T 3913

32^have ocon that thooc noblen piciycd iiiiporLanL rolo in theoccassion of Jahangir. The latter's gradual deviation fromAkbar's religious policies cannot be derjied in any respect.Jahangir's open support to Islamic norms and the Shariatclearly indicates Ahmad Sirhindi's political role in theMughal politics. Sources revel that he was completelysuccessful in this direction. So far as the mystical aspect of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindiis concerned., it is appropriate to say that he reconciledSufism with the S^hariat and asked the ^ufis to base theirideas and practices on Kitab-wa-Sunnah, i.e. the Quran andthe Hadith. However, his chief contribution to the sufithought was his enunciation of the theory of Wahdat-ush-Shuhud, unity of Appearance. He disclosed through thisideology that the experience of Wahdat~ul-Wuiud, unity ofbeing, which the mystic acquires at a qertain stage of hisspiritual development is only subjective; it is not theexperience of objective fact. The objective reality, isdifferent from what the mystic lies experience; and it isWahdat-ush-Shuhud. In other words the experience ofWahadat-i-Wujud is an intermediary stage in the mystic'sevolution. When he goes beyond by leaving behind this stageduring his spiritual experience and attains to still higherstages, he realises that the stage of Wahdat-ul-Wuiud was

323merely a subjective experience; the real stage is the stageof Wahdat-ush-Shuhud. In nutshell this theory reveals theQuranic as well as the Prophetic spirit and played asignificant role in bringing the mysticp of Islam back tothe Holy Prophet. I Moreover, Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi launched a widespread revivalist«;raovement by deputing his Khalifas to theimportant cities and town in the Mughal empire and outsidethe Indian frontiers. His efforts in this direction were sodeeply effective that it influenced nqt only the commonpeople, ulama, sufis and scholars of the time but got hisreligious mission introduced at the Mughal Court as well. Agradual change in the religious life cind attitude of theMughal rulers cannot be contradicted. The results ofSirhindi's revivalist efforts were undoubtedly far reachingand durable. Even after several decides Shaikh Ahmad'sinfluence and greatness are evidently seien in the annals ofIslam in Indian sub-continent.

APPENDIX-ACHRONOLOGY

Q'? ^ APPENDIX-ACHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF SHAIKH AHMAD SIRBINDI971 A.H./1564 A.D. Birth of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi in972 A.H./1564-65 A.D. Sirhindi on fridayf 14th Shawwal/977/1569-70 26th May.986/1578987/1579 Shaikh Abdun Nabi was appointed as Sadr-us-Sudujr.989/1581 Birth of Prijice Saleera990/1582991/1583 Foundation of the •Ibadat Khana'992/1584 at Fatehpur j?ikri.998/1589-90 Declaration of 'Mahzar' by proclaiming Akbar as supreme religious lecider of the Muslim of India. Shaikh Ahmud Sirhindi, after completing jiis education started teaching at his father's seminary at Sirhindi, Beginning of the 'Din-i-Ilahi». Shaikh Ahmad's arrival at Agra. Sirhindi'G mooting with Abul Fazl. 'Ilahi Era' was introduced Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi held polemical discussion held Abul polemical discussion with Fazl. Compilation of the Ithbat-un- Nabuwwat. Shaikh Ahmad's father Shaikh Abdul Ahad Faruqi reached Agra to take his son back to Sirhindi. Shaikh Ahmad left Agra for his native town.

32o in the Weiy they stayed at •fhanesar, met Shaikh Sultan •fhanesari and the latter married his daughter to Shaikh Ahmad girhindi.999/1590 ghaikh Ahmad's arrival and1000/1591-92 permanent st^y at Sirhind.1005/1596-971006/1597-98 Compilation of the treatise Radd-1007/1598-99 j-Rawafiz.1008/1599-1600 girth of Shaikh Ahmad's eldest son Muhammad Sad^q. riirth of Khwaja Muhammad Ma'sum, the second son of the Shaikh. Shaikh Ahmacj's father conferred upon his son the Khalifat and authorised him to initiate (3isciples into the Chichtiya and Qa6itiya silsilahs. Khwaja Muhammad Saeed, the third eon of Shaikh Ahmad, was born in ^irhind. Compilation of the Risalah-i- j?ahliliya. Death of Shaikh Ahmad ^irhindi's father. Shaikh Abdul Ahad Faruqi. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi left ^irhindi with intention of Haii ^nd reached Delhi where he stay with his sphool days' friend r4aulana Hasan Kashmiri. The latter introduced him to Khwaja Baqi pillah, who had recently settled (iiown in Delhi and earned great fame among the inhabitants. Shaikh Ahmad called on Khwaja Baqi pillah at his Khanqah, joined his inystic discipline and received Khilafat from him into the riaqshbandi silsilah.

1000/1600-1 3261012/1603-4 After spending few months Shaikh1014/1605 Ahmnd Sirhindi gnvo up hho idn of1016/1607-8 llai i and returned to SirhincJ, and1019/1610 started correspondence with his Death of Maulana Khwajgi Amkangi, Khwaja Daqi Billah's spiritual preceptor. Shaikh Ahmad's second visit to his pir at Delhi and stay with him for four months. On his return, Khwaja Baqi Billah asked some of his disciples to accompany the Shaikh to Sirhindi for obtaining spiritual training under him. 'Sadr-i-Jahan' and 'Khan-i-Azam' joined Shaikh Ahmad's fold. Sirhindi visited Baqi Billah third time. The latter received his khalifa very warmly at the door Delhi. Ilo alno declared Shaikh Ahmad as his Chief successor. Sirhindi's arrival at Lahore and meeting with the eminent ulama and mashaikh. A larger of the Muslims joined his mystical disciplines. Death of Khwaja Baqi Billah at Delhi. Shaikh Ahmcjd reach Delhi and joined his master's funeral. Death of Akbcir . Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal empire. Shaikh Farid Bukhari was conferred upon with the title 'Murtuza Khan•. Shaikh Ahmacjl visited Delhi with his son Khwaja Muhammad Sadiq. Compilation of' the 'Mabda'-wa- Ma'ad'.

1025/1616 3211026/1617 Compilation of the first volumeof1028/1619 the Maktubat-i-Imam-i-Rabbani.1029/16201030/1620-21 Piayue spread in Sirhind and1031/1622 Shaikh Ahmad's eldest son Khwaja Muhammad Sadiq died at the age of1032/1622-23 twenty five. Sirhindi's two more sons, Muhammad Farrukh and Muhammad Isa, and his daughter Um'-i-Kulthum' also died by becoming victim of the plague epidemic. Death of Shaikh Farid Bukhari. Compilation of Ma'arif-i-Laduniya The second volume of the Maktubat- i-Imam-i-Rabb§ni was compiled, Jahangir suminoned Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi to his royal Court at Agra and order to be imprisoned him in the Gw^ilior fort. Release of the Shaikh. His meeting with Jahangir who gave him the role of honour and rupees one thousand. Shaikh Ahmad joined the royal army at Jahangir's insistence. Sirhindi visited Allahabad. Shiakh Ahma(^'s arrival at Ajmer and stay at the dargah of Shaikh Muinuddin Chjshti. Compilation of the Mukashifat-i- Ainiya. Jajiangir granted two thousand rupees to the Shaikh. Hashim Kislimi met and became disciple of ^haikh Ahmad Sirhindi. Shaikh Ahmad finally reached and permanently gtayed at Sirhind.

1033/1623 32S1034/1624 Jahangir vif^ited Sirhind to meet1037/1627 the Shaikh. Compilation of the third volume of the Maktuba^-. by Khwaja Muhammad Hashim Kishmi. peath of Shajkh Ahmad Sirhindi. The Zubdat-u^-Maqamat,the detailed jDiography pf the Shaikh, was completed by Khwaja Hashim Kishmi.

APPENDIX-BBIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX-B BIBLIOGRAPHYA. Quran and Hadith Literature Al-Quran, (Arabic Text with an English Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali), Delhi, (5th edition), 1979.Abu Dawud, Seistani Sunan-i-Abu Dawud (An earliest vc.ov.lj.lje.ccv^tii.xow.n1 <^j,fl. Hadithf compiled during the third century A.H.)/ Cairo, 1952.Baghawi, Abu Muhammad Mishkat-ul-Masabih r (A famousal-Husain collection of Hadith» compiled in the 5th Century Hijri and contains 4434 Traditions of the Prophet of Islam, mostly derived from fiahiia airfiuJsJaiLLi and Sahih a\-Muslim), Delhi, (Arabic text with Urdu translation), 1984. English Translation by: 1. A.N. Matthews, Calcutta 1810 2. James Rol^son, Lahore 1960Bukhari, Imam Muhammad Sahih al-Bukhari, (Also one of thebin Ismail earliest ar^d most authentic as well as important collections of Haditht compiled during the first half of the 3rd Century Hijri), Delhi, (Arabic Text with Urdu Translation), 1984.

