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DIAMOND BOX GRAMMAR 1.1 verb tenses review: present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple A present simple tense We use present simple to talk about something that is always or usually true in the present. Those things are often our habits, routines and schedules. I have a big breakfast with my family on weekdays. She works as a personal assistant at a bank. He is a middle-aged man. It looks very nice on you. We go to dinner on Friday evenings. They play cricket every Saturday. The last bus to my home leaves at 11 pm. Here is the structure of present simple: negative question affirmative I don’t study Statistics at university. Do you study Statistics at university? I study Statistics at university. She doesn’t study Statistics at university. Does she study Statistics at university? She studies Statistics at university. B present continuous tense We use present continuous to talk about the actions •happening at the time of speaking •a short-term action that happened recently •changes happening around now (often with the verbs get, become, increase, grow, etc.) e.g. I’m taking a badminton class this month. Harold is cleaning his room right now/at the moment. The population of this town is growing fast. We’re eating dinner now. They’re working as cashiers in a supermarket these days. Here is the structure of present continuous: negative question affirmative I am cooking dinner. I’m not cooking dinner. Am I cooking dinner? He / She / It is cooking dinner. You / We / They are cooking dinner. He / She / It isn’t cooking dinner. Is he / she / it cooking dinner? You / We / They aren’t cooking dinner. Are you / we / they cooking dinner? C Present perfect simple tense We use present perfect tense to talk about experiences that • happened before now without telling their exact time • recent actions or situations • giving news using the time expressions just, already, yet • actions or situations that started in a particular time in the past and are still going on at this time. I have been to Istanbul more than ten times. She has just left the classroom. His brother has stayed with us for six weeks. We have eaten here many times. They have lived here for two years. Here is the structure of present perfect simple: regular verbs Affirmative Negative Questions irregular verbs I have/She has talked to the I have/She has not talked to the Have you/Has she talked to customers. customers. the customers? I have/She has seen Alicia before. I have/She has not seen Alicia Have you / Has she seen before. Alicia before? 153

Practice A Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets and the correct tense 1 We generally ________ (drink) tea after dinner in my country. 2 Many people in my community ____________ (not wear) traditional clothing these days. 3 Women in my country often ____________ (work) and take care of children. 4 My family _____________ (live) in this area for many generations. 5 In my culture, we _________ (not eat) a lot of rice. 6 More and more people _____________ (travel) these days. 7 I ____________ (visit) South America before. 8 The food we eat ___________ (not change) a lot since I was young. 1.2 Subject/object questions Subject and object questions are two main question forms in English. When we want to know who/what does the action, we use the subject question form. To make a subject question, we can use who or what instead of the subject of the sentence. We do not need an auxiliary verb and the word order is not changed. question answer Who cooks at your home? My mom cooks at our home. What made you sad? The exam results made me sad. Object questions are more common and familiar question forms. An object question asks about the object of the sentence. We need auxiliary verbs and we have to change the word order of the question.. Question Answer What did you cook at home? I cooked chicken and rice. Who did you meet with? I met with the manager. Where does she come from? She comes from Cairo. Note: When a question word is the object of a preposition, the preposition is usually at the end of the sentence. Practice A Make questions using the prompts below. Then ask and answer them with a classmate. Remember you can ask yes/no and open-ended questions. 1 spell your name? How do you spell your name? 2 visit / the USA? 3 favourite place / to go on holiday? 4 brother/sister / study? 5 usually / see your friends? 6 favourite actor/actress? 7 study English / now? Question Answer Who are you talking to? I’m talking to Jerry. What is he looking for? He is looking for his eyeglasses. Which movie are they talking about? They are talking about Superman. 154

1.3 indirect questions and requests When we ask questions to strangers, or when we want to sound more polite, we can use indirect questions and requests. We can use the expressions like these to make indirect questions and requests. Do you know…? Can you tell me…? I was wondering… I’d like to know… Would it be possible…? In indirect questions and requests with the verb to be, have/has or modal verbs, we put the subject-verb (SV) order. Direct question Indirect question What time is it? Can you tell me what time it is? How long has she worked here? I was wondering how long she has worked here. When can we have the meeting? I’d like to know when we can have the meeting. In indirect questions and requests with do/does/did, we omit the helping verbs. Direct question Indirect question Where does Blair live? Do you know where Blair lives? When did you get home? Can you tell me when you got home? Direct question Indirect question Will Dina come to the meeting? Can you tell me if Dina will come to the meeting? Are you the new manager? I’d like to know if you are the new manager. Practice A Make indirect questions and requests with the prompts. 1 Could you tell me… / the time? 2 Do you know… / the exam? 3 I was wondering… / help me with my homework? 4 Do you have any idea… / get to the airport from here? 5 I’d like to know… / see a movie? 6 Would it be possible… / some water? 7 Is there any chance… / meet after class? 1.4 Small talk With small talk, it is important to know how to start, maintain and end a conversation properly. Here are some useful expressions to help you: greeting and general questions asking and talking about recent events / ending the conversation details / offers Hi, I’m ... Nice meeting you. Nice day, isn’t it? What’s up? It was nice to see you. Nice to meet you. What’s new? Hope to see you soon. Do you live / work / study here? What’s happening? Hope to meet again soon. What do you do? How was your weekend? See/Catch you later. How’s it going? How do you know …? Cheers. How’s everything? What about …? All right. Take care. How’s life? I’ve just ... Not too bad/much. 155

Giving quick responses / showing interest e.g. A: Hi, I’m Valerie. (Oh) Really? B: Hi Valerie, my name is Elton. That’s interesting. A: Do you live around here, Elton? Is that right? B: Yes, I do. But actually, I’m from … That’s great! A: Really? That’s interesting. I’ve always want to go That’s too bad. there. That sounds good / bad / interesting / great. 2.1 past simple vs. past continuous We use the simple past to talk about completed actions in the past. We use the past continuous to talk about actions in progress in the past. Simple past I wrote a new song yesterday afternoon. (The action was completed yesterday afternoon.) Past continuous We were practising the new song at 3 p.m. yesterday. (The action ‘practising’ was in progress at 3 p.m. yesterday.) We often use the simple past and past continuous together. We were practising our new song when our manager arrived. (The verb ‘practising’ was in progress when the verb ‘arrive’ interrupts it.) When we use two simple past sentence together, the meaning changes. Compare When Lisa arrived, they practised the new song. (First, Lisa arrived, then they practised. One action happens after another.) When Lisa arrived, they were practising the new song. (They had already started practising before Lisa arrived.) Note: We do not use stative verbs in continuous tenses. I wasn’t remembering her phone number when you asked.  I didn’t remember her phone number when you asked.  2.2 be used to / get used to We use be used to when we are accustomed and familiar with something. After be used to, we can use a noun, noun phrase or gerund. I wasn’t used to driving on the left, but now I’m used to it. It was quite difficult to travel by plane for me, but now I’m used to flying all over the world. We use get used to when we are becoming accustomed to something and becoming familiar with it. After get used to, we can use a noun, noun phrase or gerund. They’ve just had a baby, so they are getting used to having little sleep. My job isn’t very fun, but I’m getting used to it. We’re getting use to our new neighbourhood. We can use both be used to and get used to with past, present and future tenses. I wasn’t used to cooking for myself, but now I like it. She’ll be used to living in the city in no time. You’ll get used to working with Jane. She’s a great manager. I got used to wearing heavy clothes when I moved to Norway. Practice A Correct the mistakes in the sentences below. 1 I very use to living alone. 2 We slowly getting used to using computers at school. 3 Did it take you long get used to working in the city? 4 He isn’t using to his new job. 5 Are you used wearing glasses yet? 6 She got used to live in the USA. 156

2.3 Relative pronouns and clauses We use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or place. There are two kinds of relative clauses, defining and non-defining. We introduce relative clauses with the relative pronouns who(m), which, that, whose, when and where. Defining relative clauses We use defining relative clause to make clear which person, place or thing we are talking about. It was a small electronic pet that you fed small bowls of food and took care of. It was a place where you could chat with your friends and make new friends. The TalkBoy was a device that used a cassette tape to make recordings. When the relative pronoun is a subject, we cannot leave it out. The TalkBoy was a device that used a cassette tape to make recordings. When the relative pronoun is an object, we can leave it out. It was a small electronic pet that you fed small bowls of food and took care of. Non-defining relative clauses We use non-defining relative clause to give extra information about the person, place or thing we are talking about. We separate non-defining relative clauses with commas. The Tamagotchi, which was first sold in Japan, quickly spread across the world in the mid to late 1990s. Note that we: • whom when the relative pronoun is an object. • cannot use the relative pronoun that with non- defining relative clauses; • cannot leave out the relative pronouns; • whose for people and of which for things in relative clauses instead of possessive adjectives; 2.4 sequencing words When we talk about events and situations in the past, we can use sequencing words to connect our ideas. This helps your audience understand what happened better. Sequencing refers to the order in which the events happened. Here are some common sequencing words. At the beginning First of all, … / Firstly, … / Initially,… /To start off with, … Firstly, I unlocked the door. In the middle Then, I opened it and entered the room. After that, … But then … Later … Next, … Then, … As soon At the ending as … When + phrase/clause Finally, I found the secret chest there. Eventually, … Finally, … In the end, … Lastly, … Practice A Use the sequencing words above to complete the story. Remember, sometimes more than one answer is possible. When I was young, I used to visit my cousins in Istanbul. One time, I travelled there by bus with my mother. (1) ________, we packed our bags together and went to the bus station. (2) ________, we got on the bus. When the bus started moving, we realised we were on the wrong bus. (3) _________ we realised, we asked the bus driver to stop at the next station. (4) ______, we had to buy a new ticket to Istanbul. (5) _______, we caught the right bus and we were on our way to see my cousins. (6) ________, we arrived in Istanbul, but the trip took us 12 hours! Student A Student B 157

3.1 present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous When we use the present perfect simple to talk about completed actions in the past, we focus on the action itself and do not mention the exact time. I have read this book many times. We have taken that airline before and we liked it. When we use the present perfect continuous to talk actions that are still going on, we focus on the length of time. I have been reading this book for two days. We have been taking this airline for over a decade Practice a) before. b) yet? A Match the sentences with the correct time expressions. c) lately. 1 Have you booked your ticket … d) so far. 2 Amanda has been learning to drive for … e) six years. 3 Judy has broken more than five mobile phones … f) since 7 a.m. 4 Tom needs a rest because he has been working in the field … 5 This is my first time. I haven’t ridden a motorbike … 6 My sister feels great these days. She has been getting up early … 3.2 Past perfect simple tense We form the past perfect tense with had + past participle form of the main verb. I had worked as a clerk before becoming an accountant. He hadn’t gone camping for more than three years. We had already eaten when they arrived. We can use the past perfect simple tense to talk about completed actions that happened before a specific time or another action in the past. They had already closed all the windows when the rainstorm started. We recognized Fiona right away because we had met in Seattle a few months ago. We can use the past perfect simple tense to talk about things that continued over a period of time before a specific time or another action in the past. For this use, we only use stative verbs. We had wanted to buy a house for years when we found the house of our dreams. He had been quite shy until he started high school. She had never seen such a beautiful sunrise before. We often use the time expressions such as just, already, before, for, since with the past perfect tense. We often use the time expressions such as just, already, before, for, since with the past perfect tense. You had already left home when I called you. I had just left home when you called me. She had been overweight for many years before she got sick. Practice a) so she had borrowed money from me. b) because someone had already told her about it. A Match to make sentences. c) because they had grown up together. 1 I couldn’t drive to work this morning d) and I hadn’t taken any medicine with me. 2 It was my first trip to India e) because my car had broken down the previous day. 3 My hands were dirty f) because I’d planted some flowers in the garden. 4 Gina lost her purse 5 She wasn’t surprised about the party 6 When his dog died, he cried 158

3.3 Sam’s grandfather lived to the age of 91 and he had never seen a doctor in his life. Simple past vs past perfect simple With the words before and after, the past perfect simple is We use the simple past tense to talk about events in the order sometimes optional. in which they happened. I took my parents out to dinner after I had got my first job. I left home at nine o’clock, walked to the bus station and I took my parents out to dinner after I got my first job. waited for the bus to Dover. It arrived in five minutes. Practice We use the past perfect simple to when we talk about events in a different order or there are references to an earlier time. A Add the words in brackets to the correct place in the I left home at nine o’clock. It was cold but I had worn my heavy sentences. coat and had put on my hat. At the bus stop, I had waited for 1 He had lost his job when they met. (just) five minutes before bus arrived. 2 She had applied for university. (already) 3 We had lived in Argentina six months before we moved to We often use past perfect simple and past simple together. We Brazil. (for) can combine these two tenses with some time expressions and 4 I had never been to the opera. (before) conjunctions. 5 They had finished dinner when their son called with the news. (just) When I met Jessie, she had already got married. 6 He had had three children by the time he was 30. (already) Before I got to the bus stop, the bus had left. She had fallen asleep by the time the movie finished. After I had packed a picnic for the beach, it started to rain. 3.4 We need to apologize (say sorry) in different ways in different situations. A apologies informal apology formal apology ... is/was my fault. I (really) must apologize... I’d like to apologize for... I beg your pardon. I do apologize... I regret... I don’t know what to say. Please accept my deepest apologies. Please excuse my behavior / thoughtlessness /carelessness. I hope you can forgive me. Pardon me. Please forgive me. B excuses and responsesss. excuses and promises responses to excuses I’m sorry I’m late, but … Accepting excuses: I was delayed in traffic. That’s OK. I couldn’t hear my alarm. No problem. I wasn’t feeling well. Never mind. I understand. Don’t worry about it. I know it isn’t good, but... Oh, it doesn’t matter. I was under a lot of stress. Rejecting excuses: I didn’t have enough time. I should think so too! Promises That’s completely unacceptable. I’m sorry... I’m afraid that’s not good enough! about the mess. I’ll tidy it up. Don’t let it happen again. about spilling the coffee. I’ll get the mop. to keep you waiting. It won’t happen again. Practice a) I’ll buy you a new pair. b) I’ll solve it as soon as possible. A Match the apologies with the promises. c) I’ll call you when I’m available. 1 I apologise for breaking your window. d) I’ll pay for the damage. 2 Sorry for losing the sunglasses you lent me. e) We’ll compensate the loss. 3 I really am very sorry about the faulty products. 4 Please accept my apologies for the misunderstanding. 5 Please forgive me. I can’t help you now. 159

4.1 Talking about future plans We can use several different tenses to talk about future plans. A be going to future When we talk about what we have already decided to do, we can use be going to. I’m going to study event planning at university. Cecilia is going to pick out the invitation cards. We are going to hold the party at a restaurant. B Present continuous When we talk about what we have already arranged, we can use the present continuous tense. The speaker usually knows the time and place of the arrangement and we usually use a future time expression, e.g. tomorrow, next week. I’m seeing my consultant tomorrow morning. She’s going to a wedding next week. Uma and her friends are having a picnic this Sunday. Practice C Present simple When we talk about timetables, schedules, etc., we can use the present simple tense. We usually use an exact time in the sentence. The last train to Milan leaves at 1 a.m. My lessons start at 2 p.m. The bank closes early on Saturdays. A Work in pairs. Talk about your plans using the prompts. Add exact time and place if you wish. • buy a new pair of shoes • apply for a part-time job • try a Japanese meal • go to a see film • take a foreign language course • paint your room • learn to play the guitar • call your grandparents 4.2 Future continuous vs future perfect We form the future continuous tense with will be + present participle. We use the future continuous tense to talk about actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future. Keiko and I will be cleaning up after the fireworks display. I will be having dinner with my friends on Saturday night. We form the future perfect tense with will have + past participle. We use the future perfect tense to talk about actions that will already be completed at a certain time in the future. Next year, I will have worked for the Environment Department for 20 years. Keiko and I won’t have finished cleaning up after the fireworks display until 6 p.m. Practice A Read the sentences and circle the correct option. 1 Next month my parents will have lived / will be living in the same house for 50 years. 2 She will have hiked / will be hiking in Yellowstone Natural Park by the time she returns home. 3 On Tuesday night, I will have played / will be playing football. 4 After this trip, I will have flown / will be flying more than one million miles. 5 She will have cooked / will be cooking dinner for us on Sunday night. 6 She will have studied / will be studying for the exam for six hours. 160

