SPORTS HANDBOOOK BY JOSE AND ANINANG_clone

THE CYCLE OF LIFE WITH FAMOUS A VIEW OF CYCLING AS A SPORT CYCLIST: Greg LeMond

ABOUT THE AUTHORS HAVE FUN READING KELVIN MIGUELLE ZANDER ADAM ANINANG E. JOSE STEM – 11 A STUDENT STEM – 11 A STUDENT ANIME LOVER AND AN PART-TIME CYCLIST AND HORROR ENTHUSIAST SCP EMPLOYEE

WHAT IS CYCLING AS A SPORT? CYCLING Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. People engaged in cycling are referred to as \"cyclists\",\"bicyclists\", or \"bikers\".Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, \"cycling\" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadricycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs). Bicycles provide numerous possible benefits in comparison with motor vehicles, including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling, easier parking, increased maneuverability, and access to roads, bike paths and rural trails. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels, less air or noise pollution, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and greatly reduced traffic congestion. These have a lower financial cost for users as well as for society at large (negligible damage to roads, less road area required). By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses, transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve. Utility cycling refers both to cycling as a mode of daily commuting transport as well as the use of a bicycle in a commercial activity, mainly to transport goods, mostly accomplished in an urban environment. The postal services of many countries have long relied on bicycles. The British Royal Mail first started using bicycles in 1880; now bicycle delivery fleets include 37,000 in the UK, 25,700 in Germany, 10,500 in Hungary and 7000 in Sweden. In Australia, Australia Post has also reintroduced bicycle postal deliveries on some routes due to an inability to recruit sufficient licensed riders willing to use their uncomfortable motorbikes. The London Ambulance Service has recently introduced bicycling paramedics, who can often get to the scene of an incident in Central London more quickly than a motorized ambulance.

HISTORY OF CYCLING

HISTORY OF CYCLING

HISTORY OF CYCLING Who invented the bicycle? The KARL VON DRAIR answer is a little more complicated than you may think. A German baron named Karl von Drais made the first major development when he created a steerable, two-wheeled contraption in 1817. Known by many names, including the “velocipede,” “hobby-horse,” “draisine” and “running machine,” this early invention has made Drais widely acknowledged as the father of the bicycle. But the bicycle as we know it today evolved in the 19th century thanks to the work of several different inventors.

HISTORY OF CYCLING According to historical records, the origin of cycling has its roots in the gardens of the Palais Royal in Paris, France. In 1791, the Comte de Sivrac was spotted riding a rigid two-wheeled contraption called a celerifere. Although entirely dysfunctional and impossible to steer—to change direction, the rider had to physically redirect the front wheel with a drag, lift or jump—the novelty of this new invention sparked interest among the public. By 1793, sporting clubs all over Paris began organizing frequent races along the famed Champs Élysées. As with any popular invention, the celerifere went through many iterations before resembling today’s geared and chained bicycle. The Draisienne Invented by the German Baron von Drais, the draisienne entered the Paris cycling scene about two decades after the introduction of the celerifere. This new creation included a steerable front wheel, padded saddle and armrest to help the rider exert a stronger force on the ground. Early cyclists straddled the seat and walked or ran to propel themselves forward, much like today’s balance bikes for young children. The Boneshaker In 1863, out of the workshop of Pierre Michaux in Paris, pedals and cranks were added to the velocipede’s front wheel. This version of the machine quickly earned the nickname “boneshaker,” due to the notorious shake riders felt while cruising. This was an effect of the impact of the bike’s wooden frame and metal-rimmed wheels on then-ubiquitous cobblestoned streets. The Penny-Farthing Further solving the issues of the previous model, the penny-farthing was developed to address the uncomfortable shake and to improve speed. Essentially the first high- wheeled bicycle, the penny-farthing featured a large front wheel that allowed riders to cover more distance with a single tire rotation. This new model also featured solid rubber tires, a hollow steel frame, spokes and ball bearings.

HISTORY OF CYCLING 1860s and the Michaux \"Velocipede\", aka \"Boneshaker\" • The first widespread and commercially successful design was French. An example is at the Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa. Initially developed around 1863, it sparked a fashionable craze briefly during 1868–70. Its design was simpler than the Macmillan bicycle; it used rotary cranks and pedals mounted to the front wheel hub. Pedaling made it easier for riders to propel the machine at speed, but the rotational speed limitation of this design created stability and comfort concerns which would lead to the large front wheel of the \"penny farthing\". It was difficult to pedal the wheel that was used for steering. The use of metal frames reduced the weight and provided sleeker, more elegant designs, and also allowed mass-production. Different braking mechanisms were used depending on the manufacturer. In England, the velocipede earned the name of \"bone-shaker\" because of its rigid frame and iron-banded wheels that resulted in a \"bone-shaking experience for riders.“ The velocipede's renaissance began in Paris during the late 1860s. Its early history is complex and has been shrouded in some mystery, not least because of conflicting patent claims: all that has been stated for sure is that a French metalworker attached pedals to the front wheel; at present, the earliest year bicycle historians agree on is 1864. The identity of the person who attached cranks is still an open question at International Cycling History Conferences (ICHC). The claims of Ernest Michaux and of Pierre Lallement, and the lesser claims of rear-pedaling Alexandre Lefebvre, have their supporters within the ICHC community.

HISTORY OF CYCLING 1870s: the high-wheel bicycle The high-bicycle was the logical extension of the boneshaker, the front wheel enlarging to enable higher speeds (limited by the inside leg measurement of the rider), the rear wheel shrinking and the frame being made lighter. Frenchman Eugène Meyer is now regarded as the father of the high bicycle by the ICHC in place of James Starley. Meyer invented the wire-spoke tension wheel in 1869 and produced a classic high bicycle design until the 1880s. James Starley in Coventry added the tangent spokes and the mounting step to his famous bicycle named \"Ariel.\" He is regarded as the father of the British cycling industry. Ball bearings, solid rubber tires and hollow-section steel frames became standard, reducing weight and making the ride much smoother. Depending on the rider's leg length, the front wheel could now have a diameter up to 60 in (1.5 m). Much later, when this type of bicycle was beginning to be replaced by a later design, it came to be referred to as the \"ordinary bicycle\". (While it was in common use no such distinguishing adjective was used, since there was then no other kind.)and was later nicknamed \"penny-farthing\" in England (a penny representing the front wheel, and a coin smaller in size and value, the farthing, representing the rear). They were fast, but unsafe. The rider was high up in the air and traveling at a great speed. If he hit a bad spot in the road he could easily be thrown over the front wheel and be seriously injured (two broken wrists were common, in attempts to break a fall)or even killed. \"Taking a header\" (also known as \"coming a cropper\"), was not at all uncommon.

RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CYCLING

RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CYCLING Follow these rules of the road to stay safe and obey local traffic laws. RULE: YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS OR OTHER VEHICLES ALREADY ON THE ROADWAY When approaching vehicles or other bicycles that are stopped or traveling at slower speed ahead of you, you must yield until it is safe to pass. Like all other vehicles on the road, cyclists on bikes are required to yield to pedestrians. RULE: RIDE IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC In almost all instances, cyclists are required to follow the same rules as vehicles. When riding on the road, bicycles are required to travel in the same direction as the flow of traffic. For those of us living in the United States, this means always riding on the right side as well as utilizing the right side of the lane as much as possible unless it is unsafe to do so. RULE: DON’T RIDE ON THE SIDEWALK While this is a law in most states, it’s a good idea to follow this rule regardless of where you live. When you ride a bike on the sidewalk, it can create a dangerous situation for those on foot while also making you less visible to turning vehicles on the road. In fact, a bicycle-car accident is more likely to occur when you ride on the sidewalk as opposed to operating your bike on the road.

RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CYCLING Follow these rules of the road to stay safe and obey local traffic laws. RULE: OBEY ALL TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND SIGNS Rolling through stop signs, proceeding through a red light or entering a crosswalk when pedestrians are present are all traffic violations whether you’re in a car or on a bike. To be safe and follow the rules of the road, you should always obey all traffic signals and other signs on the roadway just as you would when operating any other vehicle. RULE: YIELD BEFORE TURNING OR MOVING TO THE LEFT SIDE OF YOUR LANE OF TRAVEL There are times when you will need to move to the left side of the lane to avoid an obstacle or to make a left-handed turn. When doing so, it’s important to always yield to approaching vehicles moving at a higher rate of travel to avoid a collision. Hold a straight line and proceed to claim your space on the road once it is safe. RULE: ALWAYS USE HAND SIGNALS Most states require cyclists to alert others on the road of their intentions. While vehicles are equipped with blinkers and brake lights, cyclists must use hand signals to let those around them know when they’re making a turn, stop or lateral movement in the roadway. This helps keep you safe as a cyclist and avoids an unnecessary collision.

RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CYCLING OTHER LAWS In addition to the basic bicycle driving rules outlined above, your individual state will have laws for cyclists that you will be required to follow. These include: Helmet laws This includes age requirements for helmet use and requirements for operators and passengers. Safe passing laws This refers to the required distance vehicles must provide cyclists when passing in the same direction on a roadway. Bicycle lanes Some states require cyclists to use a bicycle lane when available if you are traveling at a speed less than vehicle traffic. Special circumstances that allow cyclists to move outside of a bicycle lane will apply. Cycling under the influence Most states have laws that prohibit operating a bicycle while intoxicated. Brakes Some states require all bikes to be equipped with braking systems that allow the operator to stop when necessary. Traveling to the far right You may be required to use the far right of the lane at all times (not the full lane) unless it is unsafe to do so.

RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CYCLING • keep both hands on the handlebars except when signaling or changing gear • keep both feet on the pedals • never ride more than two abreast, and ride in single file on narrow or busy roads or when riding round bends • not ride close behind another vehicle • not carry anything that will affect your balance or may get caught up with your wheels or chain • be considerate of other road users, particularly blind and partially sighted pedestrians, let them know you are there when necessary, for example by sounding your bell or horn • look all around before moving away from the kerb, turning or manoeuvring, to make sure it is safe to do so - give a clear signal to show other road users what you intend to do • look well ahead for obstructions in the road, such as drains, pot-holes and parked vehicles so that you do not have to swerve suddenly to avoid them - leave plenty of room when passing parked vehicles and watch out for doors being opened or pedestrians stepping into your path • be aware of traffic coming up behind you • take extra care near road humps, narrowing's and other traffic calming features • take care when overtaking

RULES AND REGULATIONS IN TRACK CYCLING • The cyclist cannot carry additional accessories, such as bottles, food, etc. • Direct communication with athletes is made by radio. • For the protection of all cyclists, the number inside the track has to be limited, depending on its length. • Up to 20 runners on the 200 m track and only 15 teams. • Up to 24 runners on a 250 m track and up to 18 teams. • Up to 36 runners on track 333.33 m and there may be up to 20 teams.

CYCLING EQUIPMENTS

CYCLING EQUIPMENTS BIKE An obvious equipment in cycling is the bike itself. Used in various activities and sports, it is a great transportation for all ages that benefits everyone by providing a good amount of exercise and utility. Bikes are also a great form of transportation for it does not need any fuel thus it’s eco friendly and highly advised to be used more than vehicles. Lights Used as a tool for signaling oncoming vehicles from behind and in front of you. A useful tool that alerts everyone on the road that ensures your safety as it is a form of signaling other around you about your presence on the road. Very useful in dark area because it illuminates the terrain that helps you navigate through your path and saves you from any unseen dangers and hazards.

CYCLING EQUIPMENTS A BIKE HELMET is the most important piece of mountain biking safety gear and no one should ride without a helmet. A bike helmet significantly reduces the severity of head injuries such as concussions, especially during low-speed crashes.1 Mountain bike helmets generally have a visor to help block the sun as you ride in and out of trees so you can focus on the trail and not be distracted by glare or flashing lights. EYE PROTECTION for mountain biking helps you keep trail dirt, dust, and debris out of your eyes as well as helping you see more clearly in both dark shadows and bright sunlight. A variety of sunglasses are available for sports, but mountain bikers should choose a frame with an interchangeable lens system that comes with a variety of lenses for varying light conditions.

CYCLING EQUIPMENTS Hydration Pack It's not easy to take your hands off the handlebars and grab your water bottle when you are negotiating tight single track or climbing loose rocky trails. Wearing a hydration pack when you ride gives you easy access to hands-free hydration. This is especially important for anyone exercising for more than two hours and with limited access to refills on the trail. Mountain Bike Shoes Cleated bike shoes work in combination with pedals and, essentially, lock the rider's feet to the bike. There are a variety of cycling shoes to choose from, but all- mountain bike shoes provide good traction off the bike, durability, comfort and a stiff sole for better- pedaling efficiency. .

CYCLING EQUIPMENTS Bike Gloves Riding a bike is much more demanding on the hands than road cycling. Besides absorbing a lot of trail shock, your hands take the punishment if you should fall on a rough trail. bikers tend to wear full finger gloves for the best coverage, protection, and grip on the brake levers. Padded Bike Shorts Padded and protective bike shorts offer major benefits if you ride any distance over rough terrain. bike shorts provide an inner padded liner worn like underwear that increases comfort and reduces chafing on the bike. The outer layer looks like a baggy pair of shorts that are made of tough, abrasion- resistant fabric to hold up to the wear and tear of the trail. .

CYCLING EQUIPMENTS Bicycle Repair Kit A simple repair kit that is attached to your bike saddle will hold all the essentials in case you have mechanical trouble or a flat tire on the trail. Your repair kit should include the basics: a multi-tool for bicycles, an extra tube, tire levers, a patch kit, a mini- pump, and some cash. You may also want to keep an identification card with a list of contact numbers in your seat bag, so someone will know who to call in case you have a serious injury or another emergency. First Aid Kit Not everyone rides with a first aid kit, but it's smart to pack a few first aid essentials. You never know when you or another rider may lose traction in loose rock or do an endo on the trail. Abrasions are the most common injury mountain bikers deal with, so be prepared by keeping various sized bandages, tape, pain relievers, and antiseptic wipes handy. You might also choose to include eye drop solution, a small pocketknife, moleskin, energy gels and a whistle in your kit.

TOUR DE FRANCE The Tour de France is an annual men's multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand tours (the Giro d’italia and the Vuelta Espana), it consists of 21 day-long stages over the course of 23 days. It has been described as \"the world’s most prestigious and most difficult bicycle race.“ The Tour de France was created in 1903. The roots of the Tour de France trace back to the emergence of two rival sports newspapers in the country. On one hand was Le Vélo, the first and the largest daily sports newspaper in France, which sold 80,000 copies a day. On the other was L'Auto, which had been set-up by journalists and business- people including Comte Jules-Albert de Dion, Adolphe Clément, and Édouard Michelin in 1899. The rival paper emerged following disagreements over the Dreyfus Affair, a cause célèbre (in which the 'anti-Dreyfusard' de Dion was implicated) that divided France at the end of the 19th century over the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus, a French army officer convicted—though later exonerated—of selling military secrets to the Germans. The new newspaper appointed Henri Desgrange as the editor. He was a prominent cyclist and owner with Victor Goddet of the velodrome at the Parc des Princes. De Dion knew him through his cycling reputation, through the books and cycling articles that he had written, and through press articles he had written for the Clément tyre company.

CYCLING EVENTS

TOUR DE FRANCE L'Auto was not the success its backers wanted. Stagnating sales lower than the rival it was intended to surpass led to a crisis meeting on 20 November 1902 on the middle floor of L'Auto's office at 10 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre, Paris. The last to speak was the most junior there, the chief cycling journalist, a 26-year-old named Géo Lefèvre. Desgrange had poached him from Giffard's paper. Lefèvre suggested a six- day race of the sort popular on the track but all around France. Long-distance cycle races were a popular means to sell more newspapers, but nothing of the length that Lefèvre suggested had been attempted. If it succeeded, it would help L'Auto match its rival and perhaps put it out of business. It could, as Desgrange said, \"nail Giffard's beak shut.\" Desgrange and Lefèvre discussed it after lunch. Desgrange was doubtful but the paper's financial director, Victor Goddet, was enthusiastic. He handed Desgrange the keys to the company safe and said: \"Take whatever you need.\" L'Auto announced the race on 19 January 1903.

LYMPIC CYCLING • Cycling, has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics, at which a road race and five track events were held. Mountain bike racing entered the Olympic programme at the Atlanta Olympics, followed by BMX racing in 2008. Prior to the upcoming 2020 Summer Olympics (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic), all events were speed races, but the 2020 programme will feature BMX freestyle for the first time. • Women's road events were introduced to the Olympic programme at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Women's track events were added in 1988, and both types of events have been featured since then. • The 2012 Summer Olympics were the first at which men and women competed in the same number of events in all cycling disciplines including track cycling, which previously had more men's and fewer women's events than the 2012 programme. However, women have shorter distances for some events.

Glossary of terms • Cycling - also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport • Bicycle - provide numerous possible benefits in comparison with motor vehicles, including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling, easier parking, increased maneuverability, and access to roads, bike paths and rural trails. • Utility cycling - refers both to cycling as a mode of daily commuting transport as well as the use of a bicycle in a commercial activity, mainly to transport goods, mostly accomplished in an urban environment. • ICHC – International cycling history conference • Hydration - the act or process of combining or treating with water • Abrasions - are the most common injury mountain bikers deal with, so be prepared by keeping various sized bandages, tape, pain relievers, and antiseptic wipes handy. • Prestigious - inspiring respect and admiration; having high status. • Célèbre – Celebrated • Summer Olympic Games - are a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years.

CYCLING REFERENCES INFORAMTION ABOUT RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CYCLING BORROWED FROM: https://blog.mapmyrun.com/rules-road-cyclists- need-know/ INFORMATION ABOUT EQUIPMENTS NEEDED IN CYCLING BORROWED FROM: https://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/basic- cycling-checklist.html INFORMATION OF TRACK CYCLING RULES BORROWED FROM: Rules in Cycling (mtscyclesport.com)

CYCLING INFORAMTION ABOUT THE HISTORY OF REFERENCES CYCLING BORROWED FROM: https://www.history.com/news/bicycle-history- invention INFORMATION ABOUT TOUR DE FRANCE BORROWED FROM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France ORIGIN OF CYCLING BORROWED FROM: https://www.backroads.com/pro- tips/biking/whats-the-origin-of-cycling INFORMATION ABOUT CYCLING AT THE SUMMER OLYMPICS BORROWED FROM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Sum mer_Olympics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling ALL IMAGES WERE BORROWED FROM GOOGLE IMAGES.