unfortunately fallen on me. James couldn't come today, so I'll be tilling In C. experience; encounter for him. b. fill sb In on sth, (informal] supply sb with As a result of Tom's gambling problems, his information Could you please flfl me in on what was said at family fell on hard times. the meeting? fill out (int.) become larger, fuller, or rounder, as the d. chance upon; come upon figure She's filled out quite a bit since she got Archimedes fell upon the idea of the principle of married. displacement while stepping into the bath one FIND day. find out (t.) e. happen on a particular day or date a. discover or confirm the truth about sth; learn a fact for the first time Easter fell on 11 April this year. Have you found out what the problem with your computer screen is yet? fall out (int.) a. happen; occur b. detect or expose, as a crime or offense The police have yet to find out who killed the It fell out that I wasn't actually broke: I'd had man. money in my pocket the whole time. b. leave one's place in the ranks, as a soldier c. uncover the true nature, identity, or intentions After they had completed their drills, the cadets ofsb were ordered to fall out. The spy was found out before he could c. fall out over (I.) quarrel about; disagree about assassinate the president. They fell out over whether James Joyce or W.B. Yeats had been more important for Irish FIRE literature. fall over backward(s) (int.) exhibit great eagerness, fire away (int.) (informal) begin to talk and continue esp. in pursuit of one's own advantage without slackening, esp. to ask a series of The new employee fell over backwards in questions praising the manager's proposal. fall through \"I've got a few questions to ask you.\" - \"Fire (int.) come to nothing; fail of realization away.\" fire off (t.) Unfortunately, they did not agree to our offer, a. discharge (as weapons, ammunition, etc.) so the deal has fallen through. The police Bred off tear gas at the picketers. fall to (l.) apply oneself; begin b. write and send hurriedly He fired off an angry letter of resignation to his boss Alright, everyone, that's enough chit-chat, let's and stormed out of the the office. fire up (t.) make sb excited or angry fall to work. fall under (t.) He always gets so fired up when we start a. be the concern or responsibility of talking about politics. The police can't do anything to you; what FTT you've done doesn't fall under their jurisdiction. fit In b. be classified as; be included within a. find the time to see sb or do sth (t.) His new book falls under the heading of dystopic novels. The doctor won't be able to fit you in till next Wednesday. FEED b. fit In with (t.) (for people) feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them feed on (t.) obtain sustenance from Transvestites are too often made to feel that they cannot fit in with the rest of society. The koala feeds only on eucalyptus leaves; it c. fit In with (t.) (for activities or events) exist or happen together in a way that is convenient doesn't even drink water! We're going to Şile this weekend if the weather's nice - how does that fit in with your FEEL plans? fit out or up (t.) furnish with supplies, equipment, feel for (t.) feel sympathy for or compassion toward; clothing, furniture, or other requisites; supply; empathize with equip He's been having a lot of problems lately; I My brother owns a camping supply store, so he really feel for him. feel like (t.) can fit us out for our trip. (informal) have a desire for; be FIX favourably disposed to; want (to) I just don't feel like going to a movie tonight. fix on or upon (t.) decide on; determine (esp.BritjE) Do you feel like staying in and watching TV? We can't fix on a date for the party until we know when everyone is going to be free. feel like oneself, (also feel oneselfl be in one's usual fix up (t.) (informal) frame of mind or state of health a. arrange a meeting, date, event, etc. He hasn't been feeling dike) himself since his Let's try and fix up a time for our next meeting. parents passed away. feel out (t.) attempt to ascertain (the nature of a situation, sb's attitude, etc.) by indirect or subtle means You should feel out his opinion before you ask him to support you on such a sensitive issue. feel up to (t.) (informal) feel or be able to; be capable of She's very tired and doesn't feel up to going out tonight. 690 Q ELS

b. provide with; furnish b. surpass; outdo She never let anyone get ahead of her in her My wife's old friend was kind enough to Sx me work as she was quite ambitious, up with this job. c. smooth over; solve; resolve get along (BritE get on) If we don't talk like rational human beings, a. get along with (t.) like each and be friendly to we'll never be able to Sx up our differences. one another FLOOD He doesn't get along very well with his mother- in-law. flood In/Into [inl./l.) arrive in great numbers, usu. b. get along in (t.) deal with a situation, esp. within a short period of time As soon as the successfully: film star had endorsed the company's product, HO-— do you think Michael is getting along in his orders began flooding in. new job? get around/round (t.) FLY a. circumvent; outwit; find a way of dealing with or avoiding a problem fly about/around (int.) (for ideas or remarks) be Al Capone managed to get around everything passed quickly from one person to another and except income tax evasion. cause excitement b. get around/round to, do sth, esp. sth that you Rumors about the prime minister's imminent have intended to do for a long time resignation were ffying around. fly Into a I don't know when I'll have time to get around to rage/temper, suddenly become very angry checking your assignment. get at ((.) When I mentioned that I had broken his stereo, a. reach; touch He couldn't get at the top shelf so he asked me he uewinto a rage. to help. b. suggest, hint at, or imply; intimate FOLLOW I don't know exactly what Clive was getting at when he said that, but I don't think it was follow out (£.) carry to a conclusion; execute good. Following out their orders to the letter, the c. discover; determine soldiers began executing everyone in the If we want to solve the problem of village. unemployment, we have to get at the root of the problem. follow through (int.) d. (informal) influence by surreptitious or illegal a. carry out fully, as a stroke of a club in golf, a means; bribe Since the mayor had many debts in addition to racket in tennis, etc. a low salary, the mafia quite easily got at him. b. continue an effort, plan, proposal, policy, etc., e. (informal) (BritE). criticize someone in an unkind way to its completion He's forever getting at me. When studying a language, ^ou must follow get away through or you will never really learn, follow up a. escape; flee (int.) (on) (t.) discover more about a situation or take The robbers got away in an unlicensed hearse. further action in connection with it Can you follow b. get away with (t.) succeed in doing sth bad or up (on) this report about the president's proposal to wrong without being punished or criticized raise taxes across the board? Their youngest son gets away with everything because his mother is 'Convinced that he is an GAIN angel and can do no wrong. get back (I.) gain on (t.) get nearer to sb or sth that you are chasing a. get back to, talk to sb, usually on the telephone, to give them some information they The police were gaining on the fleeing bank have asked for or because you were not able to robbers. speak to them before I'll get back to you as soon as I've found out GET how much the tickets are. get about (AmE get around) (int.) b. get back (at), (informal) be revenged on I'm going to get back at him someday for a. move about; be active embarrassing me in public like that. He gets about quite a bit - he's quite the traveller. get behind on (t.) not have done as much work or Ever since the accident, he can get around only paid as much money as you should by a with difficulty. particular time b. become known; spread Don't get behind on your credit card payments I wanted to keep our relationship a secret, but or you will regret it. somehow it got around that we were dating. get get by across (I.) a. succeed in going past (t.) a. make or become understandable; successfully The protestors got by the police barricade and stormed the palace. communicate information to other people What I would mainly like to get across to you is b. be able to live or deal with a situation with the importance of becoming actively involved in difficulty, usu. by having just enough of sth society. you need, such as money (int.) b. be convincing about; impress upon others He's far from rich, but he gets by. The professor clearly got across the fact that he would not tolerate lateness. get ahead (int.) c. evade the notice of (t.) be successful, as in business or Not much gets by him, so be careful what you society say. Unfortunately, it's still quite difficult, even after ELS Q 691 all these years, for a woman to get ahead in business without being resented by the men around her. get ahead of (I.) a. move forward of, as in traveling The champion cyclist quickly got ahead of his competition.

get down b. (AmE get along) deal with a situation, esp. a. depress; discourage; fatigue (t.) successfully ((.) How did you get on with that project of yours? Watching the news really gets me down. b. write sth, esp. sth that sb has said (t.) c. advance in age Your mother's really getting on, isn't she? He was talking so fast that his secretary couldn't get it all down. d. get on with (I.) (AmE get along with), like each c. swallow (t.) other and be friendly to one another My throat was so swollen that it was difficult to get the pills down. e. get on with (t.) continue doing sth d. (informal) relax and enjoy oneself completely; Don't just stop in the middle of your story - get be uninhibited in one's enjoyment, esp. when on with it! get onto (t.) start talking about a dancing (int.) She was really getting down at the party last subject after night. discussing sth else e. get down to (t.) start doing sth seriously and We started talking about music but then we with a lot of attention and effort somehow got onto politics. Okay, let's get down to business. get in get out a. (also get Into) enter a car or a taxi a. go out to different places and meet people in You can go and get into the car. I'll be there in a minute. order to enjoy oneself (int.) b. (also get Into) (I.) arrive; come (int.) My husband doesn't get out much - he prefers She got in on the ten-o'clock train. staying at home and listening to music. Our plane should get into the airport about b. become publicly known (int.) three o'clock. News of the mayor's criminal connections got c. (also get into) (t.) be chosen or accepted, as for out. office, membership, etc. c. get out of: leave a car or taxi I was hoping to attend the University of I got out of the taxi at the wrong place, and had Chicago, but couldn't get in. My father was to walk ten minutes to get to the meeting place. never able to get into political office, although d. get out of (t.) leave: he tried a number of times. The party was so boring that I just had to get d. (also get oneself in) become implicated in sth, out of there. usu. slh bad or negative (i.) After years of struggling to make a profit, he If he keeps on borrowing money to pay off his debts, finally decided to get out of the publishing he'll only be getting himself in deeper and deeper. business. get into (t.) e. get out of doing sth: avoid doing sth that you a. become interested in an activity or subject; should do, often by giving an excuse start being involved in an activity I managed to get out of dissecting the frog in I didn't really get into literature until after I'd science class by telling the teacher that graduated from high school. dissecting anything was against the rules of my b. what has got/gotten into sb: not understand religion. why sb is behaving differently than normal f. get sth out of sb, persuade or force sb to tell or He's acting very strangely these days. I wonder give you sth what's gotten into him. I could only get five dollars out of my dad. get it, (informal} g. get sth out of sth: enjoy sth or think that sth is a. be punished or reprimanded useful Stop doing that, or you're going to get iti She felt that she'd gotten a lot out of her teaching b. understand or grasp sth career, but finally decided that it was time to move She was talking about politics all night long, but I on. get over ((.) just wasn't getting it. get off a. begin to feel better after being unhappy or ill; a. leave a public vehicle recover from We'll get off the train at the next station and It took years for Canan to finally get over her continue our journey by bus. divorce from Ulaş. b. escape the consequences of or punishment for b. (informal) can't/couldn't get over sth, be very one's actions (int.) shocked or surprised about sth The businessman arrested for embezzling Now that you've dyed your hair, I just can't get stockholders' money got off lightly in the end. over how different you look. c. help sb escape punishment (t.) c. get sth over (and done) with: do and complete Considering all the evidence against him, not sth difficult or unpleasant that must be done: even the best lawyer in the world will be able to I'll be so happy to finally get this job interview get him off. over and done with. d. (informal) have the effrontery; do sth that one get through has no right to do (I.) a. manage to reach or contact sb, esp. by Where does he get off ordering me around - telephone (int.) that's what I'd like to know. I called him several times last night, but I get on a. enter a public vehicle couldn't get through. An old woman fell and broke her leg as she b. deal with a difficult or unpleasant experience was trying to get on the bus yesterday. successfully, or to help sb do this (t.) Thank you so much for helping me get through my exams. c. finish; complete (t.) With his bad studying habits, I don't know how he managed to get through college. 692 Q ELS

d. get through to sb: succeed in making sb e. (for machines, fuel, etc.) become used up; fail understand or believe sth (int.) I tried explaining why I thought so, but I just Just as we were driving through the middle of couldn't get through to him. Death Valley, our fuel gave out. get to (t.) give over to (L), a. get in touch or into communication with; a. put into the care of; transfer contact After retiring, he gave over all his property to his By the time he got to me, it was already too late. wife and ran off to Tahiti. b. (informal) make an impression on; affect b. devote to a specified activity Beethoven's final string quartet really gets to He gave the rest of his life over to relaxing in the me - I cry every time I listen to it. sun. give up c. (informal) begin a. abandon hope; despair (int.) Don't let Tony get to telling you the story about the After the death of his beloved wife, he simply gave up. old white-haired man in Arizona, or you'll never b. surrender; relinquish (int.) hear the end of it. get up (I.) The team conceded four goals in the first ten a. prepare; arrange; organize (esp.BrilE) minutes and thereafter gave up. c. quit; stop; desist from; renounce (t.) The museum's getting up an exhibit on the He somehow managed to completely give up Christian elements in Van Gogh's paintings. drinking after nearly 50 years of severe alcoholism. b. draw upon; marshal; rouse You really need to get up your courage if you're d. slop trying to think of the answer to a joke or question (t.) going to go bungee-jumping. \"What animal walks on 4 legs in the morning, 2 legs in the afternoon, and 3 legs in the c. get up to sth, do sth, esp. sth that other people evening?\" - \"I give up.\" - \"A human being.\" - \"I think is wrong don't get it.\" Look at his face! I just know he's been getting e. give up on sb: stop hoping that sb will do what you want them to do up to some sort of mischief. She's given up on Oğuz; she knows he will never change. GIVE f. give up on sth: stop hoping that sth will give away (t.) achieve what you want it to achieve I give up on this CD player - it's never going to a. expose or betray sb work right. The thiefs partner gave him away when the g. give oneself up: allow the police or an enemy to catch you police began to pressure him. The fugitive eventually gave himself up. b. reveal (a confidence or secret, hidden motives, GO true feelings, etc.), often without intending to go about (I.) While she was chatting away, she gave away a. occupy oneself with; perform that there was going to be a surprise birthday Perhaps you should stop chatting and go about your work. party. b. start to do sth or deal with sth give In Can you tell me what's the best way to go about learning a language? go after (t.) a. acknowledge defeat; concede (int.) The general declared that he and his army a. attempt to obtain; strive for would never give in. If you don't go after her, you'll never know if she loves you or not. b. give a piece of written work or a document to sb for them to read, judge, or deal with (t.) b. chase or follow sb in order to catch them (AmE hand in) Seeing him run out of the bank with a gun in We have to give our essays in on Monday. his hand, the police went after him. c. give In to (t.) finally agree to or accept what sb go against (t.) wants after a period when you refuse to agree a. go against sth, be in conflict with or opposed to (a rule, a policy, etc.) The President has boldly vowed never to gtre in Eating meat of any kind at any time goes to terrorist demands. against the rules of the Jain religion. give off (t.) put forth or produce; emit, esp. for light, b. go against sb, have the result of a vote or heat, smell, gas, etc. decision be the opposite of what was needed The vote went against the incumbent senator This lamp isn't giving off much light - why this year, and he announced his retirement from politics. don't we change the bulb? give or take (t./int.) plus or minus a specified go ahead a. used to give permission to sb to do sth amount; more or less \"Dad, can I borrow the car tonight?\" - \"Go A new Mercedes will run you $75,000, give or ahead, but be careful.\" b. go ahead with (t.), start to do sth take. Now that all systems have been checked out, we give out can go ahead with the countdown. a. send out; emit ((.) Stars are known to give out enormous amounts of radiation. b. make public; announce; claim (I.) The journalist gave out that the prime minister had been concealing certain important information. c. distribute or issue to a large number of people (t.) (AmE hand out) Several young political activists were giving out pamphlets to anyone who would take them. d. (for people, parts of the body, etc.) become exhausted; fail (int.) I had been carrying heavy boxes for hours, and then my strength gave out. ELS Q 693

go along. go for (t) a. move forward; proceed; continue doing sth a. choose (inl.) Do you know yet what kind of car you are Don't memorize every rule immediately - you'll going to go for? learn most of them as you go along. b. make an attempt at; try to get b. go along to, go to a place or event, usu. without The team is going for its third straight much planning (t.) (esp.BrilE) championship. I may go along to the pub after work, I'm not c. (for money) sell for a certain amount of money quite sure yet. The house went for $40,000. c. go along with sb (also come along with sb) d. favour; like; enjoy accompany sb (f.) I don't think I would really go for a life of Can I go along with you to the party? travel. d. go along with sb/sth, agree; concur (t.) e. go for sb, assault; attack He doesn't go along with my ideas about how to The thief suddenly went for me with the knife make this country a better place. go around/round in his hand. a. be sufficient or enough for everyone in a group f. go for It, (informal) pursue a goal with (inl.) determination; do what you must do in order to There are twenty students and only ten seats, have or achieve sth so there are not enough seats to go around. If you want to be a professional musician b. pass or circulate, as in transmission or someday, go for it - nothing's stopping you. communication (int.) go In for (t.) adopt as your particular interest; Word's going around that he finally broke up approve of; like with Emma. I don't really go in for most pop music - it's too c. go around/round doing sth, spend your time shallow and has no real originality. behaving badly or doing sth that is unpleasant go In with (I.) join in a partnership or union; for other people combine with He's been going around telling everyone that On the condition that we'd be sharing it in the Emma is a liar and that she cheated on him. future, he agreed to go in with me on the cost d. go around with (t.) be often in the company of of a new boat. sb go Into (t.) These days, he's going around with Linda quite a bit. a. describe, discuss, or examine sth in a detailed go at (t.) way a. assault; attack, either physically or verbally I'd really rather not go into the subject of my (also, esp.BritE, have a go at) own personal religious beliefs. She told him that she'd fallen for someone else, b. undertake as one's study or work and he just went at her. She has decided to go into politics. b. (informal) start doing sth with energy and enthusiasm (esp. BriUS) go off There was a lot of work to do, but we went at it straightaway. a. explode, fire, or perform or begin to function c. have a go at: (informal) try doing sth (AmE) abruptly (int.) Well, do you want to .have a go at (fixing) this The bomb went off at 10:03 a.m. precisely. TV? b. leave a place and go somewhere else (int.) goby He's gone off to the pub with Rey. a. be disregarded or not taken advantage of; pass c. (for a light, machine, etc.) stop working (int.) (int.) The electricity's gone off again. This offer is one-time only, so don't let it go by. d. (for slh that makes a noise) suddenly start making a noise (inl.) b. be guided by or rely upon (I.) My alarm clock went off about 5 minutes too He's a compulsive liar, so you can never really go by early. anything he says. go down a. suffer defeat (inl.) e. (for food and drink) spoil; go bad (inf.) (esp.BritE) Smell this milk - I think it's gone off. The team lost, but at least they didn't go down without a fight. f. go off sb/sth, stop liking sb or sth (BritE) b. leave university, permanently or at the end of a I've gone off red meat recently. term (inl.) (BritE) c. (for computers) stop functioning (int.) go on My computer suddenly went down and I lost all a. continue (t.) my files. d. go down as (I.), be accepted or believed He went on working as hard as ever despite all All that nonsense about why it was necessary his personal problems. to start the war went down as truth with a lot b. happen or lake place (int.) of people. I couldn't understand what was going on. e. go down as (t.) be remembered in history or by c. use a piece of information to help you discover posterity or understand something (I.) This war may well go down as one of the The detective had nothing to go on but a single biggest mistakes this country has ever made. bootprint in the blood. f. go down with sth, (informal) become ill, usu. d. go on (and on) about sth: talk in an annoying with a not very serious illness (esp.BritE) way about sth for a long time He's gone down with a cold, but he should be Every time I see her, she goes on and on about back in a few days. how wonderful her boyfriend is. e. go on to do sth: do sth else in the future After defeating his rival in the semi-final, he went on to win the championship. f. go on (with sth), start talking or doing sth again after a short time We took a short break and then went on with the meeting. 694 Q ELS

