Group 2 Assignment 1b Booklet

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA AIR VENTILATION Research by Bernard Tang Wei Kiet Abstract Ventilation is an important criteria in building design as it is mainly used to control indoor air quality, temperatures and humidity. A space with good ventilation is able to flush out hot air which resides in the space and replace it with cooler air, thus reducing its indoor temperatures. Besides, humidity is responsive to temperature as warm air holds more moisture than cold air. Malaysia has a tropical weather and it is quite humid and hot throughout the year. So, proper ventilation is needed in order to provide better thermal comfort and preserve the craft collection which is sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal airflow velocity is also beneficial as it can reduce the dust drift which might pose as a threat to the craft collection. A sufficient airflow is also required to dissipate heat loads from the occupants as well as indoor lighting. 99

DESIGN STUDIO 4 HVAC System Ideal Temperatures, Humidity and Air Velocity Room Temperature Requirements for Preservation 1. Indoor Temperature : 21°C - 24°C 2. Relative Humidity : 60% (Wood & Oil Paintings) 50% (Mixed Exhibits) 40% (Graphic Designs) 3. Air Velocity : 0.20m/s - 0.25 m/s * Avoid Large Fluctuations * Importance: Conservation > Comfort Key Factors For High Performance HVAC Design 1. Ensuring the longevity of the precious craft collection located within the space. 2. Strike a balance between ambient weather conditions and performance expectations. 3. Ensure the air quality meets the requirements of the collections in each gallery. 4. Equip intelligent HVAC control system to control important air conditioning parameters. Common HVAC System Components * A/C units are used in smaller buildings. Once the building reaches a certain size, it becomes cost-effective to utilize a centralised system by using a chiller plant. 1. Thermostat - Is used to control and monitor indoor condtions such as temperature and humidity. 2. Condensor - Is the device where heat exchange occur, releasing indoor heat to the outdoor. For air-chilled systems, the condensor is equipped with a condensor coil and a fan. 3. Compressor - Is used to compress the refrigerant to get it to the right pressure and temperature before it passes through the condensor coil. 100

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA 4. Evaporator - Works the opposite of the condensor. It converts the refrigerant to its gas form by absorbing heat from indoors. 5. Condensor Coil - Is used to cool down the refrigerant. 6. Filter - To remove dust, pollen and other particulates. These particulates are trapped in the filter to prevent them from being recirculated in the ventilation system. 7. Ductwork - Used to transport treated air from the HVAC systems to various area of the building. Most ducts are made of aluminium, but they can also be made of plastic, steel or fiberglass. 101

DESIGN STUDIO 4 HVAC System Options 1. Displacement Flow Ventiltion with Chilled Ceilings Displacement Flow Filtered fresh air and recirculated air is supplied at a low velocity (0.2 m/s) at low level into an occupied space. Then with the buoyancy forces, the hot air is replaced with the cool air below and is exhausted at a high level. Chilled Ceilings & Beams A chilled ceiling is a metal sheet with water pipes running above it while chilled beams consist of heat exchange coil. The pipes cools down the metal panel, which then radiants the cooling effect towards the building occupant. Benefits: 1. Energy and Cost Efficient 2. Improved Indoor Air Quality 3. Ventilation Effectiveness 4. Low Noise Drawbacks: 1. Requires higher headroom 2. Temperature & Pollutant Stratification 102

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA 2. Mixed Flow Ventilation Mixed Flow Ventilation is a traditional way where cool air is blown in through the ceiling or wall and creates a homogeneous flow and hence a homogeneous temperature distribution and air quality. It controls the density of indoor pollutants by bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute emissions from indoor sources uniformly. The drawbacks are higher airflow velocities such that mixed flow ventilation alone is an option only if the higher airflow velocities have no negative effect on the exhibits. 103

