Aji Bintang Pramono_203002_Studi Nautika_ The Maritime Industry

Nama: Aji Bintang Pramono NRP: 203002 Prodi: Studi Nautika

The Maritime Industry

The maritime industry is a very important aspect to achieve the goals of human life. This industry has a high economic value, provides the largest employment opportunities, has a very long history and has a very broad political impact. Professor Martin Stopford, an economist (graduated from Oxford University, England) in his book, Maritime Economics, quotes Erling Dekke Naes, a well-known Norwegian ship businessman, “Maybe God is actually a sailor. He places natural resources and important metals scattered throughout the world – apart from the oceans – so that seaborne trade is needed for its economic use. Scientists were only able to discover in the 20th century that the world’s climate and weather are highly dependent on ocean conditions, such as the temperature and salinity of the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Trade by sea has been carried out since 3000-2000 BC by the Phoenicians or Phoenicians, which is now the territory of Greece and Cyprus, and Egypt (Egypt). Based on related references, the waters of the Mediterranean Sea are a busy trading area by sea. The main trading commodities at that time were minerals and metals. Based on the records of Gilbert (2008), the kingdom of ancient Egypt (ancient Egypt) began around the year 3050-2686 BC and has had a dynasty of kings. At that time, the use of ships for commercial and military activities was visible. The ships are 15 m (length) and 3 m (width). The material for the hull or hull of the ship uses papyrus leaves and is tied in a complex manner. These commercial vessels were used along the Nile (Nile) and its mouth.

Ships for Mediterranean Sea expeditions and warships are 15m long, equipped with 20 paddlers. A ship measuring 27m has 52 rowers, while a ship with 38m has 80 rowers. Ships for ocean voyages began around 2500 BC, the heyday of King Sahura. At that time, the ship was 17.5m long and 4m wide. With a crew capacity of 20 people, the ship is equipped with 14-16 paddlers. The main destination is the west coast of Syria (Mediterranean Sea). After the period of the Egyptian Empire, the next major empire appeared but it was not maritime. The great kingdoms were Babylon (Babylon) and Medo-Persia. The center of the Babylonian Empire at that time is now known as the State of Iraq. Meanwhile, the Medo-Persian Empire is now the state of Iran.

After the Medo-Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great (Iskandar) – Circa 400-300 BC – Kingdom of Greece (Greek) becomes a great maritime empire firstt. After King Alexander the Great died, the Roman Empire emerged. However, all maritime activities in the Roman Empire were carried out by The Greeks. Even up to this century, flag shipping companies greece is the largest corporation in terms of tonnage of shipping vessels world commercial. Until the 21st century today, the Egyptian area remains the main route of shipping world. The Suez Canal in Egypt connects sea shipping from Atlantic Ocean to Indonesian Ocean (India). The canal was opened in 1869, whiich aims to facilitate the delivery of oil from the Middle East to Europe. In addition, the link between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean is the Canal Panama. Before these two important canals existed, the journey from the Ocean Atlantic to Indian Ocean must pass through Cape of Good Hope in Africa The South is very dangerous and very cold. Meanwhile, the voyage from atlantic to Pacific through Cape Magellan in South America.

The strait of Malacca is one of the most important crossings in the world. Almost all sides of the east coast of Sumatra Island are world shipping routes. In addition, there are three crossings in Indonesian territorial waters. Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) has been agreed internationally and is proof that Indonesia is an important maritime country. The maritime industry is capital intensive, high skill in cash flow management and high skill capital. There are four main commodities traded, namely energy (petroleum, gas and their derivative products), metals (bulk), agricultural cargo, and other cargo. The types of ships of the four commodities have different characteristics Ownership of territorial waters as a requirement for a maritime state is only one of several aspects, in order to make Indonesia prosperous and prosperous, especially in the maritime industry. The second aspect is education and mastery of maritime technology. Next is the effective management of facilities (ships and shipyards) and infrastructure (ports, supporting institutions, such as porters, customs, Army, police, and others), as well as government support in the form of fiscal incentives, regulations and policies.

1.1 Maritime Industry Development The maritime industry changes along with the development of civilization and mastery of technology and global political conditions. The development of shipping and navigation technology began to develop since 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptian period which then continued to the ancient Greek period. Amazingly, until the 21st century AD, the Greek fleet still controlled the world’s shipping fleet (Wijnolst & Wergeland, 2009).

Ancient Greek Age of Sailors (Greek) The motivation for the development of shipping technology in the past 2,400 years in the Mediterranean and Baltic seas was trade. The innovation that was born at this time was sail technology that used the wind, called trade-winds. Furthermore, the motivation for developing maritime technology in the era of the Greek Empire (400-300 BC) was the military aspect, such as the conquest and expansion of the kingdom’s territory. The famous king of the Greek Empire was Alexander the Great (Alexander the Great; Alexander; 334-323 BC). In this era, exploration of the Mediterranean Sea found a clear form in the form of the first marine and coastal maps.

Colonialism and Christopher Columbus Era (Century of Exploration 15-19 AD) In this era, sailing ship technology d eveloped better than the era of the kingdom, which was able to place cannon weapons on ships. The pallet and barrel system as a packaging method was started. The main type of warship – in the age of exploration and colonialism – was the Galleon type. The motivation for colonialism remained, but the area of t​he empire was smaller and more numerous than during the era of the Greek Empire. The map of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean has been obtained. A map of the American continent was formed.

The Era of Industrialization and the Age of Petroleum This era was marked by the coal system as a means of propulsion of ships. But this period was short, around the early 1800s to the 1850s. Furthermore, ship motor technology using coal as fuel was replaced by petroleum. Steel material as a ship’s hull also began to develop, replacing wood. This era marked container technology as a method of packing and mobilizing goods, then it became massive in the world trade system. The classification of container sizes at that time was 20 feet and 40 feet. Submarine technology also began to emerge with Germany as the pioneer. The famous submarine during the 2nd world war was the U-boat

Tankers also began to appear as a result of the emergence of the oil and gas trade. The classification of tanker types are: 1. Crude Oil tankers. 2. Chemical tankers. 3. Product tankers. 4. Gas tankers. 5. CPO (crude palm oil) tankers.

Classification of tanker size, based on DWT (Dead-Weight Tonnes, ship tonnage after fully loaded) and ship width Suezmax. Specifically designed to pass through the Suez Canal. Maximum capacity 150,000 DWT. Panamax. Specifically designed to pass through the Panama Canal, with a maximum width of 32.2m and a capacity of 65,000-80,000 DWT. Aframax (AFRA, Average Freight Rate Assessment). 75,000-115,000 DWT. Handymax/Supramax. 40,000-50,000 DWT. Capesize. Specifically designed to pass through the Cape Of Good Hope and the Cape Horn. Handy. 28,000-40,000 DWT. VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier). Capacity up to 250,000 DWT ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier). Capacity between 250,000 – 500,000 DWT Ship type innovations also emerged rapidly in this era. For example, a solar cell powered ship called Auriga Leader (NYK Lines, Japan). Also a ship called Turanor, which circumnavigated the world in 2012 using solar power.

1.2 FIELDS RELATED TO ASPECT MARITIME INDUSTRY A. OFFSHORE OIL & GAS EXPLORATION Classification of offshore platforms: Drilling (drilling). Quarter (mess) Refinery (refinery) Storage (pile/tank Industries that grew out of this offshore oil activity were the yard industry to build the platform, the survey industry (both rig ownership and independent surveys – usually from banks, classification or insurance bureaus), logistics industry (mobilization of tools, stores, and people). ), and the financial industry (financial and loss insurance).

B. SHIPPING a. International Shipping The classification of maritime trade commodities (seaborne trade) is divided into four, namely energy, metal industry (metal industry), agricultural cargo and other cargo. Shipping is a capital intensive industry and cash flow management skills are very important to have. Growth of cargo and types of shipping vessels from 1970 to 2012. Although trade containerization plays a vital role in the maritime sector, bulk cargoes such as mineral ores, oil and gas, and agricultural seeds remain fundamental and enduring. Climate change will also change old routes to new routes, namely through the Arctic Sea (North Pole). For the Arctic route, ship design and innovation will be very important. The Arctic route will cut the distance from the Far-East region (Far-East, including China, Japan and Korea) to Europe by about 65 percent of the route through the Suez Canal or through the Panama Canal.

