CU B.SC TTM Tour Guiding and interpretation skills

B. SC. TTM TOUR GUIDING AND INTERPRETATION SKILLS BTT118

CONTENT UNIT - 1: Introduction to Tour Guide-I ........................................................................... 3 UNIT - 2: Introduction to Tour Guide-II ........................................................................ 15 UNIT - 3: Types of Tour Guide ....................................................................................... 31 UNIT - 4: Dynamics of Tour Guide-I .............................................................................. 51 UNIT - 5: Dynamics of Tour Guide-II.............................................................................. 90 UNIT -6 : Tour Guiding as a profession ........................................................................ 102 UNIT - 7: Dimension of Tour Guiding .......................................................................... 118 UNIT - 8: Personality of a tour guide ............................................................................ 138 UNIT - 9: Guiding techniques ........................................................................................ 150 UNIT – 10: Linkages in Tour Guiding ………………………………… 166 UNIT - 11: Itinerary Planning ....................................................................................... 183 UNIT – 12: Managing Tour Guiding ............................................................................. 197 UNIT - 13: Escorting circumstances-I ........................................................................... 222 UNIT - 14: Escorting circumstances-I I ......................................................................... 238 2

UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION TO TOUR GUIDE - I STRUCTURE 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Introduction of Tour Guide – Need, Concept & History of tour guide 1.3 Summary 1.4 Keywords 1.5 Learning Activity 1.6 Unit End Questions 1.7 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe nature of tour guiding  Identify scope of tour guiding  1.1 INTRODUCTION In India, tour guiding (as a vocation) began after independence, when the government recognised the need for tour guides in tourist destinations and established the requirements for a guiding licence. People still believe that tour guiding is the most well-known position in the tourist industry. A tour guide is someone who gathers information from a variety of sources and then passes it on to others. Tourists are also looked after by the tour leader. In terms of tour guiding, historical perspective is important. It was a well-recognized position. Many individuals volunteer as tour guides to 3

assist tourists, travellers, and visitors from other countries. The legal position of tour guiding varies per nation. 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO TOUR GUIDE - I Tourism is a broad term that encompasses a variety of activities. It is the overall cost of a non- journey resident's to an atypical location for reasons other than job and resident ship. The slogan 'Atithi Devo Bhavah' has always guided India. Some of the most famous travellers to ancient India were Fahien, Huein Tsang, and Ibn Battuta. Domestic tourism grew as old and young, rich and poor, young and old, rich and poor, young and old, wealthy and poor, young and old, rich and poor, young and old, rich and poor, young and old, rich and poor, young and old, rich and poor, young and old, Tour guiding has been around for a long time. It has evolved significantly over time, as has the kind and route of transportation. A tour guide is a person who aids, translates, communicates, and coordinates with tourists in the current setting. Tour guiding is a job that has been around for a long time. There is a mention of tour guides throughout history. However, it was only until the emergence of mass tourism that it became a recognised field. Tour packages became the product, and having a tour guide with the group became mandatory. Previously, it was a tailored activity, and tour guides were employed to assist with arranging accommodations, cuisine, and achieving the goals of the trip. In India, tour guiding (as a vocation) began after independence, when the government recognised the need for tour guides in tourist destinations and established the requirements for a guiding licence. People still believe that tour guiding is the most well-known position in the tourist industry. A tour guide is someone who gathers information from a variety of sources and then passes it on to others. Tourists are also looked after by the tour leader. In terms of tour guiding, historical perspective is important. It was a well-recognized position. Many individuals volunteer as tour guides to assist tourists, travellers, and visitors from other countries. The legal position of tour guiding varies per nation. 4