DESIGN STUDIO 4 HVAC System Types HVAC systems are divided into three main categories as below. 1. Single-Split System - This is found most commonly in smaller buildings. This system typically include air conditioners that pass air by refrigerant lines in one system that circulates air throughout the space via air ducts. However, each space you wish to control seperately, an outdoor unit is needed, taking up additional space. 2. Multi-Split System - It operates similarly to the single-split system, but it offers much higher energy efficiency and much smaller outdoor footprint as it allows you to connect several indoor units to one outdoor unit. This system requires more effort on installation, so the initial cost can be higher than single-split systems. 3. Chiller System - Chillers generates chilled water which is used to provide air conditioning in buildings. Chillers are typically located in the basement or on the roof. Roof top chillers tend to be air-cooled while basement chillers tend to be water-cooled. Chillers can provide more options for more effective use of resources and take advantage of non-peak electricity costs with chilled water and ice storage systems. 4. VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) System - This system are best for larger mixed-use type buildings which requires different zone cooling or heating as it provides precision control and comfort. VRF System also has a much smaller footprint and requires less equipment than chillers as it utilizes small air handlers and refrigerant lines rather than air ducts. However, complicated control structure and additional control manager is needed in the system, thus increasing cost. 104

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Abstract Wayfinding is knowing where you are physically, and how to get where you want to be in a space. Clear wayfinding design is intuitive and nonverbal. It helps users to access the various spaces within a building, reducing stress and increasing efficiency. Architects should provide a robust building design that includes wayfinding “baked in” as part of the architectural experience, which then other disciplines can enhance. Even without graphic or interior designers, the architectural design of a building should communicate to end-users how to move through it, where to go and not go, where to collect, or where to rest. Research by Nourhan Mohamed Mahmoud Ahmed WAYFINDING & INTERNAL CIRCULATION 106

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 The principles of Wayfinding: - Create an identity at each location, different from all others. - Use landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations. - Create well-structured paths. - Create regions of differing visual character. - Don’t give the user too many choices in navigation. - Use survey views (give navigators a vista or map). - Provide signs at decision points to help wayfinding decisions. - Use sight lines to show what’s ahead. There is a lot of types of wayfinding signage: - Wayfinding for patient and visitors - Important notifications Send students and faculty relevant updates - Connect the campus Guide people indoors and outdoors Visual Identity Wayfinding does not have to be sign upon sign upon sign. Changes in color, large scale graphics, or interior landmarks orient users without the visual clutter. 108

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 How to choose suitable Signage - Simple signage – signage must be highly legible, using bold text, but without overpowering exhibits to maximise readability. - Colour matching – assigning colours for each gallery or floor is a great way to help visitors find their bearings and follow the natural flow of exhibits. - Pretty as a picture – simple pictograms or symbols, clear photography, symbols or numbers can be easily understood by lots of different audiences, including non-English speaking and young visitors. - Keeping it fresh – building in some flexibility in the wayfinding scheme means you can easily refresh signage as exhibitions change. Environmentally friendly and sustainable signage materials are a good option to reduce wastage and cost. - Magic materials – wayfinding must be functional, but if it’s also fun and educational you can really bring the brand personality to life with signage materials that reflect your museum’s theme. - In the zone – large spaces can benefit from being split into themes, zones or wings to make them distinct from each other and provide pointers to treasures within. - Styling it – visitors tend to have two main navigation styles; museum wanderers who prefer the freedom to discover themselves, and structured explorers who want more of a guided explanation. It’s important to take both these audiences into account. - Stay grounded – signage doesn’t always have to be positioned up high; vinyl graphic maps and directional signage on the floor is a cost-effective wayfinding solution. For larger museums, active digital floor plans are also an option. - Handle with care – the fabric of your building may be delicate, so the use of innovative fixing solutions will be needed to protect the building as well as adhere to regulations and public health and safety. Installation is often completed in stages or throughout the night to avoid disruption. - Test and flex – if you’re working with a wayfinding consultant, they’ll use their observations and mapping to test visitor behaviours so you can adapt recommendations to ensure the journey is simple for all audiences. 110