go out go with (t.) (informal) have a romantic relationship a. come to an end, esp. fade in popularity (int.) with; court; date (also go out with) They'd been going with each other for almost ten years Video cassettes are beginning to go out now before they finally got married. that VCDs and DVDs are widely available. b. (for sth producing light or heat) cease or fail to go without (t.) not have sth that you usually have function; stop producing light or heat; be Trapped under the collapsed building, the extinguished (int.) survivors had to go without food and water for As the campfire was going out, we began telling several days. each other ghost stories. c. go out (with sb), have a romantic relationship GROW with sb He's been going out with Burcu for almost a year grow Into (I.) now. go over a. grow Into sth: gradually become large enough a. talk or think abouth sth in order to explain it for or make certain that it is correct; repeat; review She eventually grew Into her older sister's clothes. (I.) b. grow Into sth: gradually become mature or experienced enough for Let's go over what was said at the meeting just Even if it seems very difficult at first, don't one more time. worry, because it's the kind of job that you b. examine (I.) have to grow Into. He went over my essay and found quite a few c. grow Into sb/sth: gradually develop or mature problems in its argument. into a particular type of person or thing c. be thought of in a particular way; be effective It took many years for Van Gogh to grow Into the or successful (int.) (esp.AmE) great painter that he was. grow on or upon (t.) My presentation went over pretty badly - I think a. gradually increase in influence or effect I need a drink. go through As he walked slowly through the dense jungle, a a. bear; experience, esp. a difficult or unpleasant troubling feeling that he was being watched situation (t.) grew slowly upon him. I don't know if I'll able to go through another b. become gradually more liked or accepted by funeral so soon after the last one. The first time I listened to Turkish classical b. carefully examine or search the contents of sth music, it seemed monotonous, but eventually it or a collection of things in order to find sth (t.) grew on me. A customs officer went through all my luggage grow out of (t.) looking for God knows what. a. become too large or mature for; outgrow c. use or spend completely; use up (t.) As a child gets older, it quickly grows out o/all He went through his entire salary in a week. its old clothes. d. (for laws, plans, proposals, etc.) be officially b. stop doing sth (esp. childish habits) as you get accepted or approved older That new gun control law probably won't go He still picks his nose, but I think he'll grow through because so many people in Congress out o/it soon. are so conservative. c. originate in; develop from e. go through with sth, persevere with sth to the One of the wonders of nature is that it is end; bring to completion, usu. for sth sometimes possible for an entire forest to grow out unpleasant or difficult that you have planned of a. single seed fallen in the middle of an empty or promised to do plain. grow up (int.) He was going to ask her out on a date, but he just a. be or become fully grown; attain mental or couldn't go through with it. go together (int.) physical maturity a. be appropriate or harmonious Thelonious Monk was born in North Carolina The curtains and wallpaper don't go together at but grew up in New York City. all. b. come into existence; arise; develop or become b. (informal) keep company; date; court bigger or stronger Ulaş and Burcu have been going together for Although a close friendship had grown up quite a long time now. go under (Int.) be between Gauguin and Van Gogh while living in overwhelmed or ruined; fail Aries, eventually their personalities clashed. financially (int.) He ran a successful used book store for almost HAND twenty years, but after the economic crisis, his business went under. hand back (t.) return sth to the person who gave it go up (int.) to you (esp.AmE) a. be in the process of construction, as a building The professor handed our exams back A new high-rise apartment building is going up yesterday. on Lake Shore Drive. b. increase in cost, value, etc. hand down (t.) The price of cigarettes has gone up again. a. deliver (the decision of a court) c. go to a university at the beginning of a term (BritE) When the jury handed down a guilty verdict, d. go up in flames, suddenly explode: the defendant wept. b. (for heirlooms, traditions, etc.) transmit from The explosion made the building go up in one to another, esp. bequeath to posterity flames. The Christmas tree is not originally Christian at all, but rather something handed down from pre-Christian religion. ELS Q 695

hand in (t.) submit; present for acceptance hang out (esp.AmE) a. lean or be suspended through an opening (t.) I'll be handing in the first draft of my thesis sometime in August. hand it to sb (/or slh) She was hanging out the window when the bird landed on her shoulder. (informal) give just credit to b. (informal} loiter in public places (int.) (esp.AmE) or pay respect to sb There wasn't anything to do Saturday We've really got to hand It to her for managing afternoon, so we just hung out. to finish the project on time. hand out (t.) give c. hang out in/at, (informal} frequent a particular place, esp. in idling away one's free lime (I.) or distribute; pass out (esp.AmE) (esp.AmE) Lots of pamphlets were handed out at the Ulaş spends far too much time hanging out in demonstration. hand over (t.) deliver into the cafes. d. hang out with sb, (informal) consort or appear custody of another in public with sb (esp.AmE} The kidnapper refused to hand the man over She's been hanging out with some strange until he'd been allowed to leave the country people lately. hangover safely. a. remain to be settled; be postponed (t./int.) Let's just let the final decision hang over a HANG while, there's really no rush. hang around or about (informal} b. be imminent or foreboding; threaten (t.) a. spend time somewhere, usu. without doing Death hung over the city in the form of American bombers. very much (int.) hangup Quite a few American teenagers spend a lot of a. cause or encounter delay; suspend or slow the their time hanging around in shopping malls. progress of b. linger about; loiter (int.) Traffic got hung up for several hours because of His friends had all left the pub about ten the construction. minutes before, but he was just hanging about b. (also hang up on sb) break a telephone a bit while he finished his drink. connection by replacing the receiver on the c. hang around/about with sb, spend time in hook or turning the telephone off certain company I was just about to tell her that I loved her, and Lately, my son's been hanging around with the then she hung up on me. skateboarding crowd - last month it was with the football players. hang back (int.) HAPPEN a. be reluctant to proceed or move forward happen on or upon sth/sb: find sth or meet sb by When his girlfriend jumped up to the dancefloor, Murat hung back out of shyness. chance or without planning to b. refrain from taking action; hesitate While I was tidying up my desk, I happened The infantry advanced while the cavalry hung upon some old poems I had written several back awaiting orders. hang in (there), years before. happen to do sth: do sth by (informal) persevere (esp.AmE) chance or without After he'd lost his job, his house, and his wife, planning to somehow he still managed to hangin there. I happened to bump into Mihraca on the street hang in the balance: be in a precarious or critical a few days ago. state or condition At the peace talks, the destiny of millions of HAVE people was hanging in the balance. hang it have at (t.) do sth vigorously; attack up (informal] quit, resign, give up, etc. (esp.AmE) I'm going to have at my composition a bit Because of a crippling disease, Lou Gehrig was before I go out tonight. have forced to hang it up after nearly twenty years of done with sth: cease; finish playing. After many long years without success, it hang on (int.) seemed as if they would never have done with a. continue with effort; persevere their struggle against oppression. Just try to hang on for one more month, then have had it we'll have enough money to move into a new a. suffer defeat; fail (int.) apartment. Their relationship, which used to be so stong, b. hold sth tightly has had it. Hang on, this road we're going over's pretty b. become weary of or disgusted with sth (int.) rough. (also, esp.AmE, have had it (up to here) with c. be sustained to the point of danger, tedium, sth,) (t.) etc. I've had it up to here with your lies! have (got) My skin rash hung on for months. it coming: merit or deserve, esp. for a bad d. (informal} wait briefly (often on the telephone); or negative consequence keep calm Most people in this country are so terribly Hang on a second while I put you through to him. unhappy that I think the government's got it hang onto (I.) coming to them. have it in for sb: plan or wish a. hold fast or cling to sth to do sth unpleasant Make sure you hang onto your wallet when to sb; hold a grudge against sb you're walking down İstiklal Caddesi. That professor seems to have it in for anyone b. keep sth; not throw sth away who disagrees with her. have it out (int.) If my father had hung onto all his old baseball come to an understanding or cards, my family would be rich now. decision through discussion or combat I've had it with all these silly little quarrels; it's 696 Q ELS time we had it out once and for all.

have (got) on (t.) hold down (t.) a. be clothed in; be wearing a. restrain; check (also, esp.AmE, keep down) \"What did she have on at the party?\" - \"Her Hold that noise down, will you! new black dress.\" b. keep the cost of sth at a low level b. make sb think that sth is true, as a joke (BritE; AmE have sb going, put sb on) Artificially holding down the average worker's He really had me on, telling me he was going to wage can lead to a series of problems. be getting married. c. (for a job, a post, a position, etc.) continue to hold and manage well HELP It's often difficult for those newly released from prison to hold down a full-time job. hold forth (t.) help oneself to sth a. extend or offer; propose a. serve onesell; take a portion of The old woman held forth an apple and said to Snow White, \"Here you are, my dear.\" You can go ahead and help yourself to coffee or b. hold forth (on sth), talk at great length: tea. harangue b. take or use without asking permission; He was sitting at his usual table in the pub, and as appropriate usual holding forth on how much better things had Those kids helped themselves to my flowers, been when he was young. hold off (l.) didn't they? There's not one left in the garden! a. keep at a distance; resist; repel The soldiers fought bravely, but in the end HIRE proved unable to hold off the enemy's superior numbers. hire on as (t.) obtain employment as; take a job as b. hold off doing sth: wait before doing sth; Hakan hired on as a barman during the postpone action; defer summer. hire oneself out (as) (t.) offer or Until I've seen all the facts, I'm going to have to hold off making my final decision. hold on (int.) exchange one's a. keep or maintain a firm grip services for payment Hold on tight; there's a sharp turn coming. I'm probably going to hire myself out as a b. stop; halt (usu. used imperatively) session musician next summer. Hold on! You've completely misunderstood me. c. (informal) wait briefly (often on the telephone) HIT Could you please hold on for a moment while I see if he's in the office? hit back at sb: criticize or attack sb who has hold onto (t.) criticized or attacked you a. hold sth or sb firmly with your hands or arms That author is fond of hitting back hard at Hold onto my hand while we cross the street. those critics who call his work b. keep sth that you have incomprehensible. hit It off (informal) get along I've held onto this watch for over twenty years, and I'm not going to sell it now, even if it doesn't keep with or understand good time. hold out (t.) one another very well as soon as you meet sb a. stretch forth; extend Mert and Evren really hit It off, I mean, they're Adam held out his hand and Eve gave him the both interested in the same things, so why not? apple. b. (for supplies of sth) continue to exist; last; be hit on or upon sth: have a good idea, esp. one enough for a particular period of time which solves a problem The money we've got in the bank won't hold out While James Joyce was working on Finnegans for more than two weeks at most. Wake, he hit upon the idea of writing it in c. refuse to yield or submit several different languages. hit The rebels are still holding out behind their barricades. out d. hold out for sth, wait until you get what you a. deal a blow aimlessly (int.) want When you go to the interview, don't be afraid to The boxer wasn't really fighting last night, he hold out for whatever salary you think you was just hitting out. deserve. b. hit out at sth, make a violent verbal attack e. hold out (sth on sb), withhold sth expected or The president's harsher critics immediately hit due to sb out at his proposed tax reforms. The boss owes us more money than this - I think he's holding out on us. hold over (t.) HOLD remain beyond the arranged or scheduled period hold sth against sb: like sb less because they have Due to popular demand, the Yılmaz Erdoğan done sth wrong or behaved badly I know he show was held over for three more said some thoughtless things, but you really performances. shouldn't hold It against htm. hold up a. stop; halt (int.) hold back (t.) Hold up! I can't walk as fast as you, you know! a. restrain or check; prevent sb or sth from b. maintain one's position or condition; endure (int.) moving forward or making progress How is he holding up after the death of his The police held back the angry protestors. I father? was held back by my inability to understand the subject. b. stop oneself from showing an emotion She held back her anger, knowing that if she didn't she would regret it. c. refrain from revealing; withhold; not give information to sb The candidate tried to hold back the fact that he had refused to serve in the army during the Vietnam War. d. refrain from participating or engaging in some activity He held back from dancing because he was very shy. ELS a 697

c. prevent sth from falling down (L) b. prevent from going up or increasing Can you hold this painting up while I go to get a The manager says he'd like to try keeping hammer and some nails? prices down next quarter. d. hinder; delay ((.) c. be able to eat or drink without vomiting So sorry I'm late. I was held up in traffic. My stomach and intestinal infections meant that I couldn't keep anything down. e. stop sb or enter a place by force in order to rob them or it (L) keep (sb/sth) from doing sth: prevent sb or sth The James gang was notorious for holding up from doing sth banks and trains. Small children should always be kept from playing with very small toys, as they may try to f. hold sb up as sth, display sb to sb else as an swallow them. keep {sth) from sb: example to be followed or admired I would hold up Thelonious Monk as an not tell sb about sth example of an artist who always stayed true to \"Do you think he's cheating on you?\" - \"Well, I himself. know he's keeping something from me, whatever it may be.\" keep in with sb: stay in g. hold sb up to sth: present sb to notice; expose Following a series of disastrously bad films in sb's favor; be on good the early 1990s. Kevin Costner was held up to terms with sb ridicule by many. Even if you don't like him or her personally, it's never a bad idea to keep in with your boss. hold with ((.) be in agreement with; concur with; approve of; condone keep (sb/sth) off sth: not go onto an area, or stop We don't hold -with the idea that a just society is sb or sth going onto an area an impossibility. Lifting her messy son off the ground, Arzu managed to keep him off the rug which she IDENTIFY had just cleaned. keep sth off (sb/sth) stop sth identify sb/sth with sb/sth: connect one person, touching or harming thing, or idea with another sb or sth else Some critics identify the Romantic movement In Japan, a small net in a domed steel frame is With bourgeois complacency, while others placed over food to keep insects off. keep (on) identify it with revolutionary social and even political change. Identify with sb/sth: feel that doing sth: continue to do sth, or do sth again and again you are similar to sb She kept (on) staling at me the whole time I and can therefore understand them or their was at the bar. situation Despite cultural or religious differences, poor keep to people all over the world can identify with each a. adhere to; conform to other's problems. By not keeping to the established rules of INTRODUCE tradition, many artists have been able to display their true genius. Introduce sb to sth: help sb experience sth for the b. stay in one particular area first time If you've got the flu, you really must keep to bed. It was my father who first Introduced me to c. do what you have promised or planned to do good country music. (also, esp.AmE, stick to) When writing an essay, it is often a good idea to JUMP .keep to a clear outline. d. keep sth to sth: make sure that sth does not jump on (L) blame or rebuke; reprimand become larger than a particular number or He's always Jumping on anybody that criticizes amount him in the slightest way. Jump at (I.) take an I'm trying to keep the number of guests at the wedding to one hundred or less. opportunity to have or do sth in e. keep to oneself: remain aloof from the society a very willing and excited way or company of others She Jumped at the chance to play the double He's the sort of person who prefers to keep to bass in the school jazz band. himself most of the time. f. keep sth to oneself: keep sth secret and not tell KEEP anyone else about it I'll tell you what he told me, but only if you promise keep at ((.) persist in; be steadfast; continue to keep it to yourself. keep up U.) working hard at sth difficult a. not allow something that is at a high level to If you want to really learn a language well, you fall to a lower level have to keep at it. Keep up the good work! b. keep up (on or with sth), stay informed about keep back the latest information, technology, news, etc. a. not go near sth, or prevent sb or sth from going I've always liked keeping up with the latest computer technologies as they are introduced. past a particular place (t./inl.) c. keep up (with sb/sth), maintain an equal rate Sandbags will only keep back the floodwaters of speed, activity, or progress with sb or sth for so long. else b. not tell or refuse to tell everything you know You were walking so fast that I couldn't keep about a situation or event ((.) The look on her face told me that she was up. keeping something back. The class was very interesting, but the c. keep back from sth, stay away from sth professor was giving out so much information The hungry crowd would not keep back from that I couldn't keep up with everything she was the barriers surrounding the bakery. saying. keep down ((.) a. hold under control or at a reduced or acceptable level Please keep your voice down a little, I'm trying to take a nap. 698 o ELS

d. match one's friends, neighbours, business b. knock sb/sth down: cause sb or sth to fall to associates, etc., in success, affluence, etc. (also the ground by hitting them or it (AmE} in AmE, keep up with the Joneses) After he knocked me down, I could barely breathe. KICK c. knock sth down, destroy a building or part of a kick about/around (l./int.) (informal} building a. pass time idly; move or wander from place to They knocked down the legendary Maxwell place frequently and aimlessly Street Market in Chicago just to build a He and his wife kicked around a lot before university parking lot. knock off finally settling in New Orleans. a. (informal} cease activity, esp. work (int.) b. remain unused, unemployed, or unnoticed (esp.BritE} That painting had been kicking about Europe I knock off at about six every day. for hundreds of years before anyone realized it b. stop doing something; quit (I.) was an original Rembrandt. Knock it off, or I'll tell Mum. kick around ((.) (informal} c. imitate, copy, or plagiarize (t.) Lots of the clothes you can buy on the streets of a. treat sb harshly or inconsiderately Istanbul were knocked off of famous designer I wouldn't kick him around if I were you. labels. b. consider, discuss, or speculate about (a d. knock sth off (sth) take a particular amount proposal, project, etc.) away from sth, usu. a price At the meeting, the company executives kicked That young salesman knocked five dollars off for around quite a few ideas about how profits might be her just because she was pretty and flirting with increased. kick back (Int.) him. knockout (I.) a. recoil, esp. vigorously or unexpectedly a. make or render sb unconscious Firing a rifle for the first time can be quite That particular brand of cold medicine always surprising because it kicks back rather knocks me out. strongly. b. make sb tired or exhausted b. (informal} relax At the end of the working day, he's generally This weekend I'm planning to just kick back and quite knocked out. listen to music. kick in a. contribute one's share, esp. in money (l./int.} c. damage or destroy sth; make or render sth inoperative If you're buying a pizza, I could kick In a The mistake at the main power grid knocked couple bucks - I'm starving. out the electricity for several hours. b. (informal) become operational; activate; go into effect; start (int.) d. defeat a person or team in a competition so Ireland's new anti-smoking law kicked In they can no longer take part earlier this year. kick off (l./inl.) initiate (an undertaking, meeting, Barcelona knocked out Real Madrid in the etc.); begin semifinal. So, what time does the party kick off tomorrow e. (informal} produce sth quickly, hurriedly, or night? kick with ease out (informal} In the last two years of her life, Sylvia Plath a. (for machines, electricity, etc.) fail; give out, was knocking out at least one poem a day. esp. suddenly (int.) knock over (1.) strike sb or sth from an erect to a The engine kicked out and the car just slid to a prone position stop in the middle of the road. Don't play football in the house! You'll knock something over! b. kick (sb) out (of a place or organization), force knock up (t.) sb to leave a place or organization; oust or eject a. exhaust; weary; tire He got kicked out o/the bar for insulting the other customers. I'm feeling pretty knocked up, so I think I'll just stay home tonight. His wife kicked him out of the house last night, so b. damage; mar he had to stay with me. kick up U.) stir up trouble; make or cause a disturbance, scene, etc. The While playing football in the house, the children factory workers, quite understandably, kicked up a knocked up their father's new desk. huge row after being told that they would have to c. wake up; rouse; call (BritE} work more hours for less pay. The hotel manager knocked us up at ten as we had asked. KNOCK d. make pregnant (BritE} knock about/around (informal} She got knocked up and had to quit school in order to have the baby. a. wander aimlessly or idly; loaf (t./inl.) Stephanie knocked about New Mexico and LAND Arizona for a few years before moving back to Germany. land (sb) In sth: be in or cause sb to be in a difficult situation b. mistreat sb, esp. physically (t.) The candidate's reckless indulgence while at If you keep on knocking him around, he's going university has landed him in a lot of trouble to get back at you someday, trust me. knock with the media recently. down (t.) a. knock sb down: hit sb with a vehicle land on (t.) (informal} reprimand; criticize and injure My boss really landed on me just because I was fifteen minutes late. or kill them (BrilE} land sb with sth: cause sb to be in a certain My brother's been knocked down three times in situation, often a problematic situation His his life. gambling addiction has landed him with debts that he may never be able to repay. ELS Q 699

LAUGH lay on (t.) a. cover with; apply laugh at (/.) You should lay some butter on the fish while it's a. be scornful of; reject cooking. Many jazz critics stopped laughing at the b. strike blows; attack violently bizarre music of Thelonious Monk when they When the striking dockworkers started saw more established artists, such as Duke chanting slogans, the police laid on. layout Ellington, paying him deep respect. (£.) a. spread out in order on a surface; arrange; b. find sympathetic amusement in; regard with prepare humor The painter laid his brushes out on the ground It's always a good idea to laugh at your own and began to look intensely at the horizon. little mistakes, rather than obsessing over b. explain sth clearly, usu. in writing them. He's just laid out some ideas about how we can increase the profit margin next quarter. laugh off (I.) laugh about sth unpleasant so that it c. ready a corpse for burial seems less important He had been laid out in a bed of lavender Chevy Chase has managed to laugh off the flowers. layover ((.) many death threats he has received from a. be postponed until action may be taken certain Greek- and Armenian-American groups We'll have to lay over our decision until all the for doing the Cola Turka advertisements. facts are in. b. lay over in, make a short or temporary stop, as LAY during a trip I laid over in New Mexico for two days while on the lay aside (L) way to Arizona. lay up a. abandon; reject a. put away for future use; store up So far I've only laid up about $200 for the trip. He is a heartless person - he laid his girlfriend b. cause to be confined to bed or kept indoors; aside as if she was an old pair of shoes. disable b. save for use at a later time; store She was laid up for about a month last year We've got to lay some money aside every month if with a very bad case of the flu. we want to have a big wedding. lay away (I.) LEAD a. reserve for later use; save lead off (inf.) take the initiative; begin b. hold merchandise pending final payment or Cem will be leading off the discussion today. request for delivery Go ahead, Cem. lead sb on: cause or encourage I've laid the new bicycle away till I have the to believe something money to actually buy it. that is not true lay back (int.) (informal) relax He said that he loved her, but he was just During the summer holiday, I think I'll just lay leading her on. lead to (L) cause sth to back and do nothing. happen or exist lay by (t.) put away for future use; store; save Smoking can lead to numerous health lay down (I.) problems later in life. a. give up; yield lead up to The Confederate general Robert E. Lee finally a. prepare the way for laid down his arms at the Appomattox Post-Impressionist and Expressionist artists, Courthouse on April 9, 1865. such as Paul Cezanne and Emil Nolde, led up to b. assert firmly; state authoritatively; make rules the explosion of abstract art in the early (also, esp.AmE, lay down the law) twentieth century. Not surprisingly, Catholic schools lay down b. happen before an event very strict rules of conduct. lay In (L) store In the days leading up to the Thanksgiving away for future use lay Into sb (informal} attack holiday, business really starts slowing down. sb physically or c. approach (a subject, disclosure, etc.) gradually criticize sb verbally or evasively This new mayor is rather fond of laying By the way she kept looking away from me viciously into anyone who disagrees with him. while asking how my marriage was going, I lay it on: exaggerate in one's speech or actions, esp. knew she was leading up to something else. to engage in exaggerated flattery or reproof LEAN lean (also lay it on thick} on (L) He really laid it on thick when he was telling a. use sb or sth to help you in a difficult her how beautiful and intelligent she was. situation; rely on layoff (I.) At some time in life, we all need someone to a. dismiss an employee, esp. temporarily because lean on. of slack business b. (informal} exert influence or pressure on sb or The government's economic policy resulted in sth in order to gain cooperation, maintain hundreds of thousands of workers being laid discipline, etc. off. The candidate is really leaning on the tobacco b. mark off; measure; plot companies to give him financial support during The family laid off two hundred acres of prairie his campaign. land for their farm. c. (informal} criticize, reprimand, or punish c. get rid of or transfer (blame, responsibility, etc.) My teachers were always leaning on me in high The boss tried to lay off the responsibility for school. the quarter's losses on his workers. d. (informal} cease or quit; reduce She decided to lay off cigarettes in case she was really pregnant. 700 Q ELS

LEAVE leave let on (int.) off (t.) a. reveal one's true feelings a. desist from; cease; stop; abandon She was very worried about her health but The dentist told me that if I didn't want to lose didn't let on. all my teeth someday, I should leave off sugar, b. pretend or at least cut down. Ulaş let on that he was glad to have finally b. omit broken up with Burcu, but 1 could tell how hurt Make sure you don't leave anyone's name off the he really was on the inside. let out guest list. leave out (I.) a. allow sb to leave somewhere, usu. by opening a a. omit; exclude locked or closed door (t.) My professor said that I'd left some important Let the dog out, he needs to use the toilet. details out of the first draft of my thesis. b. release from confinement, restraint, etc. ((.) b. feel left out (int.) be or feel unhappy because The prisoners are only let out for one hour you have not been included in an activity each day, and they must, of course, stay within When her friends went out dancing without the fenced prison yard. even asking her, İpek felt very left out. c. enlarge (a garment, clothing, etc.) (t.) These pants are a bit tight. Could you let them LEND out a little? d. divulge or release information; make known lend Itself to sth, (formal) be suitable for a (int.) particular purpose The terrorists refused to let out the names of Even had the means been possible, the feudal their hostages. system in Europe wouldn't have lent Itself to e. terminate; be finished; end (int.) mass production. I'll be so glad when school finally lets out for the summer. letup (int.) lend sth to sb/sth (formal] add a quality to sth or a. slacken; diminish; abate sb The booming sales we've had so far this month Despite the Saudi Arabian government's clear are sure to start letting up soon. conflict with professed American ideals, the b. (for bad weather) cease; stop; improve United States continues to lend its support to When the rain lets up, we can go out and play the king. some basketball. c. let up on sb: treat less severely; be more LET lenient with The police, despite rumours to the contrary, let down (t.) have not been letting up on political prisoners a. disappoint sb by failing to do what you agreed lately. or were expected to do LEE Arzu really let her husband down when she started smoking again after she'd had the baby. lie around (int.) b. betray; desert a. (for things) be left in an untidy way in places He was accused of letting his country down by selling secret information to the enemy. where they should not be My husband's always leaving his papers lying c. slacken; abate (also let down in) around and I'm always having to clean up after Despite funding problems, the prime minister him. felt that he was too near success to let down in b. (for people) (informal) spend time lying down, his efforts to alleviate the problem of relaxing, and doing very little homelessness. After I retire, I'm not planning to do much other than Ife around and watch the sun shine. d. allow to descend slowly; lower lie down on the Job (informal) do less than one The rescue team was slowly let down from the could or should do; shirk one's obligations helicopter to the people still stranded in the water. Homer J. Simpson has always been known to let In (i.) lie down on the job. a. allow sb to enter a room or building, usu. by lie In a, stay in bed in the morning later than usual opening a door (int.) Can you let the dog to, please? It's starting to I lay in till about noon on Saturday and rain. Sunday. b. let sb/oneself in for sth, involve sb without his b. lie In sth: exist or be found in sth or her knowledge or permission (also be let in One of the secrets of creative writing lies in for. be in foi) describing ordinary things or events in striking He'll be let in for a surprise if he thinks she's and unusual ways. not coming to the party tonight. He didn't lie with (t.) be the duty, function, or responsibility realize how much work he was letting himself of in for when he accepted that new job. In the end, the decision about whether or not c. let sb In on sth: share a secret with sb; permit to go to university lies not with your parents, sb to participate in sth but with you. Let me let you in on a little secret: the boss is planning to lay a few people off this week. let off (I.) a. free from duty or responsibility; excuse I think we're going to be let off school tomorrow because of all the snow. b. not punish sb who has done sth wrong, or not punish them severely William Zanzinger got let off with a 6-month sentence for the murder of Hattie Carroll. ELS Q 7O1

LISTEN look in (on sb/sth) visit (a person, place, etc.) listen In on/to sth: secretly listen to a conversation, briefly, esp. to check their or its condition Look in on Mehmet after work, will you? He's been esp. by telephone; eavesdrop She must have feeling quite down lately. been listening in on my conversation; otherwise, how would she know everything I look into sth: investigate; examine the facts about a said? situation The newspapers are looking into the candidate's LIVE claim that he had resigned from his job with live down (t.) live so as to allow (a mistake, disgrace, UNESCO, not been fired. etc.) to be forgotten or forgiven I'll never live look on down that time I said I thought she was about a. look on (at or upon sth) be a spectator; watch 50 years old. and she was really only 30. live for sth/sb: have or consider sth or sb as the (slh) happen but not become involved most important thing in your life A football Too many people simply looked on as Reginald fanatic is someone who lives for football. Denny was dragged from his truck and beaten live it up (informal) live in an extravagant or wild almost to death. manner; pursue pleasure For many young b. look on sb/sth as sth, think about or regard sb people all over the world, the university years or sth in a particular way are the time to really live it up. The Mormons look upon everything from hard drugs live on (int.) continue to live; survive to alcohol to caffeine as sinful, and forbid their use. My grandmother lived on for almost twenty look out (for sth) years after the death of her husband. a. try to notice or find sb or sth live on sth Can you look out for Kerem Görsev's new CD a. (for money) use a certain amount of money while you're at the music shop? only for the things that are necessary b. used when sb is in danger My grandparents had to live on less than a Look out! There's a bus coming! dollar a day during the Great Depression of the look out for (t.) take watchful care of; be concerned 1930s. about b. (for food) only eat a particular type of food Now that she's getting older, she should really During his university years, my brother lived start looking out for her health. look over (t.) on cheese sandwiches. examine, esp. briefly (also, esp.AmE, live up to sth: live in accordance with (expectations take a look over) or an ideal or standard); measure up to; be as Could you just look over this essay for me good as sb hopes before I hand it in to the professor? look How can I possibly live up to the incredibly through ((.), read or examine sth briefly (also, high standards my father sets for me? esp.AmE, take a look through) live with sth: accept a difficult or unpleasant I looked through your report and there seem to situation be no major problems. look to (I.) regard with We all must learn to live with the knowledge expectation and anticipation that, someday, we are going to die. We look to the day when all men and women will finally be treated as equals. LOCK look up lock sb up: put sb in prison or a hospital for people a. become better or more prosperous; improve (int.) who are mentally ill These days business is starting to look up On this date next year, he will have been quite a bit. locked up for exactly four decades. b. search for an item of information in a reference book, on the Internet, etc. (t.) LOOK I looked up some biographical information on look after (I.) take care of sb or sth by keeping them Peter Kropotkin in the library yesterday. c. seek out a person, esp. in order to visit them healthy, safe, or in a good condition after a long time apart (t.) Can you look after my bag for a second while 1 I looked Rey up yesterday - he's doing quite run to the toilet? look at (t.) consider well, you know. slh in a particular way d. look up to sb (for sth), respect and admire sb Well, I look at the situation differently than (for a certain reason) you. look back (on sth) (l./int.) review past I've always looked up to Samuel Beckett for his events; integrity and absolute honesty as well as his remember sth in the past writing talent. Looking back, 1 realize how fortunate I was when I was growing up. look down on or upon LOSE sb: regard sb with scorn or lose out (int.), not have an advantage that sb else disdain; have contempt for; think that sb is less good or important than you (also look has down one's nose at sb) You really lost out last night - the concert was There are certain types of people who have a amazing! tendency to look down on all foreigners. look for (t.) seek; search for MAKE I can't find my keys. Can you help me look for make away with (t.), steal them? look forward to (t.), feel happy and excited about The guerrilla forces broke into the camp and sth that is going to happen made away with some weapons and I'm really looking forward to spending our ammunition. honeymoon in Ireland. 70* a ELS

make for (t.) f. make up (with sb) become friendly (with sb) a. go toward; approach again after you have quarrelled with them Do you know if Ulaş and Burcu have made up with When I spotted Kelly down the road, I began to each other yet? make for her through the crowd. b. lunge at; attack MARK The mugger took out a knife and made for my throat. mark down (t.) reduce the price of c. help to promote or maintain Winter coats have been drastically marked The ambassador's obstinacy made for an down now that it's the end of March. extremely tense atmosphere during the settlement negotiations. make of sb/sth: have mark up (t.) an opinion of or about sb or a. increase the selling price of sth b. mar or deface with marks What do you make o/Kofi Annan? Do you believe he means well, or is he just another When Burcu left Ulaş, she was so angry that selfish international politician? she marked up all his favourite CDs. make off (int.) run away; leave hastily She made off before I even had a chance to say MATCH goodbye. make off with (1.}, (informal) carry match sb/sth up with sb/sth: choose sb or sth that away; steal, esp. with ease or without much difficulty is suitable for sb or sth else Thieves made off with the Mona Lisa. These days Özden's big project is to try to make out match Birsen up with Ulaş. match up a. be able to see, hear, or understand sth or sb (t.) (int.) (for information) be identical I can't make out what you wrote here at the The witnesses' accounts of the accident didn't top of the page. match up at all. match up to (t.) b. say sth that is untrue (int.) (esp.AmE) be as good as sth else He made out that he'd once served in the CIA. In my opinion, the only works of Picasso which c. (informal] manage; succeed; deal with sth, usu. can match up to his cubist masterpieces are in a successful way (int.) (esp.AmE) the political paintings of the 1930s, such as He's making out pretty well in his new job. Guernica. d. make sb out to be sth, imply or suggest that sb is sth MEASURE She made me out to be the bad guy in the measure up relationship. a. be good, capable, or qualified enough (int.) e. make sth out to sb, write out or complete, as a bill or a check As a president, Ulysses S. Grant couldn't really Who should I make this check out to? measure up. make over (L) b. reach a certain standard; be as good as sb or a. remodel; alter sth else (t.) She had her dress made over so that it The songs Paul McCartney has written as a wouldn't go out of style. solo artist haven't measured up to those he b. make sth over to sb, transfer the title of wrote in collaboration with John Lennon. (property); convey After retirement, he made his house and all of his MELT belongings over to his children and moved to Bangladesh. make up (t.) melt away (int.) disappear a. put in order; arrange The Viet Cong forces were often impossible for Make up your room before your mother gets the United States Army to attack, or even find, home from work. because they could so easily melt away into the b. say or write sth that is not true jungle or the villages. \"How come you weren't at school yesterday?\" - \"I made up some story about a sick relative and MISS stayed home.\" c. make sth up to sb: do sth good for sb because miss out (t.), omit; leave out; not include sb or sth you have done sth bad to them in the past You've only missed out one thing in your whole I'm sorry I said all those terrible things to you complaint - she doesn't really love you. the other night - I hope I can make It up to you somehow. MOVE d. make up for sth: reduce the bad effect of sth, or make sth bad become sth good move on (int.) I hope this bottle of wine will make up for some a. start doing a new activity of the awful things I said to her the other night. Having struggled with the same composition for e. make up sth: form part of the whole of an several hours, the composer decided to move amount on. Taken all together, so-called \"minorities\" - b. move on to sth: change from one subject to Blacks, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, etc. - another while talking or writing actually make up more than 50% of the After discussing the economic aspects of the population of the United States. workers' uprising in Barcelona, we moved on to the social aspects. OCCUR occur to sb: suddenly think of sth It occurs to me that you haven't once mentioned the name of this new girlfriend of yours. ELS a 7O3

OPEN b. fail to take notice of or consider Because of my poor grades in high school, I open up (int.) start to talk more about oneself and was passed over by most of the better one's feelings universities I had applied to. He never really opens up, and whenever I try getting him to do so, he moves on to some pass up (t.) not use an opportunity to do sth other subject of conversation. interesting or advantageous; reject There aren't many opportunities to see such a great OWN musician perform, so you shouldn't pass this up. own up to doing sth: admit that you have done sth wrong PAY Even after all these years, my sister's never payback U.) retaliate against or punish owned up to breaking the stereo when we were children. We'd gossiped quite a bit about her, so she paid us back by spreading rumours about us. PACK pay down (t.) pay part of the total price at the time pack In or up (I.) relinquish or give up; quit of purchase, with the promise to pay the balance in installments I paid ten percent down After the disastrous performance at Carnegie on my new car. Hall, the kazoo player packed up his kazoo and pay for sth: suffer or be punished for sth moved on to the harmonica. Certain people who believe in reincarnation pack It In: give up; abandon one's efforts claim that, in this life, we pay for the sins we In 1920, his grandfather packed it in and have committed in a previous life. moved from Ireland to America. payoff pack off or away (1.) (informal) send away a. pay sb everything that is due that person, esp. They packed the kids off to summer camp and to do so and discharge from one's employ went down to Bodrum to live it up for a while. Homer Smith was never actually paid off by the nuns for whom he'd built a chapel. PASS b. pay a debt in full c. (informal) bribe pass around/round (I.) offer sth to each person in a Many local policemen have been paid off by the group of people mafia. Take these papers and pass them around, d. result in success or failure please. pass as or for sth/sb: appear It was a big risk to take, but in the end it paid off quite well. pay one's or its (own) like sth/sb way a* pay one's portion of shared Although Ajda Pekkan is around 60 years old, expenses she quite easily passes for 40, thanks to the My brother had to pay his own way through miracle of modern plastic surgery. law school. b. yield a return on one's investment sufficient to pass away or on (int.) (formal) die repay one's expenses Atatürk passed away at exactly 9:05 in the morning. pass down (L), teach or give sth to sb Any new business takes time to begin paying its way, so the entrepreneur should be patient. who will be pay out U.) alive after you have died a. distribute money, wages, etc.; disburse Traditional Turkish folk music is passed down b. spend a lot of money on sth, or pay a lot of orally from older musicians to younger ones. money to sb pass for (I.) be accepted or considered as I paid out almost $500 to get my computer This new synthetic material could pass for silk. repaired. c. let out a rope by slackening pass sth/sb off as sth/sb: pretend that sth or sb is As the mountain climber was paying out his different from what they really are partner's rope, the wind picked up dangerously. He thought he could pass himself off as an pay up (int.), pay fully, esp. when you do not want expert, but we quickly saw through him. to Al Capone often threatened those who would pass on (t.) not or could not pay up with violence. a. tell or give sb sth that sb else has told or given PICK you pick apart (t.) criticize severely or in great detail Could you pass this note on to Tom when you've finished reading it? My advisor really picked apart the first draft of b. give a disease to another person my thesis. Contrary to popular belief, the AIDS virus pick at (t.) cannot be passed on through mere proximity to a. find fault with unnecessarily or persistently; an AIDS patient. nag pass out, His wife's always picking at him. a. (Jn/brmaJ) lose consciousness; faint (int.) b. only eat a small amount of your food because He nearly passed out after running five of worry or illness kilometres. He's only picking at his food; he must have b. distribute, esp. individually by hand (t.) something on his mind. The professor passed out the exams and we all c. grasp at; touch; handle got to work. While picking at his father's glasses, the baby c. pass out of sth: be exempted or promoted from accidentally threw them to the floor and broke sth them. Because his entering essay was so well-written, Neil passed out of freshman composition class. pass over (I.), a. disregard; ignore You can pass over the first page or two of the report as it's only the company's mission statement. 704 Q ELS

d. remove small pieces of sth with your fingers n. recover one's courage, health, etc.; regain (int.) You shouldn't pick at that scab, or else it'll Thankfully her health is starting to pick up never heal. again. o. make progress; pick off (t.) improve (int.) a. remove by pulling or plucking off Business is finally starting to pick up again. p. b. single out and shoot (for wind) become stronger (int.) The marksman picked his targets off one by one. The wind is really picking up; let's get inside. q. pick on (I.) a. single out; choose pick it up, (informal) move, work, etc.. at a The professor generally picks on Pelin to read fc*-'-~r rate the poems aloud because she's a trained actress and a poet herself. Come on, people, let's pick it up, the b. (informal) choose sb and criticize or treat them inspector'!! be here any minute now! unfairly pick up on sth/sb (informal) I got picked on a lot in high school because of my a. become aware or cognizant of; be perceptive funny clothes and strange behavior. pick out (l.) about; notice a. remove by picking The United Nations didn't pick up quickly I picked out the splinter with a pair of tweezers. enough on the fact that what was happening in b. choose; select; designate Rwanda was actually genocide. Adolf Hitler had not yet picked out a successor b. pay special attention to; keep an eye on by the time he died. The teacher took pride in being able to pick up c. distinguish from that which surrounds or on the troubled students very quickly. accompanies; recognize Even though there was a huge crowd, I was PLAY able to pick him out by his bright red hair. play along (with sb/sth) pick over (t.) examine an assortment of items in a. cooperate, concur, or go along (with sb/sth) order to make a selection Will you please stop picking over those shirts and just buy one? This business is ruthless, and requires that We're already late! you play along. b. pretend to cooperate or concur pick up I'll play along with him as long as it's necessary, a. lift or take up (t.) and then I'll start going my own way. play around/about (informal} In his films, Cüneyt Arkın was able to pick up a. behave in a playful or silly manner; fool around boulders and throw them at his many enemies. If you don't stop playing around, you'll never b. collect, esp. in an orderly manner (t.) be able to finish your homework in time. b. play around/about with sth: think about or try Make sure you pick tip your toys before you go different ways of doing sth to bed. I've been playing around with a few ideas for a new c. collect sb who is waiting for you, or collect sth song. play at that you have left somewhere (t.) a. pretend interest in Do you think you'll be able to pick me up from Arzu played at enjoying football in the hopes work this evening? that Mehmet would ask her on a date. d. learn, esp. by experience (t.) b. do something without seriousness I managed to pick up a few Creole words and He was simply playing at studying political phrases while I was passing through Haiti. science while his real interest was music. c. be playing at sth (used as a question when you e. claim (t.) are angry because sb is doing sth silly) 1 have to go and pick up my husband from the (esp.BritE) police station again. What on earth does he think he's playing at? Why doesn't he just tell her that he doesn't love f. bring into range of reception, observation, etc.; her? play down ((.) try to make people believe receive a signal (I.) that sth is They picked up some strange signals on the less important or bad than it really is radar and wondered if they might be UFOs. Although the government had tried to play down the seriousness of the prime minister's g. notice (t.) illness, they proved unable to keep the truth The smell of drugs coming from the man's hidden forever. play (sb/sth) off against sb/sth: briefcase was easily picked up by the police set one person or dog. h. catch or contract, as a thing against another, usu. for one's own gain or advantage disease (L) A clever president can sometimes get his or her Many of the soldiers picked up dysentery. way by playing one congressional faction off against another. play on sth: use sb's fears, 1. resume or continue after being left off (t.) insecurities, etc. in Well, it's time to go home, so let's pick up this order to make that person do or believe what discussion tomorrow morning. you want Most dictators play on people's fears and J. accept, esp. in order to pay (t.) prejudices in order to seize total power for Don't worry about the price; I'll be picking up themselves. the check this time. ELS Q 7O5 k. gain speed; accelerate The bicycle really picked up speed as it went down the hill. 1. (informal) take into custody; arrest (t.) Her husband got picked up this weekend for drunken and disorderly conduct. m. (informal) obtain; find; purchase (t.) I picked up a few good books while I was out.