4.3 a/an, the, zero article We also use the with • time sequences, e.g. at the beginning, in the end, in the past A a/an (indefinite articles) • dates, e.g. the 1st of March, the 15th of December • superlative adjectives, e.g. the tallest mountain, the most We use a before singular nouns or adjective + nouns that begin expensive car • parts of the day, e.g. in the afternoon, in the evening, during with a consonant sound. the day • fixed time expressions, e.g. at the moment, for the time a book a field being • seasons (optional), e.g. in (the) spring, in (the) winter a man a tall tree • musical instruments (after the verb play), e.g. He plays the trumpet. She plays the guitar. a beautiful violin a uniform (‘u’ has a consonant • historical events, e.g. the Stone Age, the Industrial Revolution • ships, e.g. the Titanic, the Bismark sound here) • public bodies, e.g. the government, the police force We use an before singular nouns or adjective + nouns that Zero article We usually do not use articles with: begin with a vowel sound. • proper nouns, e.g. I’m studying with Marta tonight. My parents are from Milan. an ant an elephant • plural count nouns, e.g. We’ve got two dogs. I don’t like animals. an order an old car • noncount nouns, e.g. I love playing basketball. I drink tea every morning. an expensive umbrella an hour (‘h’ is silent here) • days, e.g. I don’t work on Saturday. There’s a picnic on Sunday afternoon. We usually use a and an when we mentioned something for • months, e.g. The new office opens in June. My birthday is in the first time. November. I bought a burger and a lemonade. The lemonade is good. • holidays, e.g. I love Christmas. My favourite holiday is I want to rent an apartment. The apartment should be close to Mother’s Day. town centre. • school subjects, e.g. The maths exam is tomorrow. I think science is easy. B the (definite article) • meals, e.g. I’ll cook breakfast. What’s for lunch? We usually use the when: • abstract nouns, e.g. Happiness is the key to life. Curiosity is • there is only one of something. more important than intelligence. We haven’t seen the sun for three days. Did you see the full moon last night? • something has been mentioned before. I bought a burger and a lemonade. The burger was terrible but the lemonade was delicious. • we are thinking of a specific thing, e.g. Please hand me the book on the table. I want to rent the apartment near the park. 4.4 Making an offer We can use the modal verbs can and shall to make offers. Making a request After can and shall we use a bare infinitive. We can use the modal verbs can and could to make requests. Can I help you with anything? After can and could we use a bare infinitive. Could is more Shall I open a window? polite than can. We can also use the phrase Would you like … to make offers. Could you open the door for me, please? After Would you like ..., we use a noun or a pronoun and a full Can you put some posters up around the office? infinitive. We can also use the phrase Would you mind ... to make Would you like me to help you with the dishes? requests. After Would you mind …, we use a gerund. Would you mind calling the catering company? We can also make offers in different ways. Is there anything I can do for you? Asking for permission What can I do for you? We can use the modal verbs can and could to ask for permission. Could is more polite than can. Responding to requests and offers Can I take the dog for a walk? There are many ways to respond to requests and offers. Could I use your car this weekend? Yes, please. We can also use the phrases Do you mind if ... and Would you No thanks. mind if ... to ask for permission. With Do you mind if …, we No thank you. use the present simple tense. With Would you mind if ..., we That would be great. use the simple tense. That would be lovely. Do you mind if I come to the party? That’s very kind of you. Would you mind if I finished the report tomorrow? 161

5.1 She’s got an expensive sports car. She must be rich. Beatrice and Jessie can’t be sisters. They don’t look like each Must / can other. We use must to say that we are certain that something is true. All the lights are on so she must be at home. Note that we cannot use can or mustn’t to express deduction. It’s only five p.m. so Martin must be at the office. • All the lights are on so she can be at home. We use can’t to say we are certain that something is • All the lights are off so she mustn’t be at home. impossible. All the lights are off so she can’t be at home. Practice It’s nearly seven thirty so Martin can’t be at the office. We sometimes need helping statements to make deductions D Write the answers to the questions so they are true for you. clearer. Then share your answers in groups. 1 Would you rather stay in or eat out? 5.2 2 Would you rather go to the gym or run in a park? 3 Would you rather cook or get take away? Would rather and had better 4 Would you rather do yoga or workout? We use would rather to express preferences. After would 5 Would you rather drive or take the bus? rather, we use a bare infinitive. 6 Would you rather take the elevator or the stairs? I would rather exercise at home. I would rather run in the evenings. We can also use would rather to make comparisons with than. I would rather do yoga than lift weights. I would rather run than work out at the gym. We use had better to give strong advice to someone. It has a similar meaning to should. After had better, we use a bare infinitive. You had better be careful. You had better learn to stretch properly. 5.3 We can also use needn’t to talk about lack of necessity and obligation in present time, but it is not very common. Lack of necessity I needn’t watch what I eat because I exercise a lot. We can use don’t have to and don’t need to to talk about lack of necessity. She’s already thin so she needn’t lose weight. I don’t have to watch what I eat because I exercise a lot. She’s already thin so she doesn’t have to lose weight. Note: We can use both don’t have to and don’t need to to talk about Students often confuse don’t have to and mustn’t. We use lack of necessity in the past or future. don’t have to say something is not necessary. We use mustn’t He didn’t need to go on a diet, but he wanted to. when to express prohibition. You won’t have to walk alone to the gym. 5.4 You mustn’t eat in the gym. (Entering the building is forbidden.) You don’t have to bring a towel. They gym provides them. (It is not necessary to bring a towel.) Agreeing and disagreeing We can use these expressions to give opinions, and agree or disagree with an opinion. To be more polite, we can say I’m sorry …, I’m afraid …, I’m not sure but … when we are disagreeing with someone. Giving opinion Agreeing Disagreeing I believe that … Absolutely. Absolutely not. In my opinion … Exactly. I don’t agree. Personally, I think … I (completely) agree. I (completely) disagree. I don’t think … Me too. I’m not sure about that. As far as I’m concerned … Of course. I’m afraid I have to disagree. If you ask me, … That’s right. That’s not always true. The way I see it … You’re (absolutely) right. I’d go along with that. A: It’s really hot outside. I think we should wait till evening to go to the vegetable market. B: Me too. C: I’m not sure about that. If we wait till evening, there won’t be any vegetables left. A: Yes, that’s right. OK, let’s go now and get the shopping done. Remember that it is important to explain your reason after you agree or disagree with someone’s opinion. 162

6.1 Passive voice We use the passive voice when we focus on the action of a sentence, not the subject. It is not important or not known who or what performs the action. We form the passive voice with the correct form of the verb be + past participle. This house was built in 1980. (passive voice) Uncle Patrick built this house in 1980. (active voice) In the passive voice, we can use by after the main verb to say who or what caused the action. This house was built by Uncle Patrick in 1980. I’ve never been bitten by a dog. We cannot form the passive voice with intransitive verbs (i.e. does not have a direct object).  It was rained all morning.  The train station was arrived at. We commonly use the passive voice in a shortened form in news headlines. Fowler elected governor again (Fowler has been elected governor again) Man killed by pet snake (A man was killed by a pet snake) Tense/modal Active voice Passive voice Present simple They hold a traditional festival here every May. A traditional festival is held here every May. Present continuous They are holding a traditional festival here this week. A traditional festival is being held here this week. Past simple They held a traditional festival here last May. A traditional festival was held here last week. Past continuous They were holding a traditional festival here at this A traditional festival was being held here at this time last year. time last year. Present perfect simple They have held a traditional festival here before. A traditional festival has been held here before. Past perfect They had held a traditional festival here before. A traditional festival had been held here before. Future simple They will hold a traditional festival here next month. A traditional festival will be held here next month. Be going to future They are going to hold a traditional festival here next A traditional festival is going to be held here next month. month. Used to They used to hold a traditional festival here every A traditional festival used to be held here every May. May. Can* They can hold a traditional festival here. A traditional festival can be held here. *We can use the same pattern for all modal verbs. Practice Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 At the moment, the mob boss ________________ (hold) in the local prison. 2 The meeting for tomorrow night ________________ (arrange). 3 Next year, the criminal ________________ (move)to another prison. 4 He ________________ (arrest) three times by the he was 25. 5 Broken bottles of alcohol ________________ (find) at the scene of the crime. 6 He ________________ (question) by the police when his lawyer arrived. 6.2 Practice was/were supposed to and was/were going to A Work in pairs. Use the prompts below to write sentences so We use was/were supposed to and was/were going to to talk they are true for you. about past expectations and plans and their past or future consequences. 1 What were you supposed to do: We use was/were supposed to to talk about expectations in yesterday? the past. If you do not do something you were supposed to last week? do, somebody will probably be disappointed or angry with you. last year? She was supposed to arrive at three. Why is she here early? You were supposed to finish the report last week. Now you will 2 What were you going to do: lose marks. last weekend? last summer? We use was/were going to to talk about intention in the past. a year ago? I was going to buy some fruit, but the super market was closed. We were going to have a picnic, but now it’s raining. 163

6.3 Get We can use get to: Causatives • have someone do something using the structure get + We use the causative to talk about actions that someone else someone+ infinitive. does for us or another person. We usually use the verbs have, I’ll get my secretary to book the hotel. get, make to make causative statements. She got her husband to paint the bedroom. He got his wife to pick up dinner. Have and get • convince someone to do something using the structure get We can use have to: + someone + infinitive: •have someone do something using the structure have + How can we get staff to arrive on time? someone + bare infinitive. I can never get my children to do the washing up. I’ll have my secretary book the hotel. I got my father to fix my car. She had her husband paint the bedroom. He had his wife pick up dinner. Make • have something done, usually by paying for it, using the We can use make is used to force someone to do something structure have/get + something + past participle. using the structure make + person + bare infinitive: I had/got my motorbike fixed. I made my children do the washing up. She’s having/getting her teeth cleaned. My boss made me rewrite the sales report. They had/got a new house built. My girlfriend made me watch every episode of her favourite TV show. 6.4 It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess she is the new director. Guessing phrases She might be the new director. We need to make a guess about something when we do not Perhaps she’s the new director. have an exact idea about it. Here are some ways to make a Off the top of my head, I think she’s the new director. guess in English. We’re talking maybe she’s the new director. Guessing phrases Guessing phrases with numbers and periods of time I’m not sure, but I think she is the new director. He is about ten years older than me. I’d say she’s the new director. I can’t remember when I got home. It is around/about ten, I She could be the new director. think. If I had to take a guess, I’d say she’s the new director. 7.1 Third conditional (imaginary past) If I had studied harder in secondary school, I would have been We use the third conditional to talk about past situations that able to go to college. cannot be changed. The third conditional is purely imaginary. If I had known the restaurant was so terrible, I wouldn’t have We form third conditionals with if + past perfect tense …, recommended it to you. would/could + have + past participle. We can also use the third conditional to criticise or emphasize past condition mistakes. If you had woken up earlier, you wouldn’t have missed the If I had noticed the dog in the garden, bus. We could have gone on holiday if you hadn’t lost your job. If I had lived one two thousand years ago Practice If I hadn’t lost my phone, A Work in pairs. Write questions in the third conditional using imaginary result the prompts. Then ask and answer the questions with your I wouldn’t have come in. partner. I would have been an explorer. I could have called you. 1 What / do / miss the bus / train this morning? What would you have done, if you had missed the bus this These two clauses are also interchangeable. We use a comma morning? when the if-clause comes first. We do not need a comma when 2 Where / go on holiday / win the lottery? the result clause comes first. 3 What / study / get into this university? I wouldn’t have come in if I had noticed the dog in the garden. 4 What / do / be born in a different country? I would have been an explorer, if I had lived one two thousand 5 How / be different / be born 50 years earlier? years ago. 6 What / do / be the leader of a country during World War II? We often use the third conditional to talk about regrets in the past. 164

7.2 We use wish when we want reality to be different than it is or was. We can make wishes in the present and the past. Present When we make wishes about a present situation, we use the simple past tense in the wish clause. I don’t know how to swim. I wish I knew how to swim. Josie doesn’t have a car. She wishes she had a car. With the verb to be, we usually use were in the wish clause. I’m not good at swimming. I wish I were good at swimming. Josie isn’t very tall. She wishes she were tall. Past When we make wishes about a past situation, we use the past perfect tense in the wish clause. I didn’t study for the exam. I wish I had studied. Marcus spent all of his money. He wishes he hadn’t spent all of his money. She was sick yesterday. She wishes she hadn’t been sick. We often use wish with would and could. We use would to express intentions or desires. We use could to express possibility. Present It is raining really hard. I wish it would stop raining. I can’t go to the park. I wish I could go the park. Past I looked at a very nice sofa yesterday, but I didn’t buy it. I wish I would have bought the sofa I say yesterday. The weather was terrible yesterday and I had to stay inside. I wish I could have gone to the park. Practice A Work in pairs. Use wish and the verb listed to write sentences that are true for you. 1 study 3 work 5 be 2 live 4 meet 6 have 7.3 Both/neither/all/none Both are attractive and dangerous. We use both and neither when we refer to two things. We Neither are easy are easy to keep at home. often use both with and and neither with nor to connect two nouns or adjectives. We use all and none to refer to more than two things. We can Both the Venus flytrap and pitcher plant have special ways to use all with nouns. attract and catch insects. All plants are amazing. The plants are both attractive and dangerous. All carnivorous plants are designed to live in places where other plants cannot. Neither bee nor butterfly can escape. We can also follow all and none with of + pronoun/plural noun. The bee was neither ready nor surprised by what had All of them are designed to live in places where other plants happened. cannot. We can also follow both and neither with of + pronoun/plural None of the main carnivorous plants will do well in a typical noun. home environment Both of them have special ways to attract and catch insects. Both of those plants are difficult to keep at home. We often use none with as a pronoun. Neither of them are easy are easy to keep at home. None are quite like carnivorous plants. We can also use both and neither as pronouns. None are prepared for the speed of the trap. Practice A Work in pairs. Look at the pictures below and describe what you can see to your partner. Remember to use both, neither, all and none. 165

7.4 Expressing sympathy We can use some common phrases to express our concern and sympathy about the things that happen to other people. Expressing sympathy Responding Informal I know how disappointed you must feel. Thanks for your support. Sometimes things don’t go the I hope things get better soon. way we want, do they? How awful to hear about your ... (accident/ illness) Are I greatly appreciate your support. You’re a good friend. you okay now? Too bad you didn’t ... I was hoping you would … I will pray for your quick recovery. Formal I am/was deeply/truly sorry to hear about ... It’s very nice/kind of you to be so concerned, but I’m fine. I was sorry/shocked to hear you ... Please accept my I appreciate your sympathy/kindness. condolences*. Thank you very much. I’m deeply touched. *We usually use condolences when someone close to another person has passed away. Practice Complete the table below with the phrases from the dialogues. Expressing sympathy Responding I know how disappointed you must feel. Informal Formal I appreciate your kindness. 8.1 He agreed to help me with the project. I regret missing your game. (I’ve missed your game, so I’m I learned to design a website. sorry) We plan to go to Peru next year. We regret to inform you that you didn’t get the job. (We are I need to work over the weekend. sorry to tell you the news.) She offered to let us stay at her house. I remembered paying the bills. (I paid the bills and I remem- Note that we can also use infinitives as the subject of a sen- bered that I paid them) tence, but it is not common or natural. I remembered to pay the bills. (I needed to pay the bills and I did it) We often use infinitives in some adjective structures with too + adjective and adjective + enough. I stopped eating snacks between meals. (I don’t eat snacks This luggage is too heavy to carry. between meals anymore.) It’s too far to walk to the town centre. I stopped to eat some snacks during the day. (I stopped be- She is old enough to drive. cause I wanted to eat some snacks.) They were kind enough to help me. Practice We often separate verbs and infinitives when we use speaking verbs. Circle the correct options in the following sentences. The man ordered the boy to stop. I asked her to go to a film. 1 Don’t forget to lock / locking the doors before going to bed. 2 Ann stopped to attend / attending the course when she got C Verb + gerund or infinitive with no change in meaning married. We can use both a gerund or infinitive after some verbs. 3 I can remember to visit / visiting that island with my parents when I was ten. begin start continue like love hate can’t stand 4 They regret to tell / telling us lies. 5 I’m starting to do / doing yoga with my colleagues in the I began working/to work on my report yesterday. evenings. They continued to travelling/to travel for five months. 6 My sister reminded me to turn / turning off the heating. I can’t stand waiting/to wait in long queues. C Verb + gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning forget remember try stop regret I forgot calling him last night. (I called him, but I forgot that I called him) I forgot to call him last night. (I was supposed to call him, but I forgot it) 166

