Body Systems Sasha Oak Mrs.K 4A
Table of Contents Integumentary system………………………………………………………………...……….……….pages 3-8 Musculoskeletal system……………………………………………………………….………………..pages 9-14 Nervous system……………………………………………………....……………….………………...pages 15-21 Special Senses…………………………………………………………………….…………………....pages 22-29 Cardiovascular system………………………………………….……………….……………………...pages 30-35 Respiratory system……………………………………………..…………….……..…….…………….pages 36-40 Digestive system……………………………………………..………………….…..………………….pages 41-46 Urinary system……………………………………………….………………….……………………….pages 47-51 Reproductive system………………………………………….………………….……………………..pages 52-57
Integumentary System Function- protection, body temperature maintenance, excretion, and perception of stimuli
Healthcare Careers Dermatologist- physician who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the skin, hair, and nails Dermatology Technician- specialized medical assistant who works in the skin-care field Diseases/Disorders Burns- injuries to skin tissue caused by prolonged heat contact Urticaria- Hives with localized swelling and itching Albinism- an inherited condition that prevents the normal production of melanin, resulting in extremely pale skin and white hair Malignant Melanoma- cancerous growth of composed of melanocytes
Malignant Melanoma Albinism Burns Urticaria
Key Terms pedicu/o- louse, lice derm/o, dermat/o- skin onych/o- fingernails or kerat/o- horny, hard toenails xer/o- dry myc/o- fungus xanth/o- yellow pil/o- hair erythr/o- red rhytid/o- wrinkle albin/o- white
Vocabulary Skin-the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal Hair-a keratinized, threadlike outgrowth from the skin of mammals Nails- horn-like keratinous plate at the tip of the fingers and toes in most primates Keratin-a fibrous protein that aids in skin protection Eczema- Acute or chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythema, itchiness, and edema (swelling) Acne- inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands that produce pimples on the skin
Vocabulary Dermis-The lower or inner layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, and glands that produce sweat, which helps regulate body temperature, and sebum, an oily substance that helps keep the skin from drying out. Epidermis- upper layer of the skin that is made of keratin Sweat Glands- small tubular structures of the skin located in the dermis that produce sweat Subcutaneous layer- layer of tissue that underlies the skin and functions in maintaining the body’s temperature
Musculoskeletal System Function- Movement, Protection of internal organs, and heat production
Healthcare Careers Chiropractor- health care professional focused on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders Radiologist- medical doctors that specialize in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using medical imaging (radiology) procedures (exams/tests) Diseases/Disorders Atrophy- wasting away or shrinkage of muscle size Hypotonia- Loss of muscle tone Tremor- involuntary, repetitive shaking or quivering of a part or parts of the body Contracture- Permanent tightening of skin, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Atrophy Hypotonia Tremor Contracture
Key Terms my/o- muscle -pexy- fixation myel/o- marrow chondr/o- cartilage oste/o- bone arthr/o- joint cost/o- rib -plegia- paralysis, stroke crani/o- skull kinesi/o- movement
Vocabulary Automaticity- ability to contract without a nerve impulse Contractibility- ability to shorten Elasticity- ability to return to normal position after being stretched Excitability- ability to receive and respond to nerve impulse Extensibility- ability to be stretched Muscles- tissue that aids in movement Tendons- strong bands of tissue connecting muscle to bone
Skeletal Muscle Vocabulary Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Voluntary muscle Involuntary muscle Involuntary muscle attached to bone, surrounding internal found only in the also called striated organs, also called heart, also called muscle visceral muscle myocardial muscle
Nervous System Function: Sensory input- any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs to the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord Integration- The CNS processes and interprets the info received through the sensory organs Motor Output- The CNS transmits messages to effectors, which are muscles or glands in the body that generate a response in the form of motor output
Healthcare Careers Neurologist- treats disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Anesthesiologist- medical speciality concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during, and after surgery Diseases/Disorders Dyslexia- learning disorder that makes it difficult to recognize and comprehend written language Depression- Persistent feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and lack of interest Panic Disorder- sudden recurring attacks of intense anxiety and fear Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)- condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience
Key Terms Neur/o- nerve mening/o- membranes encephal/o- brain psych/o- mind, mental myel/o- spinal cord, concuss/o- shaken marrow together ambul/o- walk -esthesia- sensation, feeling
Vocabulary CNS- consists of the brain and the spinal cord PNS- the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord Diencephalon- posterior part of the forebrain with 3 endocrine glands Occipital lobe- lobe for eyesight/vision Temporal lobe- lobe for smell and hearing, language, and factual and visual memory Parietal lobe- lobe that receives and interprets sensory impulses to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
Vocabulary Cerebrum- part of the brain responsible for judgement, memory, association, critical thinking, and the highest levels of thought Frontal lobe- lobe that controls movement, personality, emotion, problem solving, and speech Brain stem- connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord, and controls vital signs and sleep patterns Brain- coordinates all activities of the body by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body
Special Senses Function- Receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the energy neurons
Healthcare Careers Optometrist-health professional who is focused on issues related to vision aka eye doctor Audiologist-A healthcare professional trained to identify and measure hearing impairments and related disorders Diseases/Disorders Hyperopia-farsightedness (up close images appear blurry) Astigmatism-abnormal curvature of the cornea Conductive deafness- inadequate sound-wave conduction Impacted cerumen-heavy accumulation of earwax that could lead to infection or hearing loss
Key Terms irid/o- iris tympan/o- tympanic membrane -cusis- hearing ophthalm/o- eye -opia- vision condition -metry- to measure ot/o- ear
Vocabulary Sclera- white part of the eye that maintains the eye shape and protects the inner tissues Iris- colored muscular layer that surrounds the pupil Pupil- black circular opening that allows light in Ciliary body- muscles and ligaments that adjust the eye shape for focusing on objects Auricle- external, visible component of the ear around the outer opening of the ear canal Auditory canal- the narrow passageway from the outer ear to the eardrum
Vocabulary Ceruminous glands- One of the modified sweat glands in the skin lining the external auditory canal that secrete cerumen Tympanic Membrane- thin layer of tissue in the human ear that receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles, which are tiny bones in the tympanic (middle-ear) cavity aka eardrum Papillae- small, nipple-like structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give it its characteristic rough texture Taste Buds- small organ located on the tongue in terrestrial vertebrates that functions in the perception of taste
Cardiovascular System Function- to circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the body
Healthcare Careers Cardiologist- a doctor who specializes in the study or treatment of heart diseases and heart abnormalities Clinical Cardiac Perfusionist- a healthcare professional who operates the cardiopulmonary bypass machine during cardiac surgery and other surgeries that require cardiopulmonary bypass to manage the patient's physiological status Diseases/Disorders Aneurysm-Localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery Hypotension-condition of a lower than normal BP Hypertension-condition of higher than normal BP Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)-results from reduced blood flow from the heart, characterized by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, and edema in lower extremities
Key Terms cardi/o- heart thromb/- blood clot angi/o- vessel -emia- blood condition hem/o,hemat/o- blood leuk/o- white Brady- slow erythr/o- red Tachy- fast arteri/o- artery
Vocabulary Aorta- largest artery in the human body, supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system Pulmonary circulation- blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs Epicardium- serous (thin and watery) layer that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium Myocardium- layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart Endocardium- innermost layer that lines the 4 chambers and covers the valves of the heart
Vocabulary Blood pressure- pressure exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery or vein Pulse- Rhythmic dilation of an artery that results from beating of the heart Stress Test- procedure that tests how efficiently the heart pumps blood Angiogram- radiographic test that uses a contrast agent (dye) and a camera to take pics of the blood flow in the arteries or veins Auscultation- process of listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope
Respiratory System Function- inhaling fresh air, exchanging CO2 for O2, and exhaling old/stale air