play out (t.) (informal) (usu. passive) pull away (from sb/sth) a. exhaust; tire; weary a. move or draw back or away from sb or sth, I felt really played out after the basketball often with force game yesterday. The boxer pulled away from his opponent and b. make sth go out of fashion moved to the edge of the ring. The 1970s fashion revival is already beginning b. move or start to move ahead to be played out. I arrived at the bus stop just seconds after my bus c. use up; finish had pulled away. pull down (t.) My car's old tires are played out so I'll have to get a. destroy a building because it is not wanted any them replaced. play up longer a. emphasize the importance of; highlight or The municipal government has decided to pull publicize ((.} down the old theater. The president likes to play up his own role in b. (informal) receive as a salary; earn implementing national policy, when his He's pulling down more than 4 billion liras a importance is actually small in relation to that month in his new job. pull for (t.) of Congress. support actively; encourage b. behave badly (int.) (BrilE) We were all pulling for Barcelona, but Real c. {for machines) not work properly (int.) (BritE) Sociedad managed to win in the last minute of play up to (t.), (informal) attempt to impress in the match. order to gain sb's favor pull In Because he's not too intelligent yet is expected by a. reach a place; arrive (int.) (also pull into (I.)) his parents to receive excellent grades, he feels The train pulled in at about four o'clock. himself forced to play up to his teachers. play with b. Informal, arrest sb (t.) sth: keep touching or moving sth, often when you He was pulled in for driving while drunk. are bored or nervous She's always playing with her pull off (informal) hair when she should be working and I find it very a. perform successfully, esp. something requiring distracting. courage, daring, or shrewdness (t.) The thieves almost pulled off the bank robbery, POINT but were caught at the airport before they could flee the country. point sb/sth out: make a person notice sb or sth He b. (for vehicles) start moving (int.) (esp.BritE) pointed his wife out and I saw that she really The motorbike pulled off down the road. is as tall as everyone says. pull on sth: put on clothes quickly I pulled on my jacket and ran outside to catch point sth out: tell sb a fact the bus. pull oneself together: become calm He's always pointing out other people's and behave mistakes, but he never notices his own. normally again after being angry, upset, depressed, etc. point to/towards sth: show that sth probably After Ulaş had abandoned her for Arzu, it took exists, is happening, or is true The Burcu a long time to pull herself together evidence in this case seems to point again. pull out (of sth towards homicide. into sth) a. (for all vehicles) leave; depart POUR Three ships pulled out o/the harbor in Cadiz in the autumn of 1492. pour out ((.), (for feelings, emotions, etc.) talk very b. (for cars, trucks, etc.) start moving onto a road openly and honestly about what is making you or onto a different part of the road feel sad, upset, etc. A truck suddenly pulled out in front of me and He's not the sort of person who pours out his I had to turn sharply to avoid it. troubles, is he? c. abandon abruptly Nazi Germany pulled out of its non-aggression PRESS pact with Soviet Russia in a rather dramatic way by invading on June 22, 1941. press ahead/forward/on (with sth) continue to do pull over (I.) direct one's automobile or other vehicle sth in a determined way to the curb; move out of a line of traffic The Although almost all of his advisors are against taxi got pulled over by the police as it was him, the prime minister insists on pressing speeding the pregnant woman to hospital. ahead with his radical new tax reform bill. pull through (t./inl.) come safely through a crisis, illness, etc.; survive PROVIDE Despite the severity of her injuries, the patient finally managed to pull through. provide for sb: give sb the things they need, as pull up money food, or clothes a. bring or come to a stop As he had a new baby to provide for, he really A hearse pulled up outside of 10 Downing needed to get that raise in salary. Street and, strangely, a clown got out. b. pull up a chair, stool, seat, etc.: move a chair PULL nearer to sth or sb Putt up a chair and join the discussion, won't pull apart (t.) you? a. destroy sth by tearing it to pieces b. analyze critically, esp. in order to point out errors He thought his argument was quite good, but the professor easily managed to pull it apart. C. separate two things or people The teacher had to pull apart the two boys who were fighting on the playground. 7O6 Q ELS

PUSH put down (I.) a. write down; register; record (often for official push ahead/forward/on (with sth) continue doing sth, esp. sth difficult reasons) The soldiers pushed on into the most In some cultures, when accepting a new job, a dangerous part of the country. push verbal contract is enough; while in others, the terms of the contract must be put down in around/about ((.) tell sb what to do in a rude writing. way b. enter in a list, as of subscribers or contributors He's such a quiet, passive person that he gets I ~~-t myself down for a year's subscription to pushed around all the time. push aside (t.) National Geographic Magazine. c. suppress; check; squelch decide to forget about or ignore sth The Paris Commune of 1871 was, eventually, or sb put down quite ruthlessly. She was pushed aside for the managerial d. regard or categorize position largely because she is a woman. push Although the music of Duke Ellington is extremely wide-ranging and diverse, most put it In (informal] rudely join a line of people who down simply as \"jazz.\" are wailing for sth by moving in front of some e. criticize, esp. in a contemptuous manner; of the people who are already there (int.) (also disparage push into (I.) in BritE; in AmE butt in/into; cut Although critics continue to put down the In/into) push off (int.) (informal) go works of Edgar Allan Poe, those works have nonetheless had an enormous influence on away; depart literature. I'm going to have to push off if I want to catch f. (informal) make sb feel stupid or unimportant the last bus. push through (t.), make a plan or by criticizing them When his project for science class didn't work suggestion be properly, all his classmates started putting officially accepted Jimmy down all the time. Most of parliament didn't fundamentally agree g. pay as a deposit with the new law, but the extreme We'll need to put down at least 10% of the full circumstances compelled them to push it price on the new boat. h. put an animal to through anyway. push up (I.) increase the death humanely because it is suffering; put away amount, number, or value My dog Asa, who was almost 16 years old, had of sth to be put down because of numerous health The increasing scarcity of oil will continue to problems. L put (sth) down at: land an push its price up in the coming decades. aircraft or in an aircraft PUT After a 20-hour flight from Chicago, we finally put down at Atatürk International Airport in put about (t.) start or circulate a rumour; claim It Istanbul. J. put sth down to sth; attribute or was being put about that the president had ascribe sth to been addicted to amphetamines while he was at sth else university. If she makes any mistakes her first week, you can put them down to unfamiliarity with the put across (L) job. put a. explain or express sth clearly so that people forth (L) a. bring out; bear; grow can understand it easily The Judas tree in the garden has begun to put Although the ideas he deals with are quite forth flowers. difficult for the non-specialist, Steven Hawking b. propose; present manages to put them across quite well. Since no one in his cabinet was either willing b. do successfully; accomplish or able to put forth a viable alternative, the We really put the project across; the manager president decided that war was the only option. was quite pleased with what we had done. c. bring to public notice; publish c. be successful in a form of deception Several different ideas concerning the age of Even though it was quite a big lie, he managed the universe have been put forth in the last to put it across, put aside or by (t.) store up or half-century. save sth, esp. for d. exert; exercise later use If you want to win that creative writing prize, you'll It's always a good idea to put a little money have to put forth your very best effort, because the aside every month, if you can. competition is tough. put forward (t.) put away ((.) a. state an idea or opinion, or suggest a plan, so a. put in the designated place for storage that it can be considered or discussed You never put away your tools when you're The plan that Robinson put forward at the finished with them. meeting was the best idea he'd had in months. b. store up or save, esp. for later use b. nominate, promote, or support, as for a position c. discard Although George Washington had been If you want to succeed in the business world, unanimously put forward as the best choice for you must put away the notion that your the first president of the United States, it was a colleagues will always help you out. post which he was extremely reluctant to d. drink or eat, esp. in a large quantity; finish off accept. He put away an enormous supper and then went out for a walk. ELS a 7O7 e. confine in a jail or a mental institution Although John Clare was put away in a sanitarium for the last thirty years of his life, he continued writing excellent poetry. f. put an animal to death humanely because it is suffering; put down Our cat's developed stomach cancer, so I think we're going to have to put her away soon.

put In f. exert; apply a. put In for sth: apply for or request sth Despite putting out his best effort, Andre Agassi failed to win Wimbledon again. He's going to put in for a transfer to a different department, as he's had it with working in put over (t.), succeed in; accomplish Accounts Receivable. Because of the farmers' obstinacy and b. put time, work, effort, etc. Into sth/dolng sth: resistance to change in that part of the spend a lot of time, work, etc. doing sth country, it'll be difficult to put over the new I had put so much hard work into that essay that I land reform adjustments there. was devastated when the computer virus erased it. put off (I.) put something over on sb: take advantage of or a. postpone; defer deceive sb (also, esp.AmE, put one over on sb) As a result of the chairperson's illness, the That car salesman really put one over on me. conference will be put off until next week. put through (t.) b. make sb not like sb or sth, or not want want to do sth a. complete successfully; execute She immediately put me off with her snobbish In spite of working double and even triple time, attitude. he was still unable to put through the project. c. get rid of by delay or evasion b. bring about; effect The fugitive put the police off the trail by joining the circus and disguising himself as a clown. put on The new tax laws have not yet been put a. get dressed; to clothe oneself with an article of through. clothing (I.) c. make a telephone connection for sb It was a bit cold in the room, so 1 put on a Put me through to the Mediterromaneo Hotel in sweater. Istanbul. b. pretend to have a particular feeling, or to behave in a way which is not real or natural for d. make a telephone connection you (I.) The job of telephone operator, always putting She's only putting It on, she's not really angry through calls, is a monotonous one, and also is with you. largely thankless. c. inflict; impose (t.) (often passive) He feels really put on at work these days - e. make sb experience or do sth unpleasant or they're giving all the more difficult projects to difficult him for some reason. d. cause to be performed; produce; stage (t.) I don't want to put you through torture, but you They're putting on a performance of Samuel really do have to meet my parents if we're planning Beckett's \"Endgame\" at the Mercury Theater to get married. put (sth) to sb next Saturday; would you like to go? a. suggest an idea or plan to sb so that they can e. (informal) tease sb, esp. by pretending the consider or discuss it truth of something that is untrue (t.) I know for a fact that she was born in Çorlu, not Let me put this to .you, class: This author was Morocco, so she must be puttingyou on. possibly bisexual - what do you think? f. act in a pretentious or ostentatious manner; b. ask sb a question pretend to be more intelligent, refined, or better than you actually are (int.) (also put on airs) After two hours of reporters putting questions Pelin is always putting on airs just because to him, the Nobel Prize winner was absolutely she's the daughter of a diplomat, an actress played out. put to It: be confronted with a and writes poems. problem; have put oneself out: take pains; go to trouble or difficulty (also, esp.AmE, hard put to it) expense I was really put to it trying to find an answer to Whenever you visit her house, she puts herself the professor's question. put sth together: out quite a bit just to make sure that everyone prepare a piece of work by is comfortable. put collecting several ideas and suggestions and out (I.) organizing them a. extinguish, as a fire, cigarette, etc. b. annoy sb by words or actions (often passive) We put together a plan about how we could remodel the house. put She felt really put out when I missed our date, up (t.) even though I did call her to tell her I co-ildn't come. a. construct; erect (a building, bridge, etc.) C. cause trouble or extra work for sb Plans to put up a third bridge over the Please don't buy any presents for the wedding; I Bosphorus have, apparently, been abandoned. really don't want to put you out. b. fasten sth to a wall or ceiling d. publish I once had a job putting concert posters up all Soon, a new and complete translation of over Chicago. Mikhail Bulgakov's \"Master and Margarita\" will be put out in Turkey. c. increase the price or value of sth (BrilE) They're putting the price of cigarettes up again. e. manufacture; prepare; produce That factory puts out more cars than any other d. provide money; contribute in the country. If you want to go in with us on this new computer business, you'll have to put up your share of the money. e. accommodate; lodge Don't stay at a hotel. We can put you up for a couple nights. f. propose sb as a candidate; nominate sb She wanted to run for class treasurer, but was so popular that the students put her up for class president instead. g. offer, esp. for public sale The police auction occasionally puts up quite expensive things - Rolls Royces, Rolexes, and so on - seized from convicted drug dealers. 708 a ELS

put upon: take unfair advantage of; impose upon ride on (t.) succeed or fail depending on a certain (usu. passive) situation Many factory workers feel quite put upon, and A lot of jobs are riding on this deal. they certainly have a right to feel that way. put ride out (t.) sustain or endure successfully sb up to (doling) sth: provoke sb to do sth The stock market somehow rode out the Somebody must have put him up to doing economic depression that had hit the country something so stupid, because he's usually without collapsing completely. quite a sensible person. put up with sb/sth: RING accept unpleasant behaviour or an unpleasant situation, although you do ring In (int.) indicate one's arrival at work by not like it punching in on a time clock (BritE} She's thinking of quitting her job; she just He says he rang in on time today. ring off can't put up with her boss's authoritarianism any more. (int.) terminate or finish a telephone conversation (BritE) RAIN Without even saying goodbye, she just rang off. rain off (I.) cause, by raining, the cancellation or ring out (int.) indicate one's departure from work by postponement of a sports event, performance, punching out on a time clock (BritE) etc. (usu. passive) (BritE: in AmE lain out) Yesterday's match between Liverpool and ring up (l.) Newcastle United was rained off. a. register the amount of a sale on a cash register READ The cashier rang me up with a very sour look on his face. read (sth) Into sth: believe that an action, remark, b. accomplish or record etc. has a certain meaning when it actually Charles Mingus rang up a series of classic jazz does not albums from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. You're always reading too much into everything c. telephone (BritE) (in AmE call (up)) I say! read over/through (t.), read sth from Can you ring Anthony up and find out if he's coming tonight? beginning to end, esp. in order to find mistakes RISE The professor read over my essay and wrote quite a lot of notes in the margins. read up rise above (t.) succeed in not allowing something harmful, bad, or petty to hurt, affect, or on (t.), learn about by reading; gather influence you information on; research by reading The senator tried to rise above party politics I've got to read up on the Age of Pericles for my and appeal to everyone. rise up (int.) try to history exam tomorrow. defeat and change a government REDUCE or an institution Many socialists believe that workers should reduce sb to sth/doing sth: make sb unhappy or immediately rise up and take control of cause them to be in a certain bad situation His production for themselves. harsh criticism of her article almost reduced her to tears. ROLL reduce sth to sth: destroy sth, esp. sth that has roll back (t) reduce the price of a commodity, been built wages, etc. to a former level, usu. in response The Allied bombing of Dresden on 13 and 14 to government action February, 1945, reduced the city to rubble. As a result of the congressional decision, the minimum wage is being rolled back. REFLECT roll In (informal) reflect on (t.) a. luxuriate in; abound in (t.) a. think about; consider, esp. in order to learn a Bill Gates is just rolling in money, isn't he? lesson about sth you have done wrong b. arrive, esp. in large numbers or quantity (int.) After reflecting on the incident, he made a decision never to do such a terrible thing The wedding guests started rolling in about 4 again. o'clock. b. affect other people's opinion of sb or sth, esp. roll out in a bad way a. spread out or flatten (t.) The scandal reflected very badly on the The first step in making a pizza is to roll out government. the dough. b. (informal) introduce; unveil (t.) REST They'll start rolling out the spring fashions pretty soon. rest on (I.) (formal) depend on c. (informal) arise from bed; get up (int.) The fate of the nation rested on the president's I didn't roll out of bed till about 11 o'clock this decision at that crucial moment. morning. roll up to (t.) (informal) arrive somewhere, usually RIDE late Murat finally rolled up about midnight, but by ride down (t.) that time, most of the others had already gone a. trample or overturn by riding upon or against home. b. ride up to; overtake; capture RUN No one ever managed to tide Pancho Villa down. run across (t.) meet or find sth or sb accidentally I ran across Burcu in Beyoğlu the other day. run after (1.) a. follow; chase Hundreds of police were running after Buster Keaton. ELS o 7O9

b. pursue or court the affections of, esp. in an t. meet sb accidentally aggressive manner My mother was always running Into people she Ulaş had been running after Arzu for months knew whenever we went out shopping. before she finally agreed to go out with him. run along (Int.) leave; go on one's way c. amount to; total Let's run along. It's getting quite late. The company's losses ran Into millions of run around dollars. a. be very busy doing a lot of different things (int.) You've been running around all day, why don't d. succeed; follow you lie down and rest a bit? When you work in an office, one day just b. run around (on sb): be unfaithful to one's seems to run Into the next without much spouse or lover difference or change. He's running around on his wife and she has no e. experience; encounter idea. The project has run into a few problems. c. run around with sb: socialize or consort with run off sb a. leave quickly or unexpectedly (int.) She's been running around with some strange He ran off and forgot to take his coat. people lately. run away (from sth/sb) flee or b. create or perform rapidly or easily (t.) escape; leave a place According to rumour, Tatyos Efendi ran off of confinement or control with the intention of quite a few of his songs while drunk. never returning c. drive away; expel (t.) My sister ran away from home several times as He's got a lot of big dogs to run. trespassers off his property. a teenager. run d. print or otherwise duplicate (t.) away with sb/sth We need to run off 1000 copies of this by a. go away with sb, esp. elope with sb tomorrow. run off with sth/sb Romeo and Juliet apparently never thought of a. steal or borrow sth; take sth running away with each other. Somebody ran off with my eraser and I need it b. steal sth back. The burglars ran away with my new stereo b. elope with sb speakers. King Edward VIII ran off with a wealthy c. overwhelm or get the better of sb (esp. for American divorcee. run on feelings, emotions, etc.) a. continue without interruption (Int.) His anger sometimes runs away with him and he The prime minister's speech seemed to run on starts shouting at people for no reason. run down, for hours. a. strike and cause to fall or overturn, esp. when b. (for machines) use sth in order to function (t.) driving a vehicle into sb (t.) These days, most calculators run on solar My dog almost got run down by a truck a few power. days ago, but luckily he wasn't hurt. runout, b. pursue until captured; chase (t.) a. end; expire (int.) The United States government has made a Before Liverpool could score another goal, time decision to run down all terrorists, wherever ran out. and whoever they may be. b. become used up (int.) If you keep spending like this, your money'll run c. peruse; review (t.) out quickly. Can you just run down this report while I go c. drive out; expel (t.) talk to the boss? Nestor Makhno got run out of Russia by the Bolsheviks and died of poverty and drink in d. (informal! criticize sb or sth, often unfairly (t.) Paris. run out of sth: exhaust a quantity or The students were forever running down their supply of sth chemistry teacher just because of his thick We've run out of milk, could you go and pick glasses. some up? run out on sb: withdraw one's e. search out; trace; find support from or I need to run down some information on Sultan abandon sb Selim the Grim. He ran out on his wife and kids. f. cease operation; stop (int.) run over My watch is pretty cheap - it runs down every a. hit and knock down, esp. with a vehicle Too many animals get run over every day either day. run for sth; compete in an because drivers are not cautious enough or election because they just don't care. Ralph Nader is running for president again this b. go beyond; exceed Despite having little real content, the prime year-run for it (informal} hurry away or minister's speech still managed to run well over flee, esp. to the time limit. evade something • c. repeat; review We'd better run for It before your parents get Let's run over that song again and try to get it home and see what we've done to their house. right this time. run sth by sb: tell sb about sth run in so that they can a. visit sb casually (int.) give their opinion about it 1 might run In for a bit if I happen to be I ran the proposal by my boss quite a few nearby. times, but he just wouldn't accept it. run through sth: repeat sth in order to practise it b. (informal) arrest sb; take sb to jail (t.) or to make sure that it is correct He got run In for arson. I'm not quite ready yet - I've got to run through my speech a few more times. run into (t.) a. crash into or collide with sth or sb I wasn't looking where I was going and I ran Into a tree. 71O o ELS