8.2 Reported speech: commands When we report commands, we use the pattern verb + indirect object + (not) to-infinitive. The indirect object is the person spoken to. Direct speech Reported speech My mum said, ‘Clean your room.’ My mum told me to clean my room. The librarian said, ‘Stop talking.’ The librarian told us to stop talking. The professor said, ‘Don’t use your phone in class.’ The professor told us not to us our phones in class. Remember that a command is strong. It is something that we must do and is often a rule. 8.3 Reported speech: requests and suggestions When we report requests, we use the same pattern that we use to report commands – verb + indirect object + (not) to-infinitive. The indirect object is the person spoken to. Direct speech Reported speech The police officer said, ‘Can you show me your licence?’ The police officer asked me to show her my licence. The woman asked, ‘Could you give me some water?’ She asked me to give her some water. Liz said, ‘Do not turn on the lights yet, Jerry.’ Liz asked Jerry not to turn on the lights yet. She said, ‘Please help me with my homework.’ She begged me to help her with her homework. Direct speech Reported speech Tom said, ‘Why don’t we go on a trip?’ Tom suggested (that) we should go on a trip. Dina said, ‘You should quit eating junk food.’ Tom suggested (that) we go on a trip. Tom recommend going on a trip. My mum said, ‘You shouldn’t spend so much time on the Tom said (that) we should go on a trip. computer.’ Dina suggested (that) I quit eating junk food. Dina recommended (that) I quit eating junk food. Dina advised me to quit eating junk food. Dina said (that) I should quit eating junk food. My mum suggested (that) I should not spend so much time on the computer. My mum suggested (that) I not spend so much time on the computer. My mum recommended not spending so much time on the computer. My mum advised me not to spend so much time on the computer. Expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification A Expressing lack of understanding B Asking for clarification I’m not quite sure what you mean. Could you clarify that, please? Sorry, I didn’t get your point. Could you give us an example? Sorry, I didn’t hear what you said. Could you repeat, please? I beg your pardon, but I don’t understand. Could you say that again, please? I don’t quite see what you mean. Do you mean ...? What are you trying to say? C Clarifying a topic In other words, ... Let me explain that (in more detail). Excuse me. Let me explain... To say it differently ... Practice A Work in pairs. Write a short conversation that uses phrases to express lack of understanding, ask for clarification and clarify a topic. It should be no longer than the conversation in Exercise A. Then swap the conversation with another pair and role play. 167

8.4 Reported Speech: commands Usually, when we use reported speech we have to change the tense of the verb. However, when we report commands we simply change the person and time phrase. e.g. Direct Command – Mum: Clean your room. (When? Yesterday) Reported Command – My mum told me to clean my room the following day. When we report affirmative commands we use to + infinitive. e.g. Direct Command: “Question your history lessons at school.” Reported Command: People who believe this tell us to question our history lessons at school. When we report negative commands we use not + to + infinitive. e.g. Direct Command: “Don’t trust our world leaders.” Reported Command: Those who believe that our world leaders are lizards have told us not to trust them. expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification You can see the common phrases that can help you to express a lack of understanding, asking for and making a clarification about the topic you are discussing. expressing lack of understanding asking for clarification clarifying a topic I’m not quite sue about what you mean. Could you clarify that, please? In other words... Let me explain that in more detail... Sorry, I didn’t get your point. Could you give us an example? Let me explain that... Sorry, let me explain... Sorry, I didn’t quite hear what you said. Could you repeat, please? To say this differently... I beg your pardon, but I don’t quite Could you say that again, please? understand. (formal) Do you mean...? I don’t quite see what you mean. (formal) What are you trying to say? SPEAKING 1.1 Which culture do you belong to? 5 Choose a structure: 1 Choose a food: ab c ab c 2 Choose a sport: 6 Choose a wild animal: c ab ab c 3 Choose a weather: 7 Choose a clothing: c ab a rainy b snowy c sunny 4 Choose a colour: a white b green c red Mostly a: Japanese Mostly b: African Mostly c: Spanish 168

1.1 1 What’s your name? 2 Where are you from? Student A 3 What do you usually wear? 4 What are the favourite foods in your culture? Read the role play card. Ask and answer questions about 5 What sports are popular in your culture? culture with your partner. Your name is Amy. You live in Japan. You like wearing traditional check on her/him. Thankfully, he/she is fine. Wish him/her a clothes like kimonos. You also like eating sushi, noodles and good holiday. rice. The most popular sport in your culture is sumo wrestling. Role play card 3 One of your friends calls you and asks for your help. You want 1.4 to help her/him, but you don’t have much time. You have a business meeting. You kindly tell your friend that you are in a Role play card 1 hurry and you can only help her/him after the meeting. You haven’t seen your friend for a while. You bump into him/ her on the street when you are walking to work. You invite silent, calm / very him/her to your office and he/she accepts your invitation. toward / also; very (used to show emphasis) Role play card 2 one of a group / female sorcerer Your friend had a flight to Miami. He/She hasn’t sent you any text messages for the last 20 hours. You call your friend to 6 So you play an instrument? a nope, no interest 2.1 b one-man band Flesh / encounter 7 What’s the longest song you have? a worker in a mine / underage person (noun); less important a I don’t care (adj.) b FREE BIRD! 2.1 8 Favourite time signature? a What’s that? A Take this awesome quiz to find out how much of a music b 11/8 fan you are. 9 How do you obtain your music? 1 What best describes you? a I use torrents and other shady methods because I just don’t a a pretty boy band have enough money b some jazz some blues b I get as much music as I can with the money I get 2 How many songs do you have? Mostly a likes music but doesn’t really care how they get it or what they a 10,000 random songs are listening to. As long as it’s cool. b a collection of my favourite albums Mostly b really knows their music loves to spend time on learning about 3 Do you prefer whole albums or singles? what they listen to. They are the true music fans. a singles b whole albums 4 How often do you listen to music? a when I want to b every breathing minute 5 What’s your favourite genre? a pop rock, modern rock b classic rock, man. Pure music, nothing else dude Hip Hop R&B Jazz 169

2.2 5 He came ________ me (attacked me) with a knife. A Choose the correct preposition to complete each of the by to at following sentences. 6 I think I’m coming ________ something. (I think I’m getting 1 How am I going to come ________ (find, get) all that money? sick.) up with up to along into down with up with 2 He came ________ (inherited) a lot of money when his grandfather died. B Work in pairs. Use a dictionary and find three more phrasal verbs with come. Remember to write their definitions. on into down 3 I’m pretty sure he was coming ________ me (flirting with me) last night. 1 _________________________________________________ 2 _________________________________________________ up to up with on to 3 _________________________________________________ 4 My favourite singer is coming ________ (releasing) a new CD next month. out with out to up with 2.2 2.3 Student A Student A Role play card Role play card You are a young student in your 20s. You are talking to You are a salesperson at an electronics store. It’s a very busy your grandfather and you are explaining the advantages of day and you have been dealing with customer problems all technology and convincing him to get himself a smartphone day. So, you are out of patience you can’t take it anymore, so he can run his errands much easier. Errands like paying the but all of a sudden a customer walks up to you and asks you a bills and etc… question about the new video game. Your favourite topic. You can also tell him having a smartphone will help him keep Despite being tired you are more than happy to help this all his favourite music in the same place. customer. 3.3 5.1 Student A Student A You are the interviewer and you work for a construction You are a mother of three and you are talking to your friend company. Use the ideas to help you. who just had her first baby. • greet the person You are in their house and you realize that they haven’t taken • ask reasons for applying for the position the necessary precautions to make their house baby friendly. • ask about work experience You are going to give your friend as much advice as you can. • thank him for coming This way she can baby proof her house so no harm will come to the child. 5.1 5 What is health? a a balance between mind, body, and spirit A Take the quiz below to find out if you are a modern b the absence of pain and symptoms treatment fan or traditional treatment fan. 6 What does sickness mean? 1 When you are feeling sick, how do you tell if you have a a The body’s energy is imbalanced. fever? b There is a defect in the body’s structure. a I have someone feel my forehead. b I use a thermometer to measure my temperature. 7 When you are sick, what do you want your doctor to do? a help boost my body’s healing abilities 2 What is the best cure for a sore throat? b treat the disease a a glass of steaming tea b pain-relieving medication 8 What would you like your doctor to focus on? a the elements (earth, fire, metal, wood, water) 3 What is the best cure for a hurt back? b vital signs (height, weight, general appearance) a a session with an acupuncturist b a muscle relaxer 9 What do you see medicine as? 4 When would you see a doctor? a a healing art b a science a when I am well, so I can prevent future sickness b when I am sick and need immediate treatment Mostly A believes in a more traditional way of healing. Mostly B believes in a more modern way of healing. 170

1.1 2.2 Mostly A has zero to no interest in being a detective. Therefore, they are not much of a detective. Student B Student B Mostly B has an interest in problem solving and Read the role play card. Ask and answer questions about would make a great detective. culture with your partner. Role play card Your name is Bob. You live in the United States of America. You You are having a chat with your grandchild about technology. He Mostly A you are lazy and not all that healthy. In fact, being healthy is like wearing jeans and sports shoes. You like eating fast food is trying to convince you how good and helpful it is but you are not all that important to you. like hamburger, pizza and hotdog. The most popular sport in trying to make him understand how much easier life was before. Mostly B you are cautious about what you eat and you care about your culture is ice hockey. your physic. You are a healthy person. 1 What’s your name? 2.3 2 Where are you from? 3 What do you usually wear? Student B 4 What are the favourite foods in your culture? 5 What sports are popular in your culture? Role play card You are a customer who just walked in an electronics store. You 5.3 are seeking help. You see the sales person and you decide to ask him some questions about the new video game. A Take the quiz to find out how healthy you are. 6 What would your ideal workout be like? 1 What’s your go-to breakfast? a watching T.V and stretching my legs a chocolate b a good 5 kilometres run b eggs and toast 7 At the end of a meal, how much food is left on your plate? 2 How much do you move around daily? a I lick the plate clean a I only walk between the fridge and the couch b I only eat till I get full b I work out 5 times a week 8 What’s your drink of choice? 3 How often do you take a daily vitamin? a coke a never b water b everyday 9 How many times a year do you visit the doctor? 4 Choose a pizza. a it’s been a few years a meat lovers b at least once a year b veggie 5 How often do you eat fast food? 6 How good are you at memorizing faces and cars? a a couple times a week a Not bad b never b Excellent 6.1 7 Overall, do you have a good memory? a No A Take the quiz to find out how much of a detective you are. b yes 1 First off, if you were a detective, what would you wear in 8 Do you read a lot of detective books? public? a I don’t read books a A brown overcoat, plaid hat, magnifying glass b all the times b What I usually wear 9 Do you think of new ideas and solutions and look at every 2 What would you do if you were walking in the woods and angle? you heard some strange sounds that weren’t natural? a Not really a Run as fast as I can back home b I try b Hide and wait for the “sound” to come in view 171 3 You find some footprints on the mud outside your house that aren’t family members’ and no one has visited your house for a week. What do you do? a Ignore it b I’ll investigate it 4 Your local bank has been robbed. You... a Gossip about all the bad people in the world b Investigate 5 How good are you at picking out details? a Okay b Excellent

7.2 4 ____________________ 5 ____________________ A Write sentences using the adjective + preposition. 6 ___________________ 1 ____________________ 5 You are inside your car (parked) and another car crashes on yours. 2 ____________________ a you get out of the car and check if the other driver is fine. b you take a bat and start smashing his car 3 ____________________ 6 Your girlfriend/boyfriend dumped you. a I will be sad for a couple of days then I move on. 7.2 b I will stalk them for a couple of months. 7 You are at the bus stop. The bus comes but doesn’t stop. A Take to quiz to find out if you are an angry person or a calm a I would wait for the next bus. person. bI would run after the bus and start punching it on the sides. 1 You`re watching TV and for some reason it turns off and won’t turn on again. Mostly a: You are a multicultural person. You like learning about a I would get out of the house and go for a walk. other cultures. You like trying ethnic foods, and you usually find them b I would break the T.V with my baseball bat. delicious. Because you have several friends from other cultures, you like to listen to them talking to you about their culture. 2 You see your best friend getting punched by someone you Mostly b: You are not a multicultural person. You don’t like learning dislike. about other cultures. You don’t like trying ethnic foods, and you a you try to break them off and see what is the reason. normally don’t find them delicious. As you don’t have many friends b you throw that person on the ground and start kicking him. from other cultures, you don’t know much about other cultures. 3 You`re making a sandwich and cut your finger with a knife. Mostly A: You are a relaxed and calm person. Nothing bothers you a you hold your finger tight to stop the bleeding. that much. b you throw the knife and start screaming. Mostly B: You are an angry person who likes to get in trouble. 4 You get robbed really fast . a I call the police right away. b I start running after the guy. 7.4 A Take the quiz to find out how much of an animal keeper are you. 1 Do you take your pet to the veterinarian for initial shots and 2 Do you get angry if your pet breaks something you like? an annual check-up? A no it’s not a big deal b yes a yes b it’s not so important 8.4 1 Have you ever visited a foreign country? 6 If you were in Hawaiian Islands for a trip, would you enjoy a Yes, I have. b No, I haven’t. watching hula dancers? a It might be interesting. b I think it’s boring. 2 Do you like eating ethnic foods? 7 How many friends do you have from other culture? a Yes, I like trying new things. b No, I’m a bit picky. a Several b Not many 3 Would you like to learn another language? a Yes, I would love it. b No, I don’t need to. 4 Do you like listening to music that isn’t in your native language? a Yes, I love it. b No, not really. 5 Do you have any interest to learn others’ culture? a Yes, I do. b No, I don’t. 172

3.3 5.1 Student B Student B You are the interviewee of a job interview. You are applying You have invited your friend who is a mother of three over for for a position in a construction company. You want to apply some coffee. Then she realizes that you house is not safe for to the company because it is well-known and you want to your baby. She is going to give you some advice and you are develop yourself in that area. You strongly believe that you can going to take notes. contribute to their success. You have just graduated from the university, but you have completed two internships at some of the biggest companies in your country. LISTENING 7.2 7.2 Info cards A Answer the following questions . Mars 1 What is bothering Josie at the moment? Location: The Milky Way Distance from sun: 227.9 million km 2 Where does she wish she could work? Weather: Cold and dusty Environment: liveable 3 What is their plan for the future? Extra information: It doesn’t have water. 4 What kind of problems is Sara facing in New York? Jupiter 5 What kind of problems is Josie facing in New Delhi? Location: The Milky Way Distance from sun: 778.5 million km WRITING Weather: really cold Environment: not suitable for human species 3.2 Extra information: It’s made out of gas. Write an email to Jack Mercury about recent changes in your life using the following Location: The Milky Way prompts. Distance from sun: 57.91 million km Jack is a childhood friend. Weather: very hot during the day, very cold during the night You haven’t seen each Environment: unknown other for years. You moved Extra information: has no atmosphere to another city / found your perfect match / got 173 engaged with her / started working in a big company / you got promotion and became the manager of that company / going to be married two months later / invite Jack to your wedding.

