VIDE_CA1_Publication_Design_Chriselda Goxentia Hartanto_DC04

Always Always The Glam That Hasn’t Lost It’s Shine Big Trails And Thrills Little India Magazine for the free-spirited travellers December 2021

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04 Always Buzzing, Always Chinatown 03 The Glam That Hasn’t lost Its Shine 05 Big Trails And Thrills Little India 3.

The Historic District of Chinatown comprises four distinct 4. sub-districts: Telok Ayer, Kreta Ayer, Bukit Pasoh and Tanjong Pagar. Together with the other precincts south of the Singapore River, they made up what was known colloquially as the Greater Town (or Da Po) of Singapore.Because of its architectural,historical and social importance, the area was given conservation status on 7 July 1989. Take a walk and learn why this area is cherished by so many Singaporeans! The origin of Chinatown is linked to Sir Stamford Raffles. In 1822, he formed a Town Planning Committee Source: URA Chinatown Trail Brochure 2017 Photos: Chriselda Goxentia Hartanto

to plan Singapore Town according to ethnic groups. The area south of theSingapore River was allocated by sectors to Chinese and Indian immigrants of the same provincial origin and language groups. The Chinese immigrants came mostly from the south-eastern coastal provinces of China.Hokkiens formed the majority, followed by the Teochews, Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakkas and Foochows.The South Indians also found their niche in this area,though subsequently the centreofIndiancommercialandculturallifemovedtoSerangoonRoad. Each group has left its mark on street names and places of worship. 5.

Buddha Tooth Relic Temple 6.

The Malay name Kreta Ayer (or Niu Che Shui) comes from the ox-drawn water carts that used to deliver water to the area.In the 19th century, this predominantly Cantonese area was known for round-the-clock entertainment with a concentration of teahouses, opera theatres and brothels. Today it is best known for its Chinese New Year and Mid-Autumn celebrations, street market and bustling atmosphere. Kreta Ayer is a part of the Chinatown Kreta Ayer Conservation Area and is home to many conserved shophouses. HDB blocks, shops, and eating places also line this street. Several developments were renovated and modernised, known as the Kreta Ayer Centre today: Kreta Ayer Community Centre, originally known as Banda Street Community Centre as it was on Banda Hill. The People’s Theatre, part of the Kreta Ayer Community Centre. Kreta Ayer Complex was renamed Chinatown Complex, a shopping and residential development. 7.

Former Great Southern Hotel 70 Eu Tong Sen Street This former hotel was designed by 8. architectural firm Swan & Maclaren and was once regarded as the Raffles Hotel of Chinatown. Popular with high society including celebrities from Hong Kong and China, it was once the tallest building in the area and was the first Chinese hotel in Singapore to boast a lift service. In 1993, the building was sold to Hong Kong businessman Yu Kwok Chun for S$25 million and converted it to the first Yue Hwa Chinese Products department store in Singapore in 1994. The renovation and restoration process itself cost S$25 million. It conserved the exterior and won the building the Architectural Heritage Award by the Urban Redevelopment Authority in 1997. It now houses a department store selling Chinese goods. [Kreta Ayer]

9. Yue Hwa Building

Sri Mariamman Temple 242 South Bridge Road Established in 1827, this is Singapore’s oldest Hindu temple. It was founded by Narayana Pillay, the Tamil pioneer who accompanied Raffles to Singapore. The temple is dedicated to the goddess Mariamman and the original statue of the deity installed by Pillay still stands in its principal shrine. This temple gave name to Temple Street and Pagoda Street, and was gazetted as a National Monument in 1973. The temple’s historical records do not show of any kumbabishegam (consecration) ceremony having been conducted prior to the first one which was held in June 1936. The second kumbabishegam was held 12 years later on in June 1949. Following this, kumbabishegams were held on 6th June 1971, 6th September 1984 and 19 May 1996. Sri Mariamman temple served as a refuge for new immigrants during colonvial times. The temple served as an important focal point for community activities and acted as the Registry of Marriages for Hindus at the time when only the temple’s was authorized to solemnize Hindu marriages. Sri Mariamman Temple [Kreta Ayer] 10.