run up (t.] begin a debt; cause or allow a debt to SEND grow larger send forth He ran up quite a debt by going to medical a. produce; bear; yield school. run up against sth: begin to experience Cherry trees send forth vc v beautiful, delicate problems or flowers. difficulties b. emit or discharge We ran up against some problems while Lavender flowers send forth a lovely odour, working on the project. send up a, expose the flaws or foibles of through parody, SAVE burlesque, caricature, lampoon, or other forms save on sth: avoid using sth so that you do not of satire The film \"The Life of Brian\" hilariously sends up have to pay for it the Christian religion. Sometimes I prefer to walk to work so that I can b. (informal) sentence or send to prison save on transportation fares. The famous country music singer Johnny Cash was sent up when he was younger. SEE SET see about sth/doing sth: deal with sth, or arrange for slh to be done set about sth/doing sth: start doing sth, esp. sth Before you'll be able to work in the United that takes a lot of time or energy States, you've got to see about getting a green As soon as I get home tonight I'm <*oing to s*i card. see after (t.) take care of; about washing the dishes, look after set against (L) He's going to see after my dog while I'm on a. compare or contrast vacation. see off (I.) go to the place that sb is We must set the empire's political and leaving from in economical advantages against its social order to say goodbye to them disadvantages in order to understand why it It was very depressing when nobody came to ultimately fell apart. the airport to see me off. b. be (dead) set against sth, not want to do or have sth see out (t.) Arzu's parents are dead set against her a. take sb to the door of a room or building when marrying Ulaş. set ahead or forward (L), set a watch or clock to a they are leaving later time Can you please see Ms. Meissner out? In spring, clocks are set ahead one hour. b. remain with a task, project, etc. until its set aside (t.) put to one side; reserve completion The waiter has set aside the best table for us. He said he was going to see that job out even if We're setting aside one-quarter of our salaries it killed him. aee sth In sb/sth: believe that each month for a new house. set sb or sth has a back (t.) particular good quality a. make something happen more slowly or later I really wonder what it is that people see in than it should heavy metal music. see The mistakes he made set the project back through (I.) quite a bit. a. understand that sb is trying to deceive you b. set a watch or clock to an earlier time Arzu easily saw through Ulaş's lies. In fall, clocks are set back one hour. b. stay with to the end or until completion; c. set sb back (sth) (informal) cost sb a large persevere amount of money No matter how difficult it may be, you've got to see Her new guitar set her back almost $1000. set it through. see to (I.) deal with; be responsible for down (t.) For our picnic, I'll see to the sandwiches if you a. write, copy, or record in writing or printing see to the drinks. b. set sb/sth down as sth, consider; estimate I'd set him down as a selfish person, and I SELL wasn't wrong. sell off (t.) sell, esp. at reduced prices, in order to c. set sth down to sth, attribute; ascribe In my opinion, Renoir's failure as an artist can be get rid of set down to his inability to try anything really new. When the executive started selling off most of set forth his shares, his partners got worried that a. give an account of; state; describe (I.) something bad was set to happen. Einstein first set forth his special theory of sell out relativity in 1905. a. dispose of entirely by selling b. begin a journey; start (int.) The tickets were all sold out, so we couldn't go Very few of the men who had set forth with to the concert. Magellan actually survived the journey, b. betray an associate, one's country, a cause, including Magellan himself, set forward or etc.; turn traitor ahead (t), set a watch or clock to a During the 1950s, film director Ella Kazan sold out later time set In (int.), begin to happen; arrive, many of his fellow directors as Communists in usu. for sth order to protect himself. sell up: sell your house or unpleasant or unwanted company in order to go somewhere else or do sth As we began our journey, darkness was else (BritEj She sold up everything and moved to setting in. Bodrum to live it up. ELS Q 7ix

set off settle Into (t.), become established in a. cause to become ignited or to explode (t.) After starting the job, Cem found it difficult to settle into the new routine. No one can be sure exactly who set off the bomb that caused the riot in Haymarket SHAKE Square in Chicago in 1886. b. intensify or improve by contrast (I.) shake off (t.) Her dress really sets off the color of her eyes. a. get rid of an illness or sth that is causing you c. begin a journey or trip; depart (int.) We set off very early in the morning. problems set on or upon (t.), make a person or animal attack I can't shake off the feeling that I have sb forgotten something, but I don't know what I That crazy old man sets his dogs an anybody may have forgotten. who comes near his house. set b. succeed in escaping from sb who is following out you a. begin a journey or course The jewel thief was unable to shake off the The conversation grew boring, so we set out for determined detective. shake up (t.) make sb feel home. shocked and upset b. start doing sth when you have already decided My father was badly shaken up when his own what you want to achieve father passed away. Having told us what he believed, he set out to prove that his beliefs were the right ones. SHOOT c. give all the details of sth, or explain sth clearly, esp. in writing shoot down (t.) (informal) disparage, reject, or His newest article sets out his controversial expose as false or inadequate; debunk The arguments very clearly and concisely. set theory that all dinosaurs have completely died sb/sth apart from sb/sth: cause to be noticed; out got shot down when it was proved that distinguish birds are actually descendants of dinosaurs. Thelonious Monk's bizarre melodies set him apart from other jazz composers. set to: shoot for or at (t.), attempt to obtain or accomplish; make a vigorous effort; apply oneself to strive toward work; begin Although the sprinter was shooting for a gold We set to work right after lunch. medal, he was happy to win a silver. setup U.) a. put sb into a high or powerful position shoot off (one's mouth) (int.) General Pinochet set himself up as the dictator a. talk indiscreetly, esp. to reveal confidences, of Chile after deposing Socialist president Salvador Ailende in 1973. make thoughtless remarks, etc. b. inaugurate; establish a government, a She's always shooting off her mouth - nobody company, a group, etc. really trusts or likes her any more. Atatürk set up the Turkish Republic on b. exaggerate October 29, 1923. He really enjoys shooting off about how handsome c. arrange for sth to happen the girls find him, doesn't he? shoot up (int.) grow We need to set up a meeting for sometime next or increase rapidly or suddenly Inflation sftot up week. almost 100% over the last year. d. get all the necessary equipment ready for an activity SHOW Can you help me set up these amplifiers? e. trick sb in order to make them do sth, or in show off order to make them seem guilty of sth that a. show sth or sb you are proud of to other people they have or have not done The mafia boss, who had been set up by his (I.) own son, got sent up to prison for twenty years. My brother is very fond of showing off his collection of medieval European armour and SETTLE weaponry. b. try to make people admire your abilities or settle down achievements in a way which other people find a. become established in some routine, esp. upon annoying (int.) No one can stand him because he's always marrying, after a period of independence or showing off. show up indecision (int.) a. come to or arrive at a place (int.) After almost thirty years of living it up, Rey Halil did not show up at the party last night. finally decided to settle down, and he got b. make sb/sth feel inferior or embarrassed (t.) married and moved to the suburbs. He's a much better basketball player than me - b. become calm or quiet (int.) he shows me up every time we play. Will you kids settle down, please? Your mother c. be clearly visible; appear; is trying to work! Are you sure this picture will show up well c. settle down to sth/doing sth, apply oneself to against the coloured wallpaper? serious work The office is so loud that it's difficult to settfe down SHUT to work every morning. settle for (L), be satisfied with shut down (t./int.) (for a machine or business) stop You should never settle for less than what you operating or functioning think you are worth. My computer suddenly shut down while I was in the middle of writing an important e-mail. 712 a ELS shut off (t.) a. stop a machine working, or stop the supply of sth; turn off; switch off All of a sudden the lights shut off and we were left in complete darkness.

b. isolate; separate sit on or upon (t.) (informal) suppress; silence The Because American Indian civilizations were minister tried to sit on the scandal, but eager completely shut ojffTrom those of Africa, Asia, journalists managed to find it out. and Europe, they developed in quite different ways. sit out (t.) a. stay to the end of; sit through shut out (t.) stop sb or sth from entering a place or from being included in sth Although the movie was incredibly dull, we A good pair of sunglasses will not only shut out chose to sit it out. sunlight, but also the dangerous ultraviolet b. not do an activity such as a game or dance radiation coming from the sun. because you are tired or have an injury The player will have to sit out the entire rest of shut up (l./inl.) (informal) stop talking or making a the season because of his broken leg. noise, or to make sb do this An effective c. wait for sth unpleasant to finish before you military commander can shut his soldiers up take action with no more than a glance. The company insists that it will sit out the strike rather than give in to the union's unreasonable SIGN demands. sit through (t.) stay until the end of; sit out. sign away or over (t.) assign or dispose of by putting one's signature on a document SLEEP Before she died, the old woman had signed her entire fortune over to her pet canary. sign In (or sleep In (int.) sleep longer in the morning than you usually do out) record or authorize one's arrival (or I think I'll sleep In this weekend. sleep off (t.) departure) by signing a register We have to sign in before they'll let us have a sleep until you feel better, esp. after room for the night. sign on (int.) sign a drinking too much alcohol sleep on ((.) postpone document, a contract, etc. making a decision about for saying that you will work for sb at least a day I'm thinking of signing on as a salesman for my Let's not buy it immediately - let's sleep on it brother's company. sign up for sth: enlist, and see what we think tomorrow. sleep over as in an organization or (int.) sleep in sb else's house for a night group; register or subscribe or two I'm thinking about signing up for weekend My daughter's sleeping over at a friend's house tango lessons. this weekend. sleep through (t.) continue to SINK sleep despite a loud noise or noises sink In (int.) (for unpleasant or surprising facts) The baby always wakes me up with her crying gradually begin to be believed, its effects on sb in the middle of the night, but my husband gradually beginning to be understood After he just sleeps through it. won the lottery, it took a while for the fact that he was rich and would never have to work SLIP again to sink In. slip away (int.) depart quietly or unobtrusively; sink Into (I.) slowly move into a sitting or lying steal off position, in a relaxed or tired way As soon as The prisoners slipped away in the middle of the she'd got home from work, she sank into her night. slip Into (or out of sth or slip sth on (or favorite armchair and fell asleep. ofl) quickly sink sth Into sth: invest/spend a large amount of put on (or take of]) a piece of clothing slip money in a business or other piece of work I'd sunk almost $10,000 into renovating and out (int.) (for a remark, a comment, etc.) be remodeling my house, and then the flood came said without the speaker's intention and destroyed it all in one night. I didn't mean to tell her that you were planning to break up with her - it just slipped out. slip srr sth over on sb: deceive; defraud; trick (also slip sit about/around (t./int.) spend time sitting down one over on sb) and doing very little I think that used car salesman slipped one over My cat Kimyon just sits around all day long on me, because the car's already broken down. doing nothing. slip up (Int.) make a mistake; fail sit back (int.) He slipped up and sent the postcard to the a. relax in a chair so that your back is against the wrong address. back of the chair SORT Ladies and gentlemen - sit back, relax and enjoy the show. sort out b. wait for sth to happen without making any a. evolve; develop; turn out (Int.) effort to do anything yourself Some students seem to think they can just sit Things sorted out pretty badly for Mehmet in back in class and learn by osmosis. sit the end. In for sb: take sb's part as a temporary b. successfully deal with sth, esp. a problem or participant difficult situation (t.) I sat in for the band's regular bassist after he How am I ever going to be able to sort out this had sprained one of his fingers. sit In on sth: mess? attend sth (a meeting, a class, etc.) as sort through (t.) look at a number of things to a visitor organize them or to find sth I'd sorted through I decided to sit in on a few classes before the files for hours before I finally found what I choosing which ones to take. was looking for. ELS a 713

SPEAK stand for (t.) a. represent; symbolize speak for U.) a. intercede for or recommend; express or C.I.A. stands for \"Central Intelligence Agency.\" b. support a certain set of ideas articulate the views of I think I speak for all of us when I wish Ulaş That candidate stands for the restriction of civil and Arzu a happy and healthy married life. rights, so you mustn't lend him your support. b. choose or prefer; have reserved for oneself c. (informal} tolerate; allow I'm sorry, sir, but this table is already spoken I will not stand for such rude behaviour! stand for. In for sb: do sth that sb else was going to do speak out or up (int.) express one's opinion openly because they cannot be there and without hesitation When the president came down with A good politician should not be afraid to speak pneumonia, the Secretary of Defense stood in out for him and gave his speech. stand off or back (Int.) keep or stay at a distance. stand on (t.) depend SPELL on; rest on The entire case stands on the reliability of the spell out (t.) explain sth in a very clear way with only witness. details stand out (int.) I shouldn't have to spell it out for you - you a. project; protrude; stick out know exactly what I mean. Our windowsill stands out quite far from the glass. SPILL b. be conspicuous or prominent Her bright red curly hair makes her really spill out (int.) (for crowds, large numbers of people, stand out in a crowd. etc.) exit or leave a place, esp. all together and c. be better than other similar things or people suddenly Her performance stood out from all the other Once the film had ended, everyone spilled out musicians' at the concert. of the cinema and onto the street. stand up (int.) a. (for material, fabric, etc.) remain strong or spill over (int.) (for bad situations, events, etc.) durable begin to have an unpleasant effect on another Suede is lovely, but doesn't stand up very well. situation or group of people What began as a b. (for ideas, information, etc.) be convincing or small local conflict quickly spilled over into prove to be correct neighbouring countries and became a full- Rene Descartes' arguments don't stand up very fledged international war. well if you really examine them. stand up for (t.) defend the cause of; support SPIN You should always stand up for your friends and family. stand up to (t.) meet or deal spin off (t.) derive from or base on something done with fearlessly; previously confront Her character on the sitcom was so popular I know he's your boss, but you can't let him that they spun off another show all about her. treat you that way - stand up to him! spin out (t.) make sth such as a story or an activity START last as long as possible The minister spun his speech out for hours, start over (int.) begin again (AmE) hoping to wear down the opposition. I made a mistake, so I had to start all over. SQUEEZE STAY squeeze sth/sb In: manage to do sth or see sb stay behind (int.) not leave a place when other when you are very busy people leave Well, the doctor is very busy, but it's possible I stayed behind long after everyone else had she can squeeze you In sometime this gone. stay out of sth: not become afternoon. involved in an STAND argument or discussion I think you should stay out of their arguments stand back or off (int.) keep or stay at a distance and mind your own business, stay standby a. continue to support sb when they are having up (int.) go to bed later than usual problems (t.) STICK Just remember, I will stand by you no matter what happens. suck around (int.) (informal) stay somewhere for a b. adhere to an agreement, promise, etc.; stick to period of time (t.) Their party was great, but I wasn't able to stick The actress stood by her controversial around for very long. suck at (t.) (informal) statements even though the media criticized her severely. continue trying hard to do sth c. stand ready; wait (int.) difficult The soldier stood by and awaited his orders. Learning a language can be tough, but you d. do nothing to prevent sth unpleasant from need to suck at it. stick by or to (t.) continue to happening How can you just stand by while he treats you support sb when they like a slave? are having problems; stand by sb. stand down (int.) step aside; resign; withdraw, as from a competition stick out a. project; protrude (int.) The unhappy stockholders insisted that the He's got a strangely-shaped head - it's very entire management should stand down. round, but his ears stick out quite far. 714 O ELS

b. make part of your body come forward from the SWITCH rest of your body (t.) She stuck out her hand and told me to give her switch off the money. a. turn off a light, television, etc. by using a c. be conspicuous or prominent; stand out (int.) switch (t.) suck it out (informal) continue doing sth that is Switch off the computer when you're finished using it, will you? boring, difficult, or unpleasant b. stop giving your attention to sb or sth (int.) The physics course is extremely difficult; Whenever he starts talking about how much he however, it's also fascinating, so I think I'll hates his job, I just switch off. sock It out. stick to sth or with sb/sth: continue switch on (t.) turn on a light, television, etc. by doing, using, using a switch or employing sb/sth and not change to switch over to (t.) anything or anyone else a. (for television, etc.) change from one television My father gave me some advice, but 1 think I'll or radio station to another (BritE) stick to my own way in carrying out the b. change from doing one thing to another business. stick up for (I.) (informal) defend I've decided to switch over to tea - no more the cause of; coffee for me! support; stand up for TAKE STIR take after (t.) stir up sth a. resemble another person, esp. an older family a. cause arguments or bad feelings between member, physically, temperamentally, etc. people, often intentionally Michael's very bad-tempered - he takes after He really seems to enjoy stirring up trouble. his mother. b. make sb remember events in the past b. follow; chase (also take off after) Hearing that song always stirs up memories for The pickpocket got my wallet and I took off after him. take apart (I.) separate sth into its STOP different parts He took the TV apart to find the problem. stop by or In (at) (t./int.) visit a person or place take back (L) briefly a. cause to remember Can you remember to stop by the shop and Whenever I hear The Talking Heads, it takes me pick up some eggs on your way home tonight? back to my childhood. b. (for words) retract stop off at or over In (I.) stop briefly in the course of I'll only take back my statement if you prove I'm a trip or journey wrong. take down (t.) On the drive to Bodrum, we stopped off in a. pull apart or take apart, esp. for buildings, İzmir to say hello lo a couple of friends. edifices, etc. They'll be taking down the old cinema soon. STRIKE b. write down; record Can you take down this telephone number for strike in (with sth) interrupt suddenly; intervene In me? the middle of our argument, Murat struck in c. diminish the pride or arrogance of; humble with some comment about how stupidly we Fatih Terim thought he was unbeatable, but were acting. his team's poor performance took him down a bit. strike off (I.) remove or cancel, as from a record, list, take for (t.) assume, esp. falsely, to be; mistake for etc., by drawing a line through After my I'm always being taken for a taxi driver when I brother's rude remarks, my wife insisted he be drive my yellow car around. struck off the guest list for our party. take In (Into) a. permit to enter; admit strike out She took me Into her office and we sat down. a. erase; cross out; strike off (t.) b. alter an article of clothing so as to make it b. (informal) (of a person or effort) fail (AmE\\ (int.) narrower I need to take this dress In a little bit. He was really hoping to get Arzu's phone c. provide lodging for number, but he struck out miserably. My aunt'll take us In while we're in Seattle. strike up (t.) start a conversation or relationship d. include; encompass with sb His farm takes In almost 200 acres. He struck up a conversation with a lonely- e. grasp the meaning of; comprehend looking guy at the end of the bar. The lesson was too complex; there was just too much to take in. SWEAR f. deceive; trick; cheat I got taken in by some shoeshine boy on my swear by (I.) (informal) believe strongly that sth or first day in Istanbul. sb is useful or effective g. (for plays, films, etc.) visit or attend; see My grandfather swore by the health benefits of After dinner, let's take in a movie. a glass of Irish whiskey every evening. h. (for police) bring to the police station The police took him in for questioning. swear In (t.) admit to office or service by takeoff administering an oath a. remove (t.) American presidents are sworn in on the 20th Take off your hat in the classroom, please. of January every four years. swear off (t .) b. spend time away from work (I.) I'm taking Friday oflrv-ecause of the funeral. promise or resolve to give up sth, esp. intoxicating beverages No matter how much my grandmother warned him, my grandfather never swore off Irish whiskey. ELS Q 7X5

c. lead away (t.} d. begin to advocate or support; sponsor The business magnate's son was taken offby Baroness Pannonica von Koenlgswarter took up kidnappers. Thelonlous Monk when he was banned from playing jazz clubs in New York. d. withdraw or remove from (I.) He was taken off the team because of his bad e. continue; resume attitude. Let's take up where we left off at yesterday's meeting. e. remove by death; kill (t.) The Black Death took off about 25% of the f. assume responsibility for; take over population of Europe in the 14th century. I'll take up your duties for a while if you can't manage it. f. subtract, as a discount; deduct (t.) Because we bought so many things, the shop g. make shorter or tighter assistant was kind enough to take off 10% of Can you take this dress up an inch or two? the total price. h. deal with in discussion g. (informal) achieve sudden, marked growth, After talking about Samuel Beckett's dramatic success, etc. (int.) technique, we took up the issue of his Tom Cruise's career really took off after the influence on Harold Pinter, i. 1983 film \"Risky Business\". h. (informal) accept, as an offer or challenge depart; leave, esp. suddenly or He said he'd give me a ride home, and I took quickly (int.) up the offer. take sth upon oneself: voluntarily When the police showed up, Stacey and 1 took off running. assume sth as a responsibility or obligation i. (for airplanes) leave the ground (int.) He took it upon himself to teach his children take on (I.) as he couldn't trust the American school a. hire; employ system. take up with sb (informal) become The factory has taken on a lot of new workers friendly or keep recently. company with sb b. accept a responsibility Neil took up With a group of communitarians I think I took on too much when I decided to after graduating from high school. learn makams in Turkish classical music. c. begin to have a particular quality TALK When the subject of his speech turned to talk around sth: consciously avoid talking about terrorism, the president's voice took on a much more authoritarian tone. sth He was talking around the issue, so I d. accept as a challenge; compete or contend couldn't against I'd like to take you on at chess one of these days. understand what his real opinion was. talk sb take out (t.) around {to sth) bring sb over to one's way of a. withdraw; remove The robber took out his gun and threatened the thinking; persuade bank teller. At first, she didn't want to come along, but I b. procure by application managed to talk her around to it. talk at She took out an insurance policy on her car. sb: talk to sb without letting them say c. go somewhere with sb and pay for them, esp. anything or without listening to them as a date He was talking at me all night long and I I'd like to take you out to dinner sometime. couldn't get a word in edgewise. talk away take over (t.) assume management or possession of U.) spend or consume time in talking or responsibility for We talked days away while she was lying in the If the president proves incapable of performing hospital with pleurisy, talk back (to sb) reply to his or her duties, the vice-president will take a command, request, etc., over the office. take sth out on sb (informal] in a rude or disrespectful manner cause sb to suffer for Whenever I talked back to my mother, my one's own misfortune or dissatisfaction father would threaten me with his bell. talk I know you're angry at your boss, but you have down (1.) overwhelm by force of argument or by no right to take it out on me! take loud and persistent talking; subdue by talking sb through sth: explain sth to sb I was about to go and kill the guy who'd Let me take you through the procedure. punched me, but my friend talked me down. taketo((.) talk down to sb: talk to someone in a way that a. devote or apply oneself to; become habituated shows you think they are not intelligent or not to important She took to the flute like a fish takes to water. It's really unnecessary to taifc down to children; b. respond favourably to; begin to like moreover, they hate it. Arzu and Ulaş took to each other as soon as they talk out (t.) met. take up (l.) a. talk until conversation is exhausted a. begin to occupy oneself with the study or After an hour of trying to explain myself, I was practice of all talked out. After his retirement, he took up playing the b. attempt to reach a settlement or understanding piano again after almost forty years. by discussion b. occupy; cover Many wars could be prevented if the countries That couch would take up half the living room involved would just talk out their - we shouldn't buy it. disagreements and reach a compromise. talk c. consume; use up; absorb sb out of (doing) sth: persuade sb to do or not Proofreading takes up a lot of time. do sth We tried to talk him out of marrying someone 716 a ELS he didn't really love, but he wasn't hearing us. talk over (i.) a. weigh in conversation; consider; discuss I should talk it over with my wife before I make my final decision.

