Inside Personality 1 The Self According 15 Determinants of Personality to Psychology The Five-Factor Model of Personality Who am I? William James The Self as Cognitive Construction The Self According 7 6 Specific Domains to Philosophy Ideal Self and Real Self Assess Yourself Echoes Unveiled Western & Eastern 19 Thought The Self According 11 Individualism and Collectivism Sociology and The Self as Embedded in Relationships and through Spiritual Development in Anthropology Confucian Thought Interwoven Spirits George Simmel and Clifford Geertz Word Search Symbols, Heroes, Rituals, Values We Were All A Child Once The Physical Self: 23 Body Image & Self- 48 36 Esteem Puberty \"hey, society! please be good\" 24 The Physical Self: 27 The Impact of Culture on Body Image & Self-Esteem Body Image and Self - Esteem Empowered Beauty The Sexual Self: 31 49 Body Image & Self- Esteem The Sex Characteristics & Reproductive Systems Reproductive Systems of Male and Female The Circle and The Box 15
The Sexual Self: 35 29 1 Understanding 33 31 41 Sexual Behavior, 45 53 STIs and Contraception The Sexual Self John Lee's 6 Types of Love Some Methods of Contraception My Soul Cries The Material Self 39 Understanding Consumer Behavior and Identity Formation Beyond Possessions: Unveiling the Stories Within The Spiritual Self 43 Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft The Function of Rituals Learning Assessment The Political Self 47 49 Politics Active Citizenship Learning Assessment The Digital Self Digital Citizenship Learning Assessment The Importance of 53 Self-Care to our Personal Development The Self as Cognitive Construction 6 Specific Domains Ideal Self and Real Self
Openness Extraversion Conscientiousness 1
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UUNNFFOO Determinants of Personality Environmental biological situational Cultural The surrounding of an 1. Hereditary factors or These factors do not literally Culture is traditionally genetic make-up of the individual compose the person that inherited from create and shape up an considered as the major their parents. This describes environmental factors: the tendency of an individual individual's personality. determinants of an to appear and behave the neighborhood a person lives way their parents are. However, these factors do individual's personality. It 2. Physical Features include in, his school, college, the overall physical structure alter a person's behavior and largely determinants what a of a person: height, weight, university, and workplace. It color, sex, beauty, and body response from time to time. person is and what a person language, etc. also counts the social circle: 3. Brain. The preliminary This factor can be commonly will learn. The culture within results from the electrical friends,, parents, colleagues, stimulation of the brain (ESB) observed when a person a person is brought up. research gives indication co-workers and bosses, that better understanding of behaves contrastingly and Culture is complex of these human personality and everybody plays a role as bahavior might come from exhibits different traits and belief, values, and the study of the brain. the determinants of characteristics. techniques for dealing with personality. the environment which are shared among contemporaries and transmitted by one generation to the next. 3
LLDDIINNGG The Five-Factor Model of Personality Openness Conscientiousness These people have the tendency These people have the tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, to be careful, on-time for values, feelings, and behaviors. appointments, to follow rules, and to be hard working Extraversion Agreeableness These people have the tendency These people have the tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to to agree and go along with others enjoy other; the tendency to have rather than to assert one owns a dominant style. opinions and choices. Neuoroticism These people have the tendency to be be frequently experienced negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness, as well as being interpersonally sensitive. 4
WHO KELSEY ALEA As a person who does not fully understand herself yet, it is who am i? challenging for me to answer this question. However, I can say that I who am i? am an average teenage girl who is almost in her twenties and is struggling to adjust in her new environment as a college student. At this age, I still strive to identify my passion in order for me to have a brighter image of what I want to do in the future. I am currently interested in investing and handling money that is why I chose the Financial Management program, but, I am still not sure of what job or career I will pursue in the near future. Yet, I have a lot more to discover about myself to further shape my personality for me to gain confidence, identity, and self-awareness. who am i?micca ella ALEAWhenever I meet someone new and I get asked this question, I love it. Because who am i? that means I get to lie. I get to lie about my birthmark, where I got that one scar, or 5 how many cool friends I have. But sometimes, I hate it. Because that means I have to lie. I didn’t grow up with a mother who holds you when you cry and tell you it’ll be okay. When I was a child and I scratched my knee, I got up to her and started crying. She asked me why I did that to myself and yelled at me for ruining my knees. When I failed a test I worked so hard to study for, I cried in front of her. She just looked at me until I stopped crying. See, I grew up with parents who taught me that vulnerability is a sign of weakness. Later on in life, I would learn to open up to people by myself. But before that, everything I wanted to say, I swallowed. I could never blame my mother, nor could I save her. She did not mean to hate me, she didn’t even know she hated me, and yet I was hated. And I carried that hate with me through life with more pride than it perhaps deserved. A bruise of honor. “Love me. Love me.” I beg and beg to everyone but myself. When you are not fed love on a silver spoon, you learn to lick it off knives. I’m not a whole person, but I like to think I eventually will be. As I grow up, I feel as if I’m becoming just like my mother. And then I realized, I am her. But not just her. I am my mother who yells at me for staying up late but makes me a hot cup of soup the next morning. I am my father who loves me with every inch of his heart. I am my friend who abandoned me. I am my friend who stayed with me. I am the hearts that I broke, and the hearts that broke me. I am all the lives who impacted me in some way, good or bad. This explains the love and rage I feel for myself; all the emotions that are way too much to fit in my heart, but I manage to anyway. I don’t think anyone knows who I truly am. That would be impossible, because I don’t even know. But if there’s anything I know, it’s very okay not to know yet. I am like a puzzle, but unlike an ordinary puzzle that comes with the pieces, I pick up the pieces as I go. But when everything is already said and done, and when you can do whatever you want, what do you call it, freedom or loneliness? And how do we forgive ourselves for all the things we did not become?
AMI? hannah Niña carandang This is likely a melancholic question for me that can be compared with a compass without an arrow because I wanted to move forward to my who am i? desired location, but I could not determine which direction would yield me who am i? to my destination. When I was contemplating, I’ll be honest and say that I had a hard time answering this. I had so many questions running through my head, such as \"Oo nga ‘no, sino nga ba ‘ko?\" and \"Anong meron sa’kin?\" As I ponder deeper, I could say that I am someone who’s a goal achiever and, at the same time, a searcher for my path—happiness. I am also someone who pays attention and assesses the situation or event before speaking. Most importantly, I am that person who is comfortable with people around me whom I know. I am a person who has a goal, but I do not have clarified objectives on how to attain it because I am not sure which path I should take. It is frustrating and shameful to find myself suited in a situation wherein I cannot determine what sets my soul on fire. Since most of the time in the past years, I have had these characteristics of being inconsistent, indecisive, and unmotivated. However, I try every day to give my best to have a clear and systematic achievement in life and will make myself better to do things consistently because, in actual fact, I really want to reach those goals. There’s more in me, and as I pondered deeper, I always, at last, found an answer that only I, myself, could know. I am the only one who can identify what I can do and what’s in me. I am my mother’s gay son who experienced not so who am i?mac allen lucido much but identity crisis and depression were included. I am who am i? not really good at expressing myself through words or 6 actions; I simply keep it to myself and let it go with the time and situation. I am not sad about it nor do I wish for it to be changed—maybe a bit, but I am completely fine to be really honest. I have a big dream for my family that I wish to achieve, and it keeps me going and continues to move forward with excellence in whatever I do. I am mostly self- aware, especially towards my wants and flawed characteristics, which I’d like to change and improve. During most of my time, I watch anime and k-drama. Moreover, I enjoy either being with a company or alone. My whole life, I have been in my comfort zone until I studied here in Batangas. I seek continuous self-development, and I aspire to become someone I and my parents can be proud of.
\"Self is SEL dichotomous.\" \"Self is soul.\" Socrates Plato \"body is united with soul.\" \"there is no self.\" St. Augustine David Hume \"to make unconscious conscious.\" \"self is consciousness.\" Sigmund Freud 7 John Locke
F IS... \"being a thinking thing.\" \"self is a pattern of behavior.\" Rene Descartes \"self is the product of brain activity.\" Gilbert Ryle Paul & Patricia Churchland \"self is the product of reason.\" Immanuel Kant \"self is experienced as a unity.\" Maurice Merleau-Ponty 8
THE SELF PHILOACCORDING TO SOPHY 9
UENCVHEOILEESDBY: HANNAH NIÑA CARANDANG In the realm of philosophy's sacred realm, A piece shall emerge, exploring self's helm. Within the depths of introspection's embrace, I delve into the essence, seeking truth's trace. From Plato's allegories to Descartes' doubt, The self's nature is questioned, sought devout. Are we mere reflections or a thinking mind? A cogito, a consciousness, seeking truth to find. The existentialists ponder with genuine desire, The self's existence amidst a world on fire. World's anguish and absurdity unfold, A search for meaning, in a universe untold. Someone's will to power, a force unconfined, Awakens the self, embracing life unbind. To shape our destiny, to create and strive, For self-overcoming, we must boldly drive. In the tapestry of virtue, Aristotle's wise voice, Weaves the self's potential, offering a choice. To cultivate character, live a life of moral grace, To nurture the self with values we embrace. And in the realm of ethics, Kant's categorical call, Demands the self to act from principles tall. To treat humanity as ends, never means, And tread the path of moral deeds, as it deems. Philosophy's embrace of self is an endless sea, A journey of introspection, where knowledge sets us free. Through reason and contemplation, we seek to know, The essence of the self, its place in the ebb and flow. So let us ponder, with minds open and clear, The philosophies that illuminate and steer. For in the exploration of self, we come to find, The intricate tapestry of the human mind. 10
SOCITOHLEOSGEYLFAANCDCAONRTDHINROGPTOOLOGY Anthropology and Sociology discusses the importance of having understanding the origins and effects of human action requires a systematic study of social life and culture, which is what sociology and anthropology do. The impact of culture, social structures (groups, organizations, and communities), and social institutions (family, school, religion, etc.) on people's attitudes, behaviors, and prospects for a fulfilling life are all topics they explore. GEORGE SIMMEL CLIFFORD GEERTZ He proposed that human nature is intrinsic He is one of the most significant and to the individual and that most social frequently referenced American cultural interactions are individual motivations. He anthropologists of the second half of the made a distinction between subjective and twentieth century, defined the subject of objective culture, arguing that urbanizations, interpretive social science. He contributed money, and the configuration of one's social to social and cultural theory and is still network tend to increase objective culture. influential in turning anthropology toward a He also stressed that consumption of concern with the frames of meaning within products has an individuating and trivializing which various peoples live their lives.He is effect. Money creates a universal value remembered mostly for his strong support system, increases individual freedom, and for and influence on the practice of discourages intimate ties by encouraging a symbolic anthropology and who was culture of calculation. It creates a universal considered \"for three decades... the single value system, increases individual freedom, most influential cultural anthropologist in and discourages intimate ties. the United States.\" 11
SPRTAEPGAERATORY At this stage, children’s behaviors are primarily based on imitation. It was observed that children imitate the behaviors of those around them. At this stage, knowing and understanding the symbols are important for this will constitute their way of communicating with others throughout their lives. SPLTAAYGE Through communication, social relationship are formed. Now children begin to role play and pretend to be other people. Role-taking in the play stage is the process of mentally assuming the process of another person to see how this person might behave or respond in a given situation. The play stage is significant in the development of the self. It is at this stage where child widens his perspective and realizes that he is not alone and that there are others around him whose SGTAAMGEEpresence he has to consider. The child begins to consider several tasks and various types of relationships simultaneously. Through the learnings that were gained in stage two, the child now begins to see not only his own perspective but at the same time the perspective of others. In this final stage of self development, the child now has the ability to respond not just to one but several members of his social environment. 12
AWCEHWILED Each of us has experienced the social emergence of the self, which is developed due to the three forms of inter-subjective activity: language, play, and games. Before we come to be young women and young men, we will go through the stages of self-formation. As I am filled with good memories of childhood, I will never forget that everyone experiences challeng- es before entering this life. When I was a baby, I didn't know anything about what was happening around me; all I knew was to sleep, eat, and cry. What I see is imitating the behaviors of others as a way of learning. As time passed, I gained knowledge and skills, and I gradually under- stood what was happening around me. I also remember when I was playing, I saw my brother playing with a Barbie doll, so I imitated him because I already knew how to dress a doll. I also remember that when I was 9 years old, I was developing and aware of what was happening. Moreover, I still remember when my parents were fighting. I was sad and hurt, and I cried be- cause I didn't know what was happening. 13
RE ALL D ONCE By: Kimberly Ilao I told myself that I didn't want it to ha- ppen, and I don't want to experience that situation again. Nonetheless, I knew my dad was a hero (superman) because he was the one who stood by us when we were young since our mother was abroad, working, to give us a good life here in the Philippines. It is indeed true that our parents sacrificed a lot for us at that time through the symbols that they showed, such as their loving words and actions. I was sur- prised when my mom came from another country on my graduation day after so many years. I felt emotional at that time because we hadn't seen her for a long time. The first thing we did was show respect to her; we blessed her and kissed her because we hadn't been together for several years. Those simple memories will surely be cherished in my heart and mind. 14
The “self” is never a finished project, and it continues to change as our life takes different turns. Our “self” reacts to the environment that we are in. As the “self” expands we put together the different reactions making us a unique individual. Every individual has a different way of thinking and therefore they make their own choices about certain situations. Without you knowing it, you can apply psychology in your daily lives — like learn new things that build on your existing knowledge, carefully assess your own emotional reactions, eliminate distractions, employ a grid analysis technique that gives a score for how a particular decision will satisfy specific requirements you may have and try to see situations from the perspective of another person. THE SELF ACCORDING TO PSYCHOLOGY William James is a well-known figure in Psychology who is considered as the founder of functionalism. He was also a highly- esteemed professor at Harvard University and was the first to teach a psychology course in the United States. He brought prominence to U.S. psychology through the publication of The Principles of Psychology (1890) that made him more influential than his contemporaries in the field. James described two aspects of the self that he termed the “I Self” and “Me Self.” Me - Self I - Self Corresponds to Reflects the self the self as an as a subject of object of experience experience 15 THE SELF-CONCEPT THE perceiver
THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION Self-concept is the mental image or idea that I have of myself and my strengths, weaknesses and status such as self-image. This is not always aligned to reality in the sense of how you see yourself and how you wish you were. It is change throughout life from how people look at you and how you feel about yourself. A positive self-concept helps us to recognize our own abilities and potentials while being realistic about our liabilities and limitations. But with a negative self- concept, we tend to focus on our failures, weaknesses, and imperfections. 1DS oo cmiaailn 4Dp hoymsaiicna l 2Dc oommpaei nt e n c e 5aD oc amdaei nm i c 3Da of fmeaci tn 6fDaommialiyn 6SPECIFIC DOMAINS16
IDEAL SELF IS THE PERSON THEY iSdeelafl WANT TO BE Every person in this world does have a dream or an ambition that one wants to fulfill during his / her life. This very dream encourages you to do better and better and move towards your goal. Sometimes that dreams/ambition is impossible to happen. I am Arabella C. Calingasan, a woman that can not easily decide for herself. When I was a child, I wanted to be a successful architect but, the pandemic destined me to another way. Additionally, I have some insecurities. Sometimes I wish to be like other girls. To be good at looking, to be talented, to be intelligent, and to be healthy like them. But all of that is impossible to happen. Real REAL SELF IS WHAT A PERSON IS ACTUALLY LIKE Self We each have our own story to tell, and we have all had different life experiences that have shaped our core values and beliefs. I am currently taking a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Financial Management at Batangas State University. In reality, I don't like to take business courses. I think this path is not for me, but there's a good reason why I am here. I have already experienced some difficult situations. I experienced heavy bleeding in my uterus but God helped me to easily recover from this. During the pandemic, I discovered that I had a hidden skill, which is drawing. From Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, over a hundred STI students showcased their passion for the arts and for doing good when they joined SMART’s K-rate For A Cause, a sustainability design contest for high school and college students. Out of the 51 winners from different schools, 26 are young designers from various STI campuses nationwide who won the opportunity to turn their original Hallyu (Korean wave) and BTS-inspired artworks into goods. I am one of the winners; over 26 17 students from STI College.