Former S.I.T. Government Quarters Former Lai Chun Yuen 42 to 50 Mosque Street, 175 to 189 New Bridge Road 25 Trengganu Street and 38 to 64 Upper Cross Street The predecessor to the Housing and Development Builtin1887,thisthree-storeyformertheatre building Board was the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), with unique cantilevering wooden balconies was the set up in 1927 by the colonial government to centre of entertainment in Kreta Ayer until it was solve Singapore’s chronichousing problems.These badly damaged during World War II. Its popularity four-storey reinforced concrete buildings were built was such that surrounding streets were colloquially in the 1930s to house Customs workers. Take named after the theatre itself; Smith Street was a close look at the timber parapet behind each Theater Street, Temple Street was Theater Rear window; on each are two heart-shaped cut outs. Street, and Trengganu Street was Theater Side Street. Jamae (Chulia) Mosque Former Coolie Quarters 218 South Bridge Road 37 Pagoda Street One of the oldest mosques in Singapore, Jamae Most coolies came from southern China in search Mosque was completed in 1835 by the Chulias of better job prospects but upon arrival were sold who hailed from southern India’s Coromandel off as indentured labourers. Those who were not Coast. It boasts an eclectic mix of Chinese, Anglo- immediately auctioned offwere keptin cramped and Indian and Malay architecture, of which the most sordid quarters. This shophouse is believed to be the significant feature is its South Indian style front former premises of Kwong Hup Yuen, one of the entrance comprising of two minarets flanking a most infamous coolie firms. miniature palace façade. It was gazetted in 1974 as a National Monument. 11.

Telok Ayer, Malay for Water Bay, is the oldest sub-district. It started to develop in the 1820s and remained as the key Chinese commercial district until the late 19th century. The population in this area was predominantly Hokkien. The area is often associated with the laid-back atmosphere of Ann Siang Hill, and the religious buildings along Telok Ayer Street. Thian Hock Keng Temple 12.

Al-Abrar Mosque Siang Cho Keong Eu Yan Sang 192 Telok Ayer Street 66 Amoy Street 267 to 271 South Bridge Road Also known as Kuchu Palli, Tamil This temple was completed in Built in 1910, this is the first Eu for Mosque Hut, it was originally 1869 and built in the Hokkien Yan Sang outlet in Singapore set up a thatched hut believed to have style, where the ends of the by Eu Tong Sen. Besides dealing been erected not long after 1827. curved roof ridge sweeps outwards in the retail of traditional Chinese The present building was built like swallow tails and the clay roof medicine, it used to offer money between 1850 and 1855 and tiles are not glazed. Its foundation remittance services to China. The declared a National Monument in plaque records that it was located building was designed by Alfred 1974. Unlike the Jamae Mosque on this site because of its good Bidwell from the firm Swan & along South Bridge Road, this feng shui (geomancy) properties Maclaren. He was also responsible mosque is able to conform to the as it used to front the sea and for the design of the Raffles Hotel street grid while facing Mecca. behind it stands Ann Siang Hill. and Victoria Memorial Hall. Nagore Dargah Indian Muslim Heritage Centre Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church 140 Telok Ayer Street 235 Telok Ayer Street Originally known as Shahul Hamid Durgha and Founded in 1889 by Benjamin Franklin West, dedicated to the memory of a holy man, Shahul designed by Swan & Maclaren and built by a French Hamid of Nagore, the former shrine was built firm, Bross & Mogin in 1924, this was the first by Chulias from southern India between 1828 Chinese Methodist Church in Singapore. It features and 1830. On the upper part of the façade are upturned roof eaves; a reference to traditional niches, where oil lamps can be placed within Chinese architecture and the community that them to illuminate the building on festive days. it serves. In 1989, the church was gazetted as a It was gazetted as a National Monument in 1974. National Monument. Clan and Trade Associations Thian Hock Keng Ann Siang Road and Club Street 158 Telok Ayer Street Clan and trade associations were important This is one of Singapore’s oldest and most important institutions for mutual assistance in 19th and temple for immigrants from southern China’s Fujian early 20th century Singapore as they helped province. Completed in 1842 and standing on new immigrants from China settle down and what used to be the shoreline, it is dedicated to the looked after their welfare. Along Ann Siang Road worship of Ma Zu Po, the Goddess of the Sea. While and Club Street are numerous clan and trade most of the building materials came from China, the associations where stepping into one, time seems temple incorporates cast-iron railings from Scotland to stand still. Some still retain their meeting halls and tiles from England and Holland. The temple filled with portraits of members from the past and even attracted the attention of the Qing Emperor centuryold furniture. Some of these associations Guang Xu, who presented a calligraphy plaque can be found at 17 (Ching Yoon Wooi Kwoon) and with the phrase bo jing nan ming. In 1973, it was 25 Ann Siang Road (Kwong Wai Siew Li Si She gazetted as a National Monument. Its restoration in Shut), and 84 Club Street (Nam Sun Wui Kun). 2001 gained an honorable mention from UNESCO. [Telok Ayer] 13.