b. cause sb to change an opinion; convince by think over ((.) consider an idea or plan carefully talking before making a decision She's very good at talking people over to her side of almost any issue, think up (t.) devise, contrive, or create by thinking I've just thought up a new chord progression talk up for the song. a. promote interest in; discuss enthusiastically (t.) THROW Until I saw that salesman on the ferry the throw away (t.) other day, I never knew it was possible to talk a. employ wastefully; squander an umbrella up so much. b. speak without hesitation; speak distinctly and Don't threw your college years away on openly; speak up (int.) drinking and having a good time. You should talk up now, because this may be b. fail to use; miss a chance, opportunity, etc. the only chance you'll have. She threw away a perfectly good job just because she didn't take to the manager. TEAR throw back (onto sth) force into dependence upon tear apart (t.) or necessary use of a. make a group of people argue or fight with When all the castaways' canned food had run out, they were thrown back on their own each other (usu. passive) resources. throw In Sudan has been torn apart by civil war for (t.) (informal) several decades. a. add as a bonus or gratuity b. destroy They throw In a free litre of cola with every Two airplanes proved enough to tear apart the pizza. World Trade Center. b. bring into a discussion, plan, etc. as an c. distress; afflict; tear at addition; interject His father's death really tore him apart for a long The president's a good speaker - when he gives a time. tear at (I.) speech, he's always throwing in sarcastic yet funny a. pluck violently at; attempt to tear asides. throw off U.) The baby tore at the wallpaper but I managed a. free oneself of; cast aside to pull her away before she could do any real Haiti was the first modern nation to gain damage. independence by throwing off the yoke of b. distress; afflict; tear apart slavery. tear sb away from sth: make sb stop doing sth that b. escape from or delay, as a pursuer they enjoy in order to do sth else When he's The fugitive managed to throw off the police. watching a football match, it's absolutely c. confuse; fluster impossible to tear him away from the TV. The drunken and shouting audience threw the tear down ((.) pull down; destroy; demolish singer off and she forgot some of the lyrics to The Vikings tore the monastery down. the song. throw oneself Into sth/dolng sth: tear Into ((.) (informal) engage in sth with a. attack impulsively and heedlessly energy or enthusiasm The boxer tore into his opponent with fury. He threw himself into learning to play the flute. b. attack verbally throw oneself on or upon sb: commit oneself to My mum really tore into me for coming home late. another's mercy, generosity, support, etc.; trust tear up (I.) in a. tear into small shreds; tear completely After he lost his house and life savings, he After Arzu'd left him. Ulaş tore up all of her threw himself on his friends for support. throw photographs. out (t.) eject or expel from a place or a group, b. cancel or annul esp. forcibly Does he want us just to tear up his contract When he started shouting drunkenly and and let him leave? harassing the other customers, the bouncer threw him out o/the bar. TELL throw together tell sb/sth apart: be able to distinguish between a. make in a hurried and haphazard manner It's obvious the carpenter just threw this table two people or things that are very similar I can together in a hurry. never tell a Picasso and a Braque apart. b. cause or force to associate tell off (1.) (informal) rebuke severely; scold Throwing criminals all together in prison is not He was trying to kiss me, but I told him off. exactly the best way to encourage their rehabilitation, is it? throw up (t.) THINK a. give up; relinquish think back (on/to slh) remember sth that happened Six points behind with two difficult games remaining, Barcelona has basically thrown up in the past their chance for the cup. I quite enjoy thinking back on my university b. build hastily years. think out or through (I.) think about in If a building is just thrown up, is it any detail until surprise when it collapses in an earthquake? a conclusion is reached; understand or solve c. vomit by thinking My son got seasick on the ferry and was You should think things through before getting throwing up all the way to Bandırma. married. ELS a 717

TIE turn down a. turn over; fold down tie down (t.) limit one's activities or freedom; confine; curtail The last thing to do when making a bed is to She got really tied dawn after she had a child. turn down the blanket's edge. b. lower in intensity; lessen tie In with sth: connect or be connected; be Could you please turn the volume down? I consistent can't even hear myself think. What you told me doesn't tie in with what c. refuse or reject a person, request, etc. others have said. He applied for the position but was turned down. turn in tie up (L) a. hand in; submit (t.) a. invest or place money in such a way as to She has finally turned in her letter of resignation after twenty years with the render unavailable for other uses company. His money is all tied up in the new business. b. inform on or deliver up (t.) b. engage or occupy completely His own brother turned him In to the police. I'll be really tied up with work tomorrow, so c. (informal) go to bed; retire (int.) can we get together this weekend instead? I'm tired; I think I'll turn in. turn Into (t.) be changed, transformed, or converted TOUCH into, or make sb or sth do this (also turn to) This city is slowly turning into a much safer touch down (at) (for airplanes) come into contact place than it used to be. with the ground; land turn off Ladies and gentlemen, we'll be touching down a. stop the flow of water, gas, electricity, etc.; at O'Hare International Airport in about ten switch off (t.) minutes. Don't forget to turn off the gas when you leave home. touch off (I.) b. diverge or branch off, as a side road from a a. cause to ignite or explode main road (int.) This road turns off just past the statue of De We need someone very brave to touch off the Valera. bomb. c. drive a vehicle or walk onto a side road from a b. give rise to; initiate main road (int.) Silvio Berlusconi's insensitive remarks touched off Don't go all the way downtown, you should a minor scandal. touch on or upon (L) turn off on Maxwell Street. a. mention a subject briefly or casually; treat of in d. (informal} stop listening; switch off (int.) passing While she was describing her holiday, I just In his speech, the president refused to even turned off touch on the abortion rights controversy. turn on (t.) b. relate or pertain to a. cause water, gas, electricity, etc. to flow; switch The gun issue touches upon the related issues of on crime and the limits of civil rights. touch up (I.) It's very dark in here. Why don't you turn the a. make minor changes or improvements in the light on? appearance of b. become suddenly hostile to (also turn upon) Let me just touch up my hair a bit before we go. We'd been close friends for years, but then he b. modify or improve a painting, photograph, etc. just turned on me. by adding small strokes or making slight turn out (t.) changes a. extinguish a light; turn off; switch off We should get this photo touched up; it's not b. produce as the result of labour very clear at all. The factory turned out very little last quarter because the workers were extremely TRY dissatisfied and refused to work very hard. c. drive out; dismiss; discharge try on (I.) put on an article of clothing in order to Aristide was turned out of the presidency of the judge its appearance and fit Haitian Republic. Why don't you try this dress on? I think it'll d. turn out (for sth): be present at; appear look good on you. try out (t.) Nearly 100,000 people turned out for the protest. use experimentally; test e. turn out that: be found or known; prove I tried out that new restaurant this afternoon I talked to her for a while and it turned out and it's really quite good. try out for sth: that we'd been born in the same town. f. turn out to be sth: result; issue; come to be; compete for a position, membership, become ultimately etc. Ronald Reagan's \"trickle-down\" economic policy He tried out for the basketball team, but turned out to be a failure in the end. turnover (t.) unfortunately, he didn't make it. a. consider; meditate; ponder I turned it over and over in my mind, but I still TURN couldn't work out why she'd left me. b. change to a different television station (BritE) turn sb away: not allow sb to enter a place If you're not watching this, can I turn it over? It's a very exclusive club; they turn a lot of c. turn sth over to sb, transfer or give sth to sb people away. The old king, tired of ruling, turned the throne over to his son. turnback (t.) a. return in the direction you have come from, or to make sb do this Lots of illegal immigrants get turned back at the border, but lots get through as well. b. fold a blanket, sheet of paper, etc. on itself I don't use bookmarks very often; I usually rum back the page instead. 718 Q ELS

turn to U.) walk out (int.) a. apply to for aid; appeal to a, go on strike As he couldn't afford the university fees If the manager doesn't answer their demands himself, he had to turn to the government for soon, the workers are going to walk out. loans. b. leave or resign in protest b. change to (also turn into) The meeting was a fiasco, so Anthony just When the sun came back out, the ice turned to walked out. walk out on sb/sth: leave water. unceremoniously; desert; c. find a page in a book forsake Turn to page 221 and start reading, please. I can't believe that she walked out on her d. start to do sth bad, esp. because you are family like that. walk sb through sth, guide or unhappy instruct carefully one After Arzu left hım, Ulaş got very depressed and step at a time turned to drink and drugs. turnup If the job seems a bit complicated at first, don't a. uncover; find (t.) worry, because I'll walk you through it. While I was looking through the attic, 1 turned up these old photos. WASH b. be recovered or found (int.) Your keys should turn up eventually, don't wash away (t.) remove by water worry. Heavy rain has washed away most of the c. intensify or increase (I.) topsoil here. wash down (t.) facilitate the Towards the end of the match, Barcelona really turned up the pressure, but still couldn't swallowing of food or manage to score a goal. medicine by drinking water or other liquid d. happen; occur (int.) These pills are quite big, so you'll need a lot of Stop worrying so much; there's really nothing water to wash them down. we can do but wait and see what turns up. e. (informal} appear; arrive (int.) wash out He turned up at the last possible moment, so not a. remove or be removed by washing (t./int.) surprisingly, all the tickets had already been sold out. I tried and tried, but the blood stain just wouldn't wash out. USE b. damage or demolish by the action of water (t.) Several houses were washed out by the heavy use up (t.) flooding. a. consume entirely; finish a supply of c. (informal) fail to qualify or continue; be eliminated (tat.) We've used up all the gas. His parents had high hopes for him, but he ended b. exhaust of vigour or usefulness; finish (usu. up washing out of law school. wash up (t.) end, esp. dishonorably (usu. passive) (int.) passive) Everybody believes that he ought to retire; he's At the end of the match, he felt all used up. all washed up as a football coach. WATT WASTE walton (t.) waste away (int.) gradually become thinner and a. perform the duties of an attendant or servant weaker Anorexics, if not helped, will eventually waste for away and die. The waiter who waited on our table at the restaurant last night was very clumsy. WATCH b. supply the wants of a person, as serving a meal watch out or serving a customer in a store Excuse me, sir, but is anyone waiting on you a. look out (used to tell sb to be careful because yet? they are in danger) Watch out! a car's coming! WAKE b. watch out for sth: be on one's guard; be wake up to sth: start to understand sth that is cautious important Watch out for that hole in the road! When I was a teenager, I finally woke up to the watch over sb: look after sb and protect them if fact that not everyone in the world was nearly necessary as well off as I was. Don't worry; I'll be watching over you every step of the way. WALK WAVE walk off (t.) get rid of by walking \"I've got a bit of a headache.\" - \"Why don't you wave sth aside: refuse to consider what sb says go outside and try walking it off?\" He just waved aside every single one of my suggestions. wave sb off: wave your hand walk off with sth, a. remove illegally; steal to sb as they are leaving in order to say goodbye; see sb off The bank robbers walked off with over $10,000 in cash. WEAR b. win or attain, esp. easily, as in a competition That movie walked off with almost every major wear (sth) away: disappear after a lot of time or use, award this year. or make something disappear in this way The toe of the saint's statue had been worn away by the kisses of pilgrims. ELS a 719

wear down (t.) b. pay or fulfill a debt, a favour, etc. by working a. reduce or impair by long wearing Since he'd lost his wallet, he had to work off the restaurant bill by washing dishes for a while. My sandals are all worn down. I guess 1 should work on or upon (t.) exercise influence on; gel a new pair. persuade; affect: b. weary; tire Her unceasing complaints really wear me If you keep working' on him, he's bound to down. change his mind eventually. c. prevail over by persistence; overcome Eventually, the president's never-ending work out, speeches wore down those who'd been opposed to his tax reform bill. a. solve, as a problem (t.) wear off (int.) dimmish slowly or gradually or What 1 can't work out is why Arzu married Ulaş diminish in effect; disappear in the first place. When the morphine began to wear off, the b. arrive at by or as by calculation (t,) patient's pain returned. wear on (ini.) (for Let me just work out the cost of the meal. periods o[ time) pass, esp. slowly C. prove effective or successful (int.) As the years wore on, she grew increasingly Despite some minor setbacks, everything dissatisfied with her marriage. worked out alright in the end. wear out (I.) d. practise, exercise, or train, esp. in order to a. make or become unfit or useless through hard become proficient in an athletic sport (int.) or extended use I'm going to go work out at the gym tonight; do 1 wore out all my socks because I was always you want to come? forgetting to cut my loenails. e. work out to sth: amount to a total or specified b. exhaust, as by continued strain; weary; wear figure; add up (to) down The bill works out to $42.73. All this arguing is beginning to wear me out. f. work out, understand the reasons for sb's WEIGH behaviour We can't work out. why she has been crying all weigh down a. cause to become bowed under a weight morning. work through sth: deal with sth successfully; come After the blizzard, the heavy snow and ice was to terms with sth really weighing down the trees. He took a long time to work through the guilt b. lower the spirits of; burden; depress complex caused by his Catholic upbringing. My money problems are really weighing me work up: move or stir the feelings of; excite \" down; it's such a burden. weigh on or upon sb: Although Adolf Hitler was an absolute make sb worried or unhappy: madman, he was a genius at working up great The collapse of her marriage is really weighing masses of people. work (one's way) up to: rise on her these days. weigh sth against sth: judge to a higher position; which of two things is advance more important before making a decision Evita Peron worked her way up from an actress The pros of starting your own business have to to the co-leadership, with her husband Juan, be weighed against the cons. of Argentina. work up to sth: gradually prepare yourself for sth WIPE difficult or frightening wipe out (t.) eliminate, destroy, or defeat completely Before 1 play music live, 1 always have to work myself up to it first. The Holocaust is the name given to Hitler's attempt to wipe out all Jews, Gypsies, Slavs WRITE and homosexuals. write off (t.) WORK a. cancel an entry in an account, as an unpaid work against sb: make it more difficult for sb to and uncollectable debt achieve sth After the man had disappeared and could not Your qualifications for that job are outstanding, be found, the bank was forced to write off his but your lack of experience might work against debt. you. work In b. regard as worthless, lost, obsolete, etc.; decic or Into (t.) to forget a. bring or put in; add, merge, or blend American novelist Thomas Pynchon worked Whatever you may have heard about her, yoi both pop culture and advanced science into his shouldn't just write her off until after you've 1973 masterpiece, Gravity's Rainbow. actually met her. b. arrange a time or employment for write up: put into writing, esp. in full detail and Although she was quite busy, the dentist usu. using notes that you made earlier 1 managed to work me to in the early evening. wrote up a report about everything that'd gone work off (t.) on at the meeting. a. lose or dispose of, as by exercise or labour 1 needed to Work off the extra pounds I had gained at Thanksgiving dinner, so 1 went for a jog.

UNTT l EXERCISE l 1.are...doing/am tasting/has 2.do...know/is talking/don't recognize/suppose S.are...whispering/is sleeping/am trying/is...sleeping/don't think/are 4.are...taking/isn't raining/always take/never rains/never know 5.works/relies/pays/provides/is building G.look/takes/doesn't resemble 7.are rising/are even considering 8.is weighing/is trying 9.weighs/seems/always wears lO.look/don't smell 11.are arriving/is still wrapping 12.is listening/a: ^ öitting IS.doesn't taste 14.is getting/is raising 15-feels 16-look (are looking)/hope/am thinking 17.is feeling 18.are...sniffing/am trying/are wearing/smells 19.looks/doesn't feel 20.are enduring 21.is seeing 22.do...think/have/see EXERCISE 2 1.bound 2.arose S.founded 4.raised S.laid 6.grounded 7.risen S.sawn Q.wound lO.hanged 11.fallen 12.set 13.wounded 14.hung IS.bounded 16.ground 17.1aid 18.lay/saw 19-raised 20.fell 21.found 22.aroused 23.rose 24.sat 25.arose EXERCISE 3 l.kept 2.arose S.crept 4.forgave S.lay G.held 7.forbade (forbid) S.laid 9.hid lO.fell 11.dug 12.felt 13-sprang 14.fed IS.slid EXERCISE 4 1.fought 2.threw S.rode 4.bound S.froze 6.bet 7.tore S.grew 9.bore lO.shed ll.left 12.ate 13-dealt 14.sought IS.wound : EXERCISE 5 1.forecast 2.mislaid 3.flew 4.burst S.cost G.drew 7.shook S.fled 9.broadcast lO.mistook ll.chose 12.ground IS.lit (lighted) 14.bent IS.led EXERCISE 6 l.rang 2.1ost 3.wore 4.hurt S.hung 6.withdrew 7.shrank S.shone 9.spun lO.rose 11.forgot 12.bit 13.sold 14.wove IS.undertook EXERCISE 7 1.climbed 2.saw 3.swore 4.bought S.played 6.missed 7.slipped S.felled 9.bled lO.struck 11.sawed 12.swept 13.fell 14.attended 15.F\" \" EXERCISES 1.left/was raining 2. continued/was driving 3.arrived/was still raining 4.was going (went)/saw/was overtaking/(was) coming/stepped/swerved/barely avoided S.was having/phoned 6.was having/phoned 7.was/had/wore S.was trying/was playing 9.jogged/got lO.was jogging/met 11.saw/stopped/got out 12.saw/was driving IS.were driving/hit 14.did...turn/was distracting IS.was taking (took)/burst/had to 16.heard/were coming/knew/had 17.was still hiding/rang/took 18.shot/shook/fell 19.were sitting (sat)/announced 20.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 21.was pouring/spilled 22.were looking EXERCISE 9 1.hasn't passed 2.followed/didn't believe S.has spoken/hasn't had 4.started/worried/has made/have subsided S.has been/rained 6.hasn't got/hasn't started 7. read/was/were/never took/didn't really appreciate S.have broken 9.met/have forgotten lO.learnt/haven't had 11.have been/were/didn't hear/just overslept 12.have often dreamt 13.merged/have shown 14.haven't been IS.had/didn't come 16.have seen 17.has done/got/have never met IS.have had/have got/endured/bought 19.opened/have observed/has almost doubled/has caused 20.has been/were 21.have never tried 22.sold/has ever raised 23.took/have appeared 24.has beaten/beat 25.has believed/knew/finished

EXERCISE 10 1.has been snowing/have...just noticed/have never seen/have seen 2.have been driving/have drive. S.has always wanted 4.have been working/have only painted S.has received 6.has been working/have already changed/has been 7.has been leaking/haven't been able to S.has just fixed 9.have been suffering lO.Have...been working 11.have repaired 12.have been killing/has lasted IS.have shrunk/have only had 14.have been chopping IS.has been learning/hasn't had 16.has offered/have been expecting 17.have thought/have been working (have worked) IS.have been revising/haven't even gone 19.Have...been crying/have been peeling 20.have been running/have gained 21.have been wanting/have resisted 22.have received/have been considering/have chosen 23.have been considering/has been trying 24.have been burning/have reached 25.have been drinking/have only had EXERCISE 11 1.Have...ever seen/saw/went 2.found/saw/was hiding S.has been promising/even sent/has happened 4.were having/moved /have held S.has been manufacturing/produced/contributed 6.bought/have now driven/has only ever broken 7.has been laughing/told S.only put/have already had 9.Have...read/did/was travelling lO.have left (have been leaving)/has been increasing (has increased) ll.wasn't paying/gave/didn't realize/got/has been 12. started/has always preferred/had/drove/was loading/pulled/has been lying 13.won/has become 14.was drinking/announced/told/still had/became IS.have seen/have visited 16.saw/were picnicking/has been begging 17.had/have been working/have just completed IS.paid/have changed 19.caught/were fishing/has been boasting 20.was talking/came/started/have been talking/has phoned EXERCISE 12 1.since 2.for S.for 4.slnce S.for 6-since 7.since S.since 9.for lO.for 11.for 12.for IS.since 14.since IS.since 16.since 17.for IS.since 19.since 20.since EXERCISE 13 1.seems/has stabilized/think/see 2.has suffered(has been suffering)/don't understand/falsified (was falsifying)/appeared S.have just finished/looks/have been working/haven't had 4.has...been doing/has been familiarizing/has fully mastered S.collapsed/were working/called/didn't get 6.was sailing/(was) drinking/(was) enjoying/don't think/haven't been 7.has always resented/has been getting S.got/intensified 9.try (are trying)/clings lO.are wearing/did...buy/have only had 11.don't want/have just washed/is 12.bought/have been feeling/is IS.was sawing/accidentally cut/has been bleeding 14.have just written/complained/didn't send IS.look/Have...changed 16.haven't spoken/hope/aren't worrying 17.didn't know/tastes IS.is giving/Do...feel 19.is talking/have been trying 20.began (was beginning)/went/had to 21.haven't arrived 22.still have/are attempting 23.Are...still mowing/haven't been mowing/saw/took/didn't start/explains 24.raise/isn't working/have been driving 25.generally plays/is/sustained/is still troubling EXERCISE 14 l.warned/had already got infected 2.took/were/had never been S.got/opened 4. asked/gave/had never had S.offered/accepted/considered G.had/didn't know/started/had studied/improved/ended/had learnt/helped/passed/once again confirmed (had once again confirmed) 7.saw/was/decided S.had closed/got/went 9.had already explained/still wanted lO.had never behaved/decided 11.had scarcely finished/appeared 12.recognized/hadn't seen/was IS.hadn't arrived/had to 14.spoke/still hadn't made 15.had got (got)/realized/had lost 16.surprised/refused/didn't know/had given up EXERCISE 15 l.has only known/has already agreed 2.had announced/had been S.has only been 4.had never walked S.had already made up G.had read 7.had all drowned S.hasn't acted 9.hadn't acted lO.have given EXERCISE 16 l.had been driving 2.were travelling S.was hanging 4.were chatting/was working S.had been going 6.had already been taking 7.had been strolling S.was sewing 9.had been flashing lO.had been making ~. I—k w*m t

EXERCISE 17 1.have been working/have produced 2.had been working/had produced S.have just arranged/have already made 4.has been/has been trying S.had been looking/have been 6.have really been painting 7.had been counting/had been backing S.have confirmed 9.had been smoking lO.had removed 11.have just sold 12.have checked/(have) updated IS.has been working (has worked) 14.have been monitoring/have announced IS.had been planning/had made EXERCISE 18 1.split/has been crying 2.was hurrying/tripped/twisted 3.rushed/had just bitten 4.applied/still haven't heard 5.wears/is wearing/are moving (or wears/wore/moved (were moving)) 6.met/had been working/saw/hardly recognized 7.is getting/regularly complain/don't seem 8.were operating/were pacing (operated/paced) 9.have been frowning 10.1s going 11.hadn't informed (didn't inform) 12.has only just arrived/start IS.has been looking/has come 14.did...last hear/haven't heard 15.take/were/saw/were feeding/were jumping/is taking/wants 16.had just finished/were watching/heard/rushed/found/was/had broken 17.were entering (entered)/whispered/had felt (had been feeling)/rose/just muttered/sat 18.1ooked/had ever seen/have ever seen 19.dropped (had dropped)/dropped/caused/had witnessed 20.have found/checked/were still testing EXERCISE 19 1.will...get (are...going to get)/is going to drive 2.will do 3.am going to buy/will get 4.is going to faint S.will do 6. am going to repair 7.is going to fall (will fall) 8. are going to get/are going to come 9.will make 10.will have/will do EXERCISE 20 I.We won't be able to use the cold tap in the kitchen until the plumber replaces (has replaced) the leaky pipe. 2.Once he has got written confirmation of the job offer in Germany, he's going to book his flight. S.After the board has interviewed (interviews) all the candidates, they will announce the results. 4.When she leaves school, she's going to take a year off to go travelling. 5.You'll have to wash your hands before you eat dinner. 6.While you're getting some more petrol, I'll quickly go to the supermarket. 7.The bus won't leave until all the passengers have got (get) on board. S.After he has completed (completes) his apprenticeship, he's going to set up his own business. 9.While you're washing up (wash up), I'll telephone the cinema to see what time the film starts. 10.As soon as I come back from holiday, I'll start a diet. EXERCISE 21 l.will not commence/arrive (have arrived) 2.will close 3.won't reserve/are 4.will check S.settles (has settled)/will take 6.won't be/see 7.will contain/is 8-won't let/come (have come)/only allow 9.familiarizes (has familiarized)/will be lO.won't be able/check (have checked) EXERCISE 22 l.will be playing 2.will be driving/will be sailing/will be feeling S.have improved (improve)/will have to 4.will never learn/will be whizzing S.will see (will be seeing) 6.will drop/don't have (won't have) 7.get (have got)/will provide/will need (need) S.will be performing 9.will be working/will be working lO.have undergone (undergo)/won't bother ll.won't open/have cleaned (clean) 12.won't be able/will be welcoming/will present (will be presenting) EXERCISE 23 l.will regret/run out 2. arrives/will have received S.will find/return/will have received 4. will somehow manage/reach/will have removed S.will have risen 6.will pretend/asks 7.put/will have saved 8.brings/will have already gone 9.will adapt lO.will have become 11.announces/will say 12.arrive/will have already broken EXERCISE 24 l.will have sold 2. will be driving/will give 3. will... recognize/will be wearing 4. will be waiting/will probably have gone S.will experience/will have settled 6.will be/will have been travelling 7.will be congratulating S.will have been working/will have qualified 9.will take/will have been soaking/will have been lO.will have extinguished 1 l.will be inspecting/will have been digging/will makefwill be making) 12.will look EXERCISE 25 l.until 2.by the time S.until 4.By the time 5.Until 6.until/by the time 7.by the time 8.until 9.By the time lO.until 11.By the time 12.Until IS.by the time 14.until IS.until

EXERCISE 26 l.has just taken/was/announced/have been/will increase (will be increasing) 2.were intending (had intended)/went/had arranged/cut/was doing/tried/put/was playing/are both/usually hurt/are playing/were sitting/heard/hurried/had happened/had thrown/had hit/was trickling/nearly fain ted/saw/took S.have been/doesn't know/knew/seem/were wearing/are wearing/is causing(has caused) (has been causing)/will face(are going to face) 4.have always been afraid/was/hear/immediately put/don't know S.has experienced/is/will experiencefwill be experiencing) G.hadn't been sleeping/went 7.is going to exchange/will regret (will be regretting/is going to regret) S.was blazing/came/took 9.will have expanded lO.has turned/will snow(is going to snow) 11.is losing/will have lost 12.will be makingfwill make)/will have been sitting (will have sat) 13.last looked/had not yet commenced 14.immediately rang/reached/were already waiting 15.is expecting/am/will have had 16.have been hiking/still have/join/will have been walking 17.store/bottle/has fermented (has been fermenting) IS.will not ignorefam not going to ignore)/will say/treats 19.had only been driving/failed/was coming/had/stopped 20.were talking/don't think/have seen 21.has had/went/caught/is suffering/has been coughing/sounds/will get(is going to get) 22.has recently designed/runs/thinks/will be driving EXERCISE 27 l.has been 2.hasn't rained 3.is suffering 4.will only last (is only going to last) 5.is 6.are keeping (keep) 7.are storing (have been storing/have stored) 8.are using 9.is 10.faces 11.has developed (develops) 12.called 13.said 14.have IB.were lying 16.announced 17.don't see (haven't seen) EXERCISE 28 1.arrived (had arrived) 2.was opening (opened) 3.approached 4.asked S.was lighting (lit) 6.suddenly held 7.overpowered S.tried 9.pushed 10.drove off 11.gave 12.1ost 13.woke up 14.was lying IS.told (were telling) 16.found 17.had been working 18.offered 19.promised 20.threatened 21.gave 22.was feeling (felt) 23.just lay 24.fell 25.happened 26.had been sleeping 27.woke 28.saw 29.W111...excuse SO.don't feel (am not feeling) EXERCISE 29 I) 1.invented 2.made (had been making) S.weren't 4.named S.inhabited 6.designed 7.comes 8.had gained 9.ceased (had ceased) 10.produces 11.is 12.bears 13.does not burst 14.spends Et) a)resin b)adhesive cjwaterproof d)inhabit e)staggering fjcease gjdevote h)plant ^equivalent j)bear k)shelf-life ^providing m)burst rOcollectively IH) l.D 2.E 3.B IV) 1.equivalent 2.burst 3-waterproof 4.devoted S.providing EXERCISE 30 I) l.was 2.have burst 3.rose 4.still stands 5.is 6-escalated 7.has prompted (has been prompting) S.has resulted 9.have made 10.actually happens 11.developed (has developed/develops) 12.continue (are continuing/have continued) 13-claims ü) a)virtually b)untreatable c)companion d)escalate ejrelative flobscurity glprominence hjprompt Ijbroad-ranging JJdramatic k^heralded IJincidence HI) l.C 2.D 3.A IV) 1.companion 2.virtually S.dramatic 4.prompted S.relative EXERCISE 31 I) l.has felt 2.was 3.has created 4.has further strengthened S.also developed 6.has devoted 7.finished (had finished) S.organized 9.went lO.becamefhad become) 11.finally took 12.began 13.has visited 14.has crossed ü) a)intense b)spell (attraction) c)unshakeable d)further e)solitary ^adolescence gjpassion h)reptiles i)amphibians jjapparently kjinexhaustible l)enthusiasm mjstir up Di) l.C 2.B 3.E IV) 1.further 2.solitary 3.passion 4.apparently S.intense EXERCISE 32 I) l.have been 2.have been living (have lived) S.means 4.1ived S.became 6.intruded (had intruded) 7.doubted S.had always lived 9.had found lO.is 11.came 12.had been living (had lived) 13.set 14.were IS.had not encroached IG.still exist 17.1ive IS.have succeeded 19.live 20.were 21.have almost eliminated 22.now resemble 23.use ü) a)mass b)isolated c)existence d)intrude e)territory fjremote g)ancestor hjhemisphere i)apparently j)millennia kjinterior l)preserve m)primitive njinterference o)distinct p)assimilation qjintermarriage r) eliminate s)resemble IH) l.E 2.B 3.A IV) 1.distinct 2.resembles S.assimilated 4.interior S.preserve

UNIT 2 EXERCISE 1 1.if I sat 2.repeating 3.if I switched/switching 4.if I didn't join S.lending 6.if I borrowed 7.not smoking 8.if I stopped/stopping 9.if I kept lO.if I skipped EXERCISE 2 (Sample answers) 1.Could you tell me where the post office is?/Would you mind telling me the way to the post office? 2.Would you mind if I used your phone?/Could I possibly use your phone? 3.Would anyone mind if I smoked?/May I smoke? 4.Would you mind if I borrowed that book?/Could I possibly borrow that book? S.Could I/Can I open the window?/Would anyone mind if I opened the window? 6-Could you possibly give me a hand?/Can you me a hand? 7.Would you mind if I ate my lunch while you explain?/Could I keep eating while you explain? 8.1 wonder if you could tell me where the bank is./Would it be possible for you to tell me how to find the bank? 9.Would it be okay if I went on the skiing trip?/Do you think I could go on the skiing trip? 10.Would you mind if I drove it a little first?/Do you think I could drive it around a little first? EXERCISES 1.needn't/mustn't 2.mustn't S.mustn't 4.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.needn't (don't have to/don't need to) 6-mustn't 7.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) Q.mustn't lO.mustn't EXERCISE 4 1.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 2.must (have to) S.must (have to) 4.had to S.must (have to) 6.doesn't have to (doesn't need to/needn't) 7.have to S.mustn't Q.mustn't lO.doesn't have to 11.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 12.don't have to IS.must 14.don't have to (don't need to/needn't)/must (have to) IS.mustn't EXERCISE 5 1.didn't need to buy (didn't have to buy) 2.didn't need to write (didn't have to write) S.needn't have called 4.needn't have prepared S.didn't need to alter (didn't have to alter) 6.needn't have watered 7.didn't need to water (didn't have to water) S.didn't need to hire (didn't have to hire) Q.needn't have bought 10.needn't have bought EXERCISE 6 1.needn't 2.shouldn't S.shouldn't 4.needn't/shouldn't S.needn't 6.needn't 7.shouldn't S.needn't Q.shouldn't lO.shouldn't EXERCISE? 1.should have tried 2.shouldn't discriminate/should treat S.should be revising 4.shouldn't have scolded S.shouldn't have been talking 6.should be driving 7.shouldn't expect S.should let 9.shouldn't have bought 10.should have been wearing 11.should be writing 12.shouldn't settle/should bargain IS.shouldn't have been driving 14.should have left IS.should have visited/shouldn't have been going EXERCISES l.You're supposed to read the instructions first. 2.You were supposed to read the instructions first. S.You were supposed to come straight home./You weren't supposed to go to the cinema. 4.You aren't supposed to wear (to be wearing) make-up in school. S.You were supposed to shut the windows. 6.You were supposed to phone me./You weren't supposed to leave work without phoning me. 7.You aren't supposed to smoke here. S.You aren't supposed to feed (to be feeding) the animals. 9.You weren't supposed to make any noise. 10.You weren't supposed to take it without eating something first./You were supposed to eat something before taking it. EXERCISE 9 1.could swim 2.was able to S.could 4.were able to S.could G.was able to 7.were able to S.could hear 9.could go lO.were able to

EXERCISE 10 l.will be able to walk/is already able to take (can already take) 2.hasn't been able to walk 3.was able to stop 4.had never been able to form S.can have S.was able to avert 7.can't find (isn't able to findj/won't be able to go S.has been able to concentrate 9.won't be able to make/won't be able to attend lO.can speak ll.were able to restore 12.were able to free 13.can play 14.couldn't afford/was able to buy IS.was able to get EXERCISE 11 l.must live 2.must be getting S.must have been driving 4.must be flying S.must not have been watering (must not have watered) G.must have been sailing 7.must have told S.must be snowing 9.must have been playing lO.must have 11.must be 12.must have happened 13.must have been expecting (must have expected) 14.must not have been expecting (must not have expected) 15.must be approaching EXERCISE 12 1.can't have broken 2.must be quarreling/might (may) get/may (might/could) adapt S.must not have believed (must not believe) 4.must not want (must not have wanted) S.could (may/might)...have done/must have set 6.must be/must be 7.must have failed/can't have failed/must not have got/must be S.can't have forgotten Q.must be sleeping/can't be sleeping/must not have returned 10.may (might/could) have been/couldn't (can't) have been/may (might/could) have called (or may (might/could) have been calling) 11.must be coming 12.may (might/could) be/can't be/must be 13.should (ought to) be able to 14.Could...be 15.may (might/could) get ( or may (might/could) be getting)/may (might/could) award (or may (might/could) be awarding) 16.may (might/could) be freezing 17.should (ought to) withstand IS.should (ought to) sell EXERCISE 13 l.have 2.be doing/be sleeping S.not answer 4.not have raised S.gave 6.hadn't asked 7.not have taken 8-didn't tease 9-hadn't mentioned lO.do (be doing)/walking (walk) > EXERCISE 14 I.He used to attend... 2.No change 3.No change 4.1n the past, women didn't use to have... 5-There used to be a boy...who always used to laugh whenever he used to get... 6.No change 7.Many years ago there used to be a small cotton mill...it had to close down. 8.No change 9.1n the days of the wild frontier, spurs on boots used to serve... 10.Children used to work ... until trade associations forced change. UNIT 3 EXERCISE 1 l.is being mown 2.is mown S.was mown 4.was being mown S.has been mown B.had been mown 7.will be mown 8.is going to be mown 9.will have been mown EXERCISE 2 l.are going to be planted by local people next weekend 2.was interviewed by the manager S.will be explained by the vice-president at the meeting tomorrow 4.was being guarded by some soldiers S.was crossed by Nils Nordenskjöld, a Swede, in a ship called the Vega 6.has not been approved for sale by the Food and Drug Administration/has already been tested on human volunteers by scientists 7.were destroyed by the rainstorm last week S.are effectively cured by the antibiotic penicillin 9.is looked after by volunteers lO.will have been provided with books by the school by the end of the week 11.is still left around the campsite by the campers 12.have been searched by the customs officers/will be passed IS.had not been stolen by grave robbers 14.is being plagued by a teenage gang 15.will be paid compensation by the council EXERCISES l.are exposed to extreme cold 2.is provided with a pair of shoes by a private fund every year S.was being vandalized by some youths 4.is being increased by 25 percent S.was written by George Eliot G.was sent special delivery 7.was loved by people across the globe S.has been taken/will be brought 9.hadn't yet been received lO.has been loaded onto the plane 11.is watched by everyone 12.have been destroyed since the beginning of the riots IS.had been beaten by Smith three times before in the 100-metre race 14.hadn't been agreed to/hadn't been rejected IS.will have been collected/is drawn

EXERCISE 4 1.Is that dictionary being used? 2.Which machines are being inspected today? S.How many species of monkey are kept here? 4.Has our rubbish been collected? 5.Who was interviewed by the manager yesterday? 6.By whom were the applicants interviewed yesterday? (Who/whom were the applicants interviewed by yesterday?) 7.What has been agreed upon? 8.1s all the fruit going to be gathered today? 9.What is going to be done? lO.By whom is your translation work done? (Who/whom is your translation work done by?) ll.Who was influenced by Sally at the meeting? 12.By whom was Sally's decision influenced at the meeting? (Who/whom was Sally's decision influenced by at the meeting?) 13.Are the windows cleaned regularly? 14. How much wheat is produced annually in this region? IS.Has the crossword been done yet? EXERCISE 5 l.\"I wish that in one instant you could be told of my safe arrival, but... 2.This sentence was written by Samuel Morse in a letter to his mother in 1811, when he was 20. 3.No change 4.No change (Cümle passive yapılabilir ama anlam doğal olmaz.) S.However, he was allowed to go to London to study art in 1811, after his work was praised by Gilbert Stuart. 6.When Samuel returned in 1815, he found that Americans were not interested in buying paintings. 7.He realized that very little money could be earned from painting portraits. S.Morse was inspired to invent the telegraph by a chance conversation while he... 9.He was told by a fellow passenger about European experiments in electromagnetism. 10.Morse remarked, \"If the presence of electricity can be made visible in any part of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence cannot be transmitted by electricity.\" 11.No change 12.No change IS.Thus, years of work and study were required for him to perfect his device. 14.His determination was greatly admired. IS.He was given practical help by the industrialist Alfred Vail, the physicist Joseph Henry, and others. 16.1n 1837 a patent was applied for on The American Electromagnetic Telegraph. 17....for his invention but was met with failure there as at home. IS.Finally, in 1843, $30,000 was appropriated by the United States Congress in order to build a line... 19.1n May 1844, the first message was flashed over this wire. 20.No change 21.Use was quickly found for the telegraph by newspapers, railroads, and businesses. 22.After the Western Union had been founded in 1856, wires were soon strung from coast to coast. 23.The problem had been worked on by other men of science, but Morse's invention was the basis of the land telegraph system. 24.The code of dots and dashes used in sending messages is still known as Morse code, in honour of its inventor. 25.When Morse died in 1872, on April 2, public memorials were held across the nation. EXERCISES l.For more than 4000 years, this sensuous cloth has been created by weavers from the strand of a mere worm and it has reigned supreme as the queen of fabrics. 2.No change 3.In the sixth century, according to legend, a supply of silkworms was brought back to the emperor Justinian by two monks. 4.Silk cloth has been made into many items, such as clothing, tapestries, and accessories. S.Traditionally, part of a Chinese woman's marriage dowry was formed by silk items, such as bedcovers. 6.Much-needed work is still provided by silk production in several poor but labour-rich countries. 7.Silkworms are raised by more than 10 million farmers in China today. S.About half a million workers are employed by(in) silk fabric production. 9.No change 10.Silkworms are still fed by the Empress of Japan on the palace grounds each spring. 11.Silk-making lessons are sponsored by the Queen of Thailand in her palace. 12.Silk is even used for certain components of tennis-racket strings, fly fishing lines, parachutes, and bicycle tires. 13.Silk has been used by surgeons to save lives, as wounds are easily stitched by the fine thread. 14.A silk kite was used by Benjamin Franklin during his famous experiments with electricity. 15-No change 16-Silk fibres are triangular, and so light is reflected by them. 17.A pearly sheen is built up by layers of protein, making silk a luxurious, sensuous fabric. 18-Its feel, its look, and even its smell are rejoiced in by designers. 19.\"Bombyx mori\", the most commonly cultivated silkworm, is raised domestically by farmers, but only where there are mulberry leaves. 20.No change 21.A tougher, rougher silk is produced by wild silkworms because they are more robust than their domesticated cousins. 22.Silk is also produced in Japan... 23.Though production techniques have been mechanized by the Japanese, many tasks are done by hand in other countries. 24.1n India, the whole family is involved in the craft of silk-making. 25.An unceasing trade from East to West has always been encouraged by the West's hunger for silk. 26.Two powerful civilizations -Rome and China - were linked by the silk trade route... 27.Although silk is widely available today, mainly the rich and famous are adorned by silk gowns.