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1 SOCIETY Vocabulary Reading A. These words have the incorrect adjective suffixes. Living in a foreign country Rewrite them with the correct adjective suffixes.1.1 Living in a foreign country could be exciting, but it could also be 1 adventurive _________________ challenging for some individuals. Being exposed to a different language, living by a different set of cultural rules and eating 2 creatant _________________ different kinds of food can be exciting. After a while, however, a person might start missing having dinner with her family 3 delightic _________________ and begin to long for the comforts of home – your bed, your table and your room. This is a natural transition period when 4 fantasful _________________ adjusting to a new culture and it doesn’t necessarily mean that you are unhappy. It takes time but after a while you start 5 magicy _________________ having an awareness of being on your own in a new town. Although there is culture shock to a degree, you begin to get 6 sleepal _________________ used to and respect the traditions and customs of the people in the country you are now living in. 7 tolerateous _________________ In order to understand those traditions and cultures, you may find new friends and improve your knowledge of the B. Write letters to complete the compound nouns. country. Yes, this can be challenging, but the most challenging is learning to be responsible for your own actions. Living in a 1 m __ ai __ la __ d foreign country away from your family teaches you a lot about 2 fo __ tp __ in __ how to manage your own life. The decisions are yours and 3 up __ ri __ g __ ng no one else will do your job for you, including managing your 4 li __ es __ yl __ expenses. Therefore, you would eventually have a strong sense 5 s __ a __ o __ d of responsibility. In conclusion, living in a foreign country could 6 se __ s __ o __ e be difficult at the beginning, but those difficulties will help you 7 ma __ k __ tp __ a __ e to become more responsible for your own life. C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the A. Read the text and answer the questions. phrases in the box. 1 Why is it challenging to live in a foreign country? 1 Jamie is so _____. He never tells the truth 2 What are the things that one could miss while living in a 2 That’s ______. It doesn’t make any sense. country? 3 No one has ever talked to me like that. She was so _____. 3 What is the transition period mentioned in the text? 4 The results are _____. There is something wrong with the 4 What is the effect of the transition period? system. 5 What two things can you do in order to understand someone 5 That’s _____. Tina is normally home from school by now. else’s culture? 6 The maths program isn’t working. All the results are _____. 6 Do you think living in a foreign country is difficult? D. Complete the sentences with the word in the box. B. Read the text and mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). banana chocolate coffee gallery jazz 1 Living in a foreign country is not challenging at all. jeans orange pyjamas 2 People that live in a foreign country don’t miss their families. 3 The transition period makes people unhappy. 1 I eat a __________ and drink a tall glass of fresh __________ 4 One can understand the culture of the foreign country by juice for breakfast every day. finding new friends. 5 You have to manage your expenses when you are living in a 2 Fiona likes all kinds of sweets, but here favourite is dark foreign country. __________. 6 Living in a foreign country makes you a responsible person. 3 I’ve been wearing these __________ for almost ten years. They’re my favourite. 4 I’ve never been a fan of __________ . I much prefer tea. 5 I really like listening to __________ . How about you? 6 Let’s go to the art __________ this weekend. There’s a new Indian art exhibit. 7 Time for bed kids. Put your __________ on. 176

Grammar 1 A. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets SOCIETY and the correct form of the present simple, present continuous or present perfect tenses. 1 Where is the library? ________________________________________ 1 I can’t use my kitchen at the moment because my husband ________ (put) new cabinets. 2 What is the meaning of this word? 2 Every morning I ________ (wake up) with a backache. ________________________________________ 3 I ________ (go) to a party on Sunday. ________ you ________ (want) to come? 3 Could you give me an advice? 4 I’ve ________ (not hear) from Dennis for quite some time? ________________________________________ ________ (be) he OK? 5 Yves and I ________ (go) to a concert once. 4 Do you like fairy tales? 6 Nicolas ________ (ride) his bike round the lake every Sunday ________________________________________ morning. 7 The children are (be) hungry because they ________ (not 5 Why hasn’t Jack come to the class yet? eat) yet. ________________________________________ 8 We ________ (not be) ready to leave the office. E. Choose a starting and an ending phrase from the box and B. Rewrite the sentences given in question form. use them to write a short dialogue. 1 Paul is talking on the phone at the moment. Hi! I haven’t seen you in ages! __________________________________ I better be going. Did you have a good trip? 2 Jenny wants to play volleyball. See you soon. __________________________________ How was your weekend? It’s been a long time. 3 Jason watched a movie last night. Let’s get down to business. __________________________________ I should get to work. 4 Dylan has started to work at the shop. Writing __________________________________ A. Write a short paragraph of 100–150 words describing 5 The director is busy. your society. You may use the following questions as __________________________________ a guide or you may write it as you decide. Make sure to include a topic sentence, supporting ideas and a C. Complete the questions with the words in the box. concluding sentence. Be careful about the use of capital letters and punctuation. what when where why how who which • What is your role in the society? • How do you start a conversation in your society? 1 _____ have you done recently? (Read a book.) • How do you end a conversation in your society? 2 _____ opened the garage door? (George) • What behaviours are considered polite in your society? 3 _____ do you usually leave home? (At 7.00 a.m.) • What behaviours are considered rude in your society? 4 _____ do you want to go to Paris? (Because I want to see the • Are you happy with your society? Why? Eiffel Tower.) 5 _____ does this machine work? (Press the power button.) 6 _____ is your favourite painting? (The one in the left.) 7 _____ are going after work? (Home.) D. Rewrite the direct questions in indirect question form. Use the starters in the box. Could you tell me Do you know I was wondering Do you have any idea Is there any chance 177

2 NOSTALGIA Reading Vocabulary Fiji is a group of over 300 islands that was first settled about three thousand years ago. English is the co- A. Read the sentences and circle the correct words. offcial language of Fiji along with Fijian. English is used in government, business and education. It is 1 The lighting effects / affects at the concert were amazing! also the Lingua Franca among some ethnic groups of 2 Let’s go by / buy the music shop and listen to some CDs. the country such as Fijians, Fiji Indians, Europeans, 3 I’ve got band practice later / latter today. Chinese etc. In 1830s, Missionaries went to Fiji and 4 Let’s role / roll the carpet up and get the stage ready for the three decades later they were followed by colonizers concert. from Australia and New Zealand. Colonizers 5 The first seen / scene in the music video is really interesting. kidnapped people and forced them to work on their 6 Next year, we should take the band on tore / tour. farms. In 1874, a group of Fijian chiefs signed over 7 I would rather listen to music than / then read a book. the Fiji Islands to the British. There are about 60,000 8 Tell me witch / which CD you bought for mum’s birthday. labourers who were brought from India between 1879 and 1916 to work on sugarcane plants. In 1920, B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the although contracts of labourers were over, many phrasal verbs in the box. Indians stayed to farm or trade. came back came by In 1970, Fiji became independent, but it was too late. came out come over Although there are two local languages (Fijian and came through came up with Fiji-Indians) besides English, English is the language for official use. For example, English is the language 1 I _________ this necklace in a shop in Bangkok two years of debate and record in the parliament although ago. members of both chambers, who are Fijian and Fiji- Indians, sometimes speak Fijian or Hindi. English 2 The product _______ just before the New Year and was a is also dominant in media (printed media, internet, success. television, radio). 3 The football team _________ home after the tournament Fiji has a population of more than eight hundred was finished. thousand people, about 51 per cent of whom are indigenous Fijians and 44 per cent are Fiji-Indians. 4 Marcus _________ a great name for the product. Between 1 per cent to 3 per cent of the population speaks English as native language, and most of the 5 Why don’t you _________ on Sunday afternoon? remaining population speak it as second language. The reason for the use of English all-over Fiji is to 6 Paula _________ and took home a gold medal. provide the unity between Fijians and Fiji-Indians. C. Write one example for each collective noun. A. Read the text and answer the questions. 1 army __________ 1 How many islands make up Fiji? 2 bowl __________ 2 What are the languages used in Fiji? 3 bunch __________ 3 When did the colonizers from Australia and New Zealand 4 cloud __________ come to Fiji? 5 group __________ 4 Who worked on the sugarcane farms? 6 pair __________ 5 What is the role of English in Fiji? 6 What is the population of Fiji? D. Join the sentences using the correct transition words. More than one correct answer may be possible. B. Read the text and mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). as a consequence moreover also as a result 1 Fiji is a group of islands and the group includes exactly 300 on the other hand however islands. 1 I can shop for food and cook dinner tonight. We could order 2 English is one of the official languages of Fiji. pizza. 3 People use English as the language of media in Fiji. 4 In the 19th century, missionaries and colonizers went to Fiji. 2 My car was very old. I couldn’t sell it for a good price. 5 Fiji became independent, but they continued to use English 3 I don’t eat meat. I don’t eat seafood or any dairy products. 4 I studied hard for the exams. I got very high marks in the parliament. 5 My new boss is very friendly. She’s very knowledgeable. 6 English provides unity between the speakers of Fijian and 6 I would love to go to the party. I can’t because I have to work. Hindi. 178

Grammar 2 A. Read the sentences and choose the best answers. NOSTALGIA 1 Jacob ___ a house in Canada two years ago. D. Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun. a bought b were buying 1 The new telephone, ______ I bought only a month ago, is already having problems. 2 Amy ___ the office three hours before the accident. 2 Did you see a man ______ was wearing a blue jacket? 3 She’s the woman ______ children play with our children. a left b was leaving 4 Ankara, ______ you can find many opportunities, is the capital of Turkey. 3 Mark ___ onions when I entered the kitchen. 5 This is the computer ______ I’m thinking about buying. 6 On the day ______ I was born there was a terrible snow a chopped b was chopping storm. 4 The teacher ___ into class and greeted the students. Writting a came b was coming A. Write a short letter of 100–150 words describing your favourite holiday a friend. Use relative pronouns to 5 My father ___ TV when the doorbell rang. describe people, items and places. Use at least five of the following connectors and conjunctions in your letter. a watched b was watching as a consequence moreover also as a result 6 John ___ his homework at that time. on the other hand however initially a finished b was finishing then and then as soon as but then eventually 7 Carol ___ to the meeting. a didn’t come b wasn’t coming 8 Samuel ___ the invitation. a didn’t accept b wasn’t accepting B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of be used to or get used to. 1 At the beginning of the term, I couldn’t handle all the assignments, but now I _________ doing all the assignments on my own. 2 I believe I will never _________ living here. I don’t like this neighbourhood and I will never like it. 3 It took a few years, but now she __________ living in the city. 4 At first I didn’t my new job, but in the end I _________it. C. Read the sentences and write whether they are defining or non-defining relative clauses. 1 I just came from the place where we ordered the cake. _________ 2 Jessica’s father, who lives in London, is getting married again. _________ 3 We went to the restaurant that had a view of the sea. _________ 4 My cats, which are black and white, haven’t come back for three days. _________ 5 I can’t find the books that you loaned me. _________ 6 The football match, which I thought would be really interesting, was really boring. _________ 179

3 BUSINESS LIFE Reading Vocabulary A. Look at the picture and answer the questions before reading the text. A. Write letters to complete the words. 1 a __ c __ ie __ e 1 What is their job? 2 co __ me __ ci __ l 2 How much money do you think they earn a month? 3 d __ t __ rm __ n __ tion 3 Is the job risky? 4 __ ntr __ pr __ n __ ur 5 f __ u __ __ B. Read the text and check your predictions from exercise 6 l __ u __ c __ A. 7 m __ n __ se __ 8 s __ c __ e __ s There are many dangerous jobs in the world, but sulphur min- ing is one of the most dangerous. Sulphur miners risk their lives B. Write sentences for each compound noun. every second because there are many risks in their job. One 1 headphones such place for mining sulphur are the volcanoes in Indonesia. ____________________________________________ 2 sunrise Sulphur mining began in the 1960s in Indonesia. Day and night, ____________________________________________ 300 men work in the mine, carrying torches and metal poles, 3 backpack breaking sulphur rocks with old-fashioned equipment. They ____________________________________________ do this work with very little protective gear. Although they are 4 smartphone not supposed to work without gas masks, the companies they ____________________________________________ work for do not provide enough masks. Because of this, most 5 birthday men use wet clothes to cover their mouths. Of course, this is ____________________________________________ not enough to protect them from the poisonous sulphur gas. 6 bookworm Sulphur gas can cause great damage to their eyes, throats and ____________________________________________ lungs. When the miners break the sulphur rocks, they have to 7 homemade carry heavy baskets of 70 to 90 kilograms, climbing up out of ____________________________________________ the volcano and then down to the base camp. And all this hard work brings little money to the miners. They earn around $8 C. The phrasal verbs in these sentences are used incorrectly. for carrying 70 kilograms of sulphur twice a day, which means Replace them with the correct phrasal verbs. most miners earn less than $20 a day. 1 I think we can work for a big return on this investment. The miners know the risks and the pay, but they do not have 2 Just relax. There’s no need to read about the presentation. many choices for work as it is very difficult to get a good job in 3 I’m going to do some research to prepare for my job Indonesia. So to earn a living, they must take very dangerous interview. jobs. 4 I’m sure this is a company you’ll hope for a lot in future. 5 Bad news. The company I apply for is shutting down. C. Read the text and find what the figures refer to. 6 I’m going to start to hear of news jobs. I’m tired of working here. a $20 7 Did you worry about what happened to their CEO? b 1960s c 300 D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the d $8 words in the box. e 70 to 90 kg. apology deadline fault late D. Read the text again and decide if the sentences are true promise regret unacceptable sorry (T), false (F) or not mentioned (NM). 1 I’m sorry. Getting your work done late is ____________. 1 Sulphur mining is an easy job. 2 She ____________ what she’s do, so I think we can give her 2 Sulphur mining started in the 20th century. another chance. 3 Miners don’t have enough protective gear. 3 But you ____________ that the report would be done today. 4 Sulphur mining in Europe is safer for miners. 4 You keep saying I’m ____________, but you’re not fixing the 5 A sulphur miner earns a lot of money. problem. 5 Please let me know if you can’t meet the ____________. 6 Whatever you do, don’t be ____________ for the meeting. 7 I don’t want any more ____________. I want the work done. 8 Can someone tell me whose ____________ this was? 180

3 BUSINESS LIFE Grammar D. Complete the dialogue with the expressions in the box. A. Complete the following sentences with present perfect a I promise b I forgot my bag or present perfect continuous form of the verbs given in brackets. c don’t forget it tomorrow 1 The children _________ (watch) YouTube all afternoon. d It’s okay e I’m terribly sorry 2 Pedro _________ just _________ (buy) a new house in Madrid. Oliver : Hi Stella. How’s it going? 3 Sylvia has a presentation tomorrow and she _________ (not Stella : Not bad. Did you remember to bring my book start) to prepare for it yet. today? 4 Sorry for the mess in the kitchen. I _________ (bake) a cake. 5 He _________ (talk) to seven customers today. Oliver : (1) ___, Stella. I forgot. 6 The staff _________ (finish) their training and will report to Stella : How could you forget? This is the third time! work on Monday. Oliver : I put it in my bag last night, and then this morning 7 I _________ (lose) my work USB with all our sales reports. I was rushing and (2) ___. 8 I _________ (read) this book all day, but I _________ (not Stella : (3) ___. Listen, just (4) ___, all right? finish) it yet. Oliver : This time I won’t. (5) ___. Stella : It’s okay. B. Complete the sentences with the past perfect simple form Writting of the verbs in the box. A. Write down the five most common excuses you use and the common responses for those excuses. finish learn live look Excuses phone start study watch 1 Charles _________ in Paris for six years before moving to Responses Norwich. 2 When I arrived at the cinema, the film _________ already 181 _________. 3 They _________ at the house four times before deciding to buy it. 4 After we _________ eating lunch, we went to the beach to play volleyball. 5 Karen _________ her mother before she left for her business trip. 6 Helen was tired because she _________ too much. 7 After Kimberly _________ the film, she decided to read the book. 8 After Lisa _________ French, she went to Paris. C. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1 finished / my mother / but / we / a piece / forgotten / to give / the cake / had / to _______________________________________ 2 started /already / match / at / the stadium / we / arrived / the football / by the time / had _______________________________________ 3 to be / had / never / before / there / was / been / and / excited / I / to India _______________________________________ 4 experienced / in California / Greta / before / an / had / earthquake / lived / she / for three years _______________________________________ 5 my father / finished / I / home / just / when / had / came / my homework _______________________________________ 6 with / had / she / before / resigned / talked / she / her job / from / her boss _______________________________________