ASSESS YOURSELF Where do you see yourself in 10 years? Is your real self far from your ideal self? What are your plans to achieve your ideal self? 18
EASTERNWTEHSOTEURGNH&T Individualism is the extent to which a person values independence and personal uniqueness, with identity based on the individual, tasks preceding relationships, and speaking one's mind as a sign of honesty. Individualism values personal independence and emphasizes the needs of the individual over the needs of the group, with social behavior dictated by individual attitudes and preferences. Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. Western cultures are known to be individualistic. INDIVIDUALISM COLLECTIVISM Collectivism is the belief that identity is based on the group to which one belongs, relationships prevail over tasks, and direct confrontations should be avoided. Collectivism values personal interdependence. In collectivist cultures, people are more likely to “see themselves as connected to others, define themselves in terms of relationships with others and see their characteristics as more likely to change across different contexts.\" Asian countries are known to be collective in nature. 19
CTHOONUFGUCHITAN LI THE PROPRIETY Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who lived during the 5th century BCE, 禮placed great emphasis on the concept of \"li\" ( ) which can be translated as \"propriety\" or \"ritual.\" In Confucian philosophy, li refers to the set of customs, ceremonies, rituals, and etiquette that govern social behavior and interactions. Mastering oneself and achieving personal growth involved understanding and embodying the principles of propriety. This meant recognizing and following the appropriate behaviors and rituals in various social contexts, such as family, education, government, and public life. In summary, Confucius believed that adhering to customs, ceremonies, and traditions (li) was crucial for individuals to develop their own character and contribute to a harmonious society. By practicing propriety, individuals could master themselves and create an environment of respect, order, and moral integrity. XIAO THE FILIALITY It is an important aspect of Confucian philosophy. Confucius emphasized the significance of maintaining strong familial bonds and upholding filial piety, which refers to the respect, obedience, and care that individuals should have towards their parents and elders. Confucius also emphasized the interconnection between family relationships and social interactions. He believed that the way individuals interact within the family unit reflects their behavior and values in broader social contexts. By cultivating harmonious and respectful relationships within the family, individuals can extend those virtues to their interactions with others in society. The virtue of reverence and respect for the family, according to Confucius, involves bringing honor to the family, making personal achievements, and earning the respect of others. These qualities are seen as integral to maintaining strong familial bonds, upholding filial piety, and promoting harmonious social interactions. YI THE RIGHTNESS The virtue of Yi, also known as righteousness or moral integrity, is one of the key virtues emphasized in Confucian philosophy. Yi represents the quality of behaving in an ethical and virtuous manner, adhering to moral principles, and maintaining a sense of justice and fairness. Confucius regarded Yi as a fundamental virtue that should guide individuals in their actions and interactions with others. It involves doing what is morally right, upholding principles of justice, and acting in accordance with ethical standards. All in all, emphasizes righteousness, moral integrity, ethical decision-making, social responsibility, and respect for rituals and customs. It serves as a guiding principle for individuals to cultivate virtuous character, contribute to a just and harmonious society, and live a morally upright life. 20
Interwoven Spirits BY: KELSEY M. ALEA In the tapestry of life, we find our place, A delicate balance of individual and embrace. For in each heart beats a unique song, Yet together we dance, a collective throng. Individualism, a spark of our soul, Expressing our passions, making us whole. But intertwined with collectivism's grace, We build a community, together we face. Respecting family, our roots held strong, A bond that guides us, lifelong and long. Through love and support, we find our way, In their embrace, we find strength every day. Rituals and traditions, like echoes of time, They anchor our spirits, a rhythm sublime. In honoring the past, we shape our identity, Through shared practices, a sense of serenity. So let us cherish both, intertwined and true, For individualism and collectivism imbue, With respect for family and rituals we hold, A symphony of unity, a story yet untold. 21
W Western and Eastern Thought RD SEARCH Instruction: Find and cross out the ten words that described Individualism and Collectivism Cultures. The word may go horizontally, vertically, diagonally, not backwards. S E L F L E S S TWY Z B V C E I Y R S Z MG R OU P NMO L J N K J GOY P J D ROHO F K A D V CMU B S E GD Y P R L T J E I I OQV I Y E J E E ZSK I PNR I E I E P J R L L MO GW E T I F Y A E E A I FQT YC I NN I TNN L T A Z E R D T O P D SWD D P I NA XME Y U Y I E UH E EO T CD PWE Y U V P N Z NQN U SMO I Q S G I Y X CC A B BOQ T S E G V DNND E V G CWDWU N I Q U E N E S S B A A E D XM Y H A RMON Y H J U O U H G B S L QW E R I J COMPETITIVE INDEPENDENCE SELF-RELIANT INDIVIDUAL UNIQUENESS COOPERATION DEPENDENCE GROUP SELFLESS HARMONY 22