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Building directory It solves issues of people when they enters any place and asks a lot whats here? whats of interested to me? where do I go? Jury Comments: “A perfect example of graphics activating the environment. Stencil type works perfectly and coloring provides stimuli and identity strength. Good information speed.” “Powerful signage for a powerful space. Great use of pylons and bold typography to define the program. Nice, clear solution using oversized type and color to define various levels.” Avoiding energy waste in way finding Wayfinding is very useful in every building and it solves a big is- sue that makes every one walks and knows were he is going and can find the place that he wants to go ,but also whie making the signs we have to respect the nature and to reduce using the electricity ,its unrespectful even for us ,we can use the nature light instead of the electricity ex:blinking lights,and at night we can use the lights that is comfortable for our sight. 111

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Internal Circulation Circulation within Interiors refers to the way in which people move through and around a building throughout time. It can be broken down into direction, the type of use, the frequency of use and the time of use. The speed of the movement of circulation can be fast or slow. The speed of the movement will depend on the visibility and how crowded/scarcely populated the location is. The direction of circulation can be either horizontal or vertical. If circulation is described as being horizontal, it refers to how people move in and around on a particular floor or level, but, if it being described as vertical circulation then it refers to relationship between the levels; looking at how people move between the various floors. Methods of horizontal circulation methods include moving walkways and corridors, whereas examples of vertical circulation can include a lift, stairs, escalators, and ramps. As well as Visitors’ satisfaction in museums is a very difficult mission to achieve. Yalowitz (2002b) in his study highlights that visitors today have different expectations than those before 100 years. He states that an increased focus on entertainment requires interior design that is dynamic and draws visitors’ attention. As a result, if visitors’ attention and time are directed in ways that meet or exceed their expectations, they should leave feeling of satisfaction. Interior Circulation Design from point of view of some architects Hsu (2004) recommends in his research that, in order to design museums properly interior circulation design must be considered, in addition to the solutions for interior movement in space/time in a sustainable plan. Although Hsu highlights a very important issue that the museums’ visitors may not be conscious of how their bodies and movement are in a conversation and contact with the building and interior environment itself. Therefore the interior circulation design in the building is how we experience the three dimensionality of a building through the movement of our bodies with full consideration of time, sequence and space . 112

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Stephen (2009) defines clearly the interior circulation in the buildings as: “A term describes how visitors make their way through the facility. What pathways do they take? Do visitors circulate the way the designers intended? Do visitors miss key exhibits because of the architectural design of the facility? Which direction do visitors turn when they reach choice points? Do visitors have a circulation strategy (e.g., “Turn right and follow the perimeter”) or do they simply wander more or less aimlessly?”. It becomes a fact that museums can be more successful if designers apply and implement the principles of circulation to the design process, and visitors will be more satisfied when the building is properly designed and when visitors are oriented properly to an exhibition area. Therefore, visitors tend to be more satisfied when the exhibition is designed with full consideration of the factors that determine circulation actions. Thinking about circulation and interior environment should be started during the museums design process rather than added after the design is finished. In addition to that, the circulations factors and considerations should be an important part of the museum design and be an important part of the plan, launching with the planning stage and continuing through design. Therefore, circulation devices and elements should be defined by visitors and adjusted according to the visitors’ input and not exclusively by designers who may not be able to predict the impact of these elements on visitors (Griggs, 1983). It becomes a fact that the efficiency of interior circulation system in the museums determined by the basic shape and form of building itself. So buildings of the same internal floor area and same function differ in the proportion of space absorbed by the elements of interior circulation and in the design style of circulation elements such as lifts, corridors and other mechanical equipment. Researchers stated that the time needed by a visitor to move from one area within the building to another area and the enjoyment of doing this by visitors are affected by the building form and circulation style that is designed. 114

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MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA INDOOR AIR QUALITY Research by Osama Amir Abstract Indoor air quality (IQA) refers to the air quality within and around the buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants in museums it is maintained according to the products stored inside. Factors affecting IQA are humidity levels, temperature, HVAC issues, ventilation and chemicals 117

