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Plastic Surgery 1

1A WARM UP A) Work in pairs. Read and discuss the questions below. 1. Do you love your body? Why? 2.Would you change anything about your body? Why? 3. Is cosmetic surgery good or bad? Why? VOCABULARY terms related to plastic surgery A) Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a rhinoplasty b sutures c blemish d otoplasty e melanoma f crow’s feet g freckle h varicose B) Read the words in exercise A and match them with the correct images below. 1234 5678 C) Complete the definitions with the words from the box. a acne b crow’s feet c freckle d melanoma e otoplasty f rhinoplasty g sutures h varicose 1. ___________ means a small brownish or reddish spot on the surface of the skin, especially caused by sunlight. 2. ___________ means a type of plastic surgery that is used to improve the function or appearance of a person’s nose. 3. ___________ mean stitches used to hold tissue together or to close a wound. 4. ___________ means any small mark on the skin (especially on face). 5. ___________ means unusually enlarged or swollen 6. ___________ mean the wrinkles around someone’s eyes. 7. ___________ means a type of plastic surgery used to change the appearance of a person’s ears. 8. ___________ means a dark coloured, irregular shaped, usually deadly tumor in the skin. 2

READING Plastic Surgery 3 A) Work in pairs. Read the title and the first paragraph of the text and answer the questions below. 1. What do you think about the plastic surgeries which are only done for aesthetic purposes? 2. Would you like to change any part of your body? If it was possible to change any part of your body without surgery, which part would you like to change? WORLD’S FIRST TWO PLASTIC SURGERIES One hundred years ago, changing the physical appearance of ourselves may have been a dream or a story that could only happen in fairy tales. Today, however, with the help of plastic surgery, people can change their looks; the shape of their noses, eyes, eyebrows, chins and other parts of their bodies. Also people who have an accident and get several serious wounds can have a good look again by having a plastic surgery operation. The first step that was taken in the field of plastic surgery happened in 1916, and plastic surgery operations have been developing since then. WalterYeo, Known as the First Person to Have Plastic Surgery Walter Yeo, a British soldier during World War I, is the first known person to have benefited from plastic surgery. During the Battle of Jutland in 1916 Walter lost his upper and lower eyelids. In 1917, he was treated by a doctor named Sir Harold Gillies, the first man to use skin taken from undamaged areas of the body. Sir Harold Gillies, who is also known as the father of plastic surgery, did the plastic surgery operation on Walter Yeo at Queen Mary’s Hospital in Sidcup, Kent. Walter Yeo is one of the first patients to benefit from his newly-developed technique, a form of skin grafting called “tubed pedicle.” Willie Vicarage, the First Man to Get Reconstruction via the “Tubed Pedicle” Technique Willie Vicarage, who was suffering from facial wounds that he got in the Battle of Jutland in 1916, was one of the first men to have facial reconstruction plastic surgery. Antibiotics had not yet been invented at that time, and that meant it was very hard to graft tissue from one part of the body to another because an infection often developed. However, while treating Vicarage, Dr. Gillies invented the “tubed pedicle.” This used a flap of skin from the chest or forehead and placed it over the face. The flap of skin remained attached but was stitched into a tube. This kept the original blood supply inside and reduced the infection rate.

Plastic Surgery B) Read the questions and circle the correct option. 1.When was the first plastic surgery operation performed? a. In 1971 b. In 1917 c. In 1916 d. In 1816 2.Who is known as the father of plastic surgery? a.Walter Yeo b. Harold Gillies c.Willie Vicarage d. Queen Mary 3. What is a “tubed pedicle” a.A kind of technique that was used to give antibiotics to the patients. b.A medical technique which uses a flap of skin taken from an undamaged part of the body to repair an area of damage. c.A kind of vaccination to relieve the patient’s pain. d.A kind of a plastic surgery that was developed in 2000. 4.Why did Walter Yeo have plastic surgery? a. Because he lost his forehead in a war. b. Because he lost his upper and lower eyelids. c. Because he wanted to have a different physical appearance. d. Because he was on the verge of dying and needed an operation. C) Match the definition with the words below. a graft (v) 1.A piece of tissue that has been detached. b flap (n) 2.To sew, to bring two parts together. c stitch (v) 3.To insert something to reproduce new texture or skin in an area. D) Match the pictures with the words given below. 1. Eyelid 2. Forehead 3. Chest b. a. c. 4