THE PHYSICAL SELF: BOD PPUU BBEERR TTYY 23
Y IMAGE & SELF-ESTEEM 24
B E A U T Y S T A N D A R D S B E\" h e y , s o c i e t y ! p l e a s e , b e g o o d \" an essay by Mac Allen Lucido Navigating the expectations of society can be discouraging and draining S O C I A L C O N F O R M I T Y Sfor teenagers, who often find themselves trapped in the relentless grip of societal norms, high standards, beauty ideals, and unrealistic expectations. \" I S T H A T W H A T Y O U G OIn an era dominated by social media and pervasive imagery, the pressure to conform to a narrow definition of beauty and success weighs heavily on their shoulders. On one hand, societal norms dictate how teenagers should look, behave, and achieve, leaving little room for individuality or self- A C A D E M I C P R E S S U R E Aexpression. These norms can be suffocating, causing a constant battle bet- ween their authentic selves and the desire to fit in. The fear of being judged or ostracized drives them to conform, sacrificing their true identities in the \" W E N E E D Y O U R B E S T ! \"process. Relatively, high societal standards further compound this frustra- tion, as teenagers feel compelled to excel academically, athletically, and socially. The pursuit of perfection becomes a relentless race, leaving them L O W C O N F I D E N C E L O Wperpetually stressed and exhausted. The pressure to meet these standards leaves little room for personal growth, exploration, or self-care, leading to feelings of overwhelm and burnout. Beauty standards, on the other hand, S O C I A L E X P E C T A T I O N Splay a significant role in the emotional turmoil experienced by teenagers. Society bombards them with airbrushed images and unrealistic ideals, TY STANDARDS BEAUTY L CONFORMITY SOCIAL AT WHAT YOU GOT?\" \" EMIC PRESSURE ACADE EED YOUR BEST!\" \"WE CONFIDENCE LOW CONF L25 E X P E C T A T I O N S S O C I
THE PHYSICAL SELF The Impact of Culture on The Stepford Wives (2004) Beauty is a concept deeply influenced by cultural norms. Throughout history, movies and media have portrayed various narratives surrounding the body. Films like \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\" and \"The Stepford Wives\" have explored themes of body replacement and societal expectations. Understanding how culture conceptualizes beauty is essential, especially for adolescents who face societal pressures to conform to beauty standards. is there such a thing as a universal decontextualized body? The answer is no. Bodies are shaped in countless ways by culture, by society, and by the experiences that are shared with a social and cultural context. Society's perpetuation of ideal standards for physical appearance through media often contributes to the development of negative body image and self-esteem issues, particularly among young individuals. It is essential to navigate and challenge these unrealistic ideals, emphasizing the importance of cultivating a positive and healthy sense of self. 27
Body Image and Self - Esteem Social Constructionist Approach suggests that beauty, weight, sexuality, and race are not solely determined by genetics. Instead, these features gain meaning within a specific cultural and social context. Society's constructed power relations often dictate that attractiveness is crucial for one's value. However, it is important to recognize that these meanings are not inherent or natural; they have been created and can be changed. Dramaturgical Theory Sociologist Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical theory suggests that individuals are like actors on a stage, engaging in impression management to shape how others perceive them. Behaviors and self-presentation are influenced by societal expectations and norms, particularly regarding gender roles. Deviating from these norms can lead to both praise and criticism, highlighting the impact of societal perceptions on body image. Social Skin The term \"social skin\" refers to how social categories become inscribed onto the physical body. Our bodies become symbolic stages where societal dramas are enacted. Anthropologists like Terence Turner and Mary Douglas have explored how societies establish boundaries and exert control over bodies and their processes. The body becomes a powerful means of social control, especially in societies with strict limits. Body Image Body image refers to an individual's mental representation and perception of their physical attributes. It encompasses how a person feels about their appearance, self-talk, and the perception of others' views on their body. Body image is subject to distortion, influenced by internal elements and external factors like the media. Negative body image can lead to eating disorders and severe anxiety, highlighting the need for a more positive and inclusive understanding of beauty. Self-Esteem Self-esteem is a measure of a person's self-worth based on personal or social standards. It encompasses how individuals value themselves and how they believe others perceive them. High self-esteem is associated with happiness, a sense of accomplishment, and positive relationships. Understanding that physical appearance does not define Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) one's character or value is crucial for cultivating 28 positive self-esteem.