BUKIT Bukit Pasoh was developed at the turn of the 20th century as an extension of the already densely populated Telok Ayer and PASOH Kreta Ayer areas. Its name means Pot Hill in Malay, referring to its origins as a place where earthen pots were made. Its charm lies in its gently sloping and curving streets fronted by shophouses that house a mixture of institutional and commercial activities. Poon Yue Association Ee Hoe Hean Club Chin Kang Huay Kuan 281 New Bridge Road 43 Bukit Pasoh Road 29 Bukit Pasoh Road The association was founded in The club was founded in 1895 This association was established 1879 at Upper Cross Street with by a group of Hokkien community in 1918 by immigrants from financial assistance from Hoo Ah leaders for the wealthy Chinese Jinjiang County in southern Kay, a well known community elite. More than a social and Fujian,China. The current building leader from Whampoa district business club, its members were contrasts with its ornately in Guangdong province. The actively involved in the political decorated neighbours.The use of association relocated to New development of China in the early straight lines, concrete ledges Bridge Road in 1917.Thebuilding 20th century. It supported the and mild steel framed windows is a hybrid of Neo-Classical 1911 Xinhai Revolution which is typical of the Modern style that and Art Deco styles which were overthrew the Qing Dynasty, was popular from the 1950s to popular with Chinese developers leading to the establishment of the the early 1970s. During World in the past who wanted to Republic of China. During World War II, the building was used project a modern image. To the War II, it was the headquarters of by the Overseas Chinese General Chinese, New Bridge Road was the anti-Japanese China Salvation Mobilisation Council which colloquially referred to as Da Po Movement in Southeast Asia. The helped the British in supplying Er Ma Lu, Mandarin for Greater ground floor Pioneers’ Gallery is labourers and volunteers for the Town’s Second Road. The first open for visit and entry is free. defence of Singapore. road referred to in this instance was South Bridge Road. Sri Layan Sithi Cundhi Gong Kong Chow Wui Koon Vinayagar Temple 13 Keong Saik Road 321 New Bridge Road 73 Keong Saik Road This was founded in 1928 This Cantonese clan association for the worship of the 18-arm was established in 1839 at Upper This Hindu temple was built in Cundhi Bodhisattva. It is a Chin Chew Street and moved in 1925 by Nattukkottai Chettiars, a purpose-built temple built in the 1924 to the present building, noted money lending community Nanyang style which is a hybrid designed by Westerhout & Oman. from Tamil Nadu and dedicated between Chinese and shophouse During the Japanese Occupation, to Ganesha, the elephantheaded architecture. On the roof ridge, the custodians volunteered the god.It is an important stop for the cut porcelain pieces are used to building as a clinic and hence annual Silver Chariot Procession form dragons, phoenixes, birds its antique interiors remained where the deity Murugan is and flowers. The timber trusses intact. The association is well taken on a procession from the over the five-foot way feature known for its lion dance troupe Sri Thendayuthapani Temple traditional paintings and its and martial arts. This is one of in Tank Road. The temple was exterior walls are adorned with Chinatown’s first community given the name Layan Sithi as hand-painted tiles. museums and entry is free. it was originally located at the old Sepoy Lines where Indian soldiers, known as Sepoys, used to be housed. 14.