330B. Works of Shaikh Ahmad SirhindiSirhindi, Shaikh Ahmad Ithbat-un-Na^uwwat Karachi, 1963 Lahore, 1965 Maarif Ladunniyah, Rampur, 1898 Lahore, 1957 Karachi, 1965 Mabda'wa Maacj Delhi, 1889 Kanpur, 1891 Karachi, 1984 Makhtubat-i-Imam-i-Rabbani Lucknow (Navj^l Kishore) , 1877 Delhi (Matba«-i-Ahmadi), 1871 Delhi (Matba-^i-Mutadawi) , 1873 Amritsar, 1936, Lahore, 1964 Istanbule, (\"yurkey) , 1977 Mukashifat-i-Ainiyah# Karachi, 1965 Risalah Radd-'-i-Rawafiz Lucknow, 1877, Karachi, 1964, Islanbul, (Turkey), 1977 Risalah-i-Tal'^liliya Karachi, 1965 Lahore, 1965 Sharh-i-Rubai yat Karachi, 1965 Lahore, 1966

33iC. Works on Shaiklj,.Ahmad Sirhindi:Arabic and Persian SourcesAbdul Aziz, Shah Risalah dar I'tirazatAmrohi, Ahmad Husain (MS) / Raza Lil^rary, Rampur Jawahi c-J-Mujaddidya, Iinhoro, n.d.Ihsan, Khwaja Rauzat-ul-Qaiyyumiya (MS)Kamaludding Muhammad M.A. Library, A.M.U., AligarhKishmi, Khwaja {Urdu Translation, Lahore, 1335 A.H.)Muhammad HashimRafiuddin, Shah Zubdat-ul-MaqamatSaeed, Muhammad Lucknow, 1885/ Kanpur, 1890Salehr Muhammad Damqh-ul-BatilSirhindi, Badruddin Gujranwala, 1976.Ibrahim Tashyid-ul~Mabani fi Takhrii-i-Siyakoti, Abdul Hakim Ahadith-i-Xmam-i-RabbaniWaliullah, Shah Hyderabad, 1894 Hidayat-ut-Talibin ed. Abul Faiz Faruqi, Karachi, 1965. Hazarat-ul-Quds. Vol. I (MS), lOL, London Vol. I I , Ljjhore, 1971 (Urdu Tranr,. Vols. I & I I combined, |jahore, 1922) Wisal-i-Ahyadi, Siyalkoti, 1976 Rasail-ut-Tajdeed Shawahid-i»-Taiaced (M.S.) M.A. Library, A.M.U. Aligarh Tafhimat. Hyderabad, 1975.Urdu Works Sawanih Umri Hazrat Mujaddid Alf-i-Abbasi, Ihsanullah Thani, Rampur, 1926.

Abdul Ahad O SiuAhmad, Muhammad Masud Ma jinuari-lla InL wa, MtuiamaI-1 -lla/.rgUAli, Hasan Malik Shaikh Ahmad S i r h i n d i Delhi 1900Chishti, Yusuf SaleemDawudr Abdul Bayan Khair-ul-Kalam, Lahore 1911Faridi, Nasim AhmadFarman, Muhammad * Sirat-i-Muiaddjid-i-Alf-i-Thani,Faruqi, Abdul Hasan Zayd Karachi,1976.Hasan, MuhammadKhan, Ghulam Mustafa Ta'limat-i-Muiaddid,Khan, Siraj Ahmad Sharaqpur, 1965.Mujaddidi, Ahmad HusainKhan Anwar-i-MuiaddjLdi, Lahore n.d.Nadvi, Abul Hasan AliNumani, Muhammad Manzur Sirat-i-Imam-i-Rabbani, Amritsar, 1925Shahpuri, AbadSharaqpuri, Miyan Taialliyat-i-R^bbani, Lucknow, 1985Jamil Ahmad Hayat-i-Mujaddid, Lahore, 1958 Hazrat Muiaddid aur Unke Nagidin, Delhi, 1977. ' Maqamat-i-Imam;-i-Rabbani, Lucknow, 1915. Hazrat Muiaddid Al£-i-Thani, (Ek. Tarikhi Jaiza) Karachi, 1965 Maktubat-i-Imam-i-Rabbani ki Dini wa Maashrati A|imiyat, Karachi, n.d. r Jawahir-i-Muiaddidiya Lahore, n.d. Tarikh-i-Dawat wa Azimat, Vol. 4, Lucknow, 1980 ed. Al-Furqan (Mujaddid Alf-i-Thani number), Bareilly, 1357 A.H. Tazkira Mujuddid-i-Alf-i-Thani, Lucknow, 1982. Hazrat Muiaddid Alf-i-Thani ke Sivasi Maktubat, Lahore, 1977 Irshadat-i-Mu;|addid, Lahore, n.d.