B. INDONESIAN NATIONAL SHIPPING The Pinisi Ship (Phinisi, Pinisiq) is an icon of maritime products in Indonesia (Liebner, 2018). However, the term Pinisi is not very well known in Southeast Asia. A familiar term is the Palari ship. This type of ship is a ship that often sails the archipelago and enters Singapore Airport. Around 1980–1988 was the last period for Palari ships from Makassar which often stopped in Singapore. The country that has the Merlion Icon remembers it in the form of a postage stamp. Even in Singapore currency nominal Sin $ 10 there is a picture of the Palari ship. The remains of a shipping ship made of wood can be seen at the Sunda Kelapa Harbor in Jakarta and also in Paotere, Makassar. This classification of shipping vessels is called the Pelayaran Rakyat (Pelra) ship. The Pelra ship does not use a sail as a propulsion device, but a diesel engine. However, the mast and sails are still maintained. The TNI-AL cadet training ship, KRI Dewaruci, is also a type of high mast sailing ship. This ship has the function of cadet training as well as diplomacy. Equipped with diesel motor propulsion and high mast sails, this ship has circled the globe several times.

Indonesian shipowners join the Indonesian National Shipowners Association (INSA). Many special types of ships, such as fishing vessels and special carriers, are not registered with the Indonesian flag, but under other countries such as Singapore, Liberia, and Panama. Even though the owner is Indonesian and has an Indonesian passport. To overcome this, in 2005, the government issued Presidential Instruction No. 5 concerning the Cabotage Principle which states that all cargo and passengers sent by sea to and from Indonesian territory must be carried by Indonesian-flagged vessels. Also the crew and captain of the ship must be Indonesian citizens. On the Stock Exchange (stock market), there are 24 listed shipping companies. These companies include: PT Pelita Samudra Shipping Tbk (code: PSSI), PT Trada Maritim Tbk (TRAM), PT Rigs Tender Tbk (RIGS), PT Trimuda Nuansa Citra Tbk (TNCA), and PT Indo Strait Tbk (PTIS ), and others. This means that the shipping industry is a vital and important industry in Indonesia’s economic growth because it can record profits and gain investor confidence (open).

C. DEFENSE AND SECURITY The duty of the Customs and Excise sector is security in the economic field (taxes on imported goods). Generally the ship is made of aluminum material. The shipbuilding industry that has worked on the fabrication of ships belonging to the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (Kemenkeu) is PT. PAL Indonesia in Surabaya. Other important institutions in protecting the sea in Indonesia are the Water Police and the Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN). The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries assists in the aspect of the Marine Patrol to overcome illegal, unreported and unregulated matters from the fishing process as well as matters related to fisheries. The popular term is IUU Fishing.

Sovereignty is the pride of the nation. As the largest archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia’s defense is vital. The warships and submarine industries have been controlled by the Indonesian people. The model of mastery of technology is through cooperation in building warships with partners from other countries. Korea is a frequent partner with Indonesia at the end of the decade. The three newest submarines were ordered from there. In addition, the states of Germany and the Netherlands have been assisting in the procurement of warships since the 1970s. Especially the time when (late) Prof.Dr. BJ Habibie is still active in the government. The main shipyard owned is PT PAL Indonesia (Persero). In addition, there are large private shipyards on Batam Island, including PT. Batamec and PT. McDermott.

D. Indonesian Maritime Industry Records Indonesia’s maritime strength based on the number of dead-weight tons (DWT) owned is in position 30 (in 2007). This position has certainly changed if it is recalculated in 2019. Wijnolst and Wergeland (2009) show that Greece (Greek) still ranks first, followed by Japan and Germany. Even Singapore, although a small country, still ranks above Indonesia. Ironically, Switzerland is a country that has no sea area, but has a shipping fleet of 16. Greece for 2,500 years has remained the world’s premier shipping nation. Indonesia will soon be ranked first in ASEAN countries. 2005 concerning the Cabotage Principle.

Based on the application of the Cabotage Principle in accordance with Presidential Instruction No. 5 of 2005 and the Shipping Law No. 17 of 2008, all ships serving domestic shipping must have an Indonesian flag (registered as a ship in Indonesia) and manned by Indonesian citizens. The results are very positive. The Indonesian Ship Owners Association (INSA) stated that the capacity of ships in 2005 from only 5.67 million GT, increased to 38.5 million GT in 2016. The number of ships grew from 6,041 units to 24,046. In addition, membership in the number of companies also increased from 1,064 companies in 2009 to 1,490 companies in 2017 (Insa.or.id). Of course, the increase in these numbers will also increase employment and economic opportunities for Indonesia. Positive and good stuff!