EMPOWERED BEAUTY Reverse Poem by: Micca Ella Alea People are different, each one so unique, Beauty defined by the standards we seek. Yet culture molds our views, sets the tone, Impacting body image, self-esteem we own. Society's ideal, a perfect form we chase, Media projecting images we must embrace. But diversity in size and structure is true, Genetic differences, beauty in all that we do. Listen to the young, their voices so pure, In adolescence, self-identity finds its cure. Let's guide and support, provide a loving space, Where beauty is defined by their unique grace. Beauty is important, but let us not forget, Basing it on others' standards, a regret. Embrace your individuality, let it shine, For within lies a beauty truly divine. 29
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THE SEXUAL SELF: BODY tran swomen are women! NEVER AGAIN, NO TO WOMEN'S RIGHTS NEVER FORGET DISCRIMI NATION H c s xi ie O o t t i M Y O H P C H R O A I B R T I A P A GENDER EQUALITY NOW 31
IMAGE & SELF-ESTEEM Although there are improvements, there is still a heap of pending sickness in society in regards to unhealthy frameworks and beliefs that drive backward systems. Many are still locked in a closet; many are still in need of help due to various domesticated ferocity from conservatives and other people who have never-ending and internalized hatred for minority groups that are continuously dismissed and pressed upon. The ideal society where everyone can freely express themselves without the interference of systematic forces is seldomly, if not certainly never, within reach. The cycle of refusal to give full access to freedom for people of all forms will never end if there are still close- minded individuals who are teaching, making of and passing constitutional laws, freely going around, preaching, being ignorant, bigoted, possessing twisted minds, and apathetic towards different sectors of society. 32
THE SEX CHARACTERISTICS & Understanding the sexual self from a biological perspective involves recognizing REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS the development of secondary sex characteristics and the intricate workings of the reproductive system. The human body, primarily composed of water and various minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, and iron, is organized into cells, tissues, and organs. The musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproductive systems are interrelated networks of organs that ensure our ability to reproduce. Reproduction can occur through The human reproductive system consists of a complex network of organs and signaling two main methods: asexual and molecules that enable the production and bearing of live offspring. It stands apart sexual. Asexual reproduction, the from other organ systems in the human body because it comprises two distinct simplest form, involves the growth anatomical plans, one for females and one for males. The reproductive system of a single-celled organism that undergoes a gradual process of development, with the reproductive organs eventually divides into two reaching full maturity during adolescence— the transitional phase between childhood identical organisms. Multi-celled and adulthood. asexual organisms have During embryonic development, the tissues that form the structures of the internal developed unique reproductive genitalia follow a predetermined path, developing either as structures in the strategies, such as budding in female reproductive system or structures in the male reproductive system, but not both. jellyfish, where a new individual grows from the original organism and is released as a separate organism. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves the coming together of male and female partners and the interaction of reproductive cells— an ovum (egg) from the female and sperm from the male. RRREEEPPPRRROOODDDUUUCCCTTTIIIVVVEEESSSYYYSSSTTTEEEMMMSSSOOOFFFMMMAAALLLEEEAAANNNDDDFFFEEEMMMAAALLLEEE The female reproductive system serves several important functions. It produces eggs (ova/oocytes) necessary for reproduction, nurtures and incubates fertilized eggs until full development, and generates female sex hormones to maintain the reproductive cycle. Essential organs of the female reproductive system in- clude the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. The ovaries are small glands located on either side of the uterus, responsi- ble for housing the female sex cells (eggs) and producing estro- gen. The fallopian tubes provide a pathway for a fertilized egg to travel to the uterus. The uterus, or womb, is a hollow, pear- shaped organ that holds the fetus during pregnancy and deve- lops a lining (endometrium) each month to support fetal growth. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina and serves as the entrance to the womb. The vagina, or the birth canal, connects the cervix to the outside of the body. The vulva refers to the external portion of the female genital organs. 33 The male reproductive system has several functions, such as producing and transporting sperm and semen. It consists of organs like the penis, scrotum, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, and associated glands. The penis is composed of a shaft and head, with the urethral opening allowing sperm to enter the vagina. The scrotum houses the testicles and other structures. The testicles produce testosterone and sperm. The epididymis stores and transports sperm. The vas deferens carries mature sperm to the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts connect the vas deferens to the urethra. The urethra serves as a passage for urine and semen. Glands like the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands produce fluids that aid in the reproductive process.