4 CELEBRATION Vocabulary Reading A. Answer the questions. Henna night is a ceremony that usually happens just a day be- fore the wedding night. The family of the bride is responsible 1 What are the most important things to prepare when holding for holding this ceremony, and the main purpose of this cer- a meeting? emony is to celebrate the marriage of the bride and the groom 2 For what kind of parties do you need to prepare snacks and beforehand. The family of the bride chooses the place of hen- beverages? na night, which is usually the home of the bride. 3 Where do you think you will be celebrating your 10th wedding anniversary? At the henna night, both the bride and groom are there before 4 How would you welcome guests to a party? the wedding, and the eldest woman at the ceremony is usually 5 What kind of information do you ask for when you are the first to put henna on the hands of the bride and then the booking a hotel room? hand of the other women. It is also possible to put henna on the feet and hair of the bride if she so desires. For the groom, B. Unscramble the letters to make words. it is not appropriate to put henna on his hands; it should be put only on his little finger. 1 moonmc ________________ Before the ceremony begins, a short and sometimes funny 2 madega ________________ drama is played out. The mother of the groom first tries to persuade the bride to open her hands. She gives the bride pre- 3 astrides ________________ sents such as gold coins to get her to open her hands. In ad- dition, friends of the bride walk and dance around the bride, 4 musnoreo ________________ singing songs and wishing her happiness in her marriage. Only after this, will the bride-to-be open her hands and allow the 5 iesnearc ________________ woman to start decorating her hands with henna. 6 hitgl ________________ The groom does not stay for whole ceremony either. After the henna is put on his little finger of the groom, his friends escort 7 spoonoisu ________________ him out and take him to celebrate in a different place. Close friends of the groom, on the other hand, stay at the home C. Complete the food idioms with the words in the box. where henna night is celebrated until the late hours. They don’t sleep much as they dance and chat instead of sleeping. bananas beans cake A. Read the text and answer the questions. cheese noodle nutshell tea 1 What is henna night? 1 spill the 2 Who is responsible for holding the henna night ceremony? 2 in a 3 When and where does the henna night take place? 3 go 4 Who is responsible for putting the henna on the hands of 4 a piece of the bride? 5 big 6 Why does the mother of the groom gives presents to the 6 (not my) cup of bride? 7 use your D. Match the phrasal verbs with their synonyms. 1 get rid of a wait for 2 keep up with b be watchful 3 look forward to c keep pace 4 look out for d have none left 5 run out of e look after 6 take care of f throw away B. Read the text again and mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). 1 Henna night always happens before the wedding night. 2 The family of the groom chooses the place of henna night. 3 The youngest woman at henna night is the first to put henna on the hands of the bride. 4 The place of henna for groom and bride does not differ. 5 The mother of the groom gives presents to the bride at hen- na night. 6 Close friends of the groom stay at home with the bride. 182

4 CELEBRATION Grammar Writing A. Write sentences to talk about the futures using the A. Choose one of the following events and write a simple present tense, the present continuous tense and paragraph of 100–150 words to describe the event. It be going to. must be a memory of yours. Don’t forget to describe people and places in your paragraph. simple present tense 1 ____________________________________ birthday celebration henna night baby shower 2 ____________________________________ fancy-dress party new year’s day present continuous tense 3 ____________________________________ 4 ____________________________________ be going to 5 ____________________________________ 6 ____________________________________ B. Complete the sentences with the future continuous or future perfect form of the verbs in brackets. 1 By this time next week, we _____________ (watch) the new Batman film. 2 By the end of June, I _____________ (receive) a promotion. 3 At midnight tonight, we _____________ (sleep). 4 By February, they _____________ (be) married for ten years. 5 I _____________ (cook) at that time, but you can still come. 6 By the end of the weekend, I _____________ (finish) my homework. C. Complete the sentences with a, an, the or no article. 1 I want ___ red T-shirt with the star on it. 2 He walks for ___ hour every morning. 3 Do you live in ___ Turkey? 4 He is ___ English teacher. 5 Michael has ___ terrible backache. 6 Where is ___ restaurant you were talking about? 7 His father is ___ doctor. 8 I have ___ very good idea. D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. borrow close give open postpone put out 1 Would you mind ___________ the exam? 2 Excuse me. Could you please ___________ your cigarette? There’s not smoking in the hospital. 3 Would you mind ___________ your suitcase? We need to check inside. 4 Would you mind if I ___________ your phone to make a call? 5 I’ve got meetings for the next three days. Do you mind if I ___________ you the report on Monday? 6 Would you mind if I ___________ the window? It’s cold here. 183

5 WELLNESS D. Match the verbs on the left to the prepositions on the Vocabulary right to make inseparable phrasal verbs. A. Match the injuries to how to care for them. 1 come up 2 fall across 1 black eye 3 bruise 5 cut 3 get after 2 broken arm 4 burn 6 dislocation 4 grow by 5 look up a Try not to move the injured part of the body. Get to the hos- 6 slow down pital as soon as you can. There, a doctor will set the bone and 7 take off give you a sling or some kind of support for the injured limb. Reading b Clean it well, put some medical cream on it and then cover it with a plaster. Try not to touch it. There is a common belief that starting sports at a young age can have negative effects on the c Run it under cold water and apply some honey or special development of children. However, starting to play cream. Wrap it with a soft bandage. sports at a young age can have many positive effects on both body and soul. d Try not to move the injured part of the body. Get to the hos- pital as soon as you can. There, a doctor will set the bone and When children start playing sports very early in his wrap the injured limb in a cast. life, they can develop healthy bodies and healthy attitudes. Engaging in sports helps children to stay e Raise the part of the body that his hurt and put pressure on away from harmful things, such as fast food and the injurie to stop the bleeding. After that, clean the injury and drugs. Sports are also a good way to combat put a plaster on it. If the injury is serious, you may need to go obesity, which is major problem for many children. In to hospital. 2015, more than one out of five children were obese in the US. Sports can help them lose weight and f Lie down and put ice on it for a few minutes and then remove stay healthy and fit. And being healthy and fit helps the ice for few minutes. Repeat for 30 minutes. Rest and take children feel good on both the outside and inside. aspirin if you have a headache. When it comes to the soul, sports are beneficial B. Unscramble the letters to make words. because they help to develop self-awareness and self-confidence. Sports are also a good way for 1 nexted ________________ children to learn to work together, which will be an 2 tchestr ________________ advantage in adulthood. People should be aware 3 gjo ________________ of what they are doing and playing sports provides 4 lineha ________________ this awareness because there are some rules in 5 flit ________________ almost all sports. 6 healxe ________________ 7 suph ________________ Competition is part of human nature and many sports are competitive. Competition can help to C. Complete the sentences with the words in the box. develop and boost self-confidence. Even if children are not highly confident when first learning a sport, change … lifestyle exercise the self-confidence will develop as practise and go on a diet lose weight master the needed skills. put on weight reduce As children need lots of energy to do physical activity, it’s important to make sure they eat well 1 Eat less meat and __________ regularly and you will and maintain a healthy diet. If children do not eat __________. well, or lack sufficient nutrients, vitamins or minerals, they will likely become malnourished, which is just 2 I’ve really __________ since I started university. At least five as dangerous as obesity. Parents should provide kg. healthy food instead of snacks. 3 If you want to be healthier, __________ the amount of pro- In conclusion, children should start engaging in cessed food (things that come in a can or a bag) you eat. sports activities at a young age because they are helpful to human body and soul. The positive effects 4 It’s never too late to __________ your __________. of engaging in sports far outweigh the negative effects. 5 My wife thinks I should __________, but I don’t think I’m that heavy. 184

A. Read the text and answer the questions. 5 1 How do sports help children develop a healthy body? WELLNESS 2 What was the percentage of obesity in the US in 2015? 3 How do sports help one’s soul? D. Read the conversation and underline the expressions 4 What do children need in order to do physical activities? that show agreeing and disagreeing. 5 What are the causes of malnutrition? Anna : I don’t think history books tell us the truth. They’re B. Read the text and mark the following statements as true full of lies. (T) or false (F). Vladimir: You could be right, but I don’t think they are all lies. 1 There are many positive effects of playing sports at a young Some of that information must be true. age. 2 Engaging in sports helps children develop a healthy body and Anna : I’m afraid I have to disagree. When it comes to mind. history, we can’t really talk about partial truths. 3 Sports are important for the development of self-confidence. If they are changing the truth in some parts, then 4 Sports are not good for children because they are too they can’t be trusted. competitive. 5 Children cannot meet the requirements of doing physical Vladimir: You’re right. I hadn’t thought about that. activities. Anna : I mean, look at all the different histories of different Grammar countries. They write it to make their history look better than other histories. A. Complete the following sentences with must or can’t. Vladimir: That’s right, but this is beginning to change in many countries. There are some that are trying to be as 1 She isn’t answering her phone. She _____ be busy. objective as possible. 2 Alice _____ be at the door. She went to Norwich yesterday. Anna : To be honest, they are probably doing it because we 3 Selena _____ be a high school student. She’s only ten. have the internet now. Students get the information 4 His family _____ be very rich. They have got four cars and from there anyway. five houses. Vladimir : Absolutely! 5 Mike _____ go to holiday because he has to help his father this summer. Writing 6 George looks really fit. He _____ workout often. A. Choose a sport and write a paragraph of 100–150 words describing the pros and cons of that sport related to the health of people. B. Read the sentences and circle the correct answers. 1 I don’t want to go to the cinema again. I would rather / had better go to the theatre tonight. 2 You would rather / had better stayed inside until the rain stops. 3 I would rather / had better not have surprise party for my birthday. 4 We would rather / had better not call them right now. They are probably sleeping. 5 I would rather / had better sit next to the window. 6 You would rather / had better study tonight. You’ve got an exam tomorrow. C. Write sentences with the words in brackets. 1 _____________ (don’t need to) 2 _____________ (didn’t have to) 3 _____________ (needn’t) 4 _____________ (don’t have to) 5 _____________ (didn’t need to) 6 _____________ (won’t have to) 185

6 CRIME Vocabulary Reading A. Complete the following sentences with the correct form Internet piracy is the concept that allows people of the words in the box. to download files for free or at a cheaper price. It is easy to download files for free or at a accuse arrest guilty illegal cheaper price, but there is no guarantee that murder prison sentence verdict the sites are secure. Security has always been an important issue in our lives, but it becomes 1 The judge is expected today to hand down a harsh more important in today’s world. It was recently ___________ for the man who has been convicted of the announced that the risks on the internet are ___________ of three school teachers. numerous and growing quickly. 2 Police ___________ three men in relation to a bank robbery And the risks are bigger than we know. A few in South Chicago. years ago, there were more than 110 million malwares (malicious software) per month, and 3 Notorious mafia crime boss Tony Flagstaff has been found it has now increased to 116 million a month. ___________ of drug trafficking and sent to a high security The source of these malicious software can ___________. be anywhere, but it is not realistic to think that they come from trusted websites. The most 4 The ___________ for Carlton Chapman, the man common source of malware is pirated media ___________ of kidnapping a minister’s daughter, is expected and software on the internet. to be harsh. This doesn’t mean that there are no risks when 5 The lawyer for the bankers has stated that have done nothing using trusted original software. Major software ___________. companies try to fix security problems in their software, but software piracy has a negative B. Complete the words and then add the correct preposi- impact on this issue. Piracy hurts both industry tions. and the legitimate holders of the software. The creators of the software cannot fix their losses about from with and make the software better because of the piracy. The most important difference between 1 p__ e __ en__ someone __________ -ing form using pirated software and the original is that 2 d __ s__ us__ something __________ someone the money goes into the pockets of the pirates 3 __ res __ nt someone ____________ something when using a pirated software. In this case, 4 pr __ te __ t someone ____________ someone/something the developers who spend years to develop 5 s __ p __ ly someone ___________ something the software do not have the financial support 6 w __ r __ ed someone __________ -ing form to make that software better. Every penny 7 p __ o __ i __ e somebody __________ something that is spent to purchase the original software will eventually lead to a better version of the C. Change the words to nouns using these suffixes. Change software. The money of the pirated software the spelling of the base word if necessary. will not be spent on the development of the software. -ship -ance -ion -acy -or -ness -ity -ment In conclusion, this shows the truth to the people who think that stealing from the rich is not a 1 assist _______________ bad thing. 2 educate _______________ 3 move _______________ 4 populate _______________ 5 private _______________ 6 relation _______________ 7 secure _______________ 8 tidy _______________ D. Write two adjectives for each suffix. 1 -a(i)ble _______________________________ 2 -al _______________________________ 3 -ent _______________________________ 4 -ful _______________________________ 5 -ic _______________________________ 6 -ive _______________________________ 7 -less _______________________________ 8 -ous _______________________________ 186

Grammar 6 A. Read and answer the questions. CRIME 1 What is internet piracy? Writting 2 How many malwares are there every month? 3 Where do malwares come from? A. Write a short biography of 100–120 words about 4 What is the negative impact on the software developers someone famous who has died. Use the passive voice in your writing. when people use pirated software? 5 How does the use of original software help its development? 6 Do you agree with the main idea of the reading passage? Why? B. Read the text and mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). 1 Internet piracy doesn’t guarantee the security of the software. 2 Security is a very important issue in today’s world. 3 The risks on the internet continue to increase. 4 A typical source for malwares is trusted websites. 5 Piracy does no damage the computer industry. 6 Stealing from the rich is not a bad thing. 187

7 MOTHER EARTH D. Complete the crossword puzzle with phrasal verbs with Vocabulary put. A. Unscramble the letters to make words. Reading 1 doorsnta _________________ A. Before reading the text, answer the questions. 1 Do you think humans will live on Mars in the future? 2 slodof _________________ 2 What do you think it would be like to live on Mars? 3 What do you think would be some of the difficulties of living 3 thearukaesq _________________ on Mars? 4 zslidrzab _________________ According to scientists, people will live on Mars in the future. Some people have already started making preparations for 5 carehriru _________________ this experimental journey. Here is some useful information for those who have the intention to be among the fortunate 6 cleanhava _________________ pioneers to live on Mars. 7 hustrmoednrut _________________ Mars is covered in red dust. There are often strong winds and storms that spread this dust around all the time. Sometimes B. Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. these storms continue for a few weeks. If hygiene is important for you, then you had better put some soap in your bags. 1 Sam is keen ____ basketball. 2 Faisal is very similar ____ his elder brother. Something important to keep in mind is that the air on Mars is 3 Chloe is frightened ____ insects. mostly carbon dioxide. This being the case, it is crucial to take 4 I’m surprised ____ your behaviour. with you a great deal of oxygen. 5 The children are excited ____ the holiday. 6 I’m tired ____ all this studying. Martian days are longer than Earth days, and a Martian year is 7 Are you satisfied ____ your meal? 687 days. This means you will have plenty of time to do what 8 She’s good ____ art and dance. you want to do, like reading, writing, walking around, sleeping, listening to music, getting unfinished projects done. C. Complete the binomial pairs with the words in the box. It is important to keep in mind that Mars is much colder than bones large less sweet Earth. You will need to take a lot of extra clothing with you. tidy tired wide Also, since Mars does not have a protective ozone layer like the one on Earth, you will need a strong sunscreen to prevent you 1 more or _____________ from getting sunburn. 2 by and _____________ 3 skin and _____________ Lastly, the landscape of Mars looks beautiful, with magnificent 4 neat and _____________ scenery everywhere. Olympus Mons, the greatest mountain in 5 far and _____________ our solar system, is located on Mars. It is nearly 22 kilometres 6 sick and _____________ high so you will need lots of time to explore it. You will also 7 short and _____________ have the chance to admire Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars. Across Down 3 to extinguish a fire 1 to continue dealing with Mars has always been fascinating for humans. It seems that 4 to put something in the an unpleasant situation or scientists are working hard to analyse and understand what it place it is usually kept person would be like to live on Mars in the near future. With the world 5 to not do something until a 2 to cover the body with currently being overpopulated, Mars and other planets are later time clothing, make-up, etc. being studied as potential habitats for humans. Who knows, 4 to arrange something in a perhaps we will be living on Mars sooner than we expect, so 188 raised position we might as well start making preparations.