Plastic Surgery GRAMMAR verb to be A) Read the sentences and underline the forms E) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the of the verb to be. verb to be. 1. Hanna ______ a member of our group next week. 1. I am very busy today. 2. Frank ______ still a student but next year he will 2. Kate was at school yesterday. graduate and 3. Jeremy will be in his office tomorrow. become an engineer. 4.We have been to London many times. 3. I ______ to many interesting art galleries with my wife. B) Read the rules about the verb to be and circle 4. Blair ______ not successful in the driving test so he the correct words in italics. could not get his license. 5. Donna and Jane ______ doctors. They work in the same hospital. 1.We use was / were - am / is / are in Present Simple. grammar p.96 2.We use will be - have been / has been in Present Perfect. 3.We use will be - was / were for future states. SPEAKING 4.We use was / were - have been / has been in Past Simple. C) Look at the table below and fill in the gaps A) Look at the pictures and discuss the with the words from the box. questions below. 1.What is the problem in each picture? is will be has been were am 2. Do you think these people need cosmetic or plastic surgery? Why? tense present past future perfect to be _____ / was /_____ _____ / be have been _____ / are going to be /_____ D) Circle the correct forms of verb to be. 1. My father is / was very tired last night. Jane 2. Nina has been / will be to Kuala Lumpur twice before. 3. I will be / have been at the airport at around ten o’clock tonight. 4. We have been / will be out of this crowded city next summer. 5. She was / is not at home yesterday evening. 6.They have been / are very nervous recently. 7. Tim is / will be a good teacher. His students are successful. Valerie 5

1B WARM UP A) Work in pairs. Read and discuss the questions below. 1. Is cosmetic surgery expensive in your country? 2. Do you think cosmetic surgery will become less expensive in the future? Why? VOCABULARY adjectives describing diseases and medical conditions A) Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. benign - hereditary - malignant - severe - terminal - curable - acquired - mild B) Match the adjectives with their definitions. 1. acquired a. tending to cause death; harmful 2. benign b. serious and worrying 3. hereditary c. possible to heal 4. curable d. not tending to cause death; harmless 5. malignant e. not serious; not important 6. mild f. impossible to heal; resulting in death 7. severe g. existing since someone’s birth; genetic 8. terminal h. developed after someone’s birth C) Put the adjectives in exercise A into the correct boxes below. positive negative nuetral 6

Plastic Surgery READING A) Work in pairs and answer the following questions. 1) Have you ever seen a 3D printer or watched a video of how it prints three dimensional objects? Do you know how 3D printers work? 2) What do you think about the relation between new technologies and health? How do new technologies affect the health system? Give some examples of new technologies and their reflection on health. 3D TECHNOLOGY IN RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY Microtia is a common corgenital deformity seen 1 out of every 4 childeren, and causes a child’s ears to be deformed and undersized. In addition to the deformed ears, it causes hearing loss because of the missing external structure. Surgeons make replacement operations for the missing parts of the ears. However, in order to use a natural tissue they have to use the child’s own rib tissue. This process is without a doubt miserable for a 5 year old or a younger kid. Also sadly, ears that are redesigned do not look natural. In order to solve this problem, a team of scientists dedicated themselves to creating regenerative tissue structures. Dr. Jason Spector and Dr. Lawrence Bonassar, of Cornell, have been working together to bioengineer human replacement parts since 2007.They mainly work on the replacement of human structures that are primarily made of cartilage like joints, the trachea, the spine, and the nose. In an interview, the scientists summarized their many steps in the development of an almost perfect ear. 1.The first step of redesigning an ear is to get the perfect measurements of the ears by using special photography techniques.Then, the scientists in Cornell combine this image with a 3D printer, which gives a solid form to the prototype of the ear. 2. Then the scientist get the printed ear and inject a gel which contains human cells, specifically taken from the same patient. This process reduces any possibility of rejection.Also , since it is not fully organic, the tissue of the new ear doesn’t die. In short, the Cornell team not only created ears, but also they guided them to grow cartilage to replace the material. Lawrence Bonassar, professor in Cornel University added that “it is a win –win situation for both medicine and science.This development in biomedical technology may conduce new applications in reconstructive surgeries. In the near future, people, who had lost a part of their bodies in an accident, may have a fashioned body part that looks very similar to the original. B) Mark the sentences as true (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM). _____Microtia is a deformity which can be seen in 25 out of every 100 kids. _____Microtia is a congenital deformity. _____As well as making a child’s ears deformed and undersized, Microtia also causes sight loss. _____It is easy to do reconstructive surgery on cartilage parts of a human body. _____Scientist also add a gel which contains dead cells. _____After a certain time, the tissue used in the regenerated parts is likely to get worse. 7