THE C IIRCLEC AND THE B X BY: MAC ALLEN LUCIDO 34
THE SEXU eros Love is based on a strong sexual and emotional component. This type of love creates initial excitement of a new relationship. agape This is altruistic and selfless love. The person shows his love without expecting to receive the same in return. He considers the wishes of his partner as more than his own. storge This is love related friendship and based on nonsexual affection. The person experiences love as a gradual and slow process. ludus For ludic lovers, love is just a game, something for fun or entertainment. They do not experience jealousy. They manipulate their partners by lying, cheating and deceiving. mania This is characterized by an intense feeling which may lead to obsessive and possessive love towards the loved one. pragma This is a practical and business-like love. Pragmatic lovers may plan the best time to get married, have children, and other future plans. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory. Physiological Arousal Theory. Evolutionary Theories. When someone received a reward This explains the most accep- This explains that love arose such as free ride or other favors table theories about emotions: due to some sociobiological from another, a positive feeling the bodies experience a phy- need. Males tend to look for may be experienced. The better siological change first, then young, healthy females mates the feeling associated with the people assign an emotion to to carry their offspring. Females behavior of a person, the more that physical sensation. It is prefer males who have the likely it is for the behavior to be based on the interpretation of resources to support them and repeated. the brain. Experience as the their offspring. feeling of FEAR. The diversity of sexual behavior: solitary, heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and transsexual. Human sexual behavior is any activity, solitary, by pair or by group which includes sexual arousal. 35
UAL SELF CS OO MN TERMA ECTEHP OT IDOSNO F HORMONAL METHODS Oral Contraceptives (Pills) The Patch The ring Implants Injectable BARRIER METHODS Diaphragm Cervical Caps Male and Female Condoms or spermicides BEHAVIORAL METHODS Rhythm or Calendar Method Abstinence or celibacy Outercourse Withdrawal STERILIZATION Tubal Ligation Vasectomy INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD) EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION 36
My Soul Cries BY: HANNAH NINA D. CARANDANG I thought I will never gonna get through Knowing my love for you was that true But then realized I'm not for you I'm not worthy of thy love from you Now you've finally found A woman whose gorgeous and profound Making sure that smile embarks In our face, it seems a complete task I have no regrets for what I've done I'm grateful yet down But then realized I'm not worthy Of our love, and now am empty Hollow deeply inside My soul cried with me beside And emotions need to be set aside It's over and you've decide 37
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THE MATERIAL SELF UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND IDENTITY FORMATION Individuals are inclined to purchase products that resonate with their personality traits. Material possessions become symbols through which aspects of one's UTILITY VS SIGNIFICANCE identity and sense of self are expressed. By carefully selecting When acquiring goods and services, and acquiring certain goods, individuals consider two essential aspects: people communicate their personal utility and significance. Utility refers to the qualities, social standing, group practical purpose served by a particular affiliations, and gender roles. item, while significance pertains to the meaning attributed to it. Objects can become powerful symbols or icons of habit and ritual, Possessions reveal a great deal extending beyond their primary function. about their owners, offering insights into their sense of self and identity. People make economic decisions WANTS VS NEEDS based on their personal and social The purchase decisions individuals make are needs, influenced by their self- influenced by different factors. While financial perception and desired image. constraints, availability, and influence from Factors such as financial others play a role, the primary factor is constraints, item availability, and distinguishing between wants and needs. the influence of family and friends Wants are synonymous with luxuries, also impact purchasing decisions. purchased for reasons beyond necessity, while needs are essential for survival, such as NEED AND DESIRE food, clothing, and shelter. Design plays a crucial role in reflecting and expressing personal identity and aspirations. British writer and lecturer John Heskett emphasizes that design combines need and desire, enabling everyday objects to reflect the user's identity and aspirations. From the smallest items like cutlery to larger possessions like cars, design influences personal identity in various settings, including home, work, and leisure places. 39
THE SEMIOTICS OF OBJECTS Objects are not merely physical entities but complex systems of signs that convey messages beyond their practical value. Objects function as signifiers, constructing meaning and carrying messages that individuals within a culture can understand. Clothes, for example, have both functional and symbolic meanings, representing personal and social identities. CONSUMER CULTURE AND IDENTITY Consumer culture has transformed the way people construct and express their identities. Consumers use brands and products as symbolic resources to define and maintain their social identities. Consumerism, the preoccupation with buying consumer goods, has become prevalent due to the availability of open markets and technology-based platforms. High-class consumption is closely tied to social status and OBJECTS AS SIGNS legitimizes consumer culture. In the grand tapestry of human THE EXTENDED SELF existence, objects hold a profound significance that extends beyond Possessions can become part of an individual's their mere material presence. extended self through appropriation, creation, French theorist Roland Barthes and knowledge of objects. By appropriating or delved into the depths of this controlling an object, creating it, or developing a phenomenon, revealing that objects deep understanding of it, individuals incorporate possess a complex system of signs, possessions into their sense of self. Possessions subtly communicating messages also extend to collective identities, such as about people and places. As we family, group, subcultural, and national navigate the world, we affiliations. unconsciously decipher these signs, unraveling the hidden layers of Our possessions have a profound impact on our meaning they hold. sense of self and identity. They serve instrumental, social, symbolic, and affective Let us not overlook the significance functions, shaping how we perceive ourselves and of objects as signs. They invite us to how others perceive us. By understanding the look beyond the surface, to seek connection between possessions and identity, we meaning in the everyday, and to gain insights into the complex relationship embrace the intricate dance of between individuals and the material world. interpretation. For it is in the realm of objects that we discover the 40 profound nature of human expression, reminding us that the world around us is rich with stories waiting to be heard and understood.
