Ashu Cingareddy 1A Flipbook (endocrine)

Body Systems Flipbook By Ashu Cingareddy 1A RHS

Table of Contents Page Number Integumentary 3 Musculoskeletal 5 Nervous 7 Special Senses 9 Cardiovascular 11 Respiratory 13 Digestive 15 Urinary 17 Reproductive 19 Endocrine 21

Integumentary Key terms: derm/o, dermat/o - skin kerat/o - hard xer/o - dry pedicu/o - louse, lice xanth/o - yellow erythr/o - red pil/o - hair albin/o - white onych/o - nail myc/o - fungus lip/o - fat rhytid/o - wrinkle System Research: Function: The function of the integumentary system is to protect the body from the outside world, regulate body temperature, regulate body fluids, and protect the body against diseases. Vocabulary: Albinism - condition that prevents the production of melanin, causing extremely pale skin and white hair Lipectomy - surgical removal of fat beneath the skin Autograft - surgical transfer of tissue from one part of a patient’s body to another part of the same body Blepharoplasty - plastic surgery of the eyelid, known as lid lift Ecchymosis - purplish bruise caused by ruptured blood vessels beneath the skin Epidermis - outermost layer of the skin, is made up of keratin and protects the body from outside elements Dermis - middle layer of the skin, contains sweat glands, sebaceous(oil) glands, hair follicles, and connective tissue Alopecia - hair loss that results from genetics, aging, illness, or drugs used to treat certain diseases Cyst - a lesion that looks like a sac, contains fluid or semisolid material Wart - a small, hard, benign skin growth caused by a virus (usually a papillomavirus)

Integumentary cont.d Diseases/Disorders: Cyanosis - The appearance of a blue or purple color on the skin due to due to insufficient oxygen and/or blood circulation Scleroderma - A chronic, progressive skin disease marked by hardening and shrinking of connective tissue, causing edema(swelling) and pain in the muscles and joints Gangrene - The death of tissue due to loss of blood supply, is followed by bacterial infection Vitiligo - A loss of pigment in one or more areas of the skin, causing white patches to appear on the skin Healthcare Careers: Dermatologist - A doctor that specializes in treating health issues regarding the skin, hair, nail, and mucous membrane. They also address cosmetic issues, helping to revitalize the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. Plastic Surgeon - A surgeon who performs reconstructive plastic surgery for cosmetic treatments, such as restoring form after burns, helping reconstruct facial features, and surgical remodeling of body structure. Labeled System:

Musculoskeletal Key terms: my/o - muscle myel/o - bone marrow, spinal cord oste/o - bone cost/o - rib arthr/o - joint crani/o - skull -pexy - surgical fixation chondr/o - cartilage -plegia - paralysis kinesi/o - movement System research: Function - The functions of the musculoskeletal system are to provide structural support for the body, allow for body movement, protect the internal organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals and fat. Vocabulary: Bunion - When a joint swells at the base of the big toe, caused by the inflammation of the bursa (fluid filled sac) Dislocation - The total displacement of a bone from its joint, also known as luxation Osteomyelitis - The inflammation of the bone and bone marrow Arthroscopy - The visual examination of a joint using a scope Physical therapy - A form of rehabilitation that focuses on restoring physical function and preventing disability Atrophy - The wasting away or shrinkage of muscle size Fasciitis - The inflammation of a fascia (a band of fibrous connective tissue enclosing a muscle or group of muscles) Spasm - The sudden involuntary movement or muscle contraction Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) - evaluation of involuntary muscle responses with a reflex hammer Range of motion (ROM) testing - A diagnostic procedure performed to evaluate the extent to which joints can be moved in a variety of directions

Musculoskeletal cont.d Diseases/disorders: Gout - A form of arthritis in which uric acid builds up in the blood and causes joint swelling and/or pain Myeloma - A cancer of the plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) that originates in the bone marrow Ataxia - An inability to coordinate voluntary muscle activity; it is characterized by shaky, unsteady movements Muscular dystrophy (MD) - A genetic disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration Healthcare Careers: Orthopaedic Surgeon - A specialist devoted to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders in areas like the bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles. They explore nonsurgical options first, then debate on whether or not surgery should be performed. Chiropractor - A healthcare professional who specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. They use manual adjustment techniques to adjust the spine and eliminate other areas of discomfort that may be causing health problems.