B. Read the text and write the bold words next to their 7 defintions. MOTHER EARTH 1 ________________ – harm to the skin due to overexposure to sunlight C. Complete the sentences with all, both, neither or none. 2 ________________ – the first one to do something 1 ______ of my teachers supported me. I received a lot of help 3 ________________ – lotion or cream used as protection from them. from the sun’s rays 2 Daisy and Randall hang out together all the time. It could be because they are ______ in the same department. 4 ________________ – doing something for the first time, 3 We have two children and _________ of them like going to often as a test to see how it works or what can be learned school. from it 4 I felt very lonely when I was in hospital. _________ of my friends called or came to visit. 5 ________________ – living area; abode 5 Tim and Vanessa were ________ born on November 15th. 6 ________________ – having good luck, favourable 6 There were two security guards, but _______ of them saw the thief. C. Read the text again and mark the following sentences as Writting true (T) or false (F). A. Write a paragraph of 100–150 words about one of 1 Winds on Mars frequently spread the red dust around. the following topics: blizzard, tornado, avalanche, 2 There is less oxygen on Mars. thunderstorm, flood. Think for a moment that you are 3 Martian years are shorter than Earth years. in the middle of a natural disaster. You may answer the 4 The climate of Mars is much warmer than the climate of following questions in your writing or you may describe Earth. the event as you wish. Grammar 1 Which natural disaster have you chosen? 2 How do you react if you were in the middle of it? A. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets to 3 How would you feel? make third conditional sentences. 4 What would you do to decrease the possible damage for yourself? 1 If I ________________ (go) to university, I ________________ (study) law. 2 You ________________ (meet) our new manager if you ________________ (come) to the meeting. 3 If Daniel ________________ (recover) from his injury, he ________________ (play) in the championship. 4 We ________________ (play) in the music festival if our band ________________ (practise) harder. 5 If more people ________________ (come) to clean the beach, we ________________ (finish) cleaning it in one day. 6 I ________________ (finish) the project if I ________________ (had) your help. B. Use the prompts and write sentences using wish. wish in the present 1 I don’t have a car. ________________________ 2 It is raining. ________________________ 3 I am not very tall. ________________________ wish in the past 4 I didn’t have time. ________________________ 5 I couldn’t get up early. ________________________ 6 I didn’t call him yesterday. ________________________ 189

8 CUISINES Reading Vocabulary A. Before reading the text, answer the questions. A. Write letters to complete the words. 1 What are some common crimes in your country? 1 c __ vi __ iz __ ti __ n 2 Do you live in a safe neighbourhood or one full of crime? 2 r __ m __ t __ 3 If you saw someone committing a crime, what would you 3 a __ a __ eu __ do? 4 m __ in __ t __ e __ m 5 __ dv __ nc __ d The O. J. Simpson murder case was a criminal court trial that 6 a __ c __ e __ t took place in California. O. J. Simpson was an ex-professional 7 i __ h __ b __ t __ nt football star and an actor who was accused of murdering his 8 c __ mm __ n __ t __ ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Lyle Goldman in June 1994. The case became one of the most well- B. Read the sentences and circle the correct answers. known criminal cases in the history of the United States. At 1 It isn’t popular between / among the adults. the end of the first trial, which took more than eight months, 2 My car is between / among the white and the red car. Simpson was acquitted. 3 I’m going to lay / lie on the sofa and have a nap. 4 My partner laid / lied all the money from the today’s sales Simpson managed to do this thanks to a highly skilled team of on the table. lawyers and attorneys who were able to convince the jurors 5 It was a historic / historical day when the light-bulb was that the DNA evidence obtained was false. They also alleged invented. that the lab technicians and Los Angeles Police had made 6 Have you ever visited any historic / historical buildings in this some mistakes in the way they handled the case. The trial was town. televised, and it attracted a lot of attention from the public; to the extent that it was called the ‘Trial of the Century’. C. Write a sentence for each of the three-word phrasal verbs in the box. There were thousands of people who objected to the acquittal of Simpson because of controversial aspects of the trial. For check up on go on about look down on instance, hairs consistent with that of Simpson were found on take care of think back on wake up to Ron Goldman’s shirt. Simpson had fresh cuts on his hand and blood found at the location of the murder was the same type 1 __________________________________ as Simpson’s. Blood found in Simpson’s home and in his car 2 __________________________________ matched Nicole’s blood. Also, at the location of the crime, shoe 3 __________________________________ prints were found which were the same size as Simpson’s, size 4 __________________________________ 12. 5 __________________________________ 6 __________________________________ Later, Simpson wrote a book called If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer, in which he confessed he had committed the murder. D. Write the strong adjectives for the weak adjectives. Nevertheless, at the time of the murder, the court had given the verdict in his favour. 1 good _______________ 2 tired _______________ B. Read the text and match the words to their meanings. 3 bad _______________ 4 happy _______________ 1 trial (n) 3 accuse (v) 5 case (n) 5 pretty _______________ 2 acquit (v) 4 verdict (n) 6 attorney (n) 6 angry _______________ 7 big _______________ a all the formal transactions, trials and inquiries related to a 8 small _______________ crime E. Write sentences for each of the strong adjectives in b a formal process where a person is judged with respect to a Exercise D. potential crime on his behalf 1 ______________________________________ c to make a legal claim that someone is guilty of a crime 2 ______________________________________ 3 ______________________________________ d a legal court decision 4 ______________________________________ 5 ______________________________________ e someone people can hire as their defendant in court 6 ______________________________________ 7 ______________________________________ f to decide in court that someone is not guilty of a crime 8 ______________________________________ 190

C. Read the text again and circle the correct answers. 8 1 What happened at the end of O. J. Simpson’s trial? CUISINES a Simpson was acquitted. b Simpson was made to pay a fine. C. Change the direct requests and suggestions to reported c Simpson was put in jail. requests and suggestions. Remember the subject of the sentence can change in the answers. 2 How was Simpson able to get acquitted? a There was no evidence against him. 1 Where are the keys? b He had very good attorneys and lawyers. __________________________________ c They couldn’t catch him after the murder. 2 What did Samuel do? __________________________________ 3 Why did thousands of people object to the verdict at the 3 I think we should leave the party early. end of the trial? __________________________________ a Because Simpson was a bad actor and people didn’t like 4 Could you open the door? him. __________________________________ b Because Simpson was a serial killer and was just out of jail. 5 If I were you, I would stop complaining. c Because there was a lot of evidence against Simpson. __________________________________ 6 What did you say? 4 Which of the following is not mentioned as evidence against __________________________________ Simpson? a Scar on Simpson’s hand. D. Find a suitable phrase to respond to the following sentences b Simpson’s hair on Goldman’s shirt. c Simpson’s gun near the murdered bodies. 1 A: I don’t understand this exercise, sir. _____________? 5 What did Simpson’s book reveal? B: Sure, sure. _______________________, a different a That Simpson was innocent. explanation is ... b That Simpson had committed the murder. 2 c Simpson’s memories of his childhood. A: I would like everyone to be more careful about street animals during the trip. This is not your hometown, so be wary. Grammar B: ________________________. A: The point is … A. Complete the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive 3 form of the verbs in brackets. A: They said tomorrow is a holiday because of the snow. B: ________________________. It is too noisy here, I couldn’t 1 It is difficult __________ (understand) his recent behaviour. hear you. 2 They went mountain __________ (climb) a few days ago. A: Oh, OK. Tomorrow is a snow holiday. 3 It is hard __________ (use) this device without any help. 4 4 In his book, he avoided __________ (write) about his A: This soup tastes a bit weird. Have you forgotten to put it in personal history. the fridge? 5 Matthew promised __________ (come) to the theatre with B: ___________________________. I’ve just made this soup. me. A: Oh, sorry. 6 Daisy admitted __________ (gossip) about James. B. Change the direct commands to reported commands. Writting Remember the subject of the sentence can change in the answers. A. Read the situation and write a short dialogue of 100– 150 words between you and your friend to clarify the 1 Bring your books. problems. Use common phrases to express lack of ________________________________________ understanding and asking for and clarifying information. 2 Don’t leave until you’re done. ________________________________________ You and your friend are going to visit a foreign country. You 3 Put your phones away. bought plane tickets for Paris, but your friend thinks you are ________________________________________ going to London. Your friend thinks you will stay there for three 4 Don’t smoke in the park. days, but you booked a hotel for five days. Your friend wants ________________________________________ to visit museums, but the museums will not be open during 5 Finish the report by Friday. your visit ________________________________________ 191

AUDIO SCRIPTS 1.4 show. Unit 1 Keiko: Hello, everyone. 1.5 Welcome to our Show ‘Culture, Believe it or not, there are 1.1 Culture’. I’m Keiko from Japan. more than one million words 1. I’ve lived in Mexico since I was in the English language. Many twelve. Bruno: And hello, I’m Bruno languages have influenced 2. We always eat dumplings at from Germany. Today we’re English – Latin, Greek, French, Chinese New Year. going to talk about what is German – but Latin has had the 3. They’re learning how to play impolite or unusual in different largest influence, with 29 per cricket. cultures. cent of English words coming 4. She’s never been to the UK from Latin. Influence from before. Keiko: That’s right, Bruno. So, other European languages, like 5. A lot is changing in my country as I’m from Japan, I’ll start by German, French and Spanish, at the moment. talking about something from have also influenced English. For 6. That was the funniest movie my home country – laughing. example, the word ‘fest’ has a I’ve ever seen. German origin, ‘marketplace’ a Bruno: Oh, do you mean that French origin and ‘circle’ a Latin 1.2 laughing is impolite in Japan? origin. Student A There was a young boy from Keiko: No, Bruno, that is 1.6 Peru incorrect. We do like to laugh in Italian: gallery Who didn’t know what he could Japan, but we cover our mouth African: banana, zebra do so people don’t see our teeth. Arabic: Safari He went into town We think showing out teeth Spanish: Vanilla And ran all around makes people look like horses. Indian: jungle pyjama Then decided to go to the zoo. Chinese: silk Student B Bruno: That’s funny. I’ll There once was a lady from remember if I’m in Japan. Well, 1.7 Spain for Germany it’s very unusual to Conversation 1 Who thought that she had a talk to others with your hands in I met up with an old friend at pain your pockets. the weekend. She looked for a pill We spent Saturday afternoon Because she was ill Keiko: Oh, it’s the same in South talking over coffee. Then called up her best friend Korea. It makes people feel very She’s got her own clothing called Jane. uncomfortable there. business. I spent most of the day in my 1.3 Bruno: It’s the same in Germany. pyjamas, cleaning up around Female: Hi there. My name is Sometimes we think people are the house, listening to jazz, Tara. My house is quiet and being dishonest when things like that. far from the city. I like that. It’s crowded as I live with my family they have their hands in their Conversation 2 and grandparents in just one pockets. Thanks for coming today. small room, but I like having lots I had an orange and banana of people around. Keiko: Very interesting. on the plane, and a cup of hot Male: Hello. I’m Martin. My How about being on time in chocolate. house is nice. It’s small, crowded Germany? Should people arrive The service is great and the and noisy, but I like that. And at a party on time? room is really spacious. every morning I can hear all the fisherman going to work on Bruno: Oh, absolutely. It’s very 1.8 their boats. irregular for Germans to be late. Male: Hi, I haven’t seen you in Female: Hi. I’m Lisa. I really We like to punctual. ages! love my house. It’s in the Male: I know. How have you middle of nature and far away Keiko: It’s the same in Japan, been? from everything. I love being but I know in some cultures it’s Male: Great. Aside from the surrounded by trees. inappropriate to arrive on time. weather of course. It’s called being fashionably late. 192 Bruno: Yes, I’ve heard that in North and South America it’s good to be fashionably late, but for many Germans it’s illogical. It doesn’t make sense. Keiko: Many Japanese feel the same. But it’s always good to know what makes others happy, or unhappy, when we travel or live in their countries. Bruno: Yes, very true, Keiko. And that’s why we’re doing our

Male: Yes, it’s terrible at the listening to classical music when AUDIO SCRIPTS moment and it’s only October. I was at university. Male: I know. It’s terrible. It’ll be to being housewives and taking a cold winter this year. G: Wow, from disco to classical. up the housework. Male: Yes, I think so. Anyway, I Interesting. That’s quite a better be going. change. Nick: It sounds like an emotional Male: OK. See you soon. time. I imagine it was difficult A: What about you? Do you like for some women to get Unit 2 classical music? used to being at home again. 2.1 G: No, I don’t. I just never had Audio Block any interest in classical music. Nancy: Yes and no. Many But I like hip-hop. women were happy to be back 2.2 in the home. It was time to album A: Look at you! From punk celebrate, to start families and band rock to hiphop. So who’s your to rebuild the country. guitar favourite hip-hop artist? important Nick: Right. Can you tell us about joined G: I really Snoop Dogg. He’s what you did in the 1950s? musical really good. performance Nancy: Well, I didn’t work style A: I know him. He’s OK. And I during the war because I was single quite like Eminem. too young. And for me, the 50s was a great decade. I met my 2.3 G: Yeah, Eminem is really good. husband, Charles, and we got Adrian: Hi, Gita. What are you And there’s a fairly new one married had our two children, doing here? I didn’t know you called Logic. He’s Joseph and Shirley. liked blues. Gita: Adrian. Hello. Listening to super fast. Nick: Lovely. blues is something new for me. I’m really starting to like it. A: Oh, I haven’t heard of him. Nancy: Yes, it was wonderful Adrian: Good for you. What Logic, you say? and a very good time to start a music did you like to listen to family. when you were a teenager? G: That’s right. Logic. Look him Gita: For me, I was really into up online. Nick: If you have to mention one punk rock when I was a teen. It invention from that time, what was super popular back then. A: I think I’ll do that. Oh … the would it be? Adrian: Punk rock. That’s cool. band is coming out. Let’s enjoy Lots of my friends listened to some blues. Nancy: That’s easy. Colour punk rock, but I wasn’t a fan. I televisions were just coming preferred disco when I was a 2.4 out. They were the newest teen. Gita: Really? I don’t like disco at Nick: Hello. I’m Nick Jones and additions to many households all. I don’t think there is much this week on ‘Around the World’ and were very hard to come by. meaning in the songs. we are talking about what In fact, we were the only A: Maybe not, but it was great to dance to! (in a sing-sing voice) life used to be like in the past. people in my family to have a You should be dancing … yeah … Today, we’re talking to Nancy colour TV. I can remember my G: Funny … I guess you’re right, Longton who is now 95 years brother and sister and their but it just wasn’t for me. What about classical music? old and grew up in the USA. families coming over to watch Do you like that? Nancy, welcome to the show. TV on Saturday nights. Those A: I can say ‘yes’ to that. I started It’s great to have you here today. were very good days for us. Nancy: Thank you, Nick, I’m Nick: Of course! I can’t even really happy to be here. imagine. Nick: So Nancy, let’s go back to Nancy: And found the shows the 1950s. How old were you the television networks came up then? with so interesting. Nancy: I was in my 20s. It was a very fun time for television. Nick: Tell us a bit about the 1950s. What was it like to be a Nick: It really sounds like. woman then? Thanks, Nancy. We’ll take a break now and be after these Nancy: For some women, I think it was difficult. Our men came commercials. back from World War II, which was wonderful. They really came 2.5 through for us and won the war. 1. anger But the women who were used 2. bag to working during the war, had 3. blog to leave their jobs and go back 193

AUDIO SCRIPTS women who grew to love him. day of the interview, plan to Learning about this, Fagin again arrive 15 minutes early. Make 4. cane planned to catch Oliver, this time sure that you are professionally with the help a mysterious man, 5. card Monks. As the story unfolds, we dressed and that your hair is eventually learn that Monks is in place and neat. When you 6. gap Oliver’s halfbrother. Moreover, meet the interviewer, greet him we learn that he wants to stop or her with respect and offer 7. coat Oliver from inheriting money a firm, brief handshake. Make from his parents. Eventually, good eye contact during the 8. hack Mr Brownlow, found Oliver interview and show enthusiasm and adopted him. They moved for the job. And lastly, do make 9. gold to the countryside where they sure your mobile is turned off lived a peaceful life together. or set to silent. Now there are 10. pig also things you should not do Unit 3 for a job interview. Number one 2.6 is don’t be late. The interviewer 3.1 will wonder if you are serious Oliver Twist is the story of a Female: Hello, I’m Lila Patel and about the job. If you are wearing boy who was born in England in I’m the founder and C-E-O of a a coat or gloves, take them off the 1830s. Oliver’s mother died successful IT business and leave them at reception if just after he was born. Initially, called ArtStart. Like other possible. Do not wear heavy he was sent to live in a home entrepreneurs, it has not perfume or cologne. Do not sit for young orphans. After that, been easy staying focused and down until you are asked to. he was moved to a workhouse working Don’t worry. The interviewer for adults. At the workhouse, hard to achieve the results I will not let you stand up for the others teased Oliver for asking wanted for my company. One of interview. Do not have anything for more food. The head of the reasons the business in your mouth except your teeth the workhouse, Mr Bumble, has been a success, without a and tongue – no gum, mints or offered to pay anyone who doubt, is the determination of sweets. would take Oliver away. As a our people. We are a result, Oliver did not have to company of people that enjoy 3.4 work as a chimney sweep and learning by doing and finding was instead given a job with a what works, not by following Gun local undertaker. However, one the rules. This mindset is very of the other workers insulted important at ArtStart and is part Shut Oliver’s mother and Oliver of our culture. got into a fight with him. As a Cut consequence, the undertaker 3.2 was very angry with Oliver and Male: 1 meet – people Colour he decided to run away. Oliver Female: 2 help – then was on his way to London when Male: 3 group – new Gone Female: 4 could – good he met Jack Dawkins. Jack, it Male: 5 hot – possible Shot seemed, was a young boy just Female: 6 vote – sold like Oliver. He took Oliver to Male: 7 cut – money Cot his boss, Fagin, who promised Female: 8 house – thousand Oliver work. On the other hand, color Oliver did not know that Fagin 3.3 Female: When preparing for a 3.5 was a criminal who trained job interview, here are some young orphans to be things you should do. Josh: Hi Marta. How are you? pickpockets. Once day, Fagin Do make sure you research took Oliver out into the street the company and understand Marta: Not too bad thanks, to watch the other boys pick exactly what the job is. On the Josh. How are you? pockets. Oliver saw one of the boys steal a handkerchief from Josh: I’m all right. Thanks. How an old man and as soon as Oliver did the job interview go last realised what was happening, week? he ran away. The old man who had his handkerchief stolen, Marta: I think it went very Mr Brownlow, took Oliver into well. The company called me his home and looked after yesterday and they want him. Upon hearing this, Fagin became angry and decided to to come in for a second catch Oliver and take him back interview, this time with the to work with him. Oliver again department head and the C-E-O. escaped and this time went to live with a group of generous Josh: Wow … the C-E-O. That’s really great news. 194

Congratulations! Fiona: I see. And had you worked AUDIO SCRIPTS in the education industry before Marta: Not congratulations you were a teacher? I’ll go through all the important yet. I still have to do well on my points. second interview. Assam: Yes, I had. I was a Lola: Thanks, Jenny. I’d really teacher’s assistant at the appreciate that. Josh: Oh, I’m sure they’ll be university. I’d just graduated excited to have you. Remind me, from high school when I applied Conversation 3 what position did you apply for? for that job. It was an excellent Robert: Mr Davies, I’d like to experience. apologize. I still haven’t finalised Marta: I applied for a position that report from last month. as a travel agent with Global Fiona: OK, great. Mr Davies: That is completely Travellers. unacceptable. We have a board 3.7 meeting at two p.m. today and Josh: Oh yes, Global Travellers. we need to present the report I’ve heard of them? Conversation 1 to them. Robert: I don’t know what to Marta: You should have. They’re Drew: Marcus, you’re late again! say. one of the biggest tourism This cannot continue. Mr Davies: Well, you need to companies in the city. find a way to finish it before the Marcus: I know, Drew. I’m meeting. I’d be really excited to work for terribly sorry. Robert: Absolutely. I’ll work them. through lunch and I’ll have the Drew: What was it this time? report on your desk by one p.m. Josh: Sounds great. So, are at the latest. you prepared for the second Marcus: It was my fault. My Mr Davies: I should think so! interview? car broke down yesterday and I And please don’t miss a deadline didn’t get a chance to take it to again. We set these deadlines Marta: I think so. I’ve got my the mechanic so I had to take it for a reason and we can’t afford fingers crossed and am hoping in this morning. to miss them. for the best. Robert: I understand. Please Drew: I see. accept my apologies. Josh: Great. You’ve got experience in tourism, right? Marcus: I really do apologize. 3.8 I regret what I did. I’ll work Angel: Would you like to go to Marta: Yes, I do. Before I worked overtime today to make up for the museum sometime? as a flight attendant, I’d worked it. Sarah: That would be nice. as a travel agent for about six When do you want to go? years. Drew: That’s a good idea. And Angel: I was thinking we could please don’t come late again. go next weekend. Josh: Good. Sounds like you are Sarah: Oh, I’m so sorry. A friend qualified for the job. Marcus: I won’t. I promise. of mine from the UK will be here then. Marta: I think so. I had been a Conversation 2 Angel: That’s a shame. What little worried about it, but now about the weekend after? I’m feeling more confident. Jenny: Lola, why weren’t you at Sarah: Actually, I’m going away the meeting this morning. that weekend. Josh: I don’t think there’s any Angel: Oh. OK. Well, I’ll call you reason for you to worry about it. Lola: Oh Jenny, I’m so sorry then. about not coming. I’ll read Sarah: OK. Sure. Marta: Still, I’m going to read through the minutes of the some more about the company meeting and email everyone my Unit 4 to get ready for the feedback. 4.1 second interview. Jenny: I’m afraid that’s not good Male: Hello. I’m Mike and I’m enough. You really missed a lot from the Josh: I’m sure you’ll do great of important information about Marta. the new product launch and I 195 don’t know how we can catch Marta: Thanks, Josh. Like I said. you up. Fingers crossed. Lola: I feel terrible. You see, my 3.6 daughter was sick and I had to take her to the doctor. Fiona: Thank you for coming today, Assam. Jenny: I understand, but next time you really must let us know. Assam: Thank you for having me, Fiona. Lola: Of course. It was my fault. Please accept my apologies. Fiona: So tell me about why you would like to work with us? Jenny: Don’t worry about it. Let’s meet up this afternoon and Assam: Well, I’ve been a teacher for about five years and I would like to take on a new challenge.

AUDIO SCRIPTS Freddie: Then, let’s go to the up to move house. Would you theatre on Sunday. You’ll love it. mind lending me a hand? U-S-A. There are lots of popular celebrations in my country. Claire: The theatre in town Brianna: Of course not! I The most popular one, I think, centre? completely forgot you were is Christmas. I know there moving this weekend. are others like Kwanzaa and Freddie: Yes, that one. Let’s Hanukkah that we celebrate meet at the station at four p.m. Jacob: Yes, I’m really looking in December, but Christmas is on Sunday and go together. forward to it. still the most popular. And I’m not sure, but I think it’s popular Claire: Perfect! See you then. Brianna: Well, you can count on around the world too. The Freddie: See you. me. second most popular one in the U-S is Thanksgiving. 4.4 Jacob: That’s great. And I’m Female: 1 ran getting rid of some furniture, Other popular celebrations Male: 2 drunk too, if you need anything. Halloween, Independence Day, Female: 3 fan Easter, Mother’s Day, Father’s Male: 4 hang Brianna: Sounds good. I’ll see Day and Valentine’s Day. Female: 5 hut when I’m there. So where are Male: 6 much you moving to? 4.2 Female: 7 began Male: 8 uncle Jacob: I’m moving closer to the Male: One. shoe city centre. It’s too far away 4.5 from work all the way out here. Female: Two. gain Male: Martin was looking forward to getting married, but Brianna: I can understand that. Male: Three. badge was still nervous. There were It’s a really long way. so many things to take care of Female: Four. yes before the big day. He had to get Jacob: It is. Say, on the following rid of all his furniture because Male: Five. jeep Jenny’s parents were buying Sunday I’m having a new furniture. Then there were housewarming party. Would you Female: Six. catch the flowers, dresses, suits, like to come? invitations, banquet hall, food, Male: Seven. wash gifts – they were running out of Brianna: That sounds wonderful. time and he wasn’t sure that he I’ll be there. So, when are the Female: Eight. yell could keep up with it all. On top movers coming? Male: Nine. goose of that, he was in charge of the Jacob: They will be there at nine honeymoon plans. He had been Female: Ten. Gear looking out for cheap tickets for o’clock on Saturday. Would you some time, but hadn’t found mind coming to help me unpack 4.3 what he wanted. as well? Claire: Hi Freddie, what are you 4.6 Brianna: Sure, I think I can do doing this weekend? Conversation 1 that. Jacob: Hey, Brianna, you’re here. Freddie: Not too much. On, Brianna: Hi Jacob. Sorry I’m Conversation 2 Saturday, I’m going to sleep till so late. I am tired. It’s been a noon because I’m just feeling so busy week and I’ve had trouble Ava: Kamila, I need a hand. tired. keeping up with my work. Could you open the door for me please? Claire: Have you got any plans Jacob: Sorry to hear that. You for the afternoon? can relax now and I’ll treat you Kamila: Of course. What are you to dinner. doing? Freddie: Not really. In the evening, though, I’m watching a Brianna: Great! Thanks! Now Ava: I’m clearing out the football match with Nick. What you asked me to come, so what meeting room to get ready for about you? Do you have any can I do for you? Mr Springer’s surprise party. special plans this weekend? Jacob: I need some help packing Kamila: That’s right. His surprise party is tonight. I’ve got some Claire: Actually not. I just want time. Do you mind if I help you? to wake up late and have a big breakfast with my family on Ava: Not at all. Let me see … Saturday. Then, my sister and I First, could you get the plastic are going shopping. This is our cup and dishes and bring them weekend routine. into the meeting room? Freddie: Not so interesting, but if it’s what you like, OK. What Kamila: OK. Where are those about Sunday? things? Claire: I have something planned Ava: They’re next to my desk. in the morning, but I’m free all afternoon and evening. Kamila: Oh my. That’s a lot of cups and dishes. 196 Ava: I wanted to make sure that

we didn’t run out of anything. switch on a light when it’s dark AUDIO SCRIPTS so you can see where you’re Kamila: Well, you made sure going. Tony: If I remember, you used to of that. There’s enough for an do yoga, right? army. 5.3 Pedro: I used to do yoga, but Ava: I hope so. Would you mind Andrew: I’ve got myself on a the last time I practised, I hurt checking on the food for me? It’s pretty tight workout schedule. I my back. be great if you could take care of go to the gym four days a week that for me too. and I usually run on the other Tony: Oh, that isn’t good. days. I also watch what I eat and Kamila: No problem. am in bed by 11 almost every Pedro: No, it isn’t. You know Ava: Great. The number is on night. when you extend your legs up my desk, next to the phone. and stretch to touch your toes? Call the catering company and Sophia: I don’t like running or confirm that food will be here at anything like that, but I do yoga Tony: Yes … six o’clock. three times a week and go hiking every weekend. I’m just a bit Pedro: Well, that’s when I hurt Kamila: No worries. I’ll take care overweight, but I’m very careful my back. of it. Is there anything else I can about what I eat. I don’t eat any help with? meat or dairy products, and I Tony: Yoga can be hard on your don’t drink alcohol or anything back. You’d better be careful. Ava: Actually, yes. Can you with caffeine. Maybe you just need to find a help me look out for Mr good teacher. Springer? He’s supposed to be 5.4 in a meeting, but it might let out Pedro: That’s always difficult. early. Tony: Hey Pedro. It’s been a long time. How are you? Tony: I teach yoga now. Maybe Kamila: Definitely. We don’t you can try my yoga class one want him to know about the Pedro: Hey Tony. Good to see day. I can help you learn to party, do we? you. I’m doing well. inhale and exhale properly as you push yourself off the floor Ava: No, we don’t. Tony: I can see that. Are you or hold positions. That’ll help getting ready to go for a run? you avoid injury as you practise. Unit 5 Pedro: Yep. I always stretch Pedro: So you really think I can 5.1 before and after a run, and the avoid injury? Male: bed head lake is a great place for a run. Female: awake cake Tony: Absolutely. Male: care air Tony: Yes, it is. You look as if Female: wait hate you’ve lost some weight. Have Pedro: OK. Maybe I’ll take you Male: wise lies you been running a lot? up on that. Female: touch much Male: bride side Pedro: I have. I’ve been busy Tony: Just give me a ring Female: walk talk training for a marathon for the anytime. past few months. And I’ve been 5.2 lifting weights as well. 5.5 Female: It’s important to make our homes safe places for our Tony: Wow! You’re running a Sherry: Hey Dex. Are you OK? families, especially for children marathon. That’s great. I used You don’t look so good. and the elderly. A few things to jog a lot during my university you can do include making sure days, but now I’d rather do yoga Dex: No, I’m not good at all. all the stairs in your home have or tai chi. handrails for people to hold Sherry: What’s wrong? onto. And don’t forget to check Pedro: Oh, that’s right. that there are no items on the Sometimes I see you in the park Dex: I always have a terrible stairs for people to trip over. doing tai chi with a bunch of backache and I get tired easily. You could also keep furniture friends in the morning. And I get dizzy sometimes. away from windows so children don’t climb on them and risk Tony: Yes, that’s my class. Why Sherry: Sorry to say this, but do falling out of the window. And don’t you join us sometime? Tai you think it’s because you’re remember, it’s always safer to chi can improve your balance overweight? and running. Dex: What? No, that can’t be Pedro: I’d rather stay with it! That has nothing to do with running and weightlifting for it. If anything, I think I’m pretty now. I don’t have much time for healthy. anything else right now. Sherry: Healthy? You stay up late every night watching TV and eating pizza and chips and you call that healthy? Dex: Well … Sherry: Have you ever thought about changing your lifestyle? Dex: Of course, I have. But how 197

AUDIO SCRIPTS Alma: That’s good to hear. A: And so? What are you doing with all those accounts? I am I going to do that? Mustafa: The best thing to do believe that they are making Sherry: For starters, you’d better is to exercise more often and communication sincere and stop eating late at night. That’s regularly. honest. super unhealthy. Then you’d better start a regular Alma: What type of exercise do B: Absolutely not! I’ve found lots exercise programme. Even just you recommend? of new friends through these taking a 30-minute walk every sites. day would be good at the start. Mustafa: It depends on what Dex: That doesn’t sound too you want. Working out at the A: Well, do you think you really difficult. I’ll start tomorrow. gym will help you build muscles, know them well? How’s that? which is always good. Sherry: There is no starting B: Hmm … I’m not sure. You tomorrow. Alma: But I don’t like going might be right. Put down that slice of pizza and to the gym. I always feel self- get moving! conscious there. Conversation 2 5.6 Mustafa: I can understand that. A: Look at all those expensive Male: pear Well, you don’t need to go to handbags. What do you think? father the gym. You could try yoga or Do you think it is reasonable car Pilates. They’re good ways to to pay so much money for a fair lose weight and take care of handbag? stars your body. hair B: In my opinion, it’s nonsense. Female: care Alma: That’s a good idea. Do You know, they are just pieces of heart you know a good yoga studio? leather or something else. far pass Mustafa: Well, there are classes A: I’m not sure about that. Some stairs at the 100 gym I go to. of them are made of valuable wear materials and very well crafted. Alma: Thanks, Mustafa. Maybe 5.7 I’ll stop by the gym next week. B: You must be crazy! All of them Alma: Hi Mustafa. How are you? are made with cheap materials Looks like you’re on your way to Mustafa: OK. Just let me know and cheap labour. the gym. when you want to go. Then you Mustafa: Yes, I am. won’t have to go alone. A: I’m afraid I have to disagree. I Alma: Good for you. How long think many of them are made by have you been going to the Alma: Do you think I should also well-trained professionals. gym? think about my diet? Mustafa: Oh, about five weeks Unit 6 now. I’m trying to lose some Mustafa: Diet is important, of weight. course. But you don’t need to go 6.1 Alma: Nice. on a diet. And some diets aren’t Mustafa: Yes, it is. I’ve put on very good. You lose weight while Male: What are the crime rates some weight recently and am like in Australia? not really feeling myself so I’d you’re on the diet, but then you like to lose a few kilos. put on the weight again when Female: Well, they have been Alma: Me too. What do you you stop. going down a lot over the last think is the best way to lose few decades, especially since weight? Alma: So what should I do then? gun control was made stricter. Mustafa: Actually, it’s pretty easy. You don’t have to Mustafa: I think the most Male: That’s good. The UK is completely change your lifestyle important thing is to reduce the quite similar because handguns or anything. amount of sugar you consume. were banned in 1998 by the Sugar really isn’t good for us. government. 198 Alma: OK. Thanks, Mustafa. I’ll Female: And what about other give you a call next week, all crimes? right? Male: Robberies have also been Mustafa: No problem. Call when going down. you’re ready to go. Female: Why do you think that 5.8 is? Conversation 1 Male: I think it is because the laws are getting stricter and A: I think social media sites are sentences for crimes might be waste of time. harder. B: Do you really think so? I’m Female: I see. sorry but I don’t agree with you. I’ve got six different accounts and I use them everyday.

6.2 Joe: Thanks a lot for having me, AUDIO SCRIPTS Male: There are more than five Bobby. million prisons in the world and dangerous and violent and you these prisons altogether hold Bobby: So Joe, first tell us why had to join a gang to make sure more than 11 million prisoners. you went to prison. you were safe. Half of the world’s prison population of about nine million Joe: I went to prison fifteen Bobby: Really? Join a gang? years ago for stealing cars. I is held in the US, China and was sentenced to four years in Albert: There was no Russia. Prison rates in the US prison for my crimes. alternative, no choice. Slowly are the world’s highest, at 724 I found my way and learned to people per 100,000. In Russia, Bobby: I see. Tell us, what was be positive. Prisons can really the rate is 581. In China, it is 145 prison like for you? damage people. They don’t per 100,000. really prepare you for release, Joe: It was a hard place to be so when you leave you’re often 6.3 for me. I was in there for quite in a worse place than when you Male: dad a short time compared to some, got there. Female: head but still I felt useless, and even Male: lend hopeless at first, even though it Bobby: That does sound awful. Female: man wasn’t a high security prison. Male: pack Albert: So we try to stay positive. Female: pen Bobby: Quite understandable You meet some great people in Male: said to feel like that. What was your prison. Really. Female: sat daily routine like? Some people really shouldn’t be 6.4 Joe: We had the freedom to go there at all, in my mind. And you Female: What do you think life out into the yard whenever we learn to get along with people as would be like in prison? wanted during the day, to meet best as you can. friends or do some exercise, do Male: I don’t even want to think Bobby: Of course. Now I about it. I think it would be something active. understand you had a chance to horrible. study, right? Bobby: That sounds like a Female: I disagree. It depends positive thing. Albert: That’s right. I studied on the country, but some prisons are great places to learn and Joe: It was. But at night we were engineering. It took me six years, study so you are ready to leave locked in our cells from nine but I left prison with a degree. at the end of your sentence. p.m. to seven in the morning Still, it was difficult to get a job. and weren’t allowed to talk. We It took a couple of months, but Male: That’s a nice idea but I had to be very obedient. I did. think in reality it would be really scary. I think there would be a Bobby: And did you work? Bobby: That’s fantastic, Albert. lot of violence too. Good for you. Well, that’s all Joe: Yes, I worked in the kitchen. we’ve got time for today. Thank Female: I don’t know about There were lots of different jobs, you, Albert. It’s really interesting that. There are lots of guards in but I chose kitchen work. prisons to help protect people. to hear about your experiences. It was good to feel useful. And Male: But there are more it was good experience for me. I Albert: Thanks, Bobby. criminals. learnt practical skills that helped me adjust back to life after 6.7 Female: That’s true, I suppose. release. Female: What do you think it 6.5 Bobby: Very interesting, Joe. would be like in prison? Bobby: Hello everyone. Thanks Thanks for coming on the show. for tuning in to the show. This All the best. Male: I’m not sure, but I think it is a very special week on Here would be pretty hard. Tonight. We’ll be talking to two Joe: Happy to be here, Bobby. former inmates about their lives Female: Yeah, I agree. I’d say it behind bars. First up, we have 6.6 would be very tough. Joe Hughes. Joe, thanks for coming on the show. Bobby: Now, we’re going to hear Male: Perhaps there would be from Albert, who spent twelve some positive parts. Like if you years in a highsecurity prison. could work or study. Albert, thanks joining us today. Female: That’s true. But if I had Albert: No problem. It’s good to to take a guess, I’d say overall be here. you would feel scared and lonely. Bobby: So Albert, what was prison like for you? Male: Absolutely. Imagine if you had to stay in there for 10 Albert: It was quite a miserable to 15 years. It would change everything. experience at first. It was 199

AUDIO SCRIPTS of time. Josie: I can understand that! At least the pollution isn’t like in 6.8 Male: Oh, that’s right. I forgot Delhi. Nina: Of course everyone knows about that. But what about about Al Capone. But how living on another planet? Do you Sara: You would be surprised much do you know about Frank at how bad the pollution is in Abagnale, Jr.? think we ever will? New York. But I imagine Delhi is Simon: Hmm. Not very much. worse. Nina: If you remember the film Female: If you ask me, humans Catch Me If You Can, you will will definitely settle on Mars one Josie: It probably is. I really wish remember more. day. I could have taken the job up Simon: Oh, I remember that north in Dharamshala, but I just film. It was good. Male: You really think so? I’m wasn’t satisfied with their job Nina: So, when was Frank not so sure about that. offer. Abagnale born? Simon: I’m not sure, but I think Female: Yes, I think so. I think Sara: I completely understand, around 1950. we’ll be able to develop new but that would have been Nina: Not bad. He was born in technology that would allow us wonderful! I wish I lived closer 1948. And what was he most to live there for long periods of to the ocean here. I miss the well known for? time. beach and I really miss going Simon: Ah yes, I know this one. swimming. He stole people’s identities. Male: You might be right. But I Nina: Exactly. Apparently, he think we still have a long way to Josie: Perhaps we can organise a stole around eight different go. holiday together one day. identities in total. And what is he doing now? 7.3 Sara: That would be fun. I wish Simon: Good question. I actually we could go on holiday right thought he was dead. If I had Sara: Hi Josie. How are you? It’s now. I need a break! to take a guess, I’d say he’s in so great to see you again. prison. Josie: Me too! It’s so hectic here. Nina: This will surprise you. He’s Josie: Hi Sara. I’m not too bad. working for the FBI. I’m a little exhausted, though. Sara: I know what you mean. I wish we had moved to the south Unit 7 Sara: Really? Why is that? of France together. It would be so much calmer there. 7.1 Josie: Moving to New Delhi Female: 1. take has been a little difficult. I’m Josie: Oh yes. If only we had Male: 2. butter [sounds like surprised at how long it’s taking thought of that at the time. budder] Female: 3. waste [we can hear me to get used to living there. Sara: I’m sure we’ll both have /t/ at the end] chances to live somewhere Male: 4. little [sounds like liddle] Sara: I can imagine. It’s such a peaceful in our lives. After all, Female: 5. sentence [the /t/ is a big city. I’m not very keen on big glottal stop, e.g. sen ence] cities. we’re still young and good at Male: 6. wanted [/t/ is silent, what we do. e.g. wan ed] Josie: Nor am I. And it’s so Female: 7. what [/t/ is silent] crowded. In fact, I’m a bit Josie: Yes, we sure are. And at Male: 8. meeting [sounds like frightened of the crowds at least we know what we want in wader] times. a city now. 7.2 Did you know there are more Sara: Absolutely! Anyway, let’s Male: Do you think humans will than 20 million people living stay in touch about that holiday. ever live in space? there? Female: I think astronauts Josie: Great idea. Take care, already live in space, on the Sara: Wow! I didn’t know that. Sara. space station, for long periods I thought it’d be similar to New York, around eight and Sara: You too, Josie. 200 half million. Do you wish you had moved to the mountains 7.4 instead? Audio Block Josie: I sure do! I would have been very excited about that. 7.5 Sara: Yes. I wish I could come The and visit you in New Dehli. Those Josie: That would be great. But I know you’re busy with work at Then the moment. How do you find living in New York? Breath Sara: It’s pretty good actually. Heather It’s such a lively city, but I am getting tired of the crowds.

7.6 He’s great! AUDIO SCRIPTS Female: dare [pause 3 seconds] Sasha: It must be interesting Unit 8 their having a pet monkey. What’s it like? 8.1 den [pause 3 seconds] then Female: The place is huge – 400 Kurt: Well, he’s really playful square kilometres – and you die [pause 3 seconds] thy and he’s been a bit of trouble. could easily spend days there. There are fantastic sculptures, dough [pause 3 seconds] though Sasha: Really? What happened? reservoirs, canals, roads. The design is marvellous and I don’t Male: doze [pause 3 seconds] Kurt: I was barbecuing and not think we can design anything those watching him closely and he comparable today. somehow started the barbecue breed [pause 3 seconds] breathe on fire. Female: It’s one of the most beautiful places I’ve ever visited. header [pause 3 seconds] Sasha: Oh my … No one was There’s a kind of energy there. heather hurt were they. It gave me goose bumps and made my hair stand up. And the wordy [pause 3 seconds] worthy Kurt: No, thankfully. I was able way the wall were built. Who to put out the fire right away, could have arranged the stones 7.7 but the barbecue was over. like that? Conversation 1 Sasha: I’m sure it was. Male: It’s far bigger than I imagined it. It’s 20 metres Miko: Hi Clara. How is everything Kurt: Other than that, Marco high and 73 metres long. It’s going with your new cat? does silly things, like try to put incredible. on my clothes. Marco really likes Clara: Great. She’s lots of fun. And the temple and rooms that. And funnier than that, he underneath it are beautiful. It’s Miko: Yes, I’ve heard kittens can likes playing simple games on amazing to think that people be quite hyperactive and hard to the computer. were able to build such things put up with. so long ago, though some say Sasha: You’re kidding. That is aliens built it. Clara: Oh no, she’s wonderful. funny. You’ll have to send some She’s active so I put up this cat pictures. Say, do you think I could Male: They’re truly stunning. tower for her to climb on and come visit and meet Marco? And at three and play. Kurt: Maybe we should put that half metres tall, weighing 14 off for a while. Let me get used tonnes, I have no idea how the Miko: I’ve also heard cats like to to Marco and let him get used people who made them and chew shoes. Does she ever do to living a house. After that, you put them all there. I mean how that? can come over. would you move something like that without modern Clara: Yes, she chewed up my Sasha: OK, I’ll wait till Marco is machinery? best of pair of shoes when I first ready and house broken. got her. 8.2 7.8 Male: 1 Can you please get Miko: Oh, no. I’m sorry to hear three steak knives? to that. Female 1: You won’t believe what Elsa just got as her new Female: 2 I need a clean cup. Clara: It’s OK. I learned my pet! Male: 3 I bought my son a new lesson. Now I make sure to put laptop. all my shoes away so she can’t Female 2: What did she get? get her teeth into them. Female: 4 I can’t find my gold Female 1: She bought a pet earrings. Miko: That’s smart. Is she snake. clever? I’ve heard cats are Male: 5 You need to clean the supposed to be smart. Female 2: What? I can’t believe blackboard. it. I’d be too scared to have a pet Clara: She’s really smart. She’s snake. I also heard that Kurt got Female: 6 She’s growing figured out how to open the a pet monkey. tomatoes in the greenhouse. fridge, get inside and find something to eat. Female 1: I heard that too. Male: 7 I’m not having a salad. That’s strange. Female: 8 He’s not ready for the Miko: I’ve never heard of a cat party. doing that before. I don’t know how you could live with a monkey. 201 Clara: I know. Me neither. She’s really funny. I love having her Female 2: I think it might be fun. around. You never know. Conversation 2 Sasha: Hi Kurt. I heard you that you got a pet monkey. Is that true? Kurt: Yes, it is. I call him Marco.

AUDIO SCRIPTS Male 1: Maybe so. So, could you Houston a few years ago. She tell us what the UFO looked like? told me it looked as if it was 8.3 made of metal and shaped like Male: What do you think is Male 2: I sure can. They’re a giant Frisbee. the most believable conspiracy always the same. It was round theory? with lots of bright lights on Male 1: And did it have any the side. And it was spinning lights on it? Female: That’s a good question. around. That’s how they move I think it is probably that we so fast, you know. Female: Yes. She said there were didn’t land on the moon. lots of light on the bottom of it Male 1: And have you ever seen to help them find and abduct Male: Really? If you ask me, we the aliens inside the UFOs? people. definitely landed on the moon. My mum remembers watching Male 2: No, sir, I have not when Male 1: Was your friend it on TV. I think back on it. I guess those abducted? Did she say? aliens are clever and don’t want Female: Yes, my mum too. But if to be seen. Female: She said she was. She you look closely at the pictures, told me the aliens asked her for the shadows are wrong. Male 1: Of course. her drivers’ licence. Male: Maybe shadows are Male 2: But sometimes when Male 1: That’s very strange. different on the moon. they get close, they slow down and hover over my house for a Female: Yes, it is. I’m not sure if I Female: That’s nonsense. while. believe it or not, but I told her to Anyway, there are no stars in report it to the police. any photos of the moon landing. Male 1: Have you ever been abducted? Male 1: That is good advice, Male: OK, that is strange. ma’am. Well, thank you for your Male 2: No, sir. Luckily. I just time. 8.4 watch them and sometimes Female: take pictures so that people will Female: My pleasure. 1 fan believe me. 2 vine 8.6 3 save Male 1: I see. Well, thank you so 4 lift much for your time, sir. You take Female 1: So, as I was saying ... 5 off care of yourself, now. We need to publish an article about cultural differences in our 8.5 Male 2: Thank you. Am happy to next edition of the magazine. Interview 1 share my stories. Male 1: This week, we are out Female 2: B: Sorry, I’m not quite on the street talking to people Interview 2 sure what you mean. about UFO sightings. Male 1: Ma’am, excuse me. Male: Me neither. Excuse me, sir. Can I ask you? Could I ask you a few questions Have you ever see a UFO? about UFOs? Female 1: Let me explain that. Male 2: Absolutely. I’ve seen Female: About UFOs did you Basically, we want to write loads of UFOs from my farm in say? Texas. about ways to avoid cultural Male 1: That’s right, ma’am. Male 1: Really? When was the We’re talking to people about misunderstandings when last one you saw? UFOs today. Have you ever seen one? people travel abroad. Male 2: Only last week. I was out checking up on my cattle Female: No, I haven’t. But I Female 2: I see. So what cultures when I looked up and saw it, just know many people who say they would you like us to look at? as I see you. have. Female 1: I’m interested in Male 1: And did you report it to Male 1: And do you believe people working in the Middle the police? them? East and Asia. Male 2: Of course, I did. They Female: Well, people go on Female 2: Could you clarify that, asked me where I saw it. But they about lots of things. But we please? didn’t take much information. have no idea about life in They even asked me if I was space, really, so I don’t think it’s Female 1: Let me explain that in taking any medication. I think impossible. more detail. I’d like one article those police were looking down about business in Saudi Arabia on me. We’d better wake up to the and another one about business possibility. 202 in China. Male 1: Could you tell us about the UFOs you have heard about? Female 2: Ok, I understand. Female: Sure. A good friend of Male: Do you mean people from mine said she saw a UFO over Turkey travelling to these places for work? Female 1: Yes, exactly.