[Bukit Pasoh] TANJONG PAGAR Jinrikisha Station 1 Neil Road The building was built in 1903 by the Municipal Council as the administration centre for rickshaws, a form of transportation imported from Japan via Shanghai in the 1880s. It is of the Edwardian style, where the exposed brickwork is contrasted with white plaster mouldings. Look out for the crest of the Municipal Council at the front of the building, featuring a lion standing on an island with a palm tree. Former Jing Hwa Cinema 1 Tanjong Pagar Road Together with the Majestic and the Oriental, Jing Hwa Cinema, built in 1958, was one of Chinatown’s three famous cinemas. It was designed by local architect Wong Foo Nam in the Modern style and was the first to have a basement carpark and extensive floor-to- ceiling windows. It is remembered fondly by many as the venue of romantic first dates and holiday treats. VReonmueaofntic &First Dates THroeliadatsy 15.

That Hasn’t Lost Its Shine Shophouses along the Street 16. Source: NHB Kampong Glam Trail 3 Brochure Photos: Chriselda Goxentia Hartanto

The story of Kampong Glam began in 1819 when Sir Stamford Raffles (1781– 1826) established a treaty between the British East India Company, Temenggong Abdul Rahman (d. 1825) and Sultan Hussein (1776–1835) to set up a trading post in Singapore. Did you know that the stretch of Bussorah Street near Masjid Sultan was once known as Kampong Kaji (Pilgrim Village) and the stretch nearer Beach Road was Kampong Tembaga (Copper Village)? Or that Arab Street was called Jawa Koi (Java Street) by the Chinese and Pookadai sadakku (flower street) by the Tamils? Sultan Gate was lined with blacksmiths and Baghdad Street with diamond craftsmen and traders. Where a car park now stands along Kandahar Street, there was the Pondok Java which housed Javanese migrants and was famed for the Javanese theatre and arts performances it used to host. These are just some of the stories behind Kampong Glam’s streets and lanes. Steeped in history, culture and memories, Kampong Glam is one of Singapore’s most colourful districts. It was where the Malay royalty once resided, and where one of the most significant and important mosques in the country, Masjid Sultan, is located. It was where many diverse communities, such as the Javanese, Sumatrans, Baweanese, Banjarese, Arabs, Chinese and Indians once called home. Though Kampong Glam is no longer a residential area today, these communities have left their mark in different ways, from the buildings in the area and long-time businesses to vernacular place names. 17.

85 Sultan Gate The building housing the centre was once the residence of Malay royalty in Singapore and also referred to as “Istana Kampong Gelam” (Kampong Gelam Palace). It was preceded by at least two istana buildings which were part of a larger walled compound that has been referred to as the kota raja (royal citadel). The first istana in the compound, a large timber palace with attap roofs, was completed in 1819. Sultan Hussein stayed there for some years before moving to Melaka, where he passed away in 1835. His son, Tunku Ali (1825–1877) returned to Singapore in 1840 and commissioned the current building, which combines traditional Malay motifs with the Palladian style – a style derived from the architecture of Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) which was popular in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. [Kampong Glam] 18.

Once the residence of MalayRoyalty For years, the British refused to acknowledge government in 1904 to provide an incomefor Sultan Tunku Ali as sultan. In 1855, the Governor of the Hussein’s descendants. The building continued to Straits Settlements William Butterworth (1801– serve as a residence for the family. For a period 1856) negotiated a treaty between Tunku Ali and of time during the 20th century, it even housed Ibrahim (d. 1865), son of the late Temenggong. a club, Kota Raja Club, which regularly organised Ali acquired the title of Sultan and received leisure activities for the community in Kampong a fixed allowance from the government, while Glam. In 1999, the government announced acknowledging Ibrahim as the ruler of Johor with plans to develop a Malay Heritage Centre, which the exception of Muar. When Sultan Ali passed would involve conserving and redeveloping Istana away in 1877, his eldest son, Tungku Alam (d. Kampong Glam and the adjacent Gedung Kuning. 1891), was not recognised by the British as This required the residents to relocate and a Sultan. However, the Malay community organised new scheme of payment to the beneficiaries was a ceremony in 1879 proclaiming him as “Sultan introduced. Restoration works were undertaken Ala’u’din Alam Shah al Mulak (Ruler of) Johore and and the Malay Heritage Centre opened in June Muar”. In 1897, the court decided in a dispute 2005. Further renovations were carried out between members of the royal family that the between 2011 and 2012 and the redeveloped Kampong Glam property belonged to the Crown. centre was launched in September 2012 by the An ordinance was then enacted by the British Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr Lee Hsien Loong. 19.