333Siddiqui, Abdul Bari Maktubat-i-Imam-i-Rabbani bahajlsiyatSikandarpuri, Wakil Ahmad Maakhz Imamiyat, Karachi, 1985.Sulaiman, Muhammad Anwar-i-Ahma(jiya,Zawwar Husain, Shah Delhi, 1892 Hadiva-i-Muiaddid, Delhi, 1891. Anwar-i-Ahma^Uva. Hyerabad, 1963. Hazrat Muiaddjl<a-i-Al£-i-Thani / Karachi, 1975i.Modern Works in English Sufism and S)iariah (A study of ShaykhAnsari, A.H. Ahmad Sirhindi's Effort to Reform Sufism), Leipestor, 1986.Faruqi, B.A. The Mujaddid^s Conception of Tav^hid, b Lahore 1940 c Shaikh Ahmacj Sirhindi (An outline ofFriedman, Yohanann his thought ' and a history bf his image in the eyes of Posterity), McGill (Canada), 1971Rahman, Fazlur Selected Letters of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhiqdi, Karachi, 1968

334D. The work which partly deal with or take note of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi:Arabic and Persian SourcesAli, Rahman Tazkirah Ulama;-i-Hind, liUcknow, 1894Ali/ Shah Ghulam Makatib-i-Sharifa, Lahore, 1371 A.H.Ardistani, Ali Akbar Maima-ul-AulivaHussaini (MS) Raza Library, RampurBeale, Thomas William ed. MifMJlzuli:Baqa, Muhammad Kanpur, 1867Baqi Billah Mirat-i-Jahan Numa Rotograph in History Deptt. A.M.U., No.lOa. Kullivat (Collection of his letters, malfijzat, poetic verJ^ot: and mystic ideology), Lahore 1968Bilgirami, Ghulam Ali Subhat-ul-Marcj^ian fi Asar-i-HindustanAzad Bombay, 1886Dehlawi, Shaikh AbdulHaqq Muhaddith Akhbar-ul-Akh^ar,Faruqi, Maharuddin Delhi, 1914Hamadani, Muhammad Manaaib-j-Ahmfidiya wa Maqamat-i-Sadiq Saeediya. Delhi, 1847.Ilansi, Jalaluddin K a l i m a t - u s - S a t U q i n (MS)Ilusain, Muhammad D e p t t . of llxBioiY, A.M.U., A l i y a r bJahangir Nuzhat-ul-Khwfiti r , Part 4, Hyderabad, 1973 Part 5, Hyderabad, 1976 Anwar-ul-Ari£in Luckiiow n . d . Tuzuk-i-Jahanqiri Aligarh, 1864

^35Kalan, Khwaja Ubaidullah Mubligh-ur-Rlial (MS) M.A. Library, A.M.U., AligarhKhurd, Khwaja AbdullahMa'sum/ Khwaja Muhammad Malfuzat (MS), A.M.U., AligarhMuhammad Faqir Maktubat-i-M^'sumiya. Lucknow, 1917Mujaddidi, MuhammadFazlullah Hadaiq-ul-Hanafiva Lucknow, 1886Saeed/ Khwaja Muhammad Umdat-ul-MaqpmatSarwar/ Ghulam «*^ Karachi, 1350 A.H.Shukoh, Dara Muktubat-i-SaeedivaUbaidullah, Muhammad Lahore 1385 A-H.Waliullah, Shah • KM 7.inaJLT-UlrA3 £ jLya, Lucknow,1873Works in Urdu Kanpur, 1902Abdur Rahman, SyedSabahuddin Safinat-ul-Auliva, Lucknow 1884Ahmad, Abdur RaufAmrohi, Ahmad Husain Husanat-ul-Harmavn, edited &Arshad, Rashid Ahmad T r a n s l a t e d liy M. I q b a l Mujaddidi,Aslam, Muhammad Deru I s m a i l JChan, 1 9 8 1 . Anfas-ul-Arifin, Delhi, 1917, (Urdu Translation recently published from Deoband^ n.d.). Bazm-i-Taimu^iya, Azamgarh, 1988 Bazm-i-Sufiya, 'Azamgarh, 1984 Jawahir-i-Alwiva. Lahore, n.d. Jawahir-i-Mayumxya> Lahore, n.d. Havat-i-Baqi. Karachi, 1969 Tarikhi Maqanjat, Delhi, 1970 Din Ilahi aur Uska Pasmanzar. Delhi 1969 Sarmaya-i-Umr;, Lahore, 1966