America, the United States of (USA) A tour guide gives visitors or a tour group with pertinent information and help. This data pertains to culture, history, and heritage, among other things. Europe and the Pacific Rim The Federation of Tourist Guides Association represents tour guides in this city. Tour guides in Australia must have completed at least Certificate III in tour guiding. A tour guide, according to CEN, a European advisory group for standardisation, is someone who accompanies, informs (and, of course, guides) tourists, and interprets culture and history. On behalf of the tour operator/travel company, the tour manager controls and monitors the itinerary (travel details). Tour guiding is an engaging activity in which a tour guide meets a tourist or a group of visitors and brings them to a tourist site or location. He engages them in a discussion about the location. He links his clients to the past of the location (such as the history of Agra), as well as the region's USPs and specialisations. He also makes up a tale based on the needs of the occasion. 2.1 What Does a Tour Guide Do? This chapter, Tourists vs. Tour Guide, is based on the writers' personal experiences. The purpose, role, and relevance of a Tour Guide are discussed in this chapter. We talk about lodging, transportation, locations, and so on, but we fail to include the tour. In every field visit, a tour guide is a crucial active link. He is particularly crucial when you are going to get technical exposure, such as when persons working in architecture engineering go to view a fort, temples, monuments, and so forth. A guide's expectations Appropriate attire Good humour and a pleasant grin With all of the necessary equipment It's time to serve Empathetic to the environment A tour guide is an important link in the tourism and travel industry's chain of command. When a tourist leaves his home, he meets the first person who will follow him for the duration of his journey; this person may or may not be a tour guide who will also look after him along the route. When the traveller arrives at his location, he will want assistance. After completing his master's degree in tourism, a person I knew wanted to stay in the same place. He began travelling to travel agencies in the hopes of finding work and eventually became a tour guide. One man from a popular tourist area came to Delhi with the goal of working for a reputable travel agency, but the only reason he obtained a job was because the firm had no option but to hire him as a tour escort. Due to a personal issue, one gentleman 5

dropped out of school. One of his acquaintances worked as a tour guide, and he realised that it was a lucrative job. Later, he learned a foreign language and began to comment on it. The travel agent was irritated since this was someone who couldn't speak well on his first job. Case Mr. Mishra graduated from a university with a degree in tourism and began working as a manager at a firm. He wanted to work in his hometown and was seeking for something that would interest him and allow him to come home after a hard day at work. He discovered that tour guiding was a good fit for him. He filed for and received a licence from the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. He frequently observes that each visitor has an own personality, temperament, and set of inquiries. He is overjoyed after receiving several compliments from travelers. You must have the following qualifications to work as a Tour Guide: History, art, culture, food, and architectural knowledge First-aid knowledge Ability to communicate in several languages Food and cuisine knowledge Being able to read a map is a valuable skill. Patience, curiosity, and a pleasant personality A tour guide is recognised as an expert in his field. He must have a thorough understanding of the area where he guides. Many people work only as tour managers, but many others operate as both guides and tour managers. Working Conditions Many people work as freelancers, while others work for a firm. You must be flexible in order to fit in with the group. The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, and several state governments hold training programmes from time to time. These programmes are quite beneficial since tour guides, tour managers, and tour escorts learn a lot. The following are traits of an excellent guide: a. A desire for people to visit your location b. The ability to do research c. A well-organized manner d. Being proactive e. Having good fashion sense f. Being young, vibrant, and in good health g. Having strength and stamina h. Clear voice, excellent mastery of the English language i. Well-mannered A guide serves as a connection between people and places. Saurabh Dixit/Flickr 2.4 What is a tour guide's job description? I travel to Himachal Pradesh on a regular basis. I see individuals following tourists on climbing and hiking trips, and they aid them in erecting tents, assisting them in activities, and they are familiar with the local flora and wildlife as well as land slide zones. You've probably seen Bear Gryl's shows on television. 6

A guide is a millionaire who helps a trekker in perilous situations. He is frequently washed away in floods and other natural disasters in the area (Kedarnath incident). While we were travelling from the hotel to the airport in Malaysia, our guide presented us high-quality key rings and keepsakes. He was most likely given permission to do so by the travel agent. But don't get me started on the legislative side of things. In this case, a guide is both a communicator and a salesperson who assists us by giving mementos in the coach. A group of people travelled from Khajuraho to Panna to view tree homes, however the tree houses were closed. Their guide, on the other hand, attempted to obtain tea for the visitors in the woodland region where the tree homes were located, and eventually placed four logs and utilised these logs as a Torch (Mashaal) to ensure the group's safety since they arrived at midnight. Tourists, on the other hand, said it was the finest part of the tour in their evaluation. A guide is someone who, like in the instance of Panna Tree Houses, makes your trip enjoyable by employing creative ideas. When I think of my Orccha trip, I always feel unfortunate. It was my misfortune that, as a Ram enthusiast, I was unable to access this temple even after travelling there. As a result, if your guide is not well-organized, he might ruin your trip. As a result, a guide is an organiser: he must operