veksyh ¯gnh ikBekyk (1-8) Committed to the NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 vuqHkokRed f'k{kk Experiential Art Learning Integration varfoZ\"k;d f'k{kk Inter-Disciplinary Experiential Sports Learning Integration fxofr\"kf;ofl/ao;/k¡ Zu Subject Enrichment Joyful Activites 21oha lnh osQ 21st Century Learning thou&d2k-S'kyfuEufyf[kr HkLkoifekFSkZ koilsQlsfy, mi;qDr dkO;&iafDr;k¡ ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj fy[ksaA d- iwQy viuh xa/ dks lc txg iSQykuk pkgrs gSa D;ksafd os f[kyrs gSa vkSj e---qj->---k---t---k-r--s---g--SaA----m--u--d---h----l--qx---a/-----d---k-s --g--o---k---g--h----l--c-----t---x--g-----i--SQ-y---k---l---d---r--h----g--SA---------- Ük`a[kyk dh eq[; fo'ks\"krk,¡ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ijaijkxr osQ lkFk&lkFk u, vkSj le&lkef;d fo\"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr ikBA --------------i---zR-;---sd-------i--k-B------o---sQ---f--y---,-----f--u--/----k-Zf-j--r-----y----f-C--/---;---k--¡ --N----k-=-k--k-sa --e---sa---f-u---f-g---r----fo'ks\"k fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh LokHkkfod #fp;ksa] vuqHkoksa ,oa ftKklkvksa dk mi;ksx [k- gm---ou--dk---h-u--k-ou--k;f-o-o-dkk-sasX-\"-;hkd-;--ri-ks-k-ky-,n--dwjo--&-ma-kn-sM-Hwj-i-+kk-dk-rg\"--kjd-pk---kud-u-yk-f-uohs--sd-t-i-e-kv-j-sa d[--klsA-kh--g--ee-k-;-sgsa --udl--r-g-A--k-d;---ed-----d-i--j-k--sL-n-V-k-sA-j---i--x{--k-fh-r---df--o-h--f-/r---j;g k¡A djrs gq, jkspd fof/ ls Hkk\"kk&Kku djkukA Ük`a[kyk esa fn, x, fp=k vkd\"kZd vkSj lanHkZ osQ vuqlkjA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iqLrd esa vk, LraHkksa dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Features of Columns) Jqrys[k % ccfX+kk;rk] eiSnkkuBksa] dioZrh] liqgkBkuh]ijesgvurk/kfjr fofHkUu izdkj osQ iz'u 'kkfey 3- ikB izos'k ikB i<+us ls igys fo\"k; dks le>us osQ fy, D;k lh[kk ikB ls feyus okyh lh[k dk o.kZu ckr lksp dhckr lksp dh mPpLrjh; fparu&euu dkS'ky osQ AfondalyklticaolsQSkfyills, 'kCnkFkZ dfBu 'kCnksa osQ lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj vFkZ ckr Hkk\"kk dh1- dgSAfovkgioknwlljs klsa dcdh hlegkn;nrikdkBdjujius dsj;ksvk dvk/gkukfjanjgrsngsuOSaAs;ogkdsQokfjy.d,kk fDyc;{ank;qvdlkjsa rcdsdgkkSa\\s vvpkHuk;jan&klinksu¡pk eqgkojk ikB esa vk, eqgkojksa dh lwph iafDr;ksa esa fy[ksaA ckr eu dh2- ;fn gok u pys] rcjpDu;kRegdksxk\\vlfHkspkOd;jfDfry[oksaAsQ fodkl osQ fy, fofo/ xfrfof/;k¡ Jqrys[k Jo.k ,oa ys[ku&dkS'ky osQ fodkl osQ fy, ckr 'HkkCkn\"kksakodsQ nhks&vnkks ulanenkku;kFhkZdf'k'{kkC.nk Language Skills fn, x, g¡lrs&xkrs1- ipjqudcjy fy[ksaA µ ----------o--qQ-l---qe------------ -----------l---qe--u------------ ok;q] oqQlqe d- iwQy µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- vkdk'k] fxfj rj.kh] lqeu [k- ioZr ---------------------------- ---------------------------- iou] igkM+ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ukSdk] vacj x- vkleku µ ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ?k- gok µ Ä- uko µ vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 11
3 jax&fcjaxs gokbZ okpu] lKa ku] vkRefo'okl tgkÊk nks Lrks] eSa gw¡ vk'kqA dy ek¡ us eq>s gokbZ tgk”k cukuk fl[kk;kA eSaus dkx”k osQ gokbZ tgk”k cuk, vkSj cxhps esa mM+k,A xqykch] uhys vkSj ihys jaxhu dkx”k osQ gokbZ tgk”k cgqr lqanj yxrs gSaA dkx”k osQ gokbZ tgk”k esa dksbZ cSB ugha ldrkA ysfdu mls mM+kus esa cgqr e”kk vkrk gSA ge muls euksjatu dj ldrs gSaA ek¡ dgrh gSa fd e”ks dh ph”ksa euksjatd gksrh gSa vkSj dke dh ph”ksa mi;ksxhA ysfdu euksjatu esa Hkh oqQN&u&oqQN mi;ksxh gksrk gSA dkx”k osQ gokbZ tgk”k ls tc ge [ksyrs gSa rc og euksjatd gksrk gSA ysfdu mls cukrs le; ge oqQN lh[krs gSa] blfy, og mi;ksxh Hkh gSA Bhd gS u! rks pyks jax&fcjaxs gokbZ tgk”k cukrs gSaA vè;kiu&laosQr vè;kid@vè;kfidk cPpksa osQ euksjatu gsrq ikuh ls Hkjh ckyVh e¡xk,¡ vkSj cPpksa ls mlesa rSjus okyh vkSj Mwcus okyh ,d&,d oLrq Mkyus osQ fy, dgsaA rRi'pkr thrus okys cPpksa dks izksRlkfgr djsaA bl ckr ij d{kk esa ppkZ djsa fd oqQN oLrq,¡ D;ksa Mwc tkrh gSa vkSj oqQN D;ksa rSjrh gSa\\ veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1 67
'kCnkFkZ okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r laqnj µ vPNk e”kk µ vkuan euksjatu µ eu dks izlUu djuk mi;ksxh µ dke esa vkus okyk vH;kl 1- crkvksA (d) vk'kq us dkx”k osQ gokbZ tgk”k dgk¡ mM+k,\\ ([k) e”ks dh ph”ksa oSQlh gksrh gSa\\ (x) dke dh ph”ksa oSQlh gksrh gSa\\ 2- mRrj fy[kksA (d) vk'kq dh ek¡ us mls -D--;---k---f-l---[--k-k-;--k-\\------------------------------------- vk'kq dh ek¡ us mls -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A ([k) d----k-x--”--k---o--s-Q---g--o---kb--Z ---t--g---k”--k----l--s---[--k-sy---u--s ---l--s ---D--;--k----g--k-sr--k---g--S\\-------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A 3- -i--k-B------e--sa---l---s---p---k-j-----u---k-e--o kys '--k-C--n-----<---+¡w<---+d---j-----f-y----[--k--k-sA-- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ 4- i<+ks vkSj lkspdj fy[kksA dkWih osQ dkx”k iQkM+uk vPNh ckr ugha gksrhA D;k vki ,slk 68 veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1
y[s ku] fo'y\"s k.kkRed djrs gSa\\ ;fn ^gk¡* rks ;g cgqr gh x+yr gSA vkidks ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A ;fn vkiosQ nksLr ,slk djrs gSa rks vki mUgsa oSQls -l--e-->---k-,--¡x--s\\-----f-y---f-[--k-,--A-----------------------------------------------L--i-fe--S--k-i-ll-s--a-n-d--V-a--lu--e-s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- g¡lrs&xkrs 1- vkius buesa ls fdldh lokjh dh gS vkSj dgk¡ x, gSa\\ lgh (✓) vFkok x+yr (✗) dk fu'kku yxkdj txg dk uke Hkh fy[kksA Experiential Learning lokjh lokjh dh gS\\ dgk¡ x, gSa\\ jsyxkM+h -u--k-u--h----o--sQ----?-k-j-- gokbZ tgk”k -------------------- ?kksM+k -------------------- m¡QV -------------------- gkFkh -------------------- rk¡xk -------------------- fjD'kk -------------------- veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1 69
jpukRed 2- cPps [ksyus osQ fy, dkx”k dk gokbZ tgk”k cukdj mM+krs gSaA vki Hkh cukus dk rjhdk lh[kksA Art Integrated Activity 1 2 34 87 65 3- fcanqvksa dks feykvks vkSj jax HkjksA Creativity 70 veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1
4 ckr lqcg dh okpu] HkkoukRed] Lef` r] lKa ku c M+s losjs fpfM+;ksa us] vkok”k yxkbZ pha&pha&phaA cM+s losjs nwj lM+d ij] eksVj cksyh iha&iha&ihaA cM+s losjs eqxks± us] vkok”k yxkbZ oqQdM™+¡&ow¡QA cM+s losjs dkSvk cksykµ ¶lax rqEgkjs eSa Hkh gw¡A¸ cM+s losjs ikik cksysµ ¶lnk cM+ksa dk dguk ekuksA¸ cM+s losjs eEeh cksyhaµ ¶vius tSlk lcdks tkuksA¸ cM+s losjs esjs eu us] Hkh ,slh vkok”k yxkbZA cM+s losjs fcLrj R;kxks] >ViV vkyl NksM+ks HkkbZA veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1 71
'kCnkFkZ okpu] Lef` r] y[s ku losjs µ lqcg lax µ lkFk lnk µ ges'kk R;kxuk µ NksM+uk vH;kl 1- crkvksA (d) lqcg D;k&D;k cnyko ns[kus dks feyrk gS\\ ([k) lqcg fdldh&fdldh vkok”k lquus dks feyrh gS\\ 2- mRrj fy[kksA ( d) -ll--qc-qc-g-g--&&--ll--qc-qc--gg----f-fp-p--f-fM-M--+;+;--kk-sasa---uu--ss --D--;---k---v---k-o--k-”--k---y---x---kb--Z\\----------------------- ( [k) d-d---kk-SvSv---kk---D--;--k----c--k-sy---k-\\-------------------------------------------------------------- ( x) -ll--o-o-sj-sj-s&-s&-l-l--o-o-sj-sj-s s--i-i-k-ki-i-k-k---D--;--k----c--k-sy---s\\----------------------------------------------- ( ?k) c---M--+s---l--o---sj-s---e--E--e--h----D--;--k---c---k-sy--h--a\\---------------------------------------------- ( Ä) -e--u----u---s --D--;--k----v---k-o--k-”--k---y---x--k-b--Z\\------------------------------------------------ 72 veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1
voykds u] y[s ku] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] okpu 3- fp=k ns[kdj uke fy[kksA (d)--------------- ([k)--------------- (x)--------------- (?k)--------------- g¡lrs&xkrs Subject Enrichment Activity 1- fp=kksa dks vkok”k ls feykvksA (d) fpfM+;k cksyh (i) dk¡o&dk¡o ([k) eqxkZ cksyk (ii) E;kmQ¡&E;kmQ¡ (x) fcYyh cksyh (iii) HkkSa&HkkSa (?k) oqQRrk cksy (iv) pha&pha (Ä) dkSvk cksyk (v) oqQdM¡+w&ow¡Q 2- viuh ckr fy[kksA Critical Thinking bl fp=k dks ns[kdj vius nksLrksa ls ckrphr djosQ fy[kks fd cPpk D;k -d---j---j--g--k---g--S\\-----,--sl---k---d---j-u---s --l--s---D--;--k---g--k-sx---k\\- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- veksyh fganh ikBekyk&1 73
68 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2 10 laxfr dk iQy [ks yksxs rqe vxj iwQy ls] rks lqxaèk iSQykvksxsA [ksyksxs rqe vxj 'kwy ls] rks ihM+k gh ikvksxsA dkS, dk ;fn lkFk djksxs] rks cksyksxs dM+os cksyA dks;y dk ;fn lkFk djksxs] rks rqe nksxs feljh ?kksyA tSlk Hkh jax j¡xuk pkgks] ?kksyks rqe oSlk gh jaxA vxj cM+s rqe cuuk pkgks] rks rqe jgks cM+ksa osQ laxA µlksguyky n~foosnh D;k lh[kk vPNh laxfr esa jguk] ehBk cksyukA
'kCnkFkZ dM+ok µ vfiz; feljh µ phuh dh ,d feBkbZ laxfr µ lkFk cM+k µ egku lqxa/ µ [kq'kcw 'kwy µ dk¡Vk ihM+k µ nnZ okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed ckr ikB dh eq[k ls bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crkvksA Oral Skills d- 'kwy ls [ksyksxs rks D;k gksxk\\ [k- dkS, dh vkok”k oSQlh yxrh gS\\ dye ls Writing Skills 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA d- d----k-S,----o---Q-k---l---k-F-k----d---j-u---s --l---s --D--;---k---g--k-sx--k-\\---------------------------------------------------- [k- d----k-s;--y-----d---h----v---k-o--k-”--k----o--SQ-l---h---y---x--r--h----g--S\\--------------------------------------------------- x- ^--f-e--l---j-h----?--kk-sy---*----l---s --d---f-o-----d----k---D--;--k----r--k-R-i--;--Z---g--S\\---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2 69
?k- c---M--+k----c--u--u--s---o--sQ----f-y---,----d---f--o----u--s---D--;--k----l--y---k-g-----n--h---g--S\\--------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus ^✓* yxkvksA d- iwQyksa osQ lkFk [ksyus ls geµ (i) lqxaèk iSQykrs gSa (ii) [kwclwjrh c<+krs gSa (iii) ehBk cksyrs gSa [k- gesa bl dfork ls lans'k feyrk gS fd gesa djuh pkfg,µ (i) dkS, dh laxfr (ii) cqjs yksxksa dh laxfr (iii) vPNh laxfr 3- uhps fy[ks 'kCnkas ls feyr&s tyq rs rdq okys 'kCn dfork eas ls puq dj fy[kkAs --------------'----k--wy-------------------- [k- iSQykvksxs µ -------------------- d- iwQy µ ?k- jax µ -------------------- x- cksy µ 4- Jqrys[k Jqrys[k] j¡xuk] dM+os] dkS,] lqxa/ ckr lksp dh Analytical Skills vkidks thou esa vPNk cuus osQ fy, fdlls izsj.kk feyrh gS vkSj D;ksa\\ ckr Hkk\"kk dh Language Skills 1- o.kks± dks tksM+dj 'kCn $$$$c uvvv,k v ka s k s$$$v jx/k~ Sj~ ~ c$$$k syb,vkZ sA ¾ ----------------------l----qx----a/-------------------------- d- l~ $ m $ x~ ¾ ---------------------------- [k- o~Q $ vkS $ o~ ¾ ---------------------------- x- [k~ $ , $ y~ ¾ ?k- e~ $ b $ l~ 70 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2
2- fp=k ns[kks] i<+ks vkSj le>ksA iwQy & --i--q\"-i-- - dkSok & -d----kd---- dks;y & -d---k-sf--d---y--- 3- oxZ&igsyh esa ls fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ myVs vFkZokys xa nk c M+s 'kCnksa dks <w¡<+dj fy[kksA m lq xa / d- NksVs -------------------- [k- ehBk -------------------- ltg j x- nqx±/ -------------------- ?k- lki+Q -------------------- d M+ ok fn jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh izÑfr ls ge cgqr&lh ckrsa lh[k ldrs gSaA dfork osQ vykok ,slh nks ph”ksa <w¡<+ks tks vkidks f'k{kk nsrh gSa_ tSlsµisM+ ls ijksidkj bR;kfnA g¡lrs&xkrs Life Skills and Values dks;y osQ bl fp=k esa jax HkjksA Creativity vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2 71
11 rksM+ks ugha] tksM+ks fd lh xk¡o esa ,d MkowQ jgrk FkkA og yksxksa dks ekj nsrk Fkk vkSj mudh vaxqfy;ksa dh ekyk cukdj igurk FkkA blh otg ls mldk uke vaxqfyeky iM+ x;k FkkA yksxksa dks ywV ysuk] ekj nsuk] ;gh mldk dke FkkA yksx mlls Mjrs FksA ,d fnu egkRek cqn~èk mins'k nsrs gq, ml xk¡o esa igq¡psA xk¡o osQ yksxksa us muls izkFkZuk dh fd os xk¡o esa u BgjsaA egkRek cqn~èk us yksxksa ls bl Mj dk dkj.k iwNk rks xk¡ookyksa us mUgsa vaxqfyeky dh owzQjrk osQ fo\"k; esa crk;kA ;g tkuus osQ ckn Hkh egkRek cqn~/ us viuk bjknk ugha cnykA os mlh xk¡o esa jgsA oqQN fnu ckn vaxqfyeky egkRek cqn~èk dks ekjus vk;kA cqn~èk us eqldjkdj izse ls mldk Lokxr fd;kA ;g ns[kdj vaxqfyeky dks 72 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2