Nervous Key Terms: neur/o - nerve encephal/o - brain myel/o - bone marrow, spinal cord ambul/o - walking -esthesia - sensation mening/o - meninges psych/o - mind concuss/o - shaken together System Research: Function - The function of the nervous system is to receive sensory input from the body, to integrate and process the input received from the sensory organs, and to generate a response through motor output. Vocabulary: Central Nervous System (CNS) - the part of the nervous system that controls most of the functions of the body and mind, it receives sensory input and consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the part of the nervous system that sends neural impulses to the body, it consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord Cerebrospinal fluid - fluid that envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord tissues from injury Sensory neurons - neurons that conduct impulses from various parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord Motor neurons - neurons that receive impulses from the brain and spinal cord and communicate the impulses to other parts of the body Cerebrum - the largest brain region which controls high level cognitive functions, is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres Afferent(sensory) nerves - nerves that conduct messages from sensory receptors to the CNS only Efferent(motor) nerves - nerves that conduct messages from the CNS to the muscles/glands of the body

Nervous cont.d Craniectomy - surgical removal of part of the skull to gain access to the brain, most commonly used to treat swelling in the brain Anesthetic - drug that causes a reversible loss of sensation or pain, used to temporarily deaden pain Diseases/Disorders: Cerebral Palsy - a disorder that affects movement and muscle tone, caused by a defect in or trauma to the brain before birth Dementia - a condition of progressive mental deterioration caused by organic brain disease, characterized by memory loss and inability to perform ordinary living activities Epilepsy - a neurological disorder in which activity of the neural cells in the brain becomes disrupted, causing seizures, repeated limb twitching, and loss of consciousness Poliomyelitis(polio) - inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, caused by a highly contagious virus and leads to paralysis Healthcare Careers: Neurosurgeon - A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system such as tumors, congenital anomalies, degenerative diseases, and trauma. They accomplish these tasks through the use of surgical procedures. Psychiatrist - A medical doctor who specializes in mental health and mental health conditions, such as erratic or violent behavior, depression, trauma, and anxiety. Unlike psychologists, psychiatrists also look at the physical components of psychological problems.

Special Senses Key Terms: ot/o - ear tympan/o - eardrum irid/o - iris -cusis - hearing -opia - vision condition ophthalm/o - eye -metry - process of measuring System Research: Function - The function of the special senses is to provide sensory input for the nervous system. These senses monitor stimuli and send neural impulses to the brain, where then the impulse is interpreted and acted upon by the body. Vocabulary: Choroid - the blood rich area enveloping the eyeball, the blood vessels provide nourishment for the eye; it also has a dark pigment which prevents light from scattering Photoreceptors - specialized light sensitive cells located in the retina that receive images from the environment and convert them into nerve impulses Ceruminous Glands - glands lining the walls of the auditory canal that secrete a waxy yellow substance called cerumen (earwax) which protects the middle ear by trapping debris from the environment Cochlea - snail like structure in the inner ear that contains special fluids through which sound vibrations travel, also contains the Organ of Corti, which is integral to sound wave conversion Olfactory Receptor Cells - receptors within the nose that contain olfactory hairs, or cilia, that when touched generate neural impulses transmitted to the olfactory bulb Olfactory Bulb - the structure in the brain where olfactory nerves originate and where information about odors is processed Taste Buds - tiny, sensitive bud like structures that allow people to distinguish different tastes and textures as food moves along the tongue Gustatory - the sense of taste, is made up of 5 basic taste sensations, sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory)

Special Senses cont.d Cochlear Implant - an electronic device surgically implanted in the inner ear to restore the sense of hearing Diseases/Disorders: Glaucoma - disease in which pressure within the eyeball causes damage to the retina and optic nerve, eventually leading to blindness Tinnitus - sensation of noises (ringing, whistling, or buzzing) whenever there is no sound present Otomycosis (swimmer’s ear) - fungal infection caused by a moist environment in the ear canal Neuropathy - a neural disease involving pain or loss of sensation commonly in the extremities Healthcare Careers: Audiologist - A physician who specializes in hearing conditions and works to prevent, diagnose, and treat hearing disorders for people of all ages. Audiologists employ a variety of medical procedures, such as a cochlear implant and hearing screening/testing. Ophthalmologist - A medical doctor who specializes in eye and vision care who diagnoses and treats all eye diseases. Ophthalmologists also perform eye surgery and can prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses to help correct vision problems.

Cardiovascular Key Terms: cardi/o - heart angi/o - blood vessel hem/o, hemat/o - blood brady - slow tachy - fast thromb/o - clot -emia - blood condition leuk/o - white erythr/o - red arteri/o - arteriole (small artery) System Research: Function - The function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate oxygen rich blood throughout the body because the body’s organs need oxygen to function. The system consists of the heart, the network of blood vessels, the blood, and the blood cells. Vocabulary: Heart - a hollow, muscular, contractile organ that regulates the exchange of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, it consists of right and left atria which receive blood from the veins of the body and right and left ventricles which receive blood from the atria Systemic circulation - circulation in which blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body, occurs in the ventricles Septum - divides the heart into right and left areas, creating a system in which deoxygenated blood flows from the right heart to the lungs, in which it is oxygenated, and then that blood flows to the left heart, which then flows to the rest of the body Veins - carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart for it to be oxygenated Arteries - carries oxygenated blood towards the rest of the body to energize and sustain the rest of the organs Capillaries - small blood vessels located in the alveoli of the lungs, allows for gas exchange between deoxygenated and oxygenated blood Atria - upper chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins of the body Ventricles - lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and then pump it into systemic circulation Pacemaker - a device inserted inside the heart that generates electrical impulses that cause the heart to pump blood properly, used to correct irregular heart rhythms

Cardiovascular cont.d Blood pressure - the pressure exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery or vein Diseases/Disorders: Aneurysm - abnormal widening or dilation of a blood vessel, typically an artery Cyanosis - bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin caused by decreased circulation of oxygen rich blood Myocardial infection (MA) - tissue death in the heart muscle resulting in an obstructed coronary artery; heart attack Thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein caused by the formation of a thrombus (blood clot) Healthcare careers: Cardiologist - Cardiologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases or conditions of the heart and/or blood vessels. They carry out tests and may employ procedures in extreme cases, such as angioplasty or inserting a pacemaker. Cardiovascular surgeon - A cardiovascular surgeon performs life saving operations on patients that have been experiencing issues with their heart. After a patient has been assessed by a cardiologist, they are then taken to a cardiovascular surgeon, where they perform procedures such as open heart surgery, heart transplantation, and coronary artery bypass surgery.

Respiratory Key Terms: bronch/o - bronchus cyan/o - blue laryng/o - larynx -oxia - oxygen level oxy - oxygen pleur/o - pleural cavity pulmon/o - lung thorac/o - chest trache/o - trachea System Research: Function - The function of the respiratory system is to inhale and breathe fresh air, exchange harmful carbon dioxide for life sustaining oxygen, and exhaling old, stale air. It consists of the lungs, pharynx(throat), larynx(voice box), and the trachea(windpipe). Vocabulary: Pharynx - also known as the throat, it is the passageway through which air, food, and liquids travel; it is located behind the nasal cavity Larynx - also known as the voicebox, it is composed of fibrous cartilage plates which enables the vocal cords to move and produce sound Epiglottis - structure that closes the opening to the larynx when you swallow food and liquid, and opens up to allow air into the larynx when you breathe Trachea - also known as the windpipe, it is a mucous membrane tube protected by cartilage that divides into two to transport air into the lungs and bronchus Bronchi - plural form of bronchus, they are the major air passages that branch off from the trachea into the lungs, air flows from them into tiny air branches called bronchioles Alveoli - small grape like structures found in alveolar sacs in which gas exchange occurs due to the network of capillaries Diaphragm - dome shaped structure between the thoracic and abdominal cavities that contracts to increase thoracic volume and inflates the lungs Pleural cavity - watery membrane that encases and protects the lungs, which contains pleural fluid Mediastinum - a cavity that divides the two lungs and contains the organs of the thoracic cavity

Respiratory cont.d Heimlich Maneuver - life saving technique in which an obstructive airway is cleared by exerting pressure on the diaphragm Diseases/Disorders: Sleep Apnea - periodic interruption or stoppage of breathing during sleep Bronchitis - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes Asthma - periodic attacks of dyspnea (difficult breathing) and wheezing; caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membranes of the bronchi Emphysema - chronic pulmonary disease caused by a large increase in the size of the alveoli and loss of elasticity, results in shortness of breath and impaired heart function Healthcare Careers: Respiratory therapist - Respiratory therapists are medical professionals who assess and treat problems with people’s lungs or breathing. They handle breathing and airway problems that arise from a variety of effects, such as COPD, asthma, and emphysema. They are not doctors, but work closely with doctors and other medical professionals. Pulmonary function technologist - A pulmonary function technologist is someone who runs tests on patients with suspected respiratory disorders. It is a diagnostic role, and they work with other medical staff to evaluate patients and come to a firm diagnosis.

Digestive Key Terms: gastr/o - cholecyst/o - gallbladder enter/o- intestines col/o, colon/o - colon hepat/o - liver stomach or/o - mouth -pepsia - digestion chol/e - bile proct/o - rectum; anus System Research: Function - The function of the digestive system is to take in food through ingestion, break food down chemically and physically into nutrients through digestion, draw nutrients into the bloodstream through absorption, and release nutrients not absorbed through elimination. Vocabulary: Mastication - the physical breakdown of food, also known as chewing; it is done by the tongue and teeth in the oral cavity Amylase - an enzyme that aids in the chemical breakdown of starches, secreted by the three salivary glands in the mouth Peristalsis - a propulsive muscular action that moves masticated food down the pharynx Cardiac sphincter - a ring like muscle at the end of the esophagus that controls the flow of substances between the esophagus and stomach Chyme - a pulpy substance that forms when acidic gastric juices in the stomach mix with partially digested food Pyloric sphincter - a thick ring of muscular tissue that controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine Anus - the opening at the lower end of the digestive tract through which fecal waste is eliminated Gallbladder - a sac like organ on the posterior side of the liver which stores bile, a fluid that aids in the digestion of fatty foods Villi - small projections on the surface of the small intestine that increase its surface area, allowing absorption of digested food into the bloodstream Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas that aids in the absorption of sugar; it also allows sugars to enter the bloodstream and supply energy to most cells in the body

Digestive cont.d Diseases/Disorders: Celiac disease - a malabsorption syndrome characterized by weight loss and diarrhea; thought to be caused by foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat Hernia - protrusion of an organ or structure through the muscle that normally contains it Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - a group of symptoms that includes diarrhea, bloating, cramping, and constipation associated with stress and tension Gastroenteritis - inflammation of the stomach and intestines characterized by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; also called a stomach bug Healthcare Careers: Gastroenterologist - A gastroenterologist is a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. They do not do surgery, however they can refer patients with severe cases to surgeons. Proctologist - A proctologist is a medical professional mainly focusing on diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus. They perform corrective surgeries of the colon, rectum, and anus to repair them and they also perform surgeries that can involve the removal of parts of organs, such as the gallbladder.

Urinary Key Terms: -cele - hernia, protrusion -lysis - breakdown, separation cyst/o - bladder nephr/o - kidneys ren/o - kidney -uria - condition of urine -pexy - surgical fixation -ectasis - dilation, expansion pyel/o - renal pelvis System Research: Function - The urinary system has 4 major functions, to filter metabolic waste from the blood and form urine, to store that urine in the bladder, to produce hormones that the body needs to perform essential functions, and to help the body maintain homeostasis. Vocabulary: Nephron - the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, which work together to form urine Glomerulus - a cluster of capillaries in the shape of a tiny knot or ball, it allows water, salt, sugar, and urea to leave the bloodstream Urea - a waste product of proteins broken down by the liver, is filtered out from the bloodstream Filtrate - what water, sugar, salts, urea, and other wastes are called when they pass into the renal tubule Ureter - the tube through which urine flows from the kidney and renal calyces to the urinary bladder Renal calyces - cup like cavities that collect urine, urine is transported to them by medullary pyramids Retroperitoneal cavity - a part of the abdominal cavity situated behind the membrane that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, is where the kidneys are located Renal cortex - the outer layer of the kidney, contains more than 1 million microscopic nephrons Bowman’s capsule - a membrane that surrounds the glomerulus of each nephron inside the kidney Urethral sphincters - located in the urethra, they are composed of muscle tissue and work together to control the flow of urine exiting the body

Urinary cont.d Diseases/Disorders: Nephrosclerosis - a disease in which the arteriole walls of the kidneys become narrowed and thickened, often due to hypertension; may lead to renal ischemia Pyelonephritis - inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and the functional tissue of the kidney Renal cell carcinoma - cancerous tumor of the kidney that occurs in adulthood; also known as hypernephroma Vesicovaginal fistula - abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina, often results from tissue damage; characterized by urinary or fecal incontinence Healthcare Careers: Nephrologist - A nephrologist is an internist who treats disorders of the kidney, disorders of blood pressure and mineral balance, and manages complications of kidney failure necessitating dialysis(removal of fluid and body waste). They consult with surgeons for dialysis as well as kidney transplantation. Urologist - Urologists are physicians who specialize in conditions of the kidneys, urinary bladder, adrenal glands, urethra, and male reproductive organs. They are also trained in the surgical and medical treatment of the conditions that affect those organs.