Plastic Surgery C) Match the following words to their definitions. 1. congenital (adj) a.Abnormality of a part of human body. 2. deformity (n) b. Outside part of something. 3. replacement (n) c. Changing something’s position and putting another similar thing in the place of an object. 4. external (adj) d. Relating to a condition coming from birth or having an illness which is inherited from parents. D) Match the words with the pictures below. 1. cartilage 2. joint 3.trachea 4. spine 5. rib a. b. c. d. e. SPEAKING A) Work in pairs. Read the cards below and role play the situation with your partner. Student A: Student B: You are going to watch a movie with You are going to watch a movie with your friend.You want to see an action your friend.You want to see a comedy movie or a science fiction movie.You or a romantic movie.You really don’t really don’t like romantic movies. like action movies. 8

Plastic Surgery GRAMMAR tense review A) Read the sentences below and complete the rules with the correct tenses. a. I hate living in this city because it is usually rainy and windy. b.Your Spanish is getting better, Fiona. Congrats! c.When you knocked on the door, I was reading a fashion magazine. d. I think I will finish typing this document in two hours. e. I haven’t tasted Mexican food in this restaurant before. Rules 1.We use _____________ to talk about something that is always /usually true in the present; our habits, routines and schedules. 2.We use _____________ to talk about changes happening around now (often with the verbs get, become, increase, grow, etc.) 3.We use _____________ to talk about predictions, promises and voluntary actions in the future. 4.We use _____________ with simple past to express interrupted actions in the past. 5.We use _____________ to talk about our experiences that happened before now without telling their exact time. B) Complete the sentences with the correct time expressions in the box. soon / yesterday / 10 years ago / never / already 1. Lucy __________ eats cheese. It smells bad to her. 2. I suppose Dr. Jimenez will see you__________. 3. Nina texted me to remind me of the the project __________. 4.We have __________ watched this boring movie. 5. Ms. Dawson was teaching at school__________. C) Read the paragraph below. Circle the correct alternatives in italics. Peter originally comes / was coming from Hungary, but he has lived / lived in Germany for almost five years in the 1990s. He is working / was working at a textile company during the day, and he is / was also working as a bodyguard at nights. He really has / has had a tough life. In 2001, he has moved / moved to Turkey with his family. He buys / bought a property in Istanbul and started running his own business. Now, he was / is the owner of a famous clothing store chain. He has / is having more than sixty shops around Turkey.When people ask the secret of his success, he says,“Being hardworking and patient is important. I’m fifty years old now, and I woke up / have been waking up before 6 am since I was / am fifteen. I am loving / love getting up and working early in the morning. I hope I am / will be the same until I die. I am having / have three children and I often share my experiences with them. I want them to take lessons from my life.” grammar p.97 9