cgqr vk'p;Z gqvkA egkRek cqn~èk us mlls dgkµ^^D;ksa HkkbZ] D;k rqe lkeus osQ isM+ ls pkj iRrs rksM+ ykvksxs\\** vaxqfyeky osQ fy, ;g D;k eqf'dy FkkA og rqjar x;k vkSj iRrs rksM+dj ys vk;kA egkRek cqn~èk us mlls fiQj dgkµ^^vc ,d dke vkSj dj nksA tgk¡ ls bu iRrksa dks rksM+dj yk, gks] ogha bUgas nksckjk yxk vkvksA** vaxqfyeky cksykµ^^;g oSQls gks ldrk gS\\ Hkyk] VwVh ph”k Hkh dHkh tqM+rh gS\\** cqn~èk cksysµ^^tc rqe tkurs gks fd VwVk gqvk tqM+rk ugha] rc rqe rksM+us dk dke D;ksa djrs gks\\** bruk lqurs gh vaxqfyeky le> x;k fd rksM+us osQ LFkku ij tksM+uk vf/d vPNk gSA ml fnu ls og lc cqjs dke NksM+dj egkRek cqn~èk dh 'kj.k esa vk x;kA D;k lh[kk µ;'kiky tSu vPNk O;ogkj] izse&Hkko] yM+kbZ&>xM+k u djukA vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2 73
'kCnkFkZ vk'p;Z µ gSjkuh rqjar µ tYnh ls mins'k µ vPNh f'k{kk] vPNs opu 'kj.k µ vkJ; ozwQjrk µ funZ; gksus dk Hkko bjknk µ bPNk] fopkj okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed ckr ikB dh eq[k ls bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crkvksA Oral Skills d- vaxqfyeky dkSu Fkk\\ [k- yksx vaxqfyeky ls D;ksa Mjrs Fks\\ x- egkRek cqn~èk us vaxqfyeky ls D;k djus osQ fy, dgk\\ dye ls Writing Skills 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA d- y---k-sx--k-sa---u--s---e--g--k-R-e--k----c--qn--~è--k---d---k-s---x--k-¡o-----e--sa---B--g--j--u--s --l---s --D---;--k-sa --e---u--k---f-d---;---k-\\---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- D---;--k---n--s[---kd----j----v---ax--qf-y---e--k-y-----d----k-s --v---k-'--p---;--Z --g---qv---k-\\----d---k-j--.-k----l---f-g--r----c---r--k-v---k-sA----- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- e---g--k-R-e--k----c--qn--~è--k---u--s---v---ax--qf-y---e--k-y------d---k-s --f-d----l-----r--j-g-----l--s---l---e-->---k-;--k-\\------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2
2- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus ^✓* yxkvksA d- vaxqfyeky egkRek cqn~èk osQ ikl x;k] D;ksafdµ (i) og cqn~èk dks ekjuk pkgrk FkkA (ii) og muls feyuk pkgrk FkkA (iii) og muls f'k{kk izkIr djuk pkgrk FkkA [k- vaxqfyeky le> x;k Fkk fdµ (i) VwVk 'kh'kk fiQj ugha tqM+rkA (ii) VwVk iRrk fiQj ugha tqM+rkA (iii) HkykbZ tksM+us esa gS] rksM+us esa ughaA 3- dFku i<+dj ^✓* ;k ^✗* yxkvksA d- vaxqfyeky funZ;h MkowQ FkkA [k- Hkxoku cqn~èk dk lc vknj djrs FksA x- vaxqfyeky yksxksa dk flj dkV ysrk FkkA ?k- vaxqfyeky egkRek cqn~èk dh 'kj.k esa vk x;kA 4- Jqrys[k cqn~/] izkFkZuk] xk¡o] Lokxr] vk'p;Z ckr lksp dh Analytical Skills egkRek cqn~èk us I;kj ls vaxqfyeky dk fny thr fy;k FkkA vki I;kj ls ?kj esa ;k d{kk esa D;k&D;k dke djus esa lI+kQy gksrs gSa\\ fy[kksA ckr Hkk\"kk dh Language Skills 1- i<+ks] le>ks vkSj fy[kksA ------------------- ------------------- d- n~ $ èk ¾ n~èk ¾ cqn~èk ------------------- ------------------- [k- i~ $ ; ¾ I; ¾ I;kj ------------------- ------------------- x- r~ $ r ¾ Rr ¾ iRrk ------------------- ------------------- ?k- l~ $ o ¾ Lo ¾ Lokxr vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2 75
2- 'kCnksa dks i<+ks rFkk M&M+ dk varj le>ksA rksM+uk isM+ nkSM+dj csèkM+d Mj Mkyuk MkowQ Mkyh ^M* 'kCn osQ 'kq: esa vk ldrk gS] ysfdu ^M+* 'kCn osQ 'kq: esa ugha vkrkA 3- dmy- VMs jv FkZoky×s 'kC-n----f--y---[--k-k-sA-- ------ [k- vPNk × ---------------------- × -------------------------------------------- ?k- eqf'dy × ---------------------- x- tksM+uk × p- fnu × ---------------------- Ä- izse 4- ^dj* tksM+dj 'kCn c----u----k--vn--k-MSk--s -d+ -v--j-k--Sj--------c ksy[?kkk-sA- rksM+ $ dj ¾ -------------------- d- nkSM+ $ dj ¾ ns[k $ dj ¾ -------------------- x- NksM+ $ dj ¾ jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh 1- fdlh ph”k dks rkMs u+ s ;k [kjkc djus ls igys lkps ks fd] mls rkMs d+ j ;k [kjkc djoQs D;k ykHk ;k gkfu gkxs h\\ rRi'pkr viuk vuHq ko vius lgikfB;kas ls lk>k djkAs Experiential Learning 2- isM+ksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkuk Bhd ugha gSA D;ksa\\ fy[kksA Life Skills and Values g¡lrs&xkrs bl fp=k eas D;k gks jgk gS rFkk blls D;k ykHk gkxs k\\ fy[kkAs Critical Thinking ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 76 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ2
4 ek¡ dh lh[k ikB&izos'k f'k{kk dk thou eas cgrq egRo gAS f'k{kk oQs dkj.k gh fdUgha nks O;fDr;kas oQs O;fDrRo eas vra j n[s kus dks feyrk gAS i<u+ &s fy[kus ls le>nkjh vkrh gAS ifj.kkeLo:i thou eas ldkjkRed ifjoruZ gkrs s gAaS vr% f'kf{kr cudj viuh ,lia .w k&Z {kerkvkas dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A d ckyd Fkk] mldk uke foyges FkkA og cgrq 'kjkjrh FkkA mldk eu i<u+ s eas ugha yxrk FkkA mls gj le; dkbs Z u dkbs Z 'kjkjr l>w rh jgrh FkhA ftl fnu f'k{kd ls MkV¡ iMr+ h] og vxys fnu LoQw y u tkus dh f”kn djus yxrkA ek¡ dh ukd eas ne dj nrs kA og LoQw y eas i<r+ k de vkjS 'kjkjr ”;knk djrk FkkA ,d fnu tc og ek¡ osQ lkFk LowQy ls ykSV jgk Fkk] rks mlus lM+d ij oqQN cPpksa dks [ksyrs gq, ns[kkA mlus lkspkµ^;s cPps Hkh rks fcuk LowQy x, gh cM+s gks jgs gSaA* mlus ek¡ ls dgkµ¶ek¡] ;s cPps rks LowQy ugha tkrsA ns[kks] ;s fdrus [kq'k yx jgs gSaA vki eq>s LowQy D;ksa Hkstrh gSa\\¸ ek¡ us foygse dh vksj ns[kk] ij oqQN ugha cksyhaA vxys fnu ek¡ us foygse dks ?kj osQ ckgj mxs gq, >kM+&>a[kkM+ fn[kk, vkSj mlls iwNkµ¶crkvks csVk] bUgsa fdlus mxk;k gS\\¸ vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3 29