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Organic materials contain a high proportion of water, so they retain moisture. They absorb or give off moisture until they reach a state of equilibrium with the air that surrounds them. These materials include wood, paper, cotton, linen, wool, silk. When the air surrounding is very dry it makes it uncomfortable for the visitors and it results in chronic skin and throat irritation. it will affect the organic materials as these materials will give off moisture and become brittle and may shrink, warp, split or crack. When the surrounding air has high moisture content it results in dehydration, heat exhaustion and fatigue. Organic materials will absorb moisture and may swell, cockle, warp, change shape or lose strength. The environment in museums is measured in relative humidity (rh). This expresses as a percentage of maximum amount of water the air can hold at that temperature. The rh should not drop below 40% or rise above 70%. humidity can be controlled by constantly monitoring it and by installing humidifiers or dehumidifiers. 118

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Objects themselves are rarely directly affected by temperature. Fluctuating heat, however, can damage or compromise items in indirect ways. Uncontrolled temperatures can cause changes in humidity, damaging objects through rh fluctuation, which is the main reason for controlling temperature and it affects the comfort of people working or visiting the museum. The humidity of the air depends on temperature for example at 10ºC, 10g water is the maximum amount the air can hold, so the rh is 100% but at 30ºC, 10g is about one-third of the maximum amount therefore the rh is approximately 33%. The recommended temperature for museum is 16ºC to 20ºC at the area where crafts are displayed to give a comfortable environment for the visitors and to keep the craft in a good shape. The temperature of other spaces such as café and restaurant can vary from 20°C to 26°C. The temperature can be controlled by installing air-conditions and heaters to maintain suitable temperature. Dust or dirt in ductwork and other components of HVAC system can pollute the cooled or heated air circulating in the museum. Excessive moisture caused by leaks can also encourage mold and mildew growth, which can trigger health conditions. these problems can be avoided by maintaining the HVAC system regularly. Insufficient ventilation can trap the polluted air indoors, which can lead to bacteria, pollen and dust buildup making the indoor environment polluted and causing health issues and discomfort for the visitors. it’s important to introduce fresh air into the museum through windows, doors and exhaust fans. Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are the gasses emitted from certain solids or liquids such as new paint, flooring, cleaning products and other furnishing. VOCs have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility. most VOCs are human made chemicals that can cause nausea, fatigue and allergies. This problem can be avoided by using non-toxic products. 120

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Abstract Space planning is an in-depth analysis of how physical space is used in structures. Architects begin space planning by gathering information, indentify the needs and required elements of spaces. When doing space planning, we need to consider lots of element which would affect the space quality, such as facade, pipe system, building code, green building system, lighting system, acoustic system, building flexibility, furniture planning Research by Tan Yoon Ling SPACE PLANNING & ROOM ALLOCATION 122

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Building Envelope The configuration of structural system, construction materials, windows design and building facade act as important roles in space plan design. The different construction materials would affect the freedomness of space planning, it decide whether and how to install doors and windows for spaces. The construction materials determine the difficulty of demolishing walls and digging ground, thus it affect the purpose and function of the building. Moreover, the distance between the columns affect the flexbility and openness of the spaces. Refer to figures shown below are how several aspects has an impact in space designing. (a) Classic rectangu (b) Multi-level shapes (c) curved exterior (d) Sharp-angled will lar symmetrical can design more form more conducive corner rooms. wall will increase cause limitations to space design. the difficulty when in space design. designing. Building Code The user groups, construction types, evacuation methods, fire protection structures, combustibles and harmful gases as well as the consideration of the disabled must always be considered. The ability to evacuate safely from the fire is the core issue considered for evacuation methods. Other than that, residential load, safety gate capacity, width of doors, corridors and stairs, distance between two safety gates and disconnected corridor are the important considerations. 124