EXERCISE? l.will be awarded a scholarship this year/will be awarded to ten students this year 2.were handed a menu/was handed to us 3.was sent someone else's bill/was sent to him 4.are served to the passengers/are served light refreshments 5.is going to be sent to us/are going to be sent a catalogue 6.were provided for the victims of the earthquake/were provided (with) tents 7.will be told the decision/will be told to you 8.were sold burglar alarms/were sold to old people EXERCISES l.was reported/occurred/was covered/arrived/had already frozen(had already been frozen)/were rescued(have been rescued) 2.are mined/are found S.has been rehearsed/will (is going to) be performed 4.was thought/disappointed S.has been discovered/is being cut down/fear/will be made 6.fell/led/were made/were killed/died/had not been built(were not built) 7.were rescued/hit(had hit) S.has been shown 9.was whispered/had whispered lO.is exposed 11.is held/starts/lasts/walk/run/is allowed/is referred (has been referred) 12.have just been given/have dialled IS.had been discardedfwere discarded)/leaked/caused/has since been declared 14.Has...been told 15.Will (Can)...tell EXERCISE 9 l.be encouraged 2.distinguish S.have been repaired 4.speak/be translated 5.be sold G.have been damagedfbe damaged)/be seen 7.be worn 8.find/have been thrown 9.be made/be washed 10.be relied/have taken 11.receive 12.be learned/be picked 13.be sent 14.send(be sending) 15.be taken EXERCISE 10 l.is locked 2.was locked 3.is situated 4.is creased 5.was blocked 6.wasn't interested 7.am exhausted 8.were worried 9.was dressed lO.is dented 11.was...crowded 12.isn't insured IS.was annoyed 14.is decorated/are all covered IS.are still damaged EXERCISE 11 l.from 2.of 3.with 4.to 5.with/at(about) 6.from 7.of 8.to(with) 9.with 10.to 11.to 12.with IS.with 14.for IS.against 16.with 17.with 18-for 19.on 20.to/in (with) EXERCISE 12 l.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.E 9.B 10.E ll.D 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.A 20.C 21.C 22.B 23.B 24.E 25.D EXERCISE 13 l.will get lost 2.got delayed S.get depressed 4.am getting concerned S.gets confused G.often get involved 7.was getting dressed 8.will get promoted 9.always gets encouraged lO.got damaged ll.gets embarrassed 12.got tired 13.will get better acquainted 14.are both getting excited IS.are getting divorced EXERCISE 14 l.B 2.C 3-D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.E ll.E 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C EXERCISE 15 1. couldn't have been saved/anyone 2.Nothing could be done 3-hasn't been opened/anyone 4.couldn't be deciphered/anyone/nothing could be found out S.couldn't be dissuaded from handing in his resignation/any 6.Nothing should be left unattended 7.been told nothing/been told anything S.Nothing can be achieved 9.hasn't been lived lO.Nothing has been done yet EXERCISE 16 1.likes being given 2.want/to be pulled down S.hate being cheated 4.expects/to be handed/are expected to hand S.are not authorized to be signed/is authorized to sign company cheques 6.would prefer her to be accompanied 7.dislike being interrupted S.need to be produced 9.is not permitted to be taken lO.asked the company to be considered

EXERCISE 17 1.is believed that the whale possesses/is believed to possess 2.was believed by people long ago that supernatural spirits controlled/were believed by people long ago to control S.was understood that the two men had been helped/were understood to have been helped 4.is supposed that he has left/is supposed to have left 5.is assumed that he is living/is assumed to be living 6.was alleged that he had made/was alleged to have made 7.is estimated that he lost/is estimated to have lost S.was observed that the firemen were having/were observed to be having 9.is assumed that the couple were arguing/are assumed to have been arguing lO.is reported that five thousand homes were destroyed/are reported to have been destroyed ll.it, expected that the company will sell/is expected to sell 12.is acknowledged by critics that his latest book is/is acknowledged by critics to be IS.fs said that he was/is said to have been 14.was known that he was/was known to be EXERCISE 18 a) l.was born 2.was S.became 4.was spent S.seldom saw 6.was brought 7.1oved S.gave (had given) 9.became lO.accompanied ll.had 12.was done IS.met 14.reasoned 15.be made 16.had anticipated 17.had permitted 18.were being built IQ.decided 20.were made 21.became 22.led 23.was never defeated 24.was killed 25.was stabbed b) l.C 2.E 3.B EXERCISE 19 a) l.is generally acknowledged 2.were based (are based) S.ventured (were venturing) 4.is believed S.reached 6.were not nailed 7.were stitched S.was made Q.decided lO.agreed 11.covered 12.supplied IS.was built 14.was shaped (had been shaped) IS.were drilled (had been drilled) 16.were used (had been used) 17.was brought (had been brought) IS.was made (had been made) 19.was named 20.was launched 21.gathered 22.travelled 23.set 24.came 25.was loaded 26.were sailing 27.had given (gave) 28.continued 29.arrived SO.had covered b) l.E 2.E 3.C EXERCISE 20 a) l.is 2.starts 3.is characterized 4.display S.began 6.displayed 7.was 8.is 9.was known lO.decided 11.could be done 12.began IS.means (meant) 14.was done IS.was then working le.completed 17.won IS.became 19.had previously been thought (was previously thought) 20.was granted 21.further developed 22.has frequently been attributed b) l.C 2.A 3.D EXERCISE 21 a) l.is situated 2.was built S.was completed (had been completed) 4.became S.were built 6.served 7.began 8. saw (had seen) 9.was outraged 10.was thrown 11.hired 12.had designed 13-built (had built) 14.were cleared IS.started (was started) 16.were involved 17.was completed (had been completed) IS.could accommodate 19.was completed 20.were renovated 21.had been damaged (were damaged) 22.were restored 23.is visited 24.are only admitted 25.serve b) l.D 2.B 3.C EXERCISE 22 a) l.have been 2.was devoted 3.won 4.was born S.gave 6.managed 7.began 8-grew 9.visited 10.was given 11.preferred 12.was encouraged (had been encouraged) 13.believed 14.were accepted IS.awarded 16.marked 17.received IS.was even made 19.had been awarded 20.undertook 21.is considered 22.is now displayed 23.are depicted 24.had ever been painted b) l.E 2.A 3-D UNTT4 EXERCISE 1 1.brings/can play 2.brought/could play S.had brought/could have played 4.give/won't resign S.gave/wouldn't resign 6.had given/wouldn't have resigned 7.could have avoided/hadn't been driving 8. were/wouldn't be 9.wouldn't contribute/didn't consider lO.require/will contact ll.wouldn't be leaving (wouldn't leave)/liked 12.had found/wouldn't have suffered IS.would have to/were 14.had learnt/would have made IS.is/will leave

EXERCISE 2 1.don't like/won't invite/won't invite/don't like 2.died/wasn't taken to the hospital immediately/wasn't taken to the hospital immediately/died 3-didn't give/couldn't find/didn't give/couldn't find 4.aren't taking/is 5.was talking/wasn't able to understand G.may (might) succeed/will be 7.am lying/is really hurting 8.told/swam 9.am trying/can afford lO.can't ring/don't know EXERCISE 3 1.see/will ask 2.wouldn't have failed/had worked S.wouldn't have had/had been driving 4.would make/weren't 5.would attend/didn't work (wasn't working) 6.had joined/wouldn't have got 7.were/wouldn't spend S.doesn't improve/will have to 9.would like/had lO.would have enjoyed/had had 11. would like/had 12.hadn't resisted/might not have killed 13.hadn't chosen/would have been sitting/might have been injured 14.don't have/can do IS.were/would be EXERCISE 4 l.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.E 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.E 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.D 23.C 24.E 25.A 26.E 27.B 28.C 29.A 30.E EXERCISE 5 I.You will never get fit unless you exercise regularly. 2.Unless you know what you're talking about, you'd better keep quiet. 3.Unless you change your attitude, I'll stop being friends with you. 4.The angry mother warned her children that unless they ate their green beans, they wouldn't be getting any dessert. S.She couldn't have got the lead role unless she had impressed the judges. 6.Don't interrupt me while I'm working unless it is absolutely necessary. EXERCISE 6 I.She will take a postgraduate course at university even if she doesn't get a scholarship. 2.He didn't write to me, but even if he had, I wouldn't have made an effort to get in touch. 3.We have to pay the rent today even if it leaves us short of cash. 4.Even if they are unable to come to the party, we should still invite them. S.They didn't offer him a company car, but even if they had, he would still have quit. 6.Even if you apologize a thousand times, he will never forgive you. EXERCISE? l.If 2.unless 3.if 4.if S.unless G.if 7.unless 8.if 9.unless lO.unless EXERCISE 8 l.in case 2.in case 3.if 4.in case S.If 6.1f 7.1n case 8.if 9.if lO.in case EXERCISE 9 I.I wouldn't have to attend tomorrow's meeting if I'd attended the one last week. 2.1f he wasn't so unpopular with his colleagues, he'd have been invited on the trip to Cappadocia. 3.1f they'd treated the waste properly, the North Sea wouldn't be so heavily polluted now. 4. If you'd thought about your decision carefully, you wouldn't be regretting it now. S.If he didn't make so many silly mistakes, he'd have been given the promotion he wanted. 6.1f we'd taken the meat out of the freezer before leaving for work, we could have steak for dinner. 7.1f my father hadn't worked so hard all his life, he wouldn't be able to afford a pleasant retirement now. S.If he had any taste, he wouldn't have worn a yellow shirt and a purple tie to the interview. 9.If the buyer for our house hadn't changed his mind, we wouldn't still be living here. 10.If she'd let anyone discourage her, she wouldn't be successful now. EXERCISE 10 1. You handed your project in late, and now the teacher is deducting five percent from your grade. 2.Elephants are an endangered species because so many of them have been killed for their ivory tusks. S.He's not a bit reasonable like his father, so he caused the firm to become insolvent. 4.1 didn't study hard for the exam, and now it seems very difficult to me. S.You are reprimanding (reprimand) your daughter for her faults all the time, so she didn't develop (hasn't developed) a close relationship with you. 6.Local people campaigned for two years, and now cyclists are able to use this separate cycle path. 7.The winter snow hasn't thawed completely, so we can't take a different route down into the valley. S.You didn't allow your sister to use your computer, and now she's sulking in her room. 9.Because they gave him encouragement and opportunities, their son made rapid progress. 10.We can't take a walk along the coast because the wind is blowing very strongly. 10 Q EL»

EXERCISE 11 l.Were I him, I wouldn't spend so much on one thing. 2.Were the weather not so cold today, we would spend the day outside. 3.Had the skiers not ignored the clearly posted avalanche warning signs, seven members of the group would still be alive. 4.Were it not really important for him, I wouldn't swap shifts with Jamie. 5.Were the railway authorities to improve the conditions on long distance trains, more people would travel on them. 6.Should you not follow your doctor's orders, you may face unpleasant side effects. 7.Were they more interested in their children's achievements, the children would try harder. S.Should you want any alterations to the advertisement, please contact us before the end of the week. 9.Had the ancestors of the f\"\"\"o nations not fought, there wouldn't be such passionate hostility today between the Turks and the Greeks. lO.Had the boy scouts been given proper supervision, the accident wouldn't have happened. 11.Were he to take his work more seriously, his staff might do the same. 12.Had I known that you were in the hospital last week, I would have visited you. EXERCISE 12 l.would be 2.would have hit S.would visit 4.hadn't won 5. would have completed/wouldn't be running 6.would have gone/didn't have 7.don't make S.hadn't been bombed 9.would have refused 10.finish/can leave 11.must be/wouldn't attract (wouldn't be attracting) 12.wouldn't be/had been defeated IS.were led/would have 14.wouldn't be considering (wouldn't consider) IS.could have played 16.Had...known/wouldn't have offered 17.(Should...need 18. would... do/broke EXERCISE 13 1.could have been/would have really enjoyed 2.weren't S.hadn't taken (wouldn't take) 4.would stop S.were/would end G.were (was) sittingfwas sitting)/drinking/watching 7.had telephoned S.had brought 9.would stop/would...like/pulled lO.hadn't interrupted (hadn't been interrupting) 11.could have seen 12.had IS.hadn't rejected 14.didn't contain 15.were/could be 16.were (was) coming 17.were set (had been set) IS.would stop EXERCISE 14 l.are baking 2.will be (is going to be) S.had happened (has happened) 4.is going to snow 5.were snowing 6.had been hit 7.didn't believe 8.were/had (have) 9.were lO.had climbed 11.did (has done/had done) 12.are 13.had been punched 14.had marched (had been marching) IB.will not have completed 16.had been chosen UNIT 5 EXERCISE 1 l.what the purpose of his visit is 2.where I left my keys S.how long you have been learning English 4.how she knows my address 5.Why they chose him as the new chairman 6.What they are talking about 7.what can be done in this situation S.what you can do in this situation 9.how many people have come to the party so far lO.Who helped him to escape from jail 11.who she went on holiday with 12.when we will be able to pick up our tickets 13. whom the police interviewed about the incident 14.whose signature this is IS.where the customer file could be 16.how he copes with so many children in the class 17.how long this has been going on 18.how long it took her to knit this cardigan 19.When they will move into their new house 20.whose jacket you are wearing EXERCISE 2 2.How much deposit do they require?/how much deposit they require S.How long is the longest ski run?/how long the longest ski run is 4.What is temperature measured with?/what temperature is measured with S.How much was raised at the school fund-raiser?/How much was raised at the school fund-raiser 6.How often does Alice come to the office?/how often Alice comes to the office 7.How did you get my phone number?/how you got my phone number S.Where did they suddenly run off to?/where they suddenly ran off to 9.How long did their holiday last?/how long their holiday lasted 10.Who is the man standing behind our literature teacher?/who the man standing behind our literature teacher is 11.Whose father is the man talking to the teacher?/whose father the man talking to the teacher is 12.Whom(Who) did she go to the party with?/whom (who) she went to the party with IS.What are the foreign representatives going to do after the meeting?/what the foreign representatives are going to do after the meeting 14.When is their golden wedding anniversary party?/when their golden wedding anniversary party is 15-Which sweater did she end up buying?/which sweater she ended up buying 16.How many people does she have to look after apart from her son?/how many people she has to look after apart from her son 17.How tall is that building?/how tall that building is 18-By whom was \"rung Lear\" written? (Who/Whom was \"rung Lear\" written by?)/whom (who) \"King Lear\" was written by 19.Which one is the best of all?/which one is the best of all 20.Whose fault was it that the project wasn't prepared in time?/whose fault it was that the project wasn't prepared in time

EXERCISE 3 1.Whether (or not) they can explore the whole universe someday (or not) 2.whether (or not) he is enjoying his new job (or not) 3.if (whether) the shop can deliver the sofa by Friday (or not) 4.if (whether) it gets very cold there in the winter (or not) 5. Whether (or not) they are going to accept the offer on the house (or not) 6.if (whether) they were given enough time to complete the project (or not) 7.Whether (or not) he got the promotion (or not) S.whether (or not) they should apply a long time in advance (or not) Q.whether (or not) he is going to request a transfer (or not) 10.Whether (or not) she spoke to the manager today (or not) EXERCISE 4 l.what they were doing in the warehouse 2.if (whether) the invitations have been sent out yet S.which hospital they have taken the injured boy to 4.How many children the school has in each class 5.Why he left the company 6.if (whether) the film version of the book will be successful 7.Whether (or not) he has made up his mind about his major at university 8.who/whom Veronica married 9. if (whether) Sarah was at work today lO.What they were talking about 11.which car they bought in the end 12.if (whether) he has a valid excuse for not coming to work yesterday 13.where she picked up such silly ideas 14.if (whether) this could be the end of their relationship IS.How much money Richard has made with his new business EXERCISE 5 l.How 2.What S.How much 4.What on earth (What in the world) S.How 6.What 7.How much 8.When on earth (When in the world) Q.How on earth (How in the world) lO.How ll.Who on earth (Who in the world) 12.Where on earth (Where in the world) 13.What 14.Why on earth (Why in the world) IS.How much EXERCISE 6 1.whoever 2.whomever (whoever) 3.whichever 4.whatever 5.Whoever 6.whichever 7.however 8.whenever G.wherever lO.whenever 11.wherever 12.whichever 13.Whomever (Whoever) 14. However 15. Whatever EXERCISE? l.E 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.E 9.A 10.C EXERCISE 8 l.(that) she had got his letter just as she was getting (had been getting) ready to phone him 2.he didn't have a clue what he was talking about 3.she was bored and there was nothing on TV 4.{that) future generations must find alternatives to fossil fuels 5.he had stayed in Saudi Arabia for three years, so he could speak Arabic fluently 6.the incident hasn't been reported properly by the newspapers 7.she had left Turkey two years before S.she had paid a fortune for that blouse and it had faded after just one wash 9.she had forgotten to pick up his suit from the dry-cleaner's lO.(that) she is having a very enjoyable time there 11.(that) he might be a bit late for the meeting the next day 12. (that) -we had to (must/would have to) start right away if we wanted to complete our term papers in time 13.they would probably go to the beach this week 14.(that) she was going to help her mother that night IS.(that) it must be very difficult to live in a cold climate 16.he wanted to view the house for sale in Castle Road 17.they expected that house to sell very quickly IS.in that case, he had to (would have to/must) view it that day if that was possible 19.he could view it the following day because the owner would have brought them the keys by then 20.he would meet him outside the property with the keys at 9 a.m. if that was convenient for him . . EXERCISE 9 1.if/whether I had seen my teacher the day before 2.if/whether she might use our telephone 3.if/whether it was raining (had been raining) heavily when she had left for work 4.how many rolls I would like 5.if/whether he had found the book he had been looking for 6.who is responsible for organizing the meeting 7.if/whether she had a good recipe for chocolate cake S.how long Mrs. Evans had been waiting for a reply 9.who the woman standing behind me was lO.when I had last checked the oil in my car 11.why his wife had abandoned him 12.if/whether you are experiencing any pain 13.if/whether he could tell him how much it cost 14.which charities are helping with the relief effort 15-how much longer they were going to produce cars at a loss