Group 2 Assignment 1b Booklet

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Fire Prevention But how can we prevent a fire? Firstly, check that the electrical circuits in the building have been made fireproof. Circuits construction must be installed by professional and make sure it is not overloaded. After that, check diligently if the circuit and plugs are overheated or leaky, and check that the wiring is not aged or broken. Next, keep lighting appliances away from combustible materials, for example, spotlights are used to enhance the visual impact of a display or antique in museum, so try not to place any flammable materials under the high-power lamp. Lastly, there is a fire check for other electrical appliances. Check the electrical appliances unplugged after use and Whether someone is present when the appliance is in use. Detect Building fire generally spread after 10 to 15 minutes. In addition to the fact that fires can be detected by witnesses and reported to the fire department, the museum should be set up the flame detector and automatic alarm devices. Flame detectors have multiple types such as temperature-sensitive, smoke and light-sensitive. A fire control center is set up to command automatic alarm devices and automatic fire extinguishing devices to control the alarm, evacuation, fire extinguishing, smoke extraction, fire doors and windows, fire elevators, and emergency lighting. Extinguish If a fire has already occurred, the fire will be extinguished by eliminating one of the three conditions that caused the fire (Combustible Materials, Ignition Sources, Combustion Aids). Fire extinguishers must be installed at various locations in the building. When the fire is small, fire extinguishers can be used to stop the spread of the fire. The liquid or gas in the fire extinguisher is sprayed onto the burning material and the burning area, cooling the burning material, isolating the burning material from oxygen, and eventually causing the necessary conditions to maintain combustion to be destroyed and stop the combustion reaction, thus playing a role in extinguishing the fire. If the fire is raging, the fire brigade must be called in to put it out by using a fire hydrant or will have to be used. When the air temperature rises to or exceeds the equipment’s specified rated temperature, the sprinkler will automatically operate to discharge water in the designated area. 50

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Fire Compartmentation To reduce fire casualties, the design of the museum should take consider to fire compartmentation and fire evacuation. Smoke travels fast and can quickly fill a room. The spread of smoke can be slowed by compartmentation of the building. It helps keep users safe during evacuation and slows down the fire itself by cutting off the airflow. Fire compartmentation uses to zoning the building into smaller areas for firefighters and emergency personnel to manage effectively. The unaffected areas of the building can be enclosed to isolated from fire and smoke. Fire Evacuation Plan Public buildings should typically have no less than two safety exits, with more calculated exits for areas with a higher density of people and the straight-line distance to the nearest evacuation exit should not exceed 20 meters. The emergency exits from high- rise building are staircases. Highrise buildings must have smoke- proof enclosures or stairwells, which should be arranged so that there are two evacuation directions. Enclosed stairwells block smoke and facilitate evacuation, and it must be built from fire- rated walls and doors. Fire doors have a metal label listing the fire rating of the component. All openings through the firewall must be sealed with fireproof caulking so that no air or flame can pass through the wall. Stairwells are more conducive to evacuation as they have a front room. On evacuation route, emergency lighting, exit sign and evacuation direction indicators should be provided. 52

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Abstract Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through a space by natural means it can be achieved with openable windows or vents. Natural ventilation and air movement can be simply achevied by ‘structural controls’ as it does not depends on any form of external energy supply or mechanical installation. there are three achieve different technologies for natural ventilation. There are three types of natural ventilation effect : stack effect, wind tower and courtyard effect. The stack effect is the movement of air caused by thermal differences. The density of high temperature air is lower than that of low temperature air. As the warm air rises, it will create a pressure difference, below which the pressure will decrease, and above this pressure will increase the pressure. In buildings in winter, lower pressure allows colder air to enter the ground from the outside. The temperature of the cold air starts to rise and continues to circulate. In summer or warmer climates, the chimney effect reverses. Hot air from outside enters the upper part of the cooler building and generates ventilation. Wind tower is a key element of traditional iranian architecture. It can be seen in settlements in hot, dry and hot climates. They look like chimneys in the skyline of ancient iranian cities. They are vertical shafts with ventilation holes on the top to guide the required wind to the interior space and provide thermal comfort. This architectural element shows the compatibility of the architectural design with the natural environment. It saves energy and functions according to the principles of sustainability. Courtyard effect is due to the solar radiation in the yard, the air is warming and the wind is surging. The ground air radiates to the sky landscape or water body through low-altitude radiation from the lower opening, indicating that the courtyard radiation produces a cooling effect. Research by Lam Qin Jun NATURAL VENTILATION 54