13QAzad, Abdul Kalam Tazkira. Delhi, (Reprint), 1988.Din/ Kalim Muhammad Lahore men Auliya-i-Naqshband ki Saraarmivan, Lahore, 1968Faridi, Nasim Ahmad Ta-iallivat-irrRabbani, Lucknow, 1985Firangi Mahali, Abdul Bari Jami^-ul-Muiaddidin, Lucknow, 136S A.H.Husain, Muhammad Halat-i-Mashaikh-i-Naqshbandiva Mu-jaddidivaf Lahore n.d.Ikram, Shaikh Muhammad, Rud-i-Kausar (Reprint), Delhi, 1987Maududi, Syed Abdul Ala Tajdeed wa Iltva-i-Din, Delhi (Reprint), 1986Miyan, Muhammad Ulama-i-Hind. ka Shandar Mazi,Mujaddidi, Muhammad Iqbal Vol. I, Delhi, 1985 (Reprint), 1985 Abdullah Khw(|shqi Qusuri. Lahore, 1972Nizamir K.A. Hayat-i-Shaikh Abdul Haqq Muhaddith Dehlawi . Deltji , 1953Modern Works in English Studies in Islamic CultureAhmad, Aziz in Indian Environment, Oxford University Press 1965Ahmad, Qiyamuddin Wahadbi Movement in India, *$; Culcutta 19Q6.Arnold, T.W. The Prcachir^q of Islam, London 1913Ikram, Shaikh Muhammad Muslim Civilization in IndiaIqbal, Sir Muhammad New York, 1969 Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Published by Jawed Iqbal), Lahore, (Reprint), 1962.

Isik, Husain Hilmi '^17Khan/ Yusuf Husain-Malik, Hafiz The Religious Reformers, Istanbul,Mujeeb, Muhammad (Turkey), 1970.N i z a i a i , K«A., Glimpses of Medieval Indian Culture,Prasad, Beni London, 1959Quraishi, I.H. Muslim Natipnalism in India andRizvi, S.A.A. Pakistan, Washington, 1963.Sharda, S.R.Sharma, S.R. The Indian Muslims, London, 1967Singh, FaujaStorey, C.A. Akbar and Relt^iaion. Delhi 1989Subhan, John A. State and Culture in Medieval India, Delhi 1985 History of Jahangir, Allahabad 19§2 Akbar, Delhi (Reprint) 1985 The Muslim Community of India Pakistan Sub-jcontinent, Delhi (Reprint) 1985 The Administj.ration of the Mughal Empire, Delhi (Reprint), n.d. Ulama-i-Polit^ics, Karachi, 1972. Muslim Revivalist Movement in Northern India (In the XVI & XVII Centuries), Agra, 1965 Sufi Thought. Delhi, 1974 The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors Bombay, (Repiint), 1962 ed. Sirhind Through the Ages. Patiala, 197? Persian Literature, London, 1972 Sufism, Its ;^aints and Shrines, Lucknow, 1938

Tripathi, R.P. 33c^Yasin, Muhammad The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire, Aljahabad (Reprint), 1985 A Social Hlntory of lolamic India/ Lucknow, iy58.

333E. Other WorksArabic and Persian SourcesAbdul Aziz, Shah Tuhfa-i-Asna Ashriva. Delhi, 1266 A.H.Abdur Rahman Si rat Imam ^ehdi Mawud, Hyderabad, 1369 A.H.Abul Fazl Ain-i-Akbarjj., Lucknow, 1^82 Akbar Nama, Calcutta, 1886Afif/ Sham-i-Sirja Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi> Calcutta 181UAhmad, Nizamuddin Tabaqat-i-Akbari. Calcutta 19!nAl-Muwahhid, Shah Kalmat-ul-Haq,Abudr Rahman Lucknow, 1806Badayuni, Abdul Qadir Muntakhab-u,L-Tawarikh* Volumes II \. Ill,Bahrul Ulum, Calcutta, 1369Mulla Abdul AliBhakkari, Shaikh Farid Naiat-ur-Raphid ed. S. Moinul Haq, *^ Lahore, 197?;.Bilgirami, Ghulam Ali Risalah Wahdat-ul-WujudAzad Delhi, 1391, A.H.,Burkhanuddin, Bandigi (Urdu Translation, Delhi, 1970)Faizi, Abdul Faiz Zakhirat-ul'-Khawanin,Fani, Muhsin Vol. I, Karachi, 1961 Rauzat-ul--A^liya, Hyderabad, p l O A.H. Shawahid-ulr-Wilayat, Hyderabad, ).960 Sawati-ul-Ilham, Lucknow, 1889 Dabistan-i-Mazahib Lucknow, 1281 A.H.