Healthcare Careers Respiratory Therapist- a specialized healthcare practitioner trained in pulmonary medicine in order to work therapeutically with people suffering from pulmonary disease Pulmonologist- a person who is specialized in diagnosing and treating patients with lung problems and diseases Diseases/Disorders Chronic Bronchitis-prolonged inflammation of the bronchial tubes and their mucous membranes Rales- crackling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs. Indicates presence of fluid/mucus in the airway Hyperventilation-Condition in which breathing is faster than normal. Can be caused by stress/anxiety Sputum-mucus coughed up from the respiratory system
Vocabulary Nasal/Oral cavity-considered to be upper respiratory tract, which is responsible for the inhalation and humidification of air Pharynx-passageway through which air, food, and liquids travel; divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx Larynx-located in the neck and enables the vocal cords to move and produce sound Trachea-ciliated mucous-membrane tube protected by a c-shaped ring of cartilage Inspiration-The act of drawing in the breath
Key Terms bronch/o- bronchus pleur/o- pleura cyan/o- blue pneum/o- lung or air laryng/o- larynx pulmon/o-lung -oxia- oxygen thorac/o-chest, thorax Oxy- sharp trache/o- trachea
Vocabulary Epiglottis-leaf-like structure located above the glottis that closes the opening of the larynx when you swallow food and liquid Lungs-major organs of the respiratory system that envelop the bronchi and minute bronchioles, rests on the diaphragm Alveoli-tiny structures at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs Diaphragm-dome-shaped structure between the thoracic and abdominal cavities Bronchi-major air passages that branch off from the trachea into the 5 lobes of the lungs
Digestive System Function: Ingestion-intake of food and liquids into the body Digestion-process by which food is broken down into smaller components Absorption-valuable nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the blood supply Elimination-waste is discharged from the body
Healthcare Careers Gastroenterologist- a physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract Dietician- a person whose job is to give people advice about what to eat in order to be healthy Diseases/Disorders Gerd-(gastroesophageal reflux disease) backward flow of stomach acids into the esophagus Pyrosis-(heartburn) burning feeling in chest from GERD Celiac Disease- malabsorption condition with weight loss and diarrhea thought to be caused by an intolerance to gluten Peptic Ulcers-sores in the membrane of the digestive system from overproduction of stomach acid
Key Terms cholecyst/o- gallbladder or/o- mouth enter/o- small intestine -pepsia- digestion col/o, colon/o- colon chol/e- gall, bile hepat/o- liver proct/o- rectum gastr/o- stomach
Vocabulary Mouth-made up of labia(lips), buccae(cheeks), hard palate, soft palate, and uvala which hangs from the soft palate and prevents food/liquid from entering into the nasal cavity during swallowing Teeth-divided into two major regions: crown and root, made up of enamel(hard covering), dentin(bone-like covering), pulp cavity, and root canal Tongue-muscular organ attached to the floor of the mouth, covered in papillae which contain taste receptors Stomach-sac-like organ composed of three main major areas: the fundus, the body, and the antrum Small Intestine-absorption of nutrients begins here and has 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Vocabulary Pharynx-(throat) divided into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx Salivary Glands-3 salivary glands: sublingual(found under the tongue), submandibular(floor of the mouth), and parotid(lies anterior to the ears); secrete amylase Esophagus-mucous membrane-lined muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach Large Intestine(colon)-connects directly to the ileum and continues to the anus; divided into six parts: the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum Pancreas-produces many different enzymes that aid in the digestion process
Urinary System Functions- Filtration, Water storage and excretion, hormone production, and Homeostasis maintenance
Healthcare Careers Urologist- a physician who specializes in the urinary or urogenital tract Nephrologist-a type of doctor that specializes in treating diseases of the kidney Diseases/Disorders UTI-(Urinary Tract Infection) originates in the bladder, causing symptoms such as pain or burning with urination, fever, fatigue, urinary urgency, and lower back pain Nephrolithiasis- kidney stones Renal Hypertension-high BP resulting from kidney disease Renal Cell Carcinoma-kidney cancer occurring primarily in adults
Key Terms -cele- hernia -uria- urine -lysis- breakdown -ectasis- dilation -pexy- surgical fixation nephr/o- kidney ren/o- kidney pyel/o- renal pelvis cyst/o- urinary bladder, cyst
Vocabulary Kidneys-two bean shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal cavity; protected by layers of fat and connective tissue; made up of renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis Ureters-two narrow tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvises of the kidney to the urinary bladder Diuresis-abnormal increase in output of urine Anuria-absence of urine production Enuresis-involuntary discharge of urine
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