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Air Flow Control in Buildings In order for air to flow in, out of the building, or flow within the building, two requirements must be met: there must be holes or paths for the air to flow through, and it must have a driving force. Whether the airflow in the building is controlled or con- trolled. The control of air flow is very important for several reasons: controlling moisture damage, reducing energy loss, and ensuring the comfort and health of occupants. Wind pressure, chimney ef- fect, and mechanical air handling equipment such as blowers and furnaces drive airflow throughout the building envelope. A con- tinuous, sturdy, durable and airtight air barrier system is re- quired between the external space and the conditioning space to control the airflow driven by these forces. Therefore, there are three main reasons why airflow control is critical to the perfor- mance of buildings : moisture control, energy savings and comfort and health. For moisture control is water vapor in the air can be deposited within the envelope by condensation and cause serious health, du- rability, and performance problems. Secondly, air leaking out of a building must be replaced with outdoor air which requires energy to condition it. Approximately 30% to 50% of space conditioning energy consumption in , many well-insulated buildings is due to air leakage through the building enclosure. Convective circula- tion and wind washing both reduce the effectiveness of thermal insulation and thus increase energy transfer across the envelope. 56

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Comfort and health cold drafts and the excessively dry wintertime air that results from excessive from excessive air leakage directly affect human comfort, wind-cooled portions of the interior of the enclosure promote condensation which supports biological growth which in turn affects indoor air quality, airborne sound trasmission control requires good airflow control, and odors and gases from outside and adjoining buildings often annoy or cause health problems.There are other circumstances that require the control of air flow; for example, to control smoke and fire spread through air spaces and building voids and shafts, but these are situations that deal with extreme events, not typical service. This document will emphasise airflow control and the avoidance of related moisture problems. Basic in order for airflow to occur, the following two conditions must be met at the same time:the pressure difference between the two points, andcontinuous flow path or open connection point.Although the prerequisites are obvious and easy to state, in actual design applications, it is not always clear what the differential pressure is or how to evaluate the existence and nature of the flow path. Generally, the method of controlling airflow is to try to seal all openings on a certain plane in the building shell. This airtight main plane is called an air barrier system. The term “System” is used because the control of air flow is not provided by the material, but by the combination of materials including each seam, seam and penetration. 58

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MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA DAYLIGHT Research by Helen Lim Xin Ying Skylight Skylight is a kind of daylighting form of the building that are installed on the roof.Skylight receive daylight with large and uniform lighting depth at the same time provide a broad and clear view for the interior.For instance,skylight in John Soane’s museum comes with several sizes and shapes in various colour such as light yellow, white and dark yellow which presenting different colors at different times bringing wonderful visual enjoyment for the visitors.There is a handkerchief dome with skylight that is floating in the middle of the breakfast room, there are convex mirror placed at each corner of the handkerchief dome which helps to reflect the coloured light from the stained glass fitted on the skylight.Then,John Soane’s private study and dressing room is illuminated by a skylight that filled with yellow glass so the it change the colour temperarure which will let the space looks warm. The Soane museum’s architecture office and picture room consist of skylight filled with clear glass to allows daylight penetrates and make the exhibit and important picture restore its original colours.These skylight is similar to mirror as it makes the room look spacious and bigger. 61

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Window Openings Windows are essential because they can change people’s perception of the scenery outside the window in various ways and can bring light in to let the interior look more spacious.For instance,there are window placed near staircase in John Soane’s museum mainly for daylight to shine on the picture and the exhibit and aware the people the weather outside.John Soane often used stained glass window to enhance his own collection such as sculpture and paint- ing as light that penetrate through stained glass could enrich the color of exhibits.Then, he also used arched sash window as it is taller than normal window so it allows more daylight to enter the space. Glazing The glazing of a museum should come with double glazing, it needs to fulfil low emissivity coating which can filter out the Uv light so it can transmit daylight with no harmful effect.One of the glazing that suitable for museum is laminated glass as it has extremely high safety even if the glass is broken, the pvb film in the lami- nated glass will stick the broken glass so it can prevent the glass from hurting people.Then,the pvb film can decrease solar transmit- tance and screening the Uv light which avoid the exhibit from fad- ing. Laminated glass has a good acoustic effect as the pvb film in the laminated glass can resist the spread of noise so that people will not be affected by external noise. Transparency of the Wall For the transparency of the wall,it can comes with various types such as curtain wall and translucent wall.Translucent wall is better as it is blocking the Uv light from entering and lower the heat from outside.For example, VCU Institute for Contemporary Art applied translucent wall as it reduces glare so people can benefit from daylight without suffering from glare. 62