Reproductive Key Terms: cervic/o - cervix, neck of uterus salping/o - fallopian tube ov/o - ovaries orchid/o - testicles oophor/o - vagina men/o - menstruation mamm/o - breasts gynec/o - female, woman colp/o - vagina prostat/o - prostate gland System Research: Function - The function of the reproductive system is, as the name implies, to secure a healthy reproduction, as all living organisms must reproduce in order to maintain their species. It works in conjunction with the nervous and endocrine systems. Vocabulary: Testes - also known as the testicles, they are the male gonads, or the glands responsible for producing gametes (reproductive cells) Spermatogenesis - the process of sperm development, begins in the seminiferous tubules in the testes Semen - the sperm containing fluid expelled from the penis during sexual intercourse, produced by the seminal vesicles, which are two glands located at the base of the male urinary bladder Prostate gland - lies under the urinary bladder and surrounds the upper end of the urethra, it secretes a thick fluid that lowers the acidity of the semen Erection - when the penis becomes enlarged allowing for sexual intercourse, occurs when the male becomes sexually aroused and the tissue surrounding the penis fills up with blood Ovaries - the gonads of the female reproductive system, contains ova, which are the female gametes Zygote - the cell that forms as a result of unity between a fertilized ovum and sperm Fallopian tubes - tubes that extend from the lateral ends of the ovaries to the uterus Fetus - what a zygote is considered at the 8th week after conception, comes after it is considered an embryo Vagina - tube shaped structure through which the monthly menses, or menstrual period, follows

Reproductive cont.d Diseases/Disorders: Erectile dysfunction (ED) - inability of a male to achieve or maintain a penile erection, also called impotence Prostate cancer - malignant tumor of the prostate; characterized by dysuria, pain, and blood in the semen; is common in men over the age of 50 Breast cancer - malignant tumor of the mammary gland characterized by lumps in the breast; is the most common cancer among women of all races Ovarian cyst - an abnormal, fluid filled sac or pouch in the ovary; may cause pelvic pain, irregular menstruation, vaginal bleeding, and nausea or vomiting Healthcare Careers: Gynecologist - Gynecologists deal with the health of the female reproductive system.They can do anything from examine the vagina for vaginal cancer to give ultrasounds to women to help give birth. Obstetrician - Obstetricians are physicians who care for women before, during, and after pregnancy.They see patients in a hospital setting and deliver and care for their babies and mothers in a hospital room.

Endocrine Key Terms: aden/o - gland crin/o - secrete toxic/o - poison natr/o - sodium immun/o - immune, protection pancreat/o - pancreas home/o - similar myx/o - mucus thyr/o, thyroid/o - thyroid gland pituitar/o - pituitary gland System Research: Function - The function of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis, or stable internal conditions, throughout the body. It works with the endocrine system in order to regulate many body functions, including body temperature, blood pressure, hunger, and thirst Key Terms: Exocrine glands - glands that secrete fluids and hormones via ducts that carry these products to their destinations, such as the sweat glands Endocrine glands - glands that have no ducts and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, such as the pineal gland Hypothalamus - the gland which all the endocrine organs are controlled by, it produces hormones that affect the behavior of other endocrine glands Pineal gland - a small cone shaped gland located in the thalamus, it releases the hormone melatonin in the night hours to cause a feeling of sleepiness and regulate the circadian rhythm Thyroid gland - a gland in the throat commonly known as the Adam’s Apple, its major role is to regulate metabolism by releasing the hormone triiodothyronine Parathyroid glands - glands that sit next to the thyroid glands, they secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to help balance the levels of calcium in the blood Thymus - a gland located under the sternum, it produces T cells which play a direct role in immunity Adrenal glands - two glands on top of the kidneys, they are responsible for producing adrenaline, or the feeling of rush that comes in a fight or flight situation Ovaries - oval shaped glands in the pelvic region that produce female gametes, or sex cells Testes - oval shaped glands in the pelvic region that produce male gametes, or sex cells

Endocrine cont.d Diseases/Disorders: Acidosis - an increase in the acidity of blood, body fluids, and tissues due to an excess of hydrogen ions; hormones play a part in regulating acidity within the body Adenocarcinoma - malignant tumor of a gland or mucus secreting organ, includes cancers of the lung, pancreas, prostate, colon, and esophagus Edema - condition of excessive fluid retention and swelling in body tissues; may be caused by a number of endocrine diseases or conditions Tetany - nervous excitability and muscle spasms caused by PTH deficiency and inadequate calcium levels Healthcare Careers: Endocrinologist - Endocrinologists are physicians who specialize in the workings of the endocrine system. They treat people who suffer from hormonal imbalances, typically from glands in the endocrine system or certain types of cancers. Endocrine surgeons - Endocrine surgeons conduct invasive and noninvasive surgical procedures to remove unhealthy glands and ease problems that disturb the internal organs. Some surgeons work in private practice, although most work in clinics or general hospitals.