ARAB STREET Run by the of Pioneers 20.

Arab Street is one of the few streets in Kampong Glam that has retained its original name from the early 1800s. It was probably named as such as the area was designated for the Arab community in the 1822 town plan of Singapore. The community here, however, has always been diverse. A busy commercial area, Arab Street has been attracting traders and entrepreneurs from places such as present-day Indonesia, India, China and the Middle East since its early days. They started businesses ranging from eating houses, rattan shops and goldsmiths to textile shops, money changers, bookshops and printing presses. Today, a number of shops on this street, such as H. Hashim bin H. Abdullah, a bookstore opened in the early 1900s, are still run by the descendants of pioneers who came here decades ago. To locals, this road was more commonly referred to as Kampong Java by the Malays or Jawa koi (Java Street) by the Chinese. For a long time, Arab Street was largely populated by the Javanese. They were engaged in various occupations such as running eating houses and food stalls, and selling goods such as fruit and Javanese leaf cigarettes. Javanese women also set up stalls to sell flowers along the five foot way, giving rise to the Tamil nickname, pookadei sadakku (flower street). Over time, however, the Javanese presence gradually diminished in this area due to factors such as the redevelopment of Kampong Glam, leading to resettlement of the original residents. Tombok the Mosque Cat 21.

Source: NHB Little India Trail Booklet 2018 22. Photos: Chriselda Goxentia Hartanto

The distinctive Little India India got its current name in the precinct melds the old with 1970s-80s, it was just known as the new, hosting trades from Serangoon, after one of theearliest the past beside modern businesses, roads in Singapore and indicated old conserved shophouses next to as the “road leading across the high rise buildings. In this precinct, island” on an 1828 map. Through you can find flower garland vendors the Little India Heritage Trail, next to restaurants serving both discover how this once swampy, traditional and fusion meals, small rural area transformed itself into traditional businesses alongside the colourful and culturally diverse multi-storey departmental stores. precinct of today. This self-guided And these are just some ways in trail consists of a Trail Booklet, a which the precinct retains aspects Trail Map and onsite Trail Markers. of its history within today’s modern The Trail Booklet provides a history context. It is interesting to note that of the area, as well as information Little India was never designated about the places of heritage, by Sir Stamford Raffles as an area social and cultural interest. The for the Indian community. This accompanying Trail Map offers is unlike Chinatown or Kampong three thematic sub-trails with Gelam, which were designated translations in Mandarin, Malay for the Chinese and the Malays and Tamil while the Trail Markers respectively in the Raffles Town showcase old photographs of the Plan of 1823. Before Little site along with further information. We hope you enjoy your journey! 23.

TRAIL 1: 40 Minutes Tan Teng Niah 24.

The early 20th century was a At Race Course Lane, you will defining period that shaped encounter a number of Chinese today’s Little India as Clan Associations which were migrants from India, China and established to provide social and Britain settled in the area and economic support for Chinese established a diversity of trades immigrants from the same clans. and institutions. Follow this trail Turn left onto Race Course Road and explore the rich history of the and you will come across the Little India precinct. Begin your FoochowMethodist Churchat the journey at the Indian Heritage corner of Rotan Lane. Centre and obtain an overview The church was established in of the history of the Indian 1897 as a Christian mission community in Singapore. for working class immigrants Then walk down Serangoon from Foochow, China, such as Road and cross over to Kerbau rickshaw pullers and coolies. Road, whose name refers to the Continuing along Race Course buffaloes that were kept here in Road, keep a lookout on the left the 1900s. Walking along this for a small unnamed street where road, you will come across the you will encounter the origins of colourful Former House of Tan this road name in the form of a Teng Niah. The only remaining mural entitled A Ride Through Chinese villa in Little India, this Race Course Road by Jaxton Su. is a legacy of the time when small The Former Racecourse was at Chinese cottage industries thrived the location of the current Farrer alongside the Indian-dominated Park Field just opposite. Along cattle trade in this area. Hampshire Road beside the field, Turn around and walk towards you will see the Former Kandang Belilios Lane where you will Kerbau Hospital (now the Land spot the large mural Traditional Transport Authority building) Trades of Little India by Psyfool. which served as general hospital Continue towards Belilios Road in the 1900s. In the background, and turn right to the Sri you can also spot the distinctive VeeramakaliammanTemple which shape of the new KK Women’s was built as a shrine by Tamil and Children’s Hospital building. workers from the lime pits in this If you are hungry or wish to rest area. From here, turn left onto your feet, walk straight down to Serangoon Road and left again Tekka Centre, which is the new onto Race Course Lane. incarnation of the Tekka Market that was once located across the road and considered the “people’s market”. Here you can enjoy local hawker fare, or purchase fresh meat to cook at home. Then it’s a short walk to Little India MRT station for a ride home. [Trail 1] 25.