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Lighting Design Any from the natural lighting, energy saving, exterior view, sun direction or natural ventilation could affect the location of the windows. The openings are required take up at least 10% of the area, and 5% of it is operable and ventilated windows. In terms of psychological needs, people need space with open- ings to increase external awareness. When analyzing the needs of users and spaces, the priority of natural lighting needs should be clarified, let the building enjoy daylight wherever possible. Acoustic Design When analyzing user and space requirements, distinguish acous- tic privacy, sound insulation and sound absorption requirements based on quiet and noisy areas, try to avoid conflicts with sound effects as much as possible. Size of space required There’s no specific size for the spaces, but just a amount range. We must determine the area value according to the actual space quality requirements. Flexibility and versatility It has become an inevitable trend that multifunctional spaces that can maximize space utilization and meet the requirements of more than one project at the same time.The main two reasons are: Reducing the size of the entire project can not only reduce con- struction costs, but also reduce energy consumption. Secondly, the building is more durable to achieve a sustainable design. Quality of spaces Three-dimensional space experience is important as no amount of novel decoration and detail treatment can make up for a poor spatial experiences. 125

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency is an action that enable to let human enjoy the services from the installation, with the minimum energy expendi- ture. The thinking on a different scale about the use of the energy developement, joined up with the possibilities that buildings produce more energy than they consume. Here’s few examples of efficiency design: Jacobs II passive solar house (The solar hemicycle) by Frank Lloyd Wright This house utilizes an earthen berm on three sides to protect from the harsh Wisconsin winters, and takes maximum advantage of a passive solar design as it is oriented to the south to allow for lots of natural light along with utilizing the sun’s warmth to assist with warming the house during the winter months. 126

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA City hall in London by Foster+Partners -Reused water for the toilets. In summer it is kept cool through the use of groundwater. The majority of the horizontal steel elements, have hot water coursing through them, for the atrium space that not requiring pipe work installation. 127

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Space Plan Case Study Glass house by Philip Johnson The transparency of the house is emphasized by the absence o Interior walls and the ability to look within and out. Only a brick cylinder, containing a bath and fireplace, rises from the floor and pierces the ceiling. Two overlapping golden section rectangles define the proportion of the width of the house. 128

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Villa La Rotonda by Andrea Palladio The main space is the central, circular hall, surrounded by a balcony and covered by the domed ceiling; it soars the main house’s full height up to the dome, with walls decorated in trompe l’oeil. Abundant frescoes create an atmosphere that is more reminiscent of a cathedral. Formative ideas : Symmetry and balance Configuration patterns Repetitive and additive Plan to section Unit to whole Geometry and grid 129

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Plane layout of a exhibition room can is devided into the following type : Tandem type aims at connecting all exhibition rooms; its visiting circulation is specific and coherent but less flexible. Radial type, all the exhibition rooms are arrange around the atrium or set along the hallway; which has strong flexible and selectable peculiarity. Hall type, centers on centralizing most echibition space into a comprehensive hall, whose layout is well knit and flexible. However, it inevitably tends to result in overlapping visiting routes and noise references. 130

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Space Planning Consideration for Museum Throughout the research, here are some suggestions of the space planning for museum. First, we need to consider the requirements of the programmes such as the spatial quality and the relationship between different programmes. For example, how to layout furniture and gallery display setting so the space is fuctional and flexible? Having flexibility can achieve long-term sustainability. Next, the consideration of safety purpose and disabled is required in the arrangement of the circulation, as museum should provide sense of secure for the public and it guides visitor wherever they can go but avoid to the more privacy space such as private office, documentary rooms, services room and other space that don’t allow the visitors to go in. Privacy is important because it protects information that we don’t want to share with public and it helps protect our physical safety. As a museum can benefit not only public but also environment is appreciatable as human being. To achieve this, we can consider how to let building produce more energy than it consume, which means use the natural elements to replace the mechanical services, to decrease the environmental consumption. When the environment condition is good, it is benefit to the museum’s visitor to enjoy their activities. Therefore, spaceplan is about giving the building the best opportunity for visitors to experience it. 131