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Figure 2: Types of window in John soane museum Figure 3:The translucent wall 63

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Figure 4: Orientation of sun angle Figure 5:Patient lives in room with daylight VS Patient lives in room with no daylight 64

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Light level The light level of daylight is approximately 15000 lux mix with sun.In a museum, the light level near the window could receive 1000 lux while the middle space only received 25-50 lux. Orientation of sun angle In a museum,the window should be placed at north or south side as both side gain less solar heat while the east and west side will receive strong radiation which makes the interior extremely hot. Therefore,window should placed at north or south to prevent the daylight to damage the exhibit from cracking and fading. Work of Roger Ulrich Based on Roger Ulrich’s research, he published a research report on how daylight cure patient in the medical environment.He inves- tigated 46 patients in a 200 beds suburban hospital in Pennsyl- vania who underwent gallbladder surgery from 1972 to 1981. The patients were divided into 2 groups where one group could only see a wall from the ward and the other group could see daylight from the ward.The result is the patients who lives under daylight ward consume less painkillers and recover faster.By exposing to daylight, it helps patients relieve stress and enhance the posi- tive effects of the immune system so that they can recover faster. 65

DESIGN STUDIO 4 What is Uv light? Is it useful or harmful? In my opinion Uv light is harmful.Uv light is the general term for radiation wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum which invis- ible by human’s vision.Uv light do harmful to the exhibit as it will oxidize and deteriorate which will cause the exhibit to crack or deform. The reason why Uv light can change the color of exhib- its and cause fading is that they actually change the chemical bonds of the exhibit.Uv light increases the surface temperature of exhibits which accelerate the rate of deterioration. Is daylight good for museum? Daylight is good for museum as it can restore the original colours of the exhibit. Compared with artificial light, people with poor eyesight can better observe exhibit under daylight.Daylight shin- ing into the museum allows people inside to receive the weather outside at any time so they will not feel depressed. Daylight is a renewable source and it’s free.Since it is free, there is need to spend money on electricity bills.Then, the exposure of daylight will also improve people’s mood as daylight’s colour temperature ranges from 5000k-6000k which helps people to have good interest and be able to watch exhibits more attentively.Daylight can be a kind of wayfinding. When people are trapped or in an unfamiliar environment, daylight can help find the direction. Daylight is important as Stephen Kellert acknowledged that human’s happiness and health is related to biophilic design.He concluded that we are getting far away from nature world which causes us the ability to think and communicate.Therefore, daylight is essential for museum as it increase our concentration and let us think and communicate better. 66

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Figure 6:Uv light causes the statue to crack Figure 7:Skylight helps people with poor eyesight observe better 67

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Abstract The reason to have a structured security system is to prevent threats such as thefts and accidents. The motive of threats are often towards the value of the work, be it financial, artistic, or cultural—or some combination of those factors. Giving a good reference is the Isabella Stewart Gardner heist. The thefts cut Rembrandt’s Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee and A Lady and Gentleman in Black from their frames; removed Vermeer’s The Concert and Flinck’s Landscape with an Obelisk from their frames; pulled an ancient Chinese bronze Gu, or beaker, from a table; and took a small self-portrait etching by Rembrandt from the side of a chest. It only took them 81 minutes to accomplish the heist and escape. The problem which allow such act to happen is the lack of awareness of the security guards, as you can see from the image, they were duct taped and handcuffed. They should be alert of surrounding people and be able to defend themselves and defend the artwork. Moreover, the museum only have motion detectors and no CCTV footages. This had made the tracking of the thefts hard as there were only recording of sounds and no image to enable recognition of the thefts. The frames were also left hanging without any protection and security. Research by Fan Khai Jing SECURITY SYSTEM 68