TRAIL 2: WALK OF FAITHS 1 Hour The Little India precinct contains a great From here, head down Perak Road to the Anglican number and diversity of religious spaces. Church of the True Light which catered mainly to These institutions span across all the major Chinese trishaw riders during its beginnings. At ethnic and religious groups in Singapore. This trail the end of Perak Road, turn left onto Upper Weld provides insights into different religious spaces, Road and then right to Kampong Kapor Road. architecture and practices found in Singapore. Here you will see the architecturally different (Note: Most of these institutions are open to the public Kampong Kapor Methodist Church which started but be sure to follow any instructions on appropriate around the same time but catered to the Straits behaviour and clothing.) Chinese or Peranakans. Start off at the beautiful Abdul Gafoor Mosque at Walk up Veerasamy Road and across Serangoon Dunlop Street which is one of Singapore’s oldest Road to the Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple which mosques and a National Monument. You may wish was originally built as a shrine by Tamil workers to enter the mosque for a visit and if so, do remember from the lime pits in this area. Another Hindu to dress respectfully and take off your shoes. temple and the only North Indian temple in Singapore, the Shree Lakshminarayan Temple is located down the next street at Chander Road. Then venture up Rotan Lane to view the Foochow Methodist Church which developed from a mission started in 1897 for working class immigrants from Foochow, China. After this, walk back down to Serangoon Road and head towards the Angullia Mosque to take a look at its conserved 19th century entrance gatehouse. Along the same road, you will encounter yet another National Monument, the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, with its intricately carved gopuram (entrance tower) depicting a story from Hindu mythology. Further down the road is the Sri Vadapathira Kaliamman Temple with its stepped vimana (pyramid-shape tower over the main shrine) adorned with Hindu deities. Next head up Beatty Road on to Race Course Road to view two Buddhist temples built in a completely different style. The Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple, popularly known as the “Temple of a Thousand Lights”, houses a monumental 15-metre tall Buddha statue while the Leong San See Temple, meaning “Dragon Mountain Temple”, is dedicated to Guan Yin, the Goddess of Mercy. Chruch of the True Light [Trail 2] 26.

TRAIL 3: SHOP TILL YOU DROP! 30 Minutes (not inclusive of shopping time) Little India is home to many One street down at Dunlop Street After your break, walk down the traditional businesses that is Haniffa Textiles which is famous five-foot way (or covered pedestrian offer experiences that cannot for its saris and Indian clothing, walkway) along Serangoon Road be found elsewhere in Singapore. and further down Serangoon Road and enjoy a variety of traditional and This trail offers a chance to try is where you will find Komala Vilas, modern shops selling everything authentic Indian food, purchase an Indian vegetarian fast-food from clothes to knick-knacks. Feel traditional clothing and hunt for restaurant established in 1947. free to stop and pick up a bargain or bargains at various shops in this Try their refreshing lassi or have a just window-shop along this stretch. area. meal here if you’re hungry! Ahead you will see the expansive Start along Campbell Lane and Mustafa Centre, Singapore’s first experience the kaleidoscope of to your 24-hour department store which sights, sounds and smells along offers everything from diamonds, this street. You can visit the Little content watches, electronics, clothing, India Arcade and enjoy some confectionery and fresh foods. Shop Indian sweets or have a henna to your heart’s content here, and design drawn on your hands. Or when you start to feel tired, head you can head to the Jothi Store & across the road to Ananda Bhavan, Flower Shop where locals shop for Singapore’s oldest Indian vegetarian everyday Indian goods ranging from restaurant, for a snack or meal. incense sticks to copper utensils. [Trail 3] Little India Arcade 27.

P2137348 Chriselda Goxentia Hartano DMAD/FT/1A/DC04