THE MATE Exploring the Connection Between Possessions and Identity 41
ERIAL SELF BEYOND POSSESSIONS: UNVEILING THE STORIES WITHIN 42 BY: MICCA ELLA ALEA In the depths of consumerism's embrace, Where wants and needs interlace, A tale unfolds of material self, A journey through possessions and wealth. Within a bustling city's crowd, Lived a man, seeking identity endowed. His desires and dreams, intertwined, In the objects he sought, his self-defined. He roamed through stores and aisles wide, Searching for meaning, his heart as guide. From shiny gadgets to designer attire, Each purchase fueled his inner fire. But as possessions piled up high, His heart grew heavy, a silent sigh. For amidst the clutter, he found no peace, His longing for identity refused to cease. Until one day, a revelation came, Like whispers from a hidden flame. In the quiet of his own reflection, He discovered the essence of true connection. It wasn't in what he possessed, But in the love and care he expressed. His wants and needs, they took a turn, From material gain to lessons learned. With newfound wisdom, he let go, Of the burden that possessions bestow. He embraced simplicity and chose with care, To find his worth beyond what's rare. In the end, he found a sense of self, Not in objects stacked upon a shelf, But in the love he gave and received, A life enriched, in what he believed. So let us ponder, as we tread this path, Of wants and needs, and life's aftermath. For in our choices, we shape our identity, Beyond possessions, lies true serenity.
religion A cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide a sense of ultimate meaning by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all- encompassing and supernatural (Giddens, 2006). Key elements of religion according to Durkheim: A. Religion is a form of culture-shares all characteristics of culture such as shared beliefs, values that create an identity, B. Religion involves beliefs that take the form of ritualized practices - all members engage in behaviors that identify them as members of the community, C. Religion provides a sense of purpose-feeling that life is ultimately meaningful. Early Filipinos practiced polytheism, a belief in many gods, which was brought by the early Chinese and Indian merchants. Monotheism was introduced by Spaniards, a belief in only God, which has three personas, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. “Dungan”(SpiritorSoul) 43
The Function Religion, Magic of Rituals and witchcraft Ritual traditions of Filipinos are best Religiousness is the degree by which one is understood in terms of their intentions. At the affiliated with an organized religion in terms of core of any ritual, balance between man and the person’s participation in the prescribed nature, and the spirit world is very important. rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs Rituals is an attempt to enhance and maintain and involvement with its community of this balance. believers. Dance and chants are a very essential part of Spirituality involves experiencing something their ritual. Rituals are usually accompanied by beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and dances. It is the higher symbolic form for the living in a way that benefits others and society. Filipino. It represents the distillation of It could be related to a search for the sacred. collective memory, affect, religious piety, humility, and purity of intention. Even a The term “sacred” may signify a person, an complex message can be articulated or object, a principle, or a concept that transcends maybe understood through dance (Obusan, the self. The sacred can include a divine being or 2015). a divine object that is “set apart” and considered as holy or beyond ordinary. did you know? Spiritual identity is the persistent sense of self The word ‘ritual’ is derived from the that addresses ultimate questions about the Latin word ‘ritualis’, associated with nature, purpose and meaning of life. It results in the word ‘rite’ which comes from behavior that are consonant with the ‘ritus’, typically understood to mean individual’s core values. a type of ceremony or custom. magic It is the ability to use supernatural forces to make impossible things happen, such as making people disappear or controlling events in nature. fun fact! The word 'magic' is derived from Greek, mageia (μαγεία). Persian priests known as magish and Greek magoi were the first to perform magic acts. 44
Magic is the power apparently influencing the course of events by using mysterious or supernatural forces. Religion, Magic, and witchcraft 45
Learning Assessment Direction: Answer these statements using subtraction and addition to make a word that is connected to this lesson. ___________________1. (red - d + life - fe + legion - le) ___________________2. (money - ey + other - r + feminism - femin) ___________________3. (anime - me + dynamism - dyna) ___________________4. (kangaroo - ngaroo + luxury - xury + sulu - su + wall - ll) ___________________5. (right - ght + virtual - vir) ___________________6. (spider - der + merit- me + quality - q) ___________________7. (nectar - tar + row - w + manly - ly + dancer - dan) ___________________8. (album - m + lay - y + mario - ma) 46
Politica the actions or activities concerned with achieving and using power in a nation or POLITICS society. It is also defined as the ways that power is shared in an organization and the ways it is affected by personal relationships between people who work together. As Aristotle stated, “man is, by nature, a political animal.” This is because man is a social being and that people naturally drawn to various political involvements in order to satisfy their social needs Politics as imbibed by man implies several things: 1. Politics is concerned with power- 3. The political is also personal- power inequalities can be observed One’s personal choices reflect his/her within societies. personal politics; both are indistinguishable. 2. Politics functions based on a 4. Politics goes hand in hand with the particular social economic and society- Politics pervades the cultural context - the nature of structure of society, and thus politics and political systems is influences inhabitants in their beliefs, dependent on the culture of the ethics, and behavior. state. ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP the structured forms of engagement with political processes and everyday forms of participation in society. It is also defined as the proce ss of sharing decisions which affect one’s life and the life of a community in w hich one lives. Participation is the fundamental right of citizenship. and behavioral engagem Active citizenship is anchored on one’s cognitive ent to participate in formal and informal political act ivities. Active citizenship is a practice of democracy. The most important goal of active citizenship is to instil change and influence society at large. For the younger generation, active citizenship can contribute to their social development. Younger gene ration, as they are considered to be the “future leaders” of the society. Active citizenship helps an individual embrace his/her indiv iduality through the choices he/she makes and the behavior he/she manifests. 47
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