FOC001_ Fundamentals of Computer

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION / BACHELOR OF COMMERCE / BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT) / BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS / BACHELOR OF ARTS COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS BBA104/BCM104/BTT104/BAQ102 Dr. R.G. Saha Dr. Shruthi Prabhakar

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) R.S. Bawa Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director, IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director, CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Co-ordinator - Prof. Pragya Sharma Co-ordinator - Dr. Rupali Arora Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Co-ordinator - Dr. Deepti Rani Sindhu Co-ordinator - Dr. Raju Kumar Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Co-ordinator - Dr. Shashi Singhal Co-ordinator - Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel & TourismManagement) Co-ordinator - Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Co-ordinator - Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Co-ordinator - Dr. Ashita Chadha Co-ordinator - Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Master of Arts (Mass Communication and Bachelor of Arts (Mass Communication and Journalism) Journalism) Co-ordinator - Dr. Chanchal Sachdeva Suri Co-ordinator - Dr. Kamaljit Kaur Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) Pranveer Singh Satvat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Pro VC (Academic) Registrar Prof. (Dr.) H. Nagaraja Udupa Prof. (Dr.) Shiv Kumar Tripathi Director – (IDOL) Executive Director – USB © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Computer Fundamentals Course Code: BBA104/BCM104/BTT104/BAQ102 Credits: 3 Course Objectives:  To understand the organization and operation of a computer processor, primary and secondary memory, peripheral devices.  To enrich student with knowledge of networking and applications in the computer.  To apply the knowledge of various operating systems and their practical implications. Syllabus Unit 1 - Computer Basics: Introduction, Characteristics of a Computer, Criteria for Using Computers. Unit 2 - History: Past Developments in Computers, Generations of Computer. Unit 3 - Classification of Computers: Applications of Computer, Basic Components of PC, Computer Architecture. Unit 4 - Hardware and Software: Introduction, Computer Memory, Secondary Memory. Unit 5 - Hardware and Software: Computer Peripherals, Output Devices, Software Requirements. Unit 6 - Detailed Content: Video Display, Storage Devices, Power Supplies. Unit 7 - Detailed Content: Basic Input and Output System, Wi-Fi, Operating System. Unit 8 - Windows: Introduction, Features, Comparison between Professional and Home Edition, Windows Installation, Activating Windows, Security Features of Windows, Accessing User Accounts and Getting Help. Unit 9 - Excel: Introduction, Workbook, Worksheet, Formatting in Excel, Advanced Formatting in Excel, Working with Formulas, Printing Worksheets. Unit 10 - Word Processing Basics: Opening and Closing Documents, Text Creation and Manipulation, Formatting the Text, Table Manipulation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Unit 11 - MS-PowerPoint: Introduction, Creating a Presentation, Basic Formatting in PowerPoint, Advanced Formatting, Using Templates, Inserting Charts, Inserting Tables, Printing Presentations. Text Books: 1. French C.S., (1998). Data Processing and Information Technology. New Delhi: BPB Publications. 2. Sinha P.K. (1992). Computer Fundamentals. New Delhi: BPB Publications. Reference Books: 1. Davis, H. (1998). The ABCs of Microsoft Office 97 Professional edition. New Delhi: BPB Publications. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS 1-8 9 - 30 Unit 1: Computer Basics 31 - 63 Unit 2: History 64 - 84 Unit 3: Classification of Computers 85 - 132 Unit 4: Storage Devices 133 - 160 Unit 5: Hardware and Software 161 - 176 Unit 6: Bringing Computer to Life 177 - 204 Unit 7: Basics of Operating System 205 - 233 Unit 8: Windows 234 - 258 Unit 9: Word Processing Basics 259 - 276 Unit 10: MS-Excel Unit 11: MS-PowerPoint CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)



Computer Basics 1 UNIT 1 COMPUTER BASICS Structure: 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition of Computer 1.3 Characteristics of Computer 1.4 Limitations of Computer 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Words/Abbreviations 1.7 LearningActivity 1.8 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) 1.9 References 1.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the concept of Computer Basics.  Discuss the characteristics of a computer.  Explain the criteria for using computers. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2 Computer Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction A few years ago the “TIME” magazine of the United States chose the computer as the “Man of the Year”, perhaps recognizing the contributions of the computer to mankind. The computer was rated on par with statesmen and scientists who changed the course of history. In the area of business applications, computers have caused a fundamental change in the way businesses are conducted. Changes that were taking at a revolutionary pace now seem revolutionary, thanks to the computer. Computer with all the support it offers has now become indispensable tool in the hands of managers for their decision making, to run an organization in a proper and efficient manner. The nature of modern organizations, the current legal and social environment, advanced technology and the expanding role of management have created information they needs that cannot be satisfied by traditional means. Computers are in the fore front of the revolution that provides today’s users with the necessary “information and knowledge edge” to survive and excel in today’s business scenario. It is the versatility of human ability to reduce a complex problem to a simple logically connected problem and then use a computer to solve them. Primarily, computers are used for calculations CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Computer Basics 3 which were beyond contemplation because of time span and monotony involved to solve them. Apart from scientific work computers are now applied to a variety of applications. Computers are used for word processing and publishing activities. Portable laptops are used by people to keep in touch with their organizations, even while negotiating a deal with a customer. Computers are used in infer the moods of the market through complex statistical programs. Computers are used in aircraft, submarines and advanced space shuttles for navigation. Computers are used at home, in the office, at Schools and in the Banks. Today, the world revolves around the computer. Whatever the career is chosen, nobody cannot ignore the computer. 1.2 Definition of Computer The origin of the word computer is taken from Latin word “Computare”, meaning \"to calculate\". So, according to this definition, Computer is a machine which can perform calculations at very high speed. In other words, Computer is an electronic device which converts raw data into meaningful information. A computer is an electromechanical device which, accepts data, stores and processes the data and gives out meaningful information at a very high speed with accuracy. So it can be said, Computer is a digital and automatic machine that takes data as input from the users, processes it, stores it if necessary and gives output in desired form. Standard Definitions of a Computer “A device used for computing; specifically, an electronic machine which, by means of stored instructions and information, performs rapid, often complex calculations or compiles, correlates and selects data”. – Webster’s Dictionary “A data processor that can perform substantial computation, including numerous arithmetic and logic operations, without intervention by a human operator during the run”. – International Standards Organisation (ISO) “A device capable of solving problems by accepting data, performing described operations on the data and supplying the results of these operations”. – US Institute of Computer Sciences CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4 Computer Fundamentals 1.3 Characteristics of Computer Today the computer plays a major role in the modern society and its development. The characteristics that make a computer possible to play such vital role are: (i) High Speed: Since electrical pulses cause all the operations of the computer, the computers can perform large number of operations in just one second. The processing speed of a computer is generally measured in Nano seconds. Since the computers are electronic device and work with the electrical pulses which travel at incredible speed and hence their internal speed is also virtually instantaneous. The speed of the processing varies with the computer hardware. (ii) Accuracy: The accuracy of the computers is consistently very high. Computers do not make mistakes. Errors causes in computing are generally due to negligence, such as inaccurate data, improper procedures, poor designs, etc. (iii) Storage Capacity: Computers have a very large storage capacity. The computers can store large amount of data and information, which is expressed in terms of kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes in memory. Moreover, the storage capacity of the computers can be increased by using secondary storage devices such as magnetic disk. The information stored in the secondary storage devices can be retrieved quickly with the help of main memory (RAM). (iv) Reliability: The computers give very accurate results with predetermined values. They correct and modify the parameters automatically and give suitable signals. They give formatted results with high degree of precision. (v) Versatility: Computers are very versatile machines with manual and automatic controls. They are capable of solving any problem and can be applied in all sorts of business and other activities. (vi) Automation: The special feature of computer is automation, i.e., the computer executes a program continuously without any human intervention until completion. The central processing unit of the computer makes it processing unit of the computer makes it possible. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Computer Basics 5 1.4 Limitations of Computer The computer can outperform human beings in speed, memory and accuracy but still the computer has limitations. There are following limitations of a computer. (i) Programmed by human: Though computer is programmed to work efficiently, fast and accurately but it is programmed by human beings to do so. Without a program, computer is nothing. A program is a set of instructions. Computer only follows these instructions. If the instructions are not accurate the working of computer will not accurate. (ii) Thinking: The computer cannot think itself. The concept of artificial intelligence shows that the computer can think. But still this concept is dependent on set of instructions provided by the human beings. (iii) Self-care: A computer cannot care itself like a human. A computer is dependent still to human beings for this purpose. (iv) Retrieval of memory: A computer can retrieve data very fast but this technique is linear. A human being’s mind does not follow this rule. A human mind can think randomly which a computer machine cannot. (v) Feelings: One of the main limits in the computer is of feeling. A computer cannot feel about some like a human. A computer cannot meet human in respect of relations. Human can feel, think and caring but a computer machine itself cannot. A computer cannot take place of human because computer is always dependent of human. 1.5 Summary The origin of the word computer is taken from Latin word “Computare”, meaning \"to calculate\". So, according to this definition, Computer is a machine which can perform calculations at very high speed. In other words, computer is an electronic device which converts raw data into meaningful information. A computer is an electromechanical device which, accepts data, stores and processes the data and gives out meaningful information at a very high speed with accuracy. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6 Computer Fundamentals The accuracy of the computers is consistently very high. Computers do not make mistakes. Errors causes in computing are generally due to negligence, such as inaccurate data, improper procedures, poor designs, etc. A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it, and then store it again for future use. Many computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing anytime it is needed. Benefits from using computers are possible because computers have the advantages of speed, reliability, consistency, storage and communications. One of the main limits in the computer is of feeling. A computer cannot feel about some like a human. A computer cannot meet human in respect of relations. Human can feel, think and caring but a computer machine itself cannot. A computer cannot take place of human because computer is always dependent of human. The computer can outperform human beings in speed, memory and accuracy but still the computer has limitations. 1.6 Key Words/Abbreviations  Computer: Computers are used for word processing and publishing activities.  Reliability: The computers give very accurate results with predetermined values.  Consistency: Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results – consistently  Storage: Computers have a very large storage capacity.  Communications: Most computers today can communicate with other computers, often wirelessly.  Self-care: A computer cannot care itself like a human. A computer is dependent still to human beings for this purpose. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Computer Basics 7  Automation: The special feature of computer is automation, i.e., the computer executes a program continuously without any human intervention until completion. The central processing unit of the computer makes it processing unit of the computer makes it possible.  Feelings: One of the main limits in the computer is of feeling. A computer cannot feel about some like a human. A computer cannot meet human in respect of relations. Human can feel, think and caring but a computer machine itself cannot. 1.7 Learning Activity 1. Definition of computer. Explain its criteria for using computers. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 2. Give the computer concept with their merits and limitations. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 3. Define computer. What are the characteristics of computer? —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 1.8 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Type Questions 1. Define Computer. 2. What are the characteristics of computer? 3. Explain the criteria for using computer. 4. What are the limitations of computer? CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8 Computer Fundamentals B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. The computers can perform large number of operations in just __________. (a) One minute (b) One hour (c) One second (d) None 2. The accuracy of the computers is consistently __________. (a) Very high (b) Very low (c) Medium (d) None 3. Large number of Data and Information is expressed in terms of __________. (a) Kilobytes (b) Megabytes (c) Gigabytes (d) All of the above 4. The term ‘Computer’ is derived from __________. (a) Latin (b) German (c) French (d) Arabic 5. Who is the father of Computer? (a) Allen Turing (b) Charles Babbage (c) Simur Cray (d) Augusta Adaming 6. Who is the father of personal computer? (a) Edward Robert (b) Allen Turing (c) Charles Babbage (d) None of these Answers: 1. (c), 2. (b), 3. (d), 4 (a), 5. (a), 6. (c) 1.9 References References of this unit have been given at the end of the book. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2 HISTORY Structure: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History of Computer 2.3 Generations of Computer 2.4 Summary 2.5 Key Words/Abbreviations 2.6 LearningActivity 2.7 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) 2.8 References 2.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Discuss the history of Computers  Explain the past developments in Computer  Explain the generations of Computers 2.1 Introduction Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

10 Computer Fundamentals There are five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. In the following table, approximate dates against each generation has been mentioned, which are normally accepted. 2.2 History of Computer The history of the computer dates back to a long time, when a man used his fingers for counting. The Stone Aged man used stones for counting. Later the stones were replaced by sticks and marks on the earth, scratches and symbols on the stones and knots on the ropes. It was very difficult to use these computing aids, because it required some physical efforts. Moreover, the computing speed was also very slow. This necessitated to develop a new technique and as a result the number was discovered. The number system laid the foundation for the modern computer. Even though the computer is basically a product of late 1940s, there were several important developments proceeding. Let see some important developments that enroute to the invention of Modern day computers. 3000 BC – Chinese ABACUS 1617 AD – Logs and Bones by John Napier 1620 – Slide rule by William Oughtred 1642 – Adding machine by Blaise Pascal 1673 – Mechanical calculator by Gottfried Von Leibnitz 1801 – Punched card controlled looms by Joseph Jacquard 1833 – Difference Engine by Charles Babbage 1896 – Electromechanical card tabulators by Herman Hollerith 1937 – ABC Computer by Dr. Atanasoff and Berry 1944 – Mark I calculating machine by Howard Aiken 1947 – ENIAC operational by Eckart and John Mauchly CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 11 1949 – EDSAC completed in England 1951 – UNIVAC I operational ABACUS It is a manual mechanical device developed in China. It consists of a wooden frame with two compartments and beads sliding along the steel wires for counting. Multiplication and divisions are done using repeated additions and subtractions. Even today, it is still used in many countries like Japan, China, etc. Napier’s Logs and Bones John Napier (1550-1617), a Scottish mathematician, invented logarithms. The use of logs enabled was to transform multiplication and division problems into problems of additions and subtractions. In the beginning, it was called logs as artificial numbers. But later, it was named them as logarithms. Fig. 2.1: Napier’s Bones Slide Rule Napier’s log became the basis for a well-known invention was called slide rule by William Oughtred. In the slide rule, the final value was straight away read on the scale. It is capable of doing mathematical operations and functions. Fig. 2.2: Slide Rule A slide rule consists of three parts: the body, the slide and the cursor. The body and the slide are marked with scales. The cursor has a hairline that facilitates accurate positioning of the cursor at a specific point on some scale. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12 Computer Fundamentals Pascal’s Adding Machine The great French mathematician, Blaise Pascal (1623-1666), made the next attempt in the computing history. Pascal invented a machine that used gears, wheels and dials. This machine displayed numbers by the rotation of wheel. This machine was used only for addition and subtraction of numbers. It was known as Pascal’s adding machine or Pascaline. Fig. 2.3: Pascal’s Wheel Calculator Leibnitz’s Calculator Gottfried Van Lebniz (1646-1716), a famous German mathematician improved Pascal’s machine to a special stepped gear mechanism for automatic calculation, which was named Leibniz calculator. Fig. 2.4: Leibnitz’s Calculator This machine was able to perform all the four basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It used stepped cylinder each with nine teeth of varying lengths instead of wheels. Shift mechanism was introduced in Leibniz calculator. Moving a digit to right or left is called a shift. Jacquard’s Loom Jacquard loom, also called Jacquard Attachment or Jacquard Mechanism. The Jacquard system was developed in 1804 by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) of France. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 13 Fig. 2.5: Jacquard’s Loom His system improved on the punched-card technology of Jacques de Vaucanson’s loom. He used punched cards to produce complex cloth patterns with automated looms. Jacquard’s loom provided the way for the modern storage mechanism on punched cards and the binary coding system. The idea behind the Jacquard’s loom was a system of punch cards and hooks. The cards were made very thick and had rectangular holes punched in them. The hooks and needles used in weaving were guided by these holes in the cardboard. When the hooks came into contact with the card, they were held stationary unless it encountered one of the punched holes. Then the hook was able to pass through the hole with a needle inserting another thread, thus forming the desired pattern. Intricate patterns were achieved by having many cards arranged one after the other and/or used repeatedly. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14 Computer Fundamentals Fig. 2.6: Electronic Jacquard’s Loom This idea of punch cards was revolutionary because it used the idea of a machine having the ability to follow an algorithm. These punch cards were innovative because the cards had the capability to store information on them. This ability to store information was what helped spark the computer revolution. Babbage’s Engines Charles Babbage (1791-1871), a British mathematics professor is known as “Father of Computer”. He developed and demonstrated a working model of a mechanical computer called ‘Difference Engine’ in 1822. Encouraged by the success of Difference Engine, he developed another device called “Analytical Engine” in 1833. Analytical Engine used the concepts of Automated Loom and Difference Engine. This machine had five units. They are input, output, store, mill and control, which are similar to the units of modern computer. Hollerith's Machine In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) devised a machine that run on electricity for the first time for calculation and recording data. This machine was capable of reading both numbers and CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 15 letters, programming them and giving out letters and numbers in the desired form. It was called as ‘Tabulator’. In 1896, Hollerith established his own company called ‘Tabulating Machine Company’. Today, these is known as, ‘International Business Machines Corporation – IBM’. Fig. 2.7: Hollerith’s Accounting Machine The Mark I Computer During the 1940s, the “Mark” series of computers were developed at Harvard University. The Mark I computer could performed a series of mathematical operations. The first of these computers was the Mark I put into operation in 1944 and was used until 1959. It was complex in design and huge in size. It was 50 ft long and 8 ft high and was using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches and 500 miles of wire to transmitted and read the data electrically. It was programmed by punch cards. It was weighed 5 tons and could do a multiplication operation in about 6 seconds. Its storage capacity was 32 words and each of 31 binary digits. Fig. 2.8 :The Mark I Computer CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

16 Computer Fundamentals ABC Computer In 1937, Dr. John Atanasoff with the help of his assistant Berry designed the Attanasoff– Berry Computer (ABC). The machine laid the foundation for the development of electronic digital computer. It was designed with a specific purpose, to solve systems of simultaneous up to 29 linear equations. The machine exact operation was to accept two linear equations at a time with up to 29 variables and a constant, using this data it could eliminate one of the variables. Following this way, the machine could continue by eliminating each time one variable, until the entire system of equations was solved. The ABC was not a general-purpose computer (its function was fixed), meaning that it did not implemented the stored program architecture (Von Neumann architecture). It still was the first to implement 3 of the most important ideas used in computers nowadays. The first and probably most important was using binary digits (1's and 0's) to represent all the numbers in a given data. The second was to perform all the calculations using electronics instead of mechanical switches and wheels. And the third was using the principle from the Von Neumann architecture where the memory and the computations were separate. The ABC also implemented another important idea using a regenerative capacitor memory that is still used nowadays in Dynamic Random Access Memory. This means that since the capacitors are loosing their charge pretty quickly they need to be given a new electronic charge every few milliseconds. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 17 COUNTER DRUM KEYBOARD DRUM DECIMAL CARD CARRY-OVER DRUME READER DECIMAL-T O-BINARY CONVERSION DRUM MOTOR BASE 2 CARD READER BASE 2 OUTPUT CARD PUNCHER POWER SUPPLY AND REGULATOR 30 ADD-SUBTRACT LOGIC CIRCUITS ELECTRICAL CARD-PUNCHING CIRCUITS MEMORY-RECENERATING CIRCUITS Fig: 2.9 ABC Computer The system weighed 320 kg and contained approximately 1.6 km of wire, 280 dual-triode vacuum tubes, 31 thyratrons and was about the size of a desk. The memory of the ABC was a pair of drums, each containing 1600 capacitors. The capacitors on each drum were organized into 32 “bands” of 50, giving the machine a speed of 30 additions/subtractions per second. Data was represented as 50 bit binary fixed point numbers. The electronics of the memory and arithmetic units could store and operate on 60 numbers at a time. The AC power line frequency of 60 Hz was the primary clock rate for the lowest level operations. The logic functions were fully electronic, implemented with vacuum tubes. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors storage. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

18 Computer Fundamentals ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator Fig. 2.10: ENIAC Computer In 1947, John Mauchly and Eckart completed the first large-scale Electronic Digital Computer, ENIAC. In this computer, each time a program was changed, the wiring had to be completely rearranged. It weighed 30 tons and contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and occupied a space of 30,550 feet. ENIAC was also programmed by punch cards and switch settings, and could read 2 numbers per second. EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator Fig. 2.11: EDSAC Computer CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 19 The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was a UK made computer. Maurice V. Wilkes of Cambridge University completed EDSAC in 1949. EDSAC was the first computer to operate on the stored program concept (in which the data and instructions are stored inside the memory). Stored program concept was given by Von Neumann which introduced the idea of storing both instructions as well data in the binary form instead of decimal numbers. In this machine, addition operations was accomplished in 1500 microseconds and multiplication in 4000 microsecond. EDSAC used mercury delay lines for memory and 3,000 vacuum tubes for logic. Programs were input using 5-hole punched tape and output was via a teleprinter. UNIVAC-I Universal Automatic Computers In 1947, after ENIAC became operational Mauchly and Eckart formed their own company the ‘Eckart-Mauchly Computer Corporation’. Immediately after this they started the design of UNIVAC I. This was purchased by US Bureau of Census. UNIVAC was the first computer dedicated to business applications. Fig. 2.12: UNIVAC I Computer The UNIVAC I was the first “mass produced” computer. It contained 5200 vacuum tubes and consumed 125 kW of power when operating. The UNIVAC was also the first computer to come equipped with a magnetic tape unit and was the first computer to use buffer memory. The UNIVAC CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

20 Computer Fundamentals I was used for general purpose computing with large amounts of input and output. UNIVAC I had duplicate arithmetic units, so all errors were immediately detected. 2.3 Generations of Computer Generation in Computer is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of the computer industry. Computers are generally classified into different generations according to the memory device which is used in the computers. So, the term ‘generation’ is used to distinguish between varying both hardware and software technologies. The custom of referring to the computer era in terms of generation came into wide use only after 1951. Till today, there are totally five generations. Each of the generations, their time duration and their hardware devices are given in the following table: Generation Time Duration Hardware device 1G Computer 1940-1955 Vacuum Tubes 2G Computer 1956-1963 Transistor 3G Computer 1964-1970 Integrated Circuits (IC) 4G Computer 1971-Till Now Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) or Microprocessor 5G Computer 1990 Onwards Artificial Intelligence Based Each of the generations and their software are given in the following: Generation Software are used 1G Computer Machine Language 2G Computer Assembly Language 3G Computer Structured programming languages such as C, COBOL and FORTRAN. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 21 4G Computer Domain specific languages such as SQL (for database access) 5G Computer and TeX (for text formatting) Artificial Intelligence When generation goes up the following characteristics are in effect: Characteristics Effect Size Decrease Speed Increase Power consumption Decrease Heat generation Decrease Complexity Decrease Storage capability Increase Processing capability Increase Use of user-friendly software Increase Storage devices More flexible and more capacity Price of computer Decrease First Generation Computer (1940 -1955) The first generation started with UNIVAC I and IBM’s 701. They were the first computers to be used by businesses, mostly for accounting functions such as payroll and billing. Previous computers had been used mainly for military and scientific computation. Hardware Thousands of vacuum tubes were required to build a single first generation CPU. Relatively few numbers could be stored using a vacuum tube to represent each binary digit. The lasting contribution of the first generation computer to modern computer technology was the use of magnetic CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

22 Computer Fundamentals storage media. Magnetic drums (cylinders with a magnetizable outer surface) were used as internal memory or main memory. Central processing unit Input Data processing unit output AC MQ equipment Arithmetic-logic Instructions circuits and data DR IBR PC Main memory IR AR M Control Control circuits signals Addresses Program control uni Fig: 2.1F3igS. tr2u.1ct3u:reSotrfuacftiursrte-geonfearatFioirnsctoGmepnueterar:tiIoAnS Computer: IAS Punched cards were used as a secondary storage. Data to be processed are transferred from the secondary storage to the main memory. Even though they represented an improvement in speed, drums did have limited capacity. To augment this capacity, the magnetic tape was developed toward the end of the first generation as a secondary storage media. Software The first programs were expressed in the long string of binary digits that the machine deals with. This was the machine language. Later, the first big software break through was the development of the assembly language. This allowed programmers to use mnemonics (easily remembered names) for operations and symbols for variables. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 23 Second Generation Computer (1956 -1963) Hardware The invention of the transistor marked the beginning of the second generation computer. By 1959, transistors were the dominant component of the typical CPU. Primary memory was radically transformed during this period. Tiny doughnut-shaped magnetic cores were strung together on wires. Fig. 2.14: Structure of a Second Generation Computer: The IBM 7094 Each tiny core could be stored one bit. The magnetic disk was used as a secondary storage media. Disks rotated rapidly, so that less time was required to move data into primary memory for processing. Magnetic tapes were still being used during this time. Computer hardware generally became smaller, more reliable and more easily maintainable. Components were “packaged” into printed circuit boards. Diagnostic programs which test the machine for faulty parts were developed. Software High-level languages (programming languages that resemble written English in vocabulary and syntax) were developed compilers, assemblers and translators that translated statements into machine CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

24 Computer Fundamentals language (FORTRAN, COBOL). Portability of programs between computers of different manufacturers was also made possible. Third Generation Computer (1964 -1970) The third generation started with IBM developing upward compatibility with their family of computers (IBM’s 360 product line). Any program written for one of these machines could be run without changes in any larger machine in the series. CPU Memory Channel I/O Fig. 2.15: Third Generation Computer Hardware Integrated Circuits (IC) were small solid pieces of silicon that contained all the components (transistors and other components on the printed circuit boards) as well as all their necessary interconnections. By 1969, approximately 100 transistors could be built on a single piece of silicon (a silicon chip). Volatile transistor memory was developed but in cases where in it was vital that the contents not be lost, miniaturized magnetic core memories remain in use. Low-cost minicomputers became possible terminals for data entry and operation. Magnetic disks represented an increasing percentage of the volume memory market in this generation. Disk packs (rotating disks but with removable disk storage surfaces) became prevalent. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 25 Software The number of high-level languages continued to grow. Languages adapted to more specific applications. The operating system made its appearance. Time sharing of an operating system was also available wherein the CPU is so faster. It could be keeping up with many users communication with the system from a number of terminal keyboards. Fourth Generation Computer (1971 – Till Now) Hardware In early 1970s, Large Scale Integration (LSI) chips could be manufactured containing few thousand chips. By mid-1970s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips were produced containing an entire microprocessor, or the microcomputer CPU. Inter Corporation is the pioneer in this technology. In 1974, Intel 8080 microprocessor was packaged as a part of a kit to build Altair 8800, the first PC. IBM entered the PC market in 1981 and went on to become a major supplier of PC in the business market. Soon, many companies began to manufacture microcomputers that worked just like or even better than IBM’s personal computer. These so called “Clones” or “IBM- compatibles”, had becomes a major force in reducing prices and making powerful microcomputers widely available. Single memory chips contain up to million bits. Secondary storage has grown to a capacity large enough to contain all data needed to operate a big corporation or a major government agency. Floppy disks made their debut in 1970. CD-ROM was introduced by Sony and Phillips in 1984 that provided significantly greater storage capacity for digital data. Fig. 2.16: Fourth Generation Computer CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

26 Computer Fundamentals Software Commercially, successful operating systems were available for microcomputers (CP/M, MS- DOS, PC-DOS, Windows) Structured Programming contributed to the standardization of the discipline and organization of programming (Pascal, C) andApplication packages (software program or collection of related programs that lets a user perform a specific tasks) were developed. These user-friendly software had been a driving force behind the installation of computers in offices and in the home. Data communication software came about. This allowed users to “talk” to each other and machines to “communicates’’ with each other and share resources through networking. Fifth Generation Computer (1990 Onwards) The computer which uses AI (Artificial Intelligence) and Bio-chips as memory device is called the Fifth Generation Computer. Scientists are now at work on these computers – a promise but not yet reality. Some major characteristics of fifth generation computer are listed: (i) Acceptance of parallel processing in full fledges. (ii) Because of use of super conductor materials like Bio-chips and GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) as memory device, the speed will be very high. (iii) Large subsets of natural languages like English, German and Japanese are used and made more user friendly. (iv) Use of AI make computers intelligent and knowledge based. (v) PROGLOG (Programming Logic) use Operating System. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 27 Fig. 2.17: Fifth Generation Computer System Some major difference between other generation computers and fifth generation computers: Basis of Difference Other Generation Fifth Generation Structure Serial in structure Parallel in structure Function Algorithmic in functioning Knowledge based processing Architecture DISP/LISP (Data/Logic KISP (Knowledge Information Information Processing Processing System) based System) based Nature Number processing Knowledge processing Speed Slower Very much higher 2.4 Summary The history of the computer dates back to a long time, when a man used his fingers for counting. The Stone Aged man used stones for counting. Later the stones were replaced by sticks and marks on the earth, scratches and symbols on the stones and knots on the ropes. It was very difficult to use these computing aids, because it required some physical efforts. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

28 Computer Fundamentals Generation in Computer is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of the computer industry. Computers are generally classified into different generations according to the memory device which is used in the computers. The ABC was not a general-purpose computer (its function was fixed), meaning that it did not implemented the stored program architecture (Von Neumann architecture). It still was the first to implement 3 of the most important ideas used in computers now-days. The idea behind the Jacquard's loom was a system of punch cards and hooks. The cards were made very thick and had rectangular holes punched in them. The hooks and needles used in weaving were guided by these holes in the cardboard. Analytical Engine used the concepts of Automated Loom and Difference Engine. This machine had five units. They are input, output, store, mill and control, which are similar to the units of modern computer. During the 1940s, the “Mark” series of computers were developed at Harvard University. The Mark I computer could performed a series of mathematical operations. The first of these computers was the Mark I put into operation in 1944 and was used until 1959. 2.5 Key Words/Abbreviations  ABACUS: It is a manual mechanical device developed in China.  Slide Rule: Napier’s log became the basis for a well-known invention was called slide rule by William Oughtred.  Hardware: Thousands of vacuum tubes were required to build a single first generation CPU.  Software: The first programs were expressed in the long string of binary digits that the machine deal with. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History 29 2.6 Learning Activity 1. Explain the history and generations of Computers. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 2. Student should record the various generation of computer in details. —————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————— 2.7 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Type Questions 1. Discuss the history of computer. 2. Explain the generation of computer. 3. Explain ABC Computer. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. ABACUS was developed in __________. (a) France (b) Japan (c) China (d) None 2. IBM 1401 is __________. (a) First Generation Computer (b) Second Generation Computer (c) Third Generation Computer (d) Fourth Generation Computer 3. Which of the following is first generation of computer? (a) EDSAC (b) IBM-1401 (c) CDC-1604 (d) ICL-2900 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 Computer Fundamentals 4. Second Generation computers were developed during __________. (a) 1949 to 1955 (b) 1956 to 1965 (c) 1965 to 1970 (d) 1970 to 1990 5. The computer size was very large in __________. (a) First Generation (b) Second Generation (c) Third Generation (d) Fourth Generation 6. Microprocessors as switching devices are for which generation computers? (a) First Generation (b) Second Generation (c) Third Generation (d) Fourth Generation 7. Which generation of computer is still under development? (a) Fourth Generation (b) Fifth Generation (c) Sixth Generation (d) Seventh Generation 8. Artificial Intelligence is associated with which generation? (a) First Generation (b) Second Generation (c) Fifth Generation (d) Sixth Generation 9. Fifth generation computer is also known as __________. (a) Knowledge information processing system (b) [b] Very large-scale integration (VLSI) (c) Both [a] and [b] (d) None of these Answers 1. (c), 2. (b), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6. (d), 7. (b), 8. (c), 9. (d) 2.8 References References of this unit have been given at the end of the book. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Structure: 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of Computer 3.3 Applications of Computer 3.4 Basic Components of PC 3.5 ComputerArchitecture 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 3.8 LearningActivity 3.9 Unit End Questions (MCQs and Descriptive) 3.10 References 3.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the classification of Computers  Discuss the applications of Computer  Understand the basic concept of components of PC  Understand the concepts of Computer Architecture

32 Computer Fundamentals 3.1 Introduction Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power. It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing and running spreadsheet. 3.2 Types of Computer Fig. 3.1: Types of Computer (a) Purpose Computer can be classified by its functions: (i) Analog Computer Analog computers are computers that measure physical quantities (e.g., pressure, temperature, length, etc.) and convert them to numeric values. For example, a thermometer does not perform any calculation but measures the temperature of the body by comparing the relative expansion of mercury. Another example is voltmeter which measures voltage. They give relative results hence are accurate to within 0.1% of the correct value. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Classification of Computers 33 Fig. 3.2: Analog Computer (ii) Digital Computer Digital computers are counting digital devices. It directly counts the numbers (or digits that represent numerals, letters, or other special symbols). For example, a digital calculator or a digital watch. The majority of computers used for business and scientific applications are digital. Fig. 3.3: Digital Computer (iii) Hybrid Computer The features of analog and digital machines are combined to create a hybrid computing system. For example, in a hospital, an analog Cardiogram measures a patient’s vital signs like temperature, heart functions. These are then converted to numbers and supplied to the digital components that monitor the patient’s vital signs, any fluctuation can thus be noticed immediately. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

34 Computer Fundamentals Fig. 3.4: Hybrid Computer (b) Development This is a modern computer with the power and speed of today. It is end result of countless inventions, ideas, and developments contributed by many people through out the last several decades. The changes based on development can be categorized into five generations of computers. (i) First Generation of Computer UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first general purpose electrical computer to be made available and marks the beginning of the first generation of electrical computers. The first generation electrical computer employed vacuum tubes. These computers were large in size and required air conditioning. This was the most popular first generation computer and was introduced in 1950. (ii) Second Generation of Computer The second generation of computers employed transistors and other solid state devices. Their circuits were smaller than the vacuum tubes, and generated less heat. Hence, the second generation CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Classification of Computers 35 computers required less power, were faster and more reliable. IBM 1401 was the most popular type of generation computers. They employed magnetic tapes as the input/output media. (iii) Third Generation of Computer In the third generation of computers, integrated circuits on chips (thin wafers of silicon) were used to store data and process instructions. These computers could handle more than one operation simultaneously. The more circuits on a single chip greater the amount of data that can be stored on the memory chip. The technique of integrating circuits on a single chip was established during the third generation of computers. (iv) Fourth Generation of Computer It was now possible to put the entire processor of the computer on a single chip. Intel Corporation developed the first Intel 4004 microprocessor chip. A microprocessor is built using a microprocessor chip along with some other chips and circuitry. A whole range of that could be used for generalized applications became popular. The PC, PC/ XT, PC/AT are some of the personal computers popularized by IBM. While the PC and the PC/XT differ in the disk storage supported by them, the PC/AT differs in the processor itself. The Intel 8088 microprocessor chip is used in PCs and PC-XT and PC/AT use the Intel 80286 or Intel 80386 chips as their microprocessors. There are other chips like the Motorola 68020, Motorola 68030, Zilog 8000 etc. Used to build other microcomputers. (v) Fifth Generation of Computer The fifth generation of computers are conceived as a knowledgeable information processing system. It incorporates Artificial Intelligence. Modeled on human intelligence, they are self-learning systems which can store experiences and take decisions based on the information and logic stored in the computer. They can also process non-information, e.g., graphs, pictures, etc. (c) Size and Performance Computers vary widely in performance, size and cost. Performance is measured in terms of speed of processing instructions, storage capacity, ability to handle a large number of input and CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

36 Computer Fundamentals output devices, and nature of operations performed (simple word processing to complex scientific calculations). Generally, the better the performance, the larger the size and the higher the cost. • Super Computer • Mainframe Computer • Mini Computer • Micro Computer (i) Super Computer Complex scientific applications like weather forecasting require a large amount of data to be manipulated within a very short time. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design and analysis of geological data. Large super computers with faster processing using multiple processors and superior technology are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research. Examples of super computers are CRAY XMP-24 and NEC-500. Fig. 3.5: Super Computer (ii) Mainframe Computer The earliest computers were called mainframes due to their large size. A mainframe is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. It requires a special environment – cold and dry. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Classification of Computers 37 Fig. 3.6: Mainframe Computer Mainframes are very large computers with a very high capacity of main store. Because they can process large amounts of data very quickly, they are used by big companies, banks, government departments as their main computer. They can be linked into a network with smaller department computers, microcomputers or with each other. (iii) Mini Computer A mini computer is a class of multi-user computer that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the mainframe and micro computers. It is less powerful than a mainframe and more powerful than the micro computers. They have larger RAM and backing storage capacity and can process data more quickly. Fig. 3.7: Mini Computer CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

38 Computer Fundamentals This class of computers became available in the 1960s when large scale integrated circuits made it possible to build a computer much cheaper than the then existing mainframes. The first popular minicomputer was the pdp-8, launched in 1965. Mini computers were basically developed for use in process control systems. (iv) Micro Computer Microcomputers are at the lowest end of the computer range. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of single chip microprocessors. ‘Personal Computer (PC)’ was first known as microcomputer because they are designed to be used by one person at a time. The principal characteristics of personal computers are that they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors. However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them together to form a network. A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, tablet PC or a handheld PC (also called palmtop). Fig. 3.8: Micro Computer Personal computers are typically used at home, at school, or at a business. The most common applications for businesses, the PC are used for word processing, spreadsheet calculating and database managing. At home, PC is for entertainment (computer games) and surfing the Internet and e-mail. The other applications are desktop publishing, accounting, statistical analysis, graphics, investment analysis, project management, editing photographs, creating graphics and also used in teaching (the computer acts as a teacher). The highly visible personal computers fall under these categories: • Tower Model Computer • Desktop • Laptop or Notebook • Sub-notebook • Palmtop • Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) • Pocket PC • Tablet PC CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Classification of Computers 39 • Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC) • Home Theater PC (HTPC) • Workstation/Server Computer • Client-Server Computer • Embedded Computer • Wearable Computer Tower Model Computer Refers to a PC in which the power supply, motherboard and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier. Fig. 3.9: Tower Models Desktop The term ‘desktop’ refers specifically to a horizontally-oriented case, usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to save space on the desktop. Most desktop computer offer more power, storage, versatility and low cost. Fig. 3.10: Desktop Computer CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

40 Computer Fundamentals Laptop A laptop is a small mobile computer, which usually weighs 2.2-18 pounds (1.6 kilograms), depending on size, materials and other factors. A laptop is designed to sit on user lap and user can therefore expect it to be quite large and loaded down with features and power. Laptops usually run on a single main battery or from an external AC/DC adapter which can charge the battery while also supplying power to the computer itself. Many computers also have a 3 volt cell to run the clock and other processes in the event of a power failure. Fig. 3.11: Laptop Computer As personal computers, laptops are capable of the same tasks, although they are typically less powerful for the same price. They contain components that are similar to their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops usually have liquid crystal displays and most of them use different memory modules for their random access memory (RAM), for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad). History In 1976, the Xerox PARC division developed the Xerox NoteTaker, considered the first portable computer. It never reached the market, as only 10 prototypes were built. In 1981, the Osborne 1 was launched as the first commercially available portable computer. About the size of a tabletop sewing machine, the Osborne did not have any battery power, running only on electricity instead but it allowed computer users to work with a computer while on the go. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Classification of Computers 41 In the span of barely 3 years, portable computer models started flooding the market. In 1982, Kaypro introduced the Kaypro II, which featured double-sided floppy drives (twice the storage capacity) and a larger CRT monitor. The first true laptop, the GRiD Compass 1101, was arguably released that same year. In 1983, Compaq launched its Compaq Portable, while Epson introduced the HX-20. Notebooks Notebook computers typically weigh less than 5 pounds and are small enough – “notebook sized” – to fit easily in a backpack or briefcase. Fig. 3.12: Notebooks It was also designed to function similarly to desktops but were geared more toward personal use than business use. The handy notebook size was what defined notebook computers. When they were first released, they did not even have a replaceable hard disk or other associated peripherals. History By 1988, portable computers had become smaller, as demonstrated by the Cambridge Z88. Though this portable computer was 16 times more powerful than the Osborne 1, its total weight had been halved. The first “notebook computers” – so called because the size of these devices was roughly the size of a paper notebook – were the 1988 NEC UltraLite and the Compaq LTE, launched in 1989. These designs were then joined by the IBM ThinkPad, featuring the first 10.4 inch screen on a notebook computer. While these early notebooks averaged a little over 6 pounds, lighter and more powerful “sub-notebooks” began making their mark in 1993 with the introduction of the Gateway Handbook and the Hewlett-Packard OmniBook. The 4.4 pound Apple PowerBook was eclipsed by CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

42 Computer Fundamentals the Sony VAIO in 1997, the latter weighing in at under 2.5 pounds. Microsoft's Tablet PC computers were smaller still and in 2007, Asus introduced the Eee PC, reducing screen and keyboard size while retaining full computer usage capabilities. Comparison between Laptop and Notebook Laptop Notebook Main Apple, Dell, Toshiba, Acer, Asus, Apple, Samsung, Sony, Toshiba, Dell. Lenovo, HP, Samsung, Sony, MSI, AlienWare, Microsoft. Manufacturers Small and sleek to large and bulky. Notebooks generally come in the sizes Screen sizes normally range from 10 of real notebooks to the near PDA to 20 inches across. sizes. (Exceptions occur as some manufacturer’s market their laptops as notebooks). Size Can be present in an integrated fashion. Not always integrated. Can be externally attached though. DVD-Drives and Has fans and other system like in Usually, do not have an effective other accessories desktop adjusted to suit its use. cooling system as processing power is like in Desktop lesser than laptops. Cooling system A laptop is a mobile computer/device, A notebook computer is a battery- or Meaning small and light in weight and as the AC-powered personal computer name suggests, sits in the lap of the generally smaller than a briefcase that user. can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices and at meetings. Primary usage is mobility and replicates Primary usage is mobility and personal the usage of a personal computer with computer with extra durability. extra durability. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)