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Home Explore คู่มือการอ่านถ่ายถอดลายสือไทย (พ่อขุนรามคําแหงมหาราช).

คู่มือการอ่านถ่ายถอดลายสือไทย (พ่อขุนรามคําแหงมหาราช).

Description: คู่มือการอ่านถ่ายถอดลายสือไทยซึ่งเป็นอักษรไทยโบราณที่พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราชทรงประดิษฐ์คิดค้นขึ้น เมื่อ พ.ศ. ๑๘๒๖ เนื้อหารวบรวมที่มาของลายสือไทย การวิวัฒนาการของตัวอักษรรูปแบบลายสือไทย อักขรวิธีลายสือไทย วิธีการเขียน มีแบบฝึกหัดให้ทดลองบเขียนลายสือไทย มีภาคผนวกการถ่่ายทอดลายสือไทยและภาพศิลาจารึกพ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช

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คูม ือการอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๔๕ ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จุบัน ณ ขนั้ ตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝ กเขียนตามขั้นตอนท่ีใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๔๖ คมู ือการอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจ จบุ ัน ด ข้ันตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝก เขยี นตามข้นั ตอนท่ีใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูมือการอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ๔๗ ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จบุ นั ต ขน้ั ตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝก เขียนตามขนั้ ตอนทีใ่ หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๔๘ คูมือการอานถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จุบนั ถ ขนั้ ตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝกเขยี นตามขนั้ ตอนทีใ่ หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูม อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๔๙ ลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจ จุบัน ท ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขยี นตามขน้ั ตอนทีใ่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๕๐ คูมือการอา นถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จุบนั ธ ขัน้ ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝก เขียนตามข้นั ตอนท่ีใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูมอื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๕๑ ลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจ จบุ นั น ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ กเขียนตามขนั้ ตอนท่ีใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๕๒ คมู อื การอานถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจ จุบนั บ ข้นั ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝกเขียนตามขน้ั ตอนทใ่ี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูมือการอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๕๓ ลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จบุ ัน ป ขน้ั ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ กเขยี นตามข้ันตอนท่ีใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๕๔ คูมอื การอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจจุบัน ผ ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขียนตามข้นั ตอนท่ีใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูม อื การอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๕๕ ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจจุบัน ฝ ขน้ั ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ ก เขยี นตามขั้นตอนที่ใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๕๖ คูมอื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจ จบุ ัน พ ขน้ั ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ ก เขียนตามขน้ั ตอนทีใ่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๕๗ ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจจบุ นั ฟ ข้ันตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝ กเขยี นตามข้นั ตอนที่ใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๕๘ คูม อื การอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจจบุ นั ภ ขัน้ ตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝกเขยี นตามข้นั ตอนทใ่ี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอา นถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ๕๙ ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจจุบนั ม ข้ันตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ กเขยี นตามข้ันตอนท่ใี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๖๐ คมู อื การอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ลายสือไทย (จารึกพอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จุบนั ย ขั้นตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ ก เขยี นตามข้ันตอนทใ่ี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอานถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ๖๑ ลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจ จุบัน ร ขัน้ ตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝ กเขียนตามข้นั ตอนที่ใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๖๒ คมู ือการอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อกั ษรไทยปจจุบนั ล ข้ันตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝกเขยี นตามข้นั ตอนท่ใี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๖๓ ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจจบุ ัน ว ข้นั ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝกเขียนตามข้นั ตอนทใี่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๖๔ คูมอื การอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จบุ นั ศ ขัน้ ตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝก เขยี นตามขนั้ ตอนท่ีใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูมือการอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ๖๕ ลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จุบัน ษ ขัน้ ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝก เขยี นตามขนั้ ตอนทใี่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๖๖ คูมือการอา นถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจ จบุ ัน ส ขน้ั ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขยี นตามขน้ั ตอนท่ีใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๖๗ ลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจจบุ ัน ห ขั้นตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝ ก เขยี นตามขน้ั ตอนที่ใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๖๘ คมู อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) อักษรไทยปจจุบนั อ ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝก เขียนตามขนั้ ตอนที่ใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูมอื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๖๙ ๒.