Plastic Surgery PROFESSIONAL LIFE stating preference We state our preferences when someone makes a suggestion, offers something or asks our opinion about something. Below are some useful phrases that we can use to state preference: stating preference making a suggestion asking for opinion I would rather... If it were up to me, I would... Why don’t we...? I would prefer... If I were you, I would... Let’s go ... I prefer... I think we should.. How about...? What about...? A) 1.1 Listen to the dialogues and underline the phrases for stating preference, making a suggestion and asking for opinion. 1. A:Would you like to see a movie this afternoon? B: I’d rather go shopping. How does that sound? 2. A:Why don’t we have some Italian food? B:Well, I’d prefer eating Thai food.What about that? 3. A:What do you think we should do tonight? B: If it were up to me, I’d go to a restaurant. 4. A:What are we going to do today? The weather is awful! B:Why don’t we go to a shopping mall. B) Listen to the dialogues again and choose the correct words in italics. Formula Verb Form I’d rather... We use the base / ‘-ing’ form of the verb with ‘rather’. I’d prefer... / I prefer... We use the past / ‘-ing’ or infinitive form of the verb following the verb ‘prefer’. Why don’t we...? We use the base / ‘-ing’ form of the verb in a question. How about...? We use the base / ‘-ing’ form of the verb after the preposition ‘about’. C) 1.2 Listen to the dialogue below and fill in the gaps. David: I am hungry, Jane. _____________________ eat out or cook at home? Jane: __________ go out.  I am pretty tired today, so I don’t want to cook.   What about you?  ________________ stay in or go out? David: I ___________ to stay in, but we can go out if you like. Jane:That would be nice.  What type of restaurant _________________? David: I ____________ at quiet restaurants. Jane: Really?  Not me.  _____________ go somewhere fun with some live music? David: But I thought you were tired. Jane: I am, but not too tired to have some fun. David:Well, ____________ to, but…OK.  Jane:All right then. ______________ and have some fun. 10

Physiotherapy 11

2A WARM UP A) Work in pairs and answer the following questions. 1. Have you ever broken a bone in your body? If yes, how did it happen? 2. Do you think breaking a bone is extremely painful? Why? VOCABULARY human skeletal system A) Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. a tibia b femur c rib cage e vertebrae f cranium g scapula h pelvis i mandible B) Look at the image below and complete the missing parts with the words from exercise A. 4. 5. 1. 6. 2. 7. 8. 3. C) Read the major bones in human body again and put them into the correct box below. torso (upper body) extremities (limbs) head 12

Physiotherapy READING A) Scan the text and answer the questions below. 1) What do you do when you feel back pain or any other muscle pain? How do you get your muscles relaxed? 2) Do you think that massage is a part of alternative medicine or modern medicine? WEIRDEST MASSAGES There may be lots of different kind of physical pain, but there is one that people face most and daily: muscle pain. In order to get rid of this pain, people drink herbal teas, take painkillers and get a good massage. Like different painkillers and different herbal teas, there are various kind of massages if you are in search of a different type. Some of the weirdest massages around the world are: Python Massage If you are courageous enough, you may have four different Burmese pythons on you to give you a relaxing massage! After sightseeing and visiting Cebu City Zoo in the Philippines, you may ask for a treatment involving pythons slithering on you.The pythons named Michelle, Walter, EJ and Daniel are fed with 10 chickens before the massage to curb their hunger. The massage takes 10 to 15 minutes and the tourists who had this experience define these moments as therapeutic and calming. Cactus Massage The idea of getting a massage from a cactus seems contradictory.However,The Four Seasons Resort in Punta Mita, Mexico claims that this massage is pain free because the needles are removed from the plant. For $250, you can hydrate your skin with cactuses. Elephant Massage If you are feeling a bit tense around your back, an elephant may help! The three-ton animal has been trained to gently press its foot on its trainer’s back to perform a show at a tourist park in Chiang Mai,Thailand. People around can also lie down and get a little massage from the elephant’s trunk. Snail Massage Do you want to regenerate you skin, eliminate wrinkles, scars, and traces of burn marks? Then you can have a snail facial massage as people have in Japan, Russia and the U.K. Lots of spas in these countries offer this weird experience if you don’t mind snails slithering up and down on your face. B) Skim the text and decide if the statements are true or false. 1. ________ You can have a python massage in Burma. 2. ________ The python massage lasts 10-15 minutes. 3. ________ Pythons are fed with chicken so they do not feel hunger during the massage. 4. ________ An elephant massage costs 250 Dollars. 5. ________ A snail massage eliminates wrinkles, scars and traces. C) Match the words in the text with their definitions. 1. treatment (n) a.To restrain from something, to stop yourself from doing something. 2. curb (v) b.With a kind manner. 3. gently (adv) c.The application of medicine. 13