¶ek¡! ;s rks [kqn gh mx vk, gSaA lwjt dh jks'kuh vkSj ckfj'k osQ ikuh ls cM+s gks x, gSaA¸ foygse us mRrj fn;kA fiQj ek¡ us ?kj eas yxs xyq kc oQs ikèS kkas dks fn[kkdj iNw kµ¶;s ikèS ks oQS ls g\\aS ¸ ¶ek¡] ;s rks cgqr gh lqanj gSaA yky&ihys xqykcksa osQ ;s ikSèks cstksM+ gSaA firk th budh ns[kHkky djrs gSa vkSj fu;e ls [kkn&ikuh Hkh nsrs gSaA¸ ek¡ us fiQj iwNkµ¶vPNk csVk] rqEgsa os >kM+&>a[kkM+ ilan gSa ;k xqykc osQ ;s iwQy\\¸ ¶ek¡] bu lqanj] [k'q kcnw kj iQw ykas dk mu >kMk+ as ls D;k edq kcyk!¸ foyges us tokc fn;kA ek¡ le>krs gq, cksyhaµ¶fcyoqQy BhdA iwQyksa osQ ;s ikSèks ”;knk laqnj gSa_ D;kasfd bUgsa esgur djosQ ,slk cuk;k x;k gSA csVk! thou Hkh ,slk gh gSA vPNs thou osQ fy, gesa vPNh f'k{kk oDsQ;klIkFk+ Qko&ZQlgkFS]k ifjJe Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA rqeesa vkSj LowQy u tkus okys mu cPpksa esa ;g rqEgsa vkxs pydj irk pysxkA¸ ek¡ dh ;g lh[k foygse us xk¡B ck¡èk yhA og i<+kbZ esa eu yxkus yxkA vkxs pydj bUgha foygse jksaV”ksu us ,Dl&js e'khu dh [kkst dh vkSj HkkSfrdh esa ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr fd;kA ;s teZuh osQ jgus okys FksA µladfyr D;k lh[kk f'k{kk rFkk esgur dk egRo ftKklk O;kogkfjdrk ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqlkj fu.kZ; ysuk lksp&le>dj dke djuk 'kCnkFkZ 'kjkjrh µ uV[kV f'k{kd µ vè;kid cstksM+ µ vuks[kk i+QoZQ µ varj eqgkojs ukd esa ne djuk µ cgqr ijs'kku djuk xk¡B ck¡/uk µ ges'kk ;kn j[kuk 30 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3
okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed ckr ikB dh eq[k ls Oral Skills bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crkvksA d- foygse oSQlk ckyd Fkk\\ [k- LowQy esa Mk¡V iM+us ij foygse D;k djrk Fkk\\ x- ek¡ us >kM+&>a[kkM+ fn[kkdj foygse ls D;k iwNk\\ dye ls 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA Writing Skills d- [---k-sy---r--s --g--q,-----c--P--p---k-sa --d---k-s---n--s[--k-d---j----f-o---y--g---se----u---s --D--;--k----l--k-sp---k-\\-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- f--o--y---g--se-----u--s --x---qy--k-c-----o--sQ----i--k-Sè--k-k-sa --o--sQ----c--k-j--s --e---sa --D--;---k---d---g--k-\\------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- e---k-¡ --u--s---x--qy---k-c-----o--sQ----i--k-Sè-k-k-sa---v---k-Sj---->--k-M---+&-->---a[--k-k-M--+---d---h---r--q-y--u--k----f-d---l---l--s---d---h-\\-------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- f--o--y---g--se-----u--s --e---k-¡ --d---h----f-d---l-----l---h-[--k----d---k-s --x--k-¡B-----e---sa --c--k-¡è--k---f-y---;---k-\\--------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- lgh dFku osQ lkeus ^✓* rFkk X+kyr osQ lkeus ^✗* yxkvksA d- foygse 'kjkjrh ckyd FkkA vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3 31
[k- foygse ek¡ ls Mk¡V iM+us ij LowQy tkus dh f”kn djrk FkkA x- foygse LowQy esa i<+rk de] [ksyrk vfèkd FkkA ?k- foygse dks lM+d ij [ksyrs gq, cPps [kq'k yxsA Ä- foygse dks xqykc osQ ikSèks cgqr laqnj yxsA 3- fdlus dgk\\ fdlls dgk\\ fdlus fdlls d- ¶;s cPps fdrus [kq'k yx jgs gSaA¸ ------------------ ------------------ [k- ¶bUgsa fdlus mxk;k gS\\¸ ------------------ ------------------ x- ¶yky&ihys xqykcksa osQ ;s ikSèks cstksM+ gSaA¸ ------------------ ------------------ 4- Jqrys[k f'k{kd Mk¡V e”knwjksa >kM+&>a[kkM+ cstksM+ ifjJe iqjLdkj ckr lksp dh Analytical Skills fon~;ky; ugha tkus okys cPpksa osQ ckjs esa vkidh D;k lksp gS\\ D;k vki Hkh foygse dh rjg fon~;ky; ugha tkus okys cPpksa dks ns[kdj [kq'k gksrs gSa\\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\\ ckr Hkk\"kk dh Language Skills 1- lgh txg ij vuLq okj (µa ) vkjS vuuq kfld (µ¡) yxkdj 'kCn fy[kkAs d- lqnj µ -------------------- [k- MkV µ -------------------- x- >[kkM+ µ -------------------- ?k- xkB µ -------------------- Ä- iln µ -------------------- p- ck/ µ -------------------- 2- lgh orZuh okys 'kCnksa osQ lkeus ^3* yxkvksA f'k\"kd d- fl{kd f'k{kd jks\"kuh [k- jks'kuh jkSluh ifjJe x- ifjJ`e ifjÏe LowQy ?k- bLowQy lowQy 32 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3
3- fn, x, okD;ksa esa loZuke 'kCnksa ij yxkvksA d- og cgqr 'kjkjrh FkkA [k- mls d{kk esa dksbZ u dksbZ 'kjkjr lw>rh FkhA x- ;s rks cgqr gh lqanj gSaA ?k- vki eq>s LowQy D;ksa Hkstrh gSa\\ Ä- bUgsa esgur djosQ ,slk cuk;k x;k gSA 4- fn, x, eqgkojksa dks lgh vFkks± ls feykvksA d- xk¡B ck¡/uk (i) cgqr 'kksj epkuk [k- vkleku flj ij mBkuk (ii) cgqr ijs'kku djuk x- ukd esa ne djuk (iii) cgqr xqLlk gksuk ?k- yky&ihyk gksuk (iv) ges'kk ;kn j[kuk jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh ekrk&firk] nknk&nknh] ?kj osQ lHkh cM+s cPpksa osQ fgr osQ ckjs esa gh lksprs gSaA vkiosQ ekrk&firk] nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh ;k fiQj vU; fdlh cM+s us vkidks dksbZ lh[k ;k ckr le>kbZ gks] rks og ckr d{kk esa lcdks crkvksA Experiential Learning g¡lrs&xkrs vkiosQ ekrk&firk ?kj osQ fy, vusd dke djrs gSaA vki vius ?kj osQ fdu&fdu dkeksa esa ekrk&firk dk gkFk c¡Vkrs gSa\\ Life Skills and Values fp=k ns[kdj lgh ij dk fpg~u cukvksA vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3 33
12 pqiosQ ls crykuk ikB&izos'k igys Hkkjr xyq ke FkkA xyq ke Hkkjr dks vk”kkn djkus oQs fy, xk/a h th cgrq fnukas rd l?a k\"kjZ r jgAs bl nkjS ku mUgkuas s O;fDrxr l[q k&lfq o/kvkas dks R;kxdj vk”kknh dks gh viuk y{; cuk;k FkkA vr% xk/a h th ftl rjIk+ Q pyrs Fk]s muoQs pkgus okys g”kkjkas ykxs ml rjIk+ Q py iMr+ s FkAs xk/a h th Hkkjr dh turk ls cgrq iesz djrs Fk]s blfy, Hkkjroklh mUgas ^cki*w dgrs gAaS ck iw rqEgsa dgw¡ eSa ckck] ;k fiQj cksyw¡ ukuk\\ liuksa esa vkdj osQ esjs] pqiosQ ls crykukA NM+h gkFk esa ysdj osQ D;ksa] lnk lkFk gks pyrs\\ nk¡r vkiosQ dgk¡ x,] D;ksa /ksrh ,d igurs\\ gesa crkvks vkf[kj oSQls] rqe [kkrs Fks [kkuk\\ liuksa esa vkdj osQ esjs] pqiosQ ls crykukA 82 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3
Vhpj dgrs gSa rqeus] Hkkjr vk”kkn djk;kA ,d NM+h ls rqeus Fkk] nq'eu ekj Hkxk;kA oSQls ;s gks x;k vtwck] eq>s ”kjk le>kukA liuksa esa vkdj osQ esjs] pqiosQ ls crykukA Hkksyk&Hkkyk lk eSa ckyd] vDy esjh gS FkksM+hA dg nsrk gw¡ ckr ogh tks] vkrh ;kn fuxksM+hA yx tk, xj ckr cqjh] rks :B ugha rqe tkukA liuksa esa vkdj osQ esjs] pqiosQ ls crykukA µ”kkfdj vyh ^jtuh'k* vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3 83
D;k lh[kk vk”kknh dk egRo ns'kizse fuMjrk liQyrk osQ fy, ladYi lfgr la?k\"kZ vko';d 'kCnkFkZ µ Lora=k fuxksM+h µ vHkkxh µ 'k=kq xj µ vxj] ;fn vk”kkn µ vk'p;Z nq'eu vtwck okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed ckr ikB dh eq[k ls bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crkvksA Oral Skills d- ^ckiw* lacks/u fdlosQ fy, gS\\ [k- ckyd ^ckiw* dks fdl uke ls cqykus dh bPNk izdV djrk gS\\ x- ckiw gkFk esa D;k ysdj pyrs Fks\\ dye ls 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksA Writing Skills d- c---k-y---d-----l---i--u--k-sa --e---sa --c---k-i--w --l---s --D--;---k-&--D--;--k----t--k-u--u--k----p---kg---r--k---g--S\\-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- N---M---+h---l---s --c---k-i--w --u--s---D--;--k----f-d---;--k----F-k-k-\\---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3
x- c---k-y---d-----d---k-s---D--;--k-sa---f-p--ar---k---g--S---f-d-----c---k-i--w --[--k-k-u--k----o--SQ-l---s --[---k-kr--s---F--k-s\\--------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- c---k-y---d-----d---k-s---x--k-a/---h---t---h---o---sQ---:---B-----t---k-u--s --d----k---M--j----D--;---k-sa --g--S\\--------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus ^✓* dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- ckiw D;k igurs Fks\\ (i) ,d /ksrh (ii) oqQjrk&iktkek (iii) iSaV&deh”k [k- ckyd dks fdlus crk;k fd ckiw us Hkkjr dks vk”kkn djk;k gS\\ (i) fe=kksa us (ii) Vhpj us (iii) ikik us x- ckyd vius&vki dks le>rk gSµ (i) Hkksyk&Hkkyk (ii) le>nkj (iii) ew[kZ 3- dfork ;gkkns --d----j--k-s --v---k-Sj----f-u---E-u--f--y---f-[--k--r----i--af--D--r-];k-sa--d----k-s --i--wj--h---d----j-k--sA- ------------------------------A oSQls ;s liuksa esa vkdj -------------------------------------------] -----------------------------------------------------A Hkksyk&Hkkyk lk -------------------------------------------] -----------------------------------------------------A dg nsrk gw¡ -------------------------------------------] ----------------------------------------------------------A yx tk, ----------------------------------------------] -----------------------------------------------------------A liuksa esa vkdj -------------------------------------------] -----------------------------------------------------A 4- Jqrys[k Vhpj] vk”kkn] :B] vtwck] vDy vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3 85
ckr lksp dh Analytical Skills egkRek xka/h us v¯glk dk ekxZ viukdj ns'k dks vk”kkn djk;kA D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gSa fd v¯glk dk ekxZ ¯glk osQ ekxZ ls dgha vf/d mi;qDr ,oa izHkkoh gksrk gS\\ vius fopkj fy[kksA ckr Hkk\"kk dh Language Skills 1- leku vFkZokys 'kCnksa dks pqudj tksM+s cukvksA ckck gkFk liuk nk¡r nq'eu nar ckyd 'k=kq gLr LoIu cPpk nknk ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- 2- -d---f-o---r--k---o---sQ---o--qQ- N --'----k--C--n----------b----l----------o----x------Z& igsycghkk esa fNis gSa] mUgsa <w¡<+dj fy[kksA ---------------------- ---------------------- Fk Hkk jr iw j N M+h ---------------------- l i uk nk¡ r ---------------------- ---------------------- /ks rh ck y d tks 'kCn vkius fy[ks] os lHkh laKk 'kCn gSaA jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh v ki fdl egkiq#\"k dks viuk vkn'kZ ekurs gSa vkSj muls D;k&D;k tkuuk pkgrs gSa\\ dkj.k lfgr lgikfB;ksa dks crkvksA Communication 86 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ3
6 [ksy&[ksy esa ikB&izos'k [kys O;fDrRo fuek.Z k eas lokfZ /d vge Hkfw edk fuHkkrs gAaS fo'k\"s k :i ls fon;~ kFkhZ thou eas rks [kys kas dk cMk+ egRo gAS Fkdk&ekn¡ k fon;~ kFkhZ tc [kys oQs enS ku eas igp¡q rk g]S rks mldh lkjh Fkdku iyHkj eas njw gks tkrh gAS og pLq rh ,oa rk”kxh dk vuHq ko djrk gAS rRi'pkr og ogk¡ eukjs ta u oQs lkFk&lkFk lg;kxs ] vkRefo'okl] Li/kZ vkfn x.q kkas dks vxa hoQ` r djrk g]S tks vkxkeh thou oQs fy, cgrq mi;kxs h gkrs s gAaS [ks y&[ksy esa vkxs&vkxs c<+uk lh[kks th] ,d&,d mUufr dh lh<+h p<+uk lh[kks thA [ksy LokLF; dk ewyea=k gS] bldh efgek U;kjhA [ksy cus lk/d rks egosQ thou dh D;kjh&D;kjhA ubZ fn'kk esa u, jkLrs x<+uk lh[kks th] [ksy&[ksy esa vkxs&vkxs c<+uk lh[kks thA [ksy izse dh unh cgk, ftlesa pyks yxk,¡ xksrkA ugha feysxk mldks oqQN Hkh tks gjne jgrk lksrkA iqLrd gS eSnku 'kku ls i<+uk lh[kks th] [ksy&[ksy esa vkxs&vkxs c<+uk lh[kks thA vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 43
[ksy&Hkkouk ls curk gS ,d Hkjk&iwjk ifjokjA ftlesa dksbZ cM+k u NksVk lius lc gksrs lkdkjA liuksa dk ,d fp=k cukdj e<+uk lh[kks th] [ksy&[ksy esa vkxs&vkxs c<+uk lh[kks thA µMkWú lqjsaæ foØe D;k lh[kk vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk oqQN u;k djus dk gkSlyk [ksyksa dh vko';drk [ksy&Hkkouk esgur djus dh lh[k 'kCnkFkZ D;kjh µ ”kehu dk vk;rkdkj x<+uk NksVk VqdM+k [ksy&[ksy esa µ ekS”k&eLrh esa xksrk ewyea=k µ eq[; ckr ;k osaQnz fcanq gjne µ cukuk efgek µ egRo e<+uk µ Mqcdh yxkuk U;kjh µ vuks[kh µ ges'kk lk/d µ lk/uk djus okyk µ izsQe yxkuk okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed ckr ikB dh eq[k ls Oral Skills bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crk,¡A d- LoLFk jgus dk ewyea=k D;k gS\\ [k- thou dh D;kjh oSQls egdrh gS\\ 44 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
x- gjne lksus okys dks D;k uqdlku gksxk\\ ?k- fp=k e<+us dk D;k eryc gS\\ dye ls 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[ksaA Writing Skills d- m---U-u--f-r-----d---h---l---h-<--+h----p---<--+u--s---l--s---[--k-sy-----d---k----D--;--k----l--ac---a/-----g--S\\---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- [---k-sy-----d---k-s ---L-o---k-L-F--;-----d---k---e---wy---e--a=-k----D--;--k-sa ---d---g--k---x--;---k---g--S\\-------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- [---k-sy-----H--k-j-k-&--i--wj--k---i--f--j-o--k-j----o---SQ-l--s---c--u--k-r--k----g--S\\------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- l------i----u----k--sa------d------k--s ----l------k--d------k--j--------d------j----u----s ----o------sQ------f--y------,----------D----;----k--------”----k:------j----h--------g----S\\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- dfork esa vk, ,d tSlh y; vkSj rqdokys 'kCn fy[ksaA dtx-Sl- sµcx k< sr+uk k µcµM +kb--Z ------µ------ ----y------M------+k--b--Z------------------ [k- U;kjh µ -------------------------- ?k- x<+uk µ -------------------------- 3- lgh 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA lksrk] D;kjh] p<+uh] ifjokj] Kku [tig[qLekkkssyysrsa d&g,Hjldnkksioe&t<u,+ukh-do-s -l-ul--sd-s-d-H-j-k--ojh----ksQ--&-----i---m---w-j---Uk---u------f-----r-----------------d---j---g---h----r------kl------h--ig<----zkS]+-hI-r-e-m---g-l--g--d-sk-sr-oc-k--qQmu-Ng-rB--SAkr--Hh-g-k-hSA-g--SAi--zk-I-r d- pkfg,A [k- ugha gksrkA x- ?k- Ä- vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 45
4- dfork osQ vk/kj ij ^✓* rFkk ^✗* yxk,¡A d- [ksy LokLF; dk ewyea=k gSA [k- [ksy dk eSnku Hkh Kku dh iqLrd gSA x- [ksy ls ifjokj VwV ldrk gSA ?k- [ksy dk LokLF; ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA Ä- [ksy ls lg;ksx dh Hkkouk mitrh gSA 5- Jqrys[k % LokLF;] D;kjh] mUufr] iqLrd] e<+uk ckr lksp dh Analytical Skills y{; ij n`f\"V j[kuk D;ksa ”k:jh gS\\ fy[ksaA ckr Hkk\"kk dh Language Skills 1- fn, x, o.kZ&lewgksa esa mfpr LFkku ij ^b* ;k ^bZ* dh ek=kk (f @ h) yxkdj xdNÄl--k-- F kZdlpDm;U[=ukkk 'jr k Cn--------c------------u--------k----,m---------U¡A---u------f---r-------------------------------------- --- [k- egek -------------------------- ?k- un -------------------------- p- n'kk -------------------------- t- ijokj -------------------------- 2- foykse 'kCn pqudj fy[ksaA fujkdkj] vk/k] voufr] ihNs] NksVk] ck/d -------------------------- -------------------------- d- lk/d × -------------------------- [k- vkxs × -------------------------- x- mUufr × ?k- cM+k × Ä- lkdkj × -------------------------- p- iwjk × -------------------------- 3- dc?k-g- qolHpkhko<uu+h kf y µµ[ ksaA-- ------l---h-f-<---+;--k-¡- -- [k- flni'ukk k µµ ------------------------------ x- uD;nhk jh µµ ------------------------------ M+- p- 46 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
4- fØ;k inksa dh /krq fy[ksaA fØ;k ---------/-c-k--r<--q -+ ---------- fØ;k ---------/--k--r--q ----------- d- c<+uk -------------------------- [k- fy[kuk x- p<+uk -------------------------- ?k- cguk -------------------------- Ä- x<+uk -------------------------- p- pyuk -------------------------- N- i<+uk t- mM+uk -------------------------- fozQ;k osQ ewy :i dks /krq dgrs gSaA jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh 1- vki ^[ksy&[ksy esa mUufr* dk D;k eryc le>s\\ vki viuh] vius ifjokj dh vkSj ns'k dh mUufr osQ fy, D;k&D;k dj ldrs gSa\\ crk,¡A Life Skills and Values 2- osQoy [ksy [ksyuk gh vko';d ugha gksrk] ^[ksy&Hkkouk* dk gksuk lcls ”;knk ”k:jh gksrk gSA [ksy&Hkkouk D;k gksrh gS\\ vkil esa ppkZ djsaA Communication g¡lrs&xkrs Joyful Learning [ksyus esa lcdks vkuan vkrk gSA vkvks] [ksysa ,d [ksyA ¶lHkk dk flrkjk¸ ,d fMCcs esa oqQN fpV j[ksa] ftlesa d{kk osQ cPpksa osQ uke gksaA vki ,d fpV mBkdj uke i<+saA ftl o.kZ ls uke 'kq: gS] mlh o.kZ ls ^fo'ks\"k.k* mlosQ lkFk yxk,¡_ tSlsµ ^lquhrk* vk;k rks fo'ks\"k.k yxkdj vki cksysaxsµ^lqanj lquhrk* ;k ^lq;ksX; lquhrk*A ;fn uke gSµv'kksd] rks cksysaxsµ^vPNk v'kksd*] ^vfM+;y v'kkds * vkfnA bl rjg [kys vkxs c<k+ ,A¡ vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 47
7 dvkkuan R;ksgkj ikB&izos'k R;kgs kj ge's kk [kfq 'k;k¡ yds j vkrs gAaS Hkkjr eas cgrq lkjs R;kgs kj euk, tkrs gAaS nf{k.k Hkkjr eas ikxas y dk R;kgs kj cgrq /ew /ke ,oa ijia jkxr rjhoQs ls euk;k tkrk gAS vkb,] ikxas y oQs ckjs eas bl ikB ls tkudkjh ikz Ir djrs gAaS ik=k µ osyq eqjxu µ ukS o\"khZ; ckyd ejIiu µ osyq osQ firk (uUuk) y{eh µ osyq dh ek¡ (vEek) rkrÕ;k µ osyq osQ nknk ukuEek µ osyq dh nknh osyq eqjxu vius ekrk&firk osQ lkFk vius nknk&nknh osQ ?kj vk;k gSA mlosQ nknk&nknh rfeyukMq fLFkr ^fFk#oYye* xk¡o esa jgrs gSaA rfeyukMq esa iksaxy dk R;ksgkj cgqr gh ikjaifjd <ax ls euk;k tkrk gSA osyq eqjxu µ (fcLrj ls mBrk gqvk) vEek! D;k vkt ge okil tk jgs gSa\\ y{eh µ D;k]as D;k req vHkh ls tkuk pkgrs gk!s vHkh rks ikxas y 'k:q gh gvq k gAS bl ckj rks ge ikp¡ lky ckn ikxas y eukus xko¡ vk, gAaS 48 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
osyq eqjxu µ ugha vEek] ysfdu lqcg&lqcg bruh gypy D;ksa gks jgh gS\\ y{eh µ rqEgkjs uUuk vkSj rkrÕ;k ?kj dk dckM+ vkSj iQkyrw lkeku vk¡xu esa bdV~Bk dj jgs gSaA osyq eqjxu µ vk¡xu esa bdV~Bk djosQ D;k djsaxs\\ y{eh µ osyq] vkt ^Hkksxh iksaxy* gSA jkr dks bl dckM+ dh gksyh tykbZ tk,xhA blosQ pkjksa rji+ Q yM+osQ NksVs&NksVs <ksy ctk,¡xsA bl <ksy dks rfey esa ^Hkksxh&dksV~Vq* dgrs gSaA ;s blh fnu osQ fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA osyq eqjxu µ okg! rc rks cM+k e”kk vk,xkA y{eh µ v PNk] vc mBksA ns[kks] geus lkjk ?kj iwQyksa ls ltk;k gSA lkjk ?kj [kq'kcw ls egd jgk gSA ukuEek us fdruh lqanj dksye cukbZ gS! iwtk dh rS;kfj;k¡ gks jgh gSaA rqe Hkh u, diM+s igudj rS;kj gks tkvksA osyq eqjxu µ D;k u, diM+s igudj gh iwtk esa cSBus dh vuqefr feyrh gS\\ y{eh µ gk¡&gk¡] ckdh iz'u rqe ukuEek vkSj rkrÕ;k ls iwNksA eq>s ukfj;y osQ nw/ dh xqM+okyh [khj vkSj dbZ idoku cukus gSaA (osyq uUuk vkSj rkrÕ;k dks iz.kke dj muosQ ikl lksI+ksQ ij cSB tkrk gSA) osyq eqjxu µ uUuk! D;k vkidks irk gS fd ge banz dh iwtk D;ksa djrs gSa\\ uUuk µ u] u 'kk;n ughaA (lc g¡lrs gSa] rkrÕ;k b'kkjs ls osyq dks vius ikl cqykrs gSa) µ osyq! [ksrksa esa i+ Qly rHkh rks ygjk,xh] tc banz nsork o\"kkZ djsaxsA rkrÕ;k ge mudks ;kn djrs gSa] /U;okn nsrs gSaA dy ge ^lw;Z iksaxy* euk,¡xsA osyq eqjxu µ v kt ^Hkksxh iksaxy* dy ^lw;Z iksaxy*] ;s iksaxy fdrus fnu rd pyrk gS\\ vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 49
rkrÕ;k µ HkbZ oys !q ;s rhu fnu rd pyrk gAS igys fnu ^bna z dh itw k*] nlw js fnu ^l;w Z dh itw k*] D;kfas d l;w Z gekjh i+ Qlykas dks Å\"ek vkjS ÅtkZ nrs s gAaS ukuEek µ (chp esa cksyrh gqbZ) osyq! vkt eSa ^iksaxy ikUubZ* esa Lokfn\"V [khj rS;kj d:¡ xhA lw;Z nsork dks viZ.k djosQ ge lc feydj [kk,¡xsA lcosQ chp ^'koZQjbZ iksaxy* ck¡VsaxsA osyq eqjxu µ ukuEek! ;s ^iksaxy ikUubZ* D;k gS\\ ukuEek µ osyq csVk! iksaxy osQ fy, fo'ks\"k cjru [kjhnk tkrk gS] ftlesa ge iksaxy cukrs gSaA bl cjru dks ^iksaxy ikUubZ* dgrs gSaA osyq eqjxu µ ij ukuEek ,d ckr rks crk,¡] lw;Z rks bruh nwj gSa] os [kk,¡xs oSQls\\ 50 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
rkrÕ;k µ v ly esa ;g gekjh muosQ izfr vknj dh Hkkouk gSA /U;okn djus dk ,d rjhdk gSA osyq eqjxu µ v PNk! eryc [kkus ls igys mUgsa ;kn djuk pkfg,] /U;okn nsuk pkfg, vkSj rhljs fnu D;k gksrk gS\\ rkrÕ;k µ osyq! rhljs fnu ^eV~Vw iksaxy* gksrk gSA bl fnu ge vius xk;&cSyksa dks ?kafV;ksa] iwQyksa dh ekykvksa vkSj oqQeoqQe osQ VhosQ ls ltk,¡xsA mudh iwtk djsaxsA bl fnu i'kqvksa osQ izfr ge viuk vkHkkj izdV djrs gSaA osyq eqjxu µ (gSjkuh ls) D;k rkrÕ;k! i'kq Hkh gekjs Hkxoku gSa\\ rkrÕ;k µ osyq! os rks gekjs thou osQ vk/kj gSaA vxj xk; u gksrh] rks rqEgkjs fy, nwèk] ngh vkSj eD[ku dgk¡ ls vkrk\\ osyq eqjxu µ rkrÕ;k! fnYyh esa rks ;g lc ge enj Ms;jh ls ysrs gSaA (lc g¡lrs gSa) ukuEek µ osyq! ij og lc nsrh rks xk,¡&HkSalsa gh gSaA osyq eqjxu µ vPNk] ukuEek vkSj D;k djrs gSa] eV~Vw iksaxy ij\\ ukuEek µ lcls e”ksnkj gksrk gSµtyh dV~VwA osyq eqjxu µ ;g tyh dV~Vw D;k gS\\ ukuEek µ ijia jkxr rkjS ij bleas cyS oQs xys ;k lhxa kas ij #i;kas dh ekykvkas dks ck/¡ nrs s gaS vkjS ;oq d mu ekykvkas dks fudkyus oQs fy, cyS dh ihB ij lokj gks tkrs gAaS mls o'k eas djus dh dkfs 'k'k djrs gAaS tks cyS dks dkcw djoQs #i;kas dh ekyk fudky yrs k g]S os #i;s mlh oQs gks tkrs gAaS osyq eqjxu µ okg! cM+k e”ksnkj vkSj jksekapd gksxk ;g lcA D;k eSa Hkh blesa Hkkx ys ldrk gw¡\\ ukuEek µ ugha csVk] rqe vHkh NksVs gks] blesa osQoy cM+s yM+osQ gh Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA ;g lc cgqr gh jksekapd gksrk gSA osyq eqjxu µ v ksg---dk'k eSa Hkh blesa fgLlk ys ikrk! lc µ mlosQ fy, rks rqEgsa cM+k gksuk iM+sxkA (lc mls fp<+krs gSa vkSj g¡lrs gSaA) µladfyr vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 51
D;k lh[kk cM+ksa dk vknj lg;ksx feydj mRlo eukuk R;ksgkjksa dk egRo laLo`Qfr dh tkudkjh 'kCnkFkZ vuqefr µ vkKk idoku µ ?kh esa cukbZ xbZ [kkus dh ph”ksa gypy µ 'kksjxqy Å\"ek µ xjeh uUuk µ firk mQtkZ µ 'kfDr rkrÕ;k µ nknk ijaijkxr µ iqjkuh jhfr;ksa ls tqM+k dckM+ µ VwVk&iwQVk lkeku jksekapd & euksjatd vkSj vk'p;Ztud ukuEek µ nknh dksye µ jaxksyh okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed ckr ikB dh eq[k ls Oral Skills bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crk,¡A d- osyq eqjxu viuh vEek vkSj uUuk osQ lkFk dgk¡ x;k Fkk\\ [k- Hkksxh iksaxy esa fdldh iwtk djrs gSa\\ x- tyh dV~Vw D;k gS\\ dye ls 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[ksaA Writing Skills d- l---w;--Z---i--k-sax--y------e--sa --l---w;--Z---n--so--r--k----d---h----i--wt--k----D--;--k-sa---d---h---t---k-r--h----g--S\\------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
[k- H--k-k-sx--h----i--k-sax--y-----o---sQ---f-n--u-----?--kj----e---sa --D--;---k---r--S;---kf--j-;--k-¡---p--y------j-g--h----F--k-h-a\\-------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- R--;--k-sg--k-j----g--e---sa --[--k-qf-'--k-;--k-¡---n--sr--s --g---Sa]---o---SQ-l--s\\-----f-o--L--r--k-j----l---s --f-y---[--k-saA--------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- i---'-k-qv---k-sa---o--sQ----i--zf-r-----o--SQ-l---s --v---k-H--k-k-j----i--zd---V-----f-d---;--k----t--k-r--k----g--S\\----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus ^✓* dk fu'kku yxk,¡A d- iksaxy R;ksgkj fdrus fnuksa rd pyrk gS\\ (i) nks fnu (ii) rhu fnu (iii) pkj fnu [k- ^eV~Vw iksaxy* esa iwtk dh tkrh gSµ (i) banz dh (ii) lw;Z dh (iii) i'kqvksa dh x- ukuEek us iksaxy esa [khj cukbZµ (i) iksaxy ikUubZ esa (ii) pk¡nh osQ cjru esa (iii) feV~Vh osQ cjru esa 3- feyku djsaA (i) iksaxy ikUubZ esa [khj rS;kj lw;Z nsork dks viZ.k djsxhA d- vEek (ii) yM+osQ cSy dks dkcw djosQ lhaxksa ij c¡/h ekyk [k- Hkksxh iksaxy fudkyus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA x- tyh dV~Vw ij (iii) iksaxy ij ukfj;y osQ nw/ dh [khj vkSj idoku cukrh gSaA ?k- ukuEek (iv) esa banz dh iwtk djrs gSa] mUgsa ;kn djrs gSa vkSj /U;okn nsrs gSaA 4- Jqrys[k % ijaijkxr] rS;kfj;k¡] vk¡xu] iz.kke] viZ.k] fo'ks\"k vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 53
ckr lksp dh Analytical Skills ge ?kj esa cgqr&ls R;ksgkj eukrs gSaA R;ksgkj gesa D;k lh[k nsrs gSa\\ ckr Hkk\"kk dh Language Skills 1- udh-p sEefy [µks n~fvoERoek O;at--u--k--sa --o--sQ---n---k-s&--n---k-s --'--k-C-n---- fy[--k-s-aA----------------------------- [k- Uu µ uUuk --------------------------------- --------------------------------- x- Yy µ fnYyh --------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------- ?k- V~V µ dV~Vw --------------------------------- Ä- Õ; µ rkrÕ;k tc nks leku O;atu vkil esa feyrs gSa] rks nksuksa O;atuksa osQ fefJr :i dks n~foRo O;atu dgrs gSaA n~foRo O;atu esa igyk O;atu Loj jfgr vkSj nwljk Loj lfgr gksrk gSA tc nksuksa O;atu fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSa rks mUgsa la;qDr O;atu dgrs gSaA 2- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[ksaA d- 'kq: × -------------------------- [k- ikl × -------------------------- x- [kq'kcw × -------------------------- ?k- cM+k × -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Ä- vknj × p- g¡luk × -------------------------- N- vk/kj × t- izlUu × 3- nks&nks lekukFkZd 'kCn pqudj fy[ksaA iq\"i] fnol] oL=k] cjlkr] x`g] okj] lqeu] ckfj'k] olu] lnu d- diM+k µ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- [k- iwQy µ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- x- o\"kkZ µ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ?k- fnu µ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- Ä- ?kj µ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 54 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
4- y M+osQ NksVs&NksVs <ksy ctk,¡xsA geus lkjk ?kj iwQyksa ls ltk;k gSA jaxhu 'kCn <ksy vkSj ?kj 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA lgh fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djsaA fo'ks\"k] xqM+okyh] ,d] ckdh] Lokfn\"V i-/e^-i-kq>U-saxk;-sax-sy-oy-u-k-nk-fe-ji-sa-;d-kU-y--u--j--b-u--Z-*-so---sQd-e-i-sak-z'n--uw/-------------r---d---qe------h------cu------kj---u--r----U---ue-------k-----[---v-k[-jr-khk-Sjnjh-j-hk-d-r-r-tkkrS;k[Rrgk;jkkkhsrkjkgdlSAcg:s uSA¡ xikuhwNAhksAgSA d- [k- x- ?k- Ä- jpukRed vfHkO;fDr Creative Expression ckr eu dh 1- ikasxy dks eukus dk ,d rjhdk vkius i<+k] ftlosQ vuqlkj osyq eqjxu us vius ifjokj osQ lkFk iksaxy euk;kA ;fn vkils dgk tk, fd vki oqQN u, #fpdj rjhosQ blesa 'kkfey djsa] rks vki ;s R;ksgkj oSQls euk,¡xs\\ d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA Communication 2- osyq viuh Hkk\"kk esa vius nknk th dks rkrÕ;k rFkk nknh th dks ukuEek dgrk gSA vkb,] tkurs gSa fd vU; Hkk\"kkvksa esa fdldks D;k dgk tkrk gSµ ejkBh esa cM+h cgu dks dgrs gSa µ rkbZ Inter–Disciplinary Activity ejkBh esa HkkHkh dks dgrs gSa µ oguh xqtjkrh esa cM+s HkkbZ dks dgrs gSa µ eksVk HkkbZ rfey esa cM+h cgu dks dgrs gSa µ vDdk caxyk esa cM+s HkkbZ dks dgrs gSa µ nknk caxyk esa cqvk dks dgrs gSa µ ih'kh caxyk esa cgu dks dgrs gSa µ ckSu vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4 55
iatkch esa ek¡@nknh dks dgrs gSa µ chth iatkch esa HkkHkh dks dgrs gSa µ ijtkbZ g¡lrs&xkrs 1- iksaxy ij efgyk,¡ ?kj esa lqanj&lqanj dksye cukrh gSaA vki bl dksye esa jax Hkjdj ltk,¡A Creativity 2- uhps oqQN R;ksgkjksa osQ fp=k fn, gSa] igpkudj muosQ uke fy[ksaA Art Integrated Activity d- ------------------------- [k- ------------------------- x- ------------------------- 56 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ4
ueu µ lj] ^[ksyks bafM;k dk;ZØe* D;k gS\\ vè;kid µ oLrqr% [ksy jk\"Vª osQ fodkl osQ fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA bl dk;ZØe dk mn~ns'; ns'k esa [ksys tkus okys lHkh [ksyksa osQ fy, ,d e”kcwr vk/kj rS;kj dj ”kehuh Lrj ls [ksy laLÑfr dks iquthZfor djuk rFkk Hkkjr dks ,d egku [ksy jk\"Vª osQ :i esa LFkkfir djuk gSA t;k µ ljdkj n~okjk bl dk;ZØe esa fdu&fdu ckrksa ij fo'ks\"k :i ls è;ku fn;k tk jgk gS\\ vè;kid µ xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa izpfyr [ksyksa dks c<+kok nsuk] efgykvksa dh vf/dkf/d Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj fnO;kaxksa esa [ksyksa osQ izfr #fp tkxzr djus ij fo'ks\"k è;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA izFke µ lj] bl dk;ZØe osQ varxZr [ksyksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, fdl&fdl rjg dh lqfo/k,¡ nh tk jgh gSa\\ vè;kid µ blosQ fy, ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; [ksy Nk=ko`fRr ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ gS] ftlosQ varxZr izfro\"kZ 1000 lcls ;ksX; vkSj izfrHkk'kkyh ,FkyhVksa dk p;u fd;k tk,xkA p;fur ,FkyhV yxkrkj vkB o\"kks± rd ik¡p yk[k #i;s dh Nk=ko`fRr jkf'k ikus osQ gO+kQnkj gksaxsA f[kykfM+;ksa dks [ksy vkSj i<+kbZ nksuksa {ks=kksa esa vkxs c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA blosQ vfrfjDr LoLFk ,oa lfØ; thou&'kSyh dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ,d jk\"Vªh; 'kkjhfjd LokLF; vfHk;ku pyk, tkus dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gS] ftlesa 10&18 o\"kZ dh vk;q osQ cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd n{krk dh tk¡p dh tk,xhA mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ n~okjk LokLF; osQ izfr tkx:d cuk;k tk,xkA fiz;k µ lj] [ksyks bafM;k dk;ZØe esa dkSu&dkSu ls [ksy 'kkfey fd, x, gSa\\ vè;kid µ buesa izeq[k :i ls rhjank”kh] lkbfdfyax] dcM~Mh] Vscy Vsful] ,FkysfVDl] iqQVckWy] [kks&[kks] Vsful] cSMfeaVu] gkWdh] okWyhckWy] ckLosQVckWy] fteukfLVd] 'kwfVax] HkkjksRrksyu] ckWfDlax] twMks] rSjkdh] oqQ'rh vkSj ;ksxklu 'kkfey gSaA 12 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ5
mn; µ lj] D;k bl dk;ZØe esa dksbZ Hkh Hkkx ys ldrk gS\\ vè;kid µ ugha] bl dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, oqQN ik=krk fu/kZfjr dh xbZ gS] tks bl izdkj gSµ l 17 o\"kZ ls de vk;q osQ mEehnokj vaMj&17 oxZ esa Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA l 21 o\"kZ ls de vk;q osQ mEehnokj vaMj&21 Js.kh esa Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA l bl dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ysus okys dks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk vfuok;Z gSA l [ksyksa esa izn'kZu osQ vk/kj ij f[kykfM+;ksa dk p;u fd;k tk,xkA nhid µ lj] eSaus dy lekpkj&i=k esa ^[ksyks bafM;k LowQy xsEl* osQ ckjs esa i<+kA D;k ;g ^[ksyks bafM;k* ls vyx gS\\ vè;kid µ ugha] ^[ksyks bafM;k LowQy xsEl* ^[ksyks bafM;k dk;ZØe* osQ varxZr vkus okyk gh ,d dk;ZØe gSA vc bls ^[ksyks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA nhid µ rc rks gesa vPNs ls [ksyksa dh rS;kjh djuh pkfg,] rkfd ge bl dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ys losaQA lHkh cPps µ (,d lkFk) gk¡] gk¡] fcyoqQy djuh pkfg,A µladfyr D;k lh[kk thou esa [ksyksa dk egRo lelkef;d fo\"k;ksa dk Kku fey&tqydj mRlo eukukA 'kCnkFkZ lfØ; µ fØ;k esa yxk gqvk izfrHkk'kkyh µ vk;qoxZ n{krk ls vf/d okf\"kZdksRlo µ lky esa ,d ckj ik=krk µ oqQ'[email protected] is'k ;ksX;rk gksus okyk mRlo µ in] dk;Z vkfn okyk p;u µ mifLFkr dk;ZØe µ dk;Z fd, tkus dh ;ksX;rk dh lwph µ pquuk vf[ky µ leLr vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ5 13
ckr ikB dh okpu] y[s ku] Lef` r] ¯pru] fo'y\"s k.kkRed] cknS f~ /d] jpukRed eq[k ls Oral Skills bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj crk,¡A d- fon~;ky; osQ cPps D;ksa mRlkfgr gSa\\ [k- fdlus lekpkj&i=k esa ^[ksyks bafM;k LowQy xsEl* osQ ckjs esa i<+k Fkk\\ x- Nk=ko`fRr ;kstuk dk ykHk izfro\"kZ fdrus ,FkyhVksa dks izkIr gksxk\\ ?k- [ksyks bafM;k dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey fd, x, fdUgha vkB [ksyksa osQ uke crk,¡A dye ls 1- bu iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[ksaA Writing Skills d- fon;~ ky; eas [kys okf\"kdZ kRs lo dh r;S kjh igys dh ryq uk eas vf/d D;kas dh tk jgh g\\S --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vf[ky Hkkjrh; [ksy Nk=ko`fRr ;kstuk D;ksa cukbZ xbZ gS\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- [ksyks bafM;k dk;ZØe dk mn~ns'; D;k gS\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- [ksyks bafM;k dk;ZØe esa eq[; :i ls dkSu&dkSu ls [ksy 'kkfey fd, x, gSa\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 vekys h ¯gnh ikBekykµ5
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