ขัน้ ตอนการฝก เขยี นรูปสระ สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จุบนั -ะ ขั้นตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝ ก เขยี นตามขนั้ ตอนท่ีใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๗๐ คมู อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ ัน -ัว ข้ันตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝ กเขียนตามข้ันตอนที่ใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอานถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ๗๑ สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจุบนั -า ข้ันตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝก เขยี นตามขั้นตอนทใ่ี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๗๒ คมู อื การอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ นั -ำ ขน้ั ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝกเขียนตามขน้ั ตอนทใ่ี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูม อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๗๓ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ นั -ิ ข้ันตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝกเขยี นตามข้นั ตอนทใี่ หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๗๔ คูมือการอานถายถอดลายสอื ไทย สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จุบนั -ี ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝก เขียนตามขั้นตอนท่ใี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูม ือการอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๗๕ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจุบัน -ื ข้ันตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝก เขียนตามข้ันตอนที่ใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๗๖ คมู ือการอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) -ุสระไทยปจจบุ นั ข้นั ตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝก เขยี นตามขน้ั ตอนทใี่ หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๗๗ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จุบนั -ู ขนั้ ตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝก เขียนตามข้ันตอนท่ีใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๗๘ คมู อื การอานถายถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจุบนั เ-า ข้ันตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝ กเขยี นตามข้ันตอนท่ใี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๗๙ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ นั เ-ิ ข้นั ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ กเขยี นตามข้ันตอนทใี่ หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๘๐ คมู อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ ัน เ-ิ ขน้ั ตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝกเขยี นตามข้ันตอนทใ่ี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู ือการอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๘๑ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จุบัน เ-ีย ข้ันตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขียนตามขั้นตอนทีใ่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๘๒ คมู ือการอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ ัน เ-ีย ขัน้ ตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝกเขียนตามข้ันตอนท่ใี หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูม ือการอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ๘๓ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ นั เ-อ ข้ันตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ ก เขยี นตามขัน้ ตอนทีใ่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๘๔ คูมือการอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจุบนั เ-ือ ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขยี นตามขนั้ ตอนท่ใี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู ือการอา นถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ๘๕ สระในลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจบุ นั เ-อื ข้ันตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขยี นตามข้ันตอนทีใ่ หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๘๖ คูมือการอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จุบัน เ- ขั้นตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝก เขยี นตามขั้นตอนที่ใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คูม อื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย ๘๗ สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จบุ นั แ- ขนั้ ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝก เขยี นตามขน้ั ตอนท่ีใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๘๘ คูมอื การอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสือไทย (จารกึ พอขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจ จุบัน โ- ข้นั ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ กเขียนตามขนั้ ตอนที่ใหไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู ือการอา นถายถอดลายสอื ไทย ๘๙ สระในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจุบนั ใ- ข้ันตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝก เขยี นตามขั้นตอนทใ่ี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๙๐ คมู ือการอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย สระในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) สระไทยปจจุบัน ไ- ข้ันตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝ ก เขียนตามข้นั ตอนที่ใหไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู ือการอานถายถอดลายสือไทย ๙๑ ๓.ขน้ั ตอนการฝกเขยี นรูปวรรณยกุ ต รูปวรรณยกุ ตไ ทยปจ จบุ นั มอี ยู ๔ รูป คอื เอก โท ตรี จตั วา แตร ูปวรรณยกุ ตใ นลายสอื ไทย (พอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) ปรากฏเพยี ง ๒ รปู คอื วรรณยุกตเ อก และวรรณยกุ ตโท แตม ีรปู แตกตางจาก วรรณยุกตไทยในปจ จบุ นั ดังนี้ รปู วรรณยกุ ตไทยปจ จุบนั รปู วรรณยุกตในลายสอื ไทย (จารกึ พอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) (รปู วรรณยกุ ตเ อก) - ขั้นตอนการฝก เขยี น ใหฝกเขียนตามขัน้ ตอนทใ่ี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๙๒ คมู ือการอานถา ยถอดลายสอื ไทย รปู วรรณยุกตไ ทยปจ จุบนั รปู วรรณยุกตในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราช) (รปู วรรณยกุ ตโท) - ขน้ั ตอนการฝก เขียน ใหฝ ก เขยี นตามขัน้ ตอนทใี่ หไ ว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

คมู ือการอา นถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ๙๓ ๔.ขั้นตอนการฝกเขยี นตัวเลข ตัวเลขลายสือไทยทปี่ รากฏในจารึกพอ ขุนรามคำแหงมหาราชนนั้ ปรากฏเพยี งเลข ๑, ๒, ๔, ๕, ๗, และ ๐ ไมปรากฏเลข ๓, ๖, ๘, ๙ ในท่นี ้ีจะฝกเฉพาะเลขท่ีปรากฏในจารึกพอ ขนุ รามคำแหงมหาราชเทา น้ัน ๑เลขไทยปจจบุ ัน ตัวเลขในลายสือไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) ขั้นตอนการฝกเขยี น ใหฝ กเขียนตามขนั้ ตอนท่ใี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................

๙๔ คมู อื การอานถา ยถอดลายสือไทย ตัวเลขในลายสอื ไทย (จารึกพอขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) เลขไทยปจ จบุ นั ๒ ข้นั ตอนการฝกเขียน ใหฝ ก เขียนตามขนั้ ตอนทใ่ี หไว ............................................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................