Physiotherapy GRAMMAR question forms: subject / object questions A) Read the following sentences and answer the questions. a.Who knows the Fergusons in this neighborhood? b.Who do the Fergusons know in this neighborhood? 1.What is the difference between the sentences above? 2.Which question asks the object, and which one asks the subject of the sentence? B) Match the questions with the answers in the box. a.To my sister b. Chocolate cake and ice-cream c. Fred d.A fancy dress e. In Albania f.A traffic accident 1.Who loves Celine at school? 2.What are they going to serve in the wedding? 3.What happened on the street? 4.Where do you live? 5.Who did you give that gift to? 6.What do you want to wear tonight? C) Make subject or object questions using the underlined words in the sentences. 1. I need a bigger apartment. 2.Vanessa lives with eight cats and three dogs. 3.They can play the violin well. 4. I invited her to the party. 5. I think a mosquito bit my arm. 6. Edison invented the light bulb. grammar p.100 SPEAKING A) Work in small groups. Look at the picture and discuss the following questions. 1.What is the correct first aid procedure for fractures (broken bones)? 2.What is the best thing to do if you break a bone in your body? Why? 3. What is the worst thing to do if you break a bone in your body? Why? 14

2B WARM UP A) Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1.What do you understand from the term “physical therapy” 2.When do people go for physical therapy? VOCABULARY verbs related to physical therapy A) Look at the words in the box and put a tick near the ones you know. Discuss the ones you don’t know with your partner. stretch - squeeze - lie face down - lie back - inhale - bend B) Match the words below with the following pictures. 1. stretch 2. squeeze 3. lie face down 4. lie back 5. inhale 6. bend a. b. c. d. e. f. C) Match the words below with their definitions. f stretch a bend b inhale c lie back d lie face down e squeeze 1. to press something very tightly in your hand 2. to move your body so that it is not straight 3. to extend one’s body or limbs 4. to breathe in 5. to be or to stay on the chest with the face down 6. to be or to stay on the back with the face up 15

Physiotherapy READING A) Scan the text, read the title and answer the questions below. 1. Do you think that water can be used in medicine for treatment of some certain illness? Give some examples where water is used in medicine. 2. Do you know any means of treatment with water that ancient people used? If so, share the information with a partner. HYDROTHERAPY Water has been a symbol of purity and cleanness since the old times and it is always associated with clean, healthy environments. Moreover, water was used for pain relief , relaxation and treatment of some illnesses and it is still being used today. The term hydrotherapy refers to the treatment where the physical power of water is used to stimulate blood circulation and to treat the symptoms of certain diseases. There are lots of different types of hydrotherapy such as underwater massage, mineral baths, Roman baths, hot tub, Jacuzzi etc.These can be used for different purposes besides cleaning. Even if water always seems to be a means of cleaning, it’s also used as a balancer of temperature in the human body. For example, it can heat up the temperature of cold body as well as reduce the temperature of body which has a high fever. Hydrotherapy can also be used for regulation of blood flow where vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur, and for other problems related to blood flow. Other than these, hydrotherapy can be used in physical treatments like the treatment of wounds and burns and psychological treatments like anger treatment and relaxation. Whether it is used in alternative medicine or modern medicine, water is always one of the most common means of treatment. B) Skim the text again and decide if the given statements are true or false. 1. __________ Water has been associated with purity and cleaning since the old times. 2. __________ Usage of hydrotherapy in medicine is limited. 3. __________ Hydrotherapy helps to regulate blood flow. 4. __________ Different types of hydrotherapy include mineral baths, underwater massage and hot tubs. 5. __________ Hydrotherapy is not used in psychological treatments. 6. C) Match the words below with their definitions. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1. pain relief (phrase) a.a situation in which veins are shrinking. 2. stimulate (v) b. a situation in which veins are getting bigger. 3. blood circulation (phrase) c. the movement of blood around the body. 4. vasodilation (n) d. techniques to reduce pain. 16 5. vasoconstriction (n) e. to excite, to move.