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 For an effective security system in a museum, we can break it down into 3 factors. 1. Museum Planning 2. Technology 3. Manpower **NOTE that application of the system could vary depending on the type and value of one musuem holds. When planning a museum, there should be a fix route, where visitors will reach all checkpoints. There should be only one entrance and exit for visitors and one entrance for shipping. The lesser the opening the better as it will be easier to check on the criminal’s escape or theft break ins. This excludes the fire exits and emergency exits. The exhibitions should be arrange due to values. Room of precious collections should not be located on top levels or near exits as many cases happened through roof entrance, it will only benefit the snatch and grab of the thefts. As a safety precaution especially for those musuem which holds precious artifacts, the room should be able to act as a secure vault when the museum is close. Moreover, the outer shell of the museum should not allow direct sight of artifacts inside the musuem. 70

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MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Moving on to technology. Nowadays technology has allowed us to have a better security system. But the best combination is using manpower and technology together. Here are a few example of modern technology that we use in a musuem. 1. Video Surveillance 2. Motion detectors 3. Intruder Alarms 4. Proximity Alarms 5. Fire and smoke detection 6. IP Intercoms A CCTV surveillance is a must. CCTV not only help catch theft cases but it is also a proof and prevention of unpredicted incident such as kidnap cases and a planned vandalism. The placement of the CCTV should have no dead angles for the room and it will be best if some CCTVs are hidden or hard to locate by thefts.Cameras with better face recognitions should also be placed at all exits especially the fire exit. Criminals of stealing, often act in 2 ways, they hid in overnight or they break in. Therefore motion detectors should always be open when the museum is closed. Alarm system such as intruder alarm should also be installed in the inside and also outer shell of the building and all openings. For example windows and doors. In order to secure the rooms, lock them with keys and have a keybox labelled with numberings. Or else, IP intercoms could be used especially in restricted acess areas. Other appliances could be secure doors, bars and burglar resistant glass. CCTV Motion detector Intruder alarm 73

DESIGN STUDIO 4 We could also protect and preserve the artifacts and arts with specific display casings. The displays often has one of the few features stated below and in the image above: 1. Top buckling prevention system 2. Sheet glass jointed along milled interlocking edges 3. Platform frame technology 4. Ant-collapse system for glass panes in box cases 5. O-ring gasket configuration When no display cases are used, vibration sensors or RFID are attached on the sculpture or artwork. Vibration sensors are normally attached on sculpture which gives signal once touched since there was a clear instruction to not touch str e said item. Meanwhile RFID acts like a GPS if an artwork is stolen. 74

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Next, the subtopic of manpower is mainly referring the staffs of musuem. When acquiring a staff, a background check is required. This is because such criminal activities are often lead by staffs or fellows that have a connection with the staffs. Professional security guards should be hired, as they have defensive skills and are more alert of the surrounding. Their job is to take action immediately when any alarms goes off. Only trusted staff member will have access to a control room, collection In conclusion, there will always be unpredictable threats, but with the application of effective planning, technology and manpower, the chances of threats could be reduced, and enhance the safety of both visitors and artifacts. As Desiderius Erasmus once quoted “prevention is better than cure”. 75

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MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA EXTERNAL AWARENESS Research by Cassandra Choo Yee Lit Abstract External awareness is a sense of space, environmental aware, and attitude which one needs to be aware in order to form a spatial perception. This awareness exists from humans and the impacts from external environment will help reduces physiological and neurological distress and makes them feel better. The presence of awareness when merging with building interior with nature will enhance people in terms of health and productivity as well. Based on attributes of biophilic design, it allows demonstrating the phenomenal and experiencing of human and nature to respond to external awareness within a museum. 77

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Related to Biophilic Sense External awareness have few considerations which can be related to biophilic sense when comes designing a museum. Natural light are essentials to facilitate movement and wayfinding. Natural air helps bring in fresh air within space and reduce air pollution and carbon emission as this element will also overcome ‘Sick Building Syndrome’ for visitors if not taken care. As for natural water and plants, they can help their awareness by improving concentration, engagement and attentive toward craft or art piece. Weather is most important, the presence can help improve mental stimulate toward visitor experience to create narrative and journey as they embark through pathway of rooms full of arts and crafts. Experience Between Space and Place As for awareness to experience between space and place, prospect and refuge allow to create a view within museum through outside world to have sense by keeping up with the times since museum have curious attraction to divert concentration of visitor. Attractions and pieces within museum space can have flexible organized complexity, mainly by reducing patterns and colours either on floor or walls can create a sense of difference of centrepieces and draw more attention toward it. The integration of parts to whole can be shown within transition of room, for example small art pieces can be shown first then it transition to a big pieces within another room. As for mobility and wayfinding, it should be clear noticeable to navigate self and other people to have no sense of lost within the building. It can be shown through 5 elements of cognitive mapping which is path, edge, node, district and landmark. By putting an engagement of cultural and ecological attachment to a place, it allows visitors to related themselves and allow for enlightened and engagement in equal to the local landscape, flora and fauna and meteorological conditions. 78

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Case Study of Laurie Baker Project 80

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Abstract A façade or building envelope is a part of architecture exterior wall of a building, often refers to a structure’s front wall. Façade claddings materials refer to components are attached to the primary structure of a building to form non-structural, external surfaces and it typically does not contribute to its stability. Their function is to keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, controlling the radiation of heat, controlling the conduction of heat and controlling sound. The façade element usually has supporting structure such as stainless steel claw connection which is a cable anchor to main structure and the cable able to bear the load after pre-stressed. Then the glass panel is connected with sealant to maintain integrity without aluminum frame. Another type of supporting structure is the façade element are hung at building and supported at floor slab suspended between two floor levels. With this supporting element, the whole structure remains in tension, restrain and rigid to avoids buckle and deflection problem in structural design. Research by Helen Lim Xin Ying & Cassandra Choo Yee Lit cas- FACADE & BUILDING ENVELOPE 82

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 As for façade of day lighting, it can be used to counterbalance the use of electrical lighting and ensure a positive effect on the productivity of occupants and mood. Some museum building use this method to control daylight enters the building,especially to view arts on wall. The façade external airflow patterns are important as they channel wind, rain, pollutants and particles onto the building facade. For example, by using airflow barriers system, it can help reduce these effects when the building air from the sub-floor flows up within the wall cavities into the roof space. This can be beneficial in terms of reducing temperature and humidity variations and may also promote condensation. 84

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DESIGN STUDIO 4 Functional requirement The function requirements of air ventilation are rate of supply of fresh air by supplying and removing used air to outside. Next, the air change depends on number of people, room temperature and nature of work. As for the temperature of air, the velocity of air should not be lower than room temperature. Then, humidity is the amount of water vapor in it and lastly, the purity of air means impure from odor, organic matter, inorganic dust, and unhealthy fumes of gases. As for rainwater tightness, it often refers to uncontrollable flow of water through gaps or crack in the envelope of building. There are two methods to drive rain from envelope. Using principle of rain deflection, building can use overhangs to protect wall by shadowing. Firstly, building can use approach of storage, an approach to absorb all rain water. Secondly, exclusion to stop all water penetration at single plane and lastly, drainage, to screened drain wall where some rainwater penetrate the envelope and placing drainage to remove water within wall. The heat insulation uses to reduce energy consumption in building by preventing heat gain/loss through building envelope and to maintain a comfortable and hygienic indoor climate at low ambient temperatures. A minimal amount of thermal insulation is required to protect the constructional elements against thermal impact and moisture related damage. As for solar protection of building, it can be used to optimize the amount of solar heat gain and visible light that is admitted to building. They are few designs materials which can be applied such as metal, composite, terracotta, ceramic, aluminum, wooden, WPC, titanium, particle or HPL solar shading. The materials of solar protection can reflect, transmit or absorb the solar radiation. 86

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MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA Wind load Wind load is a force on structure arises by the impact of wind on it. There are three types of wind load which is shear load, lateral load and uplift load. - Shear load: Horizontal wind pressure that could cause racking of walls, making a building tilt. - Lateral load: Horizontal pushing and pulling pressure on walls that could make a structure slide off the foundation or overturn. - Uplift load: Wind flow pressures that create a strong lifting effect, much like the effect on airplane wings. Wind flow under a roof pushes upward; wind flow over a roof pulls upward. Non Structural Façade Non structural façade does not carry any dead load of the building and it’s only carry its own load.For instance, the curtain wall system is the outer protective structure of the building. It mainly bears its own weight and the wind load.The high-rise building adopts the curtain wall because it encloses the entire structure so that the structure in indoor does not change because of the increasing of temperature and there will be no damage to the structure. Structural Façade Structural façade support the building element and carry the loads of the building.For example,The Gherkin by Norman Foster is applying structural façade called diagrid system for supporting the building.The diagrid system consists of diagrid and core so there is no need the internal column to support the structure as the diagrid can carry the gravity load and lateral force.Diagrid structure is made up of oblique intersections which composed of steel and gathered together at triangular nodes to support the weight of the building.These diagrid frame resist to strong wind loads as winds wraps according to the shape of building and transfer the load to the diagrid.The vertical force will be split into diagonal member, compression and tension will cause the load to transfer to the bottom part 89

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Door and window maintenance Window maintenance is essential to protect us from harsh weather condition.Window maintenance for exterior consists of several procedure.First,start cleaning the window before come to the next step.We need to check the caulking of the outer surface of window as it can create watertight seal between the window frame and remove or replace the new caulking if it is broken.Then,ensure the lock and opening mechanisms smoothly opened.In case it can’t open smoothly, apply silicone spray on the window rail to solve the problem.For window’s inter surface maintenance,we have to clear the dust on the frame.For glazing part,cleans it from the top to the bottom by using clean water to remove dirt. Next, first thing to look at for door maintenance is Tighten the faceplate with a screwdriver. Then, brush off the loose paint and wipe off the scratches with sandpaper. Clean the door by soap water and let it dry well.Lastly, apply coat paint to make it long lasting. Opening and access for firefighter evacuation escape The firefighter evacuate along the stairs, evacuation signs and safety exit signs on the corridor.Firefighter can quickly escape through roof platform to another evacuation channel. Use the firefighter lift for evacuation instead of normal lift when a fire occurs. 90

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MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA ACOUSTICS Research by Boong Siew Juan Abstract A museum should have a good value of acoustic to provide a more experience to the visitors. But nowadays most of the museums have designed simplicity to emphasize the art, but that design contains the hard, flat sound-reflective surfaces which bring disadvantages to the acoustics in the museum. We can hear every noisy sound from the visitors, HVAC equipment. And the noise also come from the cars outside because the Sir John Soane Museum is located in front of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, in the Holborn district of central London. 93

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Reverberation Reverberation is the phenomenon of continuance of sound after it stopped as a result of multiple reflections from surfaces such as furniture, people, air, and etc. The reflections build up with each reflection and they are absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space enclosed. Besides, the larger the volume of the space, the longer the reverberation time - and the longer the time that sound and noise gets to gather. There are a few of factors that can cause the poor acoustic. Such as, the showcase glass that used to protect the artwork has a flat reflective surface. Others than that, the floor material which is marble or wooden floors with hard and smooth surface also present a poor sound absorptive. This can increase the noise generated in the space of museum from the enthusiastic voices of the visitors or HVAC equipment. There are a few of ways to make the museum into a more private experience formed, which is decorating with sound-absorbent materials to achieve a balance of reflection and absorption. First, may decide to incorporate micro-perforated wood veneer surfaces or plank-and-reveal products into wall construction. Besides, to make the listening envelope sound become absorptive may place sound absorbing panels on the exhibit surfaces. It will improve sound emanating from the space as well as absorb sound coming in from space outside listening envelope. Cloud ceilings can be a better choice to reducing echo and reverberation because it is lined with an acoustical backer are excellent sound absorbers. 94

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA provide a st of the e art, but tive surfaces e museum. We AC equipment. cause the Sir 's Inn n. f sound after rom surfaces lections bed by the es, the everberation ise gets to or acoustic. the artwork the floor ard and ive. This can eum from the pment. a more ith sound- ection and ro-perforated s into wall elope sound ls on the from the ce outside er choice to ned with an 95

DESIGN STUDIO 4 Abstract Information systems are designed to analyze the current situation. Then specify the requirements that a solution should embody. The next stage is to design a solution. Then the system is developed and tested. Finally, the system goes live for the end users as it is implemented in the business setting. To design an effective data system, it defined the underlying rules and play a critical role in directing the organisation’s journey to a target solution. The primary focus of any design decision should be the users. To build a system that will serve the user’s purpose, we need to spend enough time on understanding the needs of every set of users before thinking of a solution. As an example, to design a public toilet, it needs to improve the ventilation within the toilet but also minimizes hand contact for hygiene reasons. So, single entrance provided the path of the users do not cross each other and the main entrance is wide enough. Besides, for a program to be effective into buildings, it must be used as a tool to help plan activities, monitor progress and identify where additional resources may be required. Research by Boong Siew Juan INFORMATION & DATA SYSTEM 96

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