Physiotherapy GRAMMAR present modals revision A) Complete the table with the correct modal verbs. Usage Modal verb Ability / possibility Can, … Inability / impossibility Ought to, … Ability in the past May, … Advice Will, … Recommending action Asking for permission Obligation, necessity, deduction Prohibition Request Offer B) Rewrite the sentences using the given modal verbs in brackets. 17 E.g. It is necessary for new employees to attend the next meeting. New employees must/ have to / need to attend the next meeting. 1. It is forbidden to use electronic devices here without legal permission. (mustn’t) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 2. It is necessary for college students to read as many books as possible in their field of study. (need to) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 3. It’s possible that the company won’t hire an experienced person for the mentioned position. (might) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 4. I advise you to see a doctor for your earache. (should) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 5. Do the students have permission to use mobiles during the lesson? (can) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 6. It is not necessary for you to come to the office today.We have little work to do. (don’t need to) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. grammar p.101

Physiotherapy PROFESSIONAL LIFE Medical Diagnosis There are common phrases, terms and words that we use to talk about medical diagnoses. Below are some examples for these phrases, terms and words: A) Work in pairs. Read the sentences and definitions below. Put D for doctors’ expressions and P for patients’ expressions near the sentences. prognosis (n): a prediction of the future course of a disease transfusion (n): the transfer of blood from one person to another 1.Are you going to run more tests? 2.Your test results have come in. 3. I’d like to discuss other options. 4. I don’t understand the test results. Can you help me with them? 5.When will the tests results come in? 6. I’m afraid the prognosis isn’t good. 7.The blood test results came back negative. 8.What is the success rate of the surgery? 9.The transfusion was successful. 10.Am I going to need surgery? 11. It seems you’re ready to go home. 12. Is it good news or bad news? 13. How long am I going to stay in the hospital? 14. I’m going to get a second opinion. 15. I’d like to keep you in the hospital overnight. 16. Is this a common health problem? 17. I think we’ve ruled out diabetes. B) 2.1 Listen to the dialogue and fill in the gaps. Doctor: Good morning, Mr.Turner. _______________________? Patient: I feel better. Doctor: That’s great.Are you still feeling nauseous? Patient: No, I am not. Doctor: Great.Your ____________________ yesterday. Patient: Really? _______________________________? Doctor: In fact, I have good news and bad news for you.Which one do you want to hear first? Patient: I want to hear ___________________. Doctor: Okay. It seems __________________________.After the operation you need to rest for three weeks.That means no basketball for three weeks. Patient: Oh, that is really bad news. I have an important match next week. Doctor: Now for the good news.The test results show that the tumour is benign, which means it’s not can- cerous. Patient: That’s great to hear, doctor.Thanks a lot. ___________________________? Doctor: No, we are not. Patient:That’s another piece of good news.And lastly, ____________________________________? Doctor:After the surgery your going to spend a week in the hospital. Patient:All right. C) Listen again and answer the following questions. 1. Is Mr.Turner feeling nauseous? 2.What bad news does the doctor give the patient? 3.What good news does the doctor give the patient? SPEAKING A) Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions. 1. Do you know any traditional methods for physical therapy? What are they? 2. Do you think traditional methods for physical therapy work better than modern ones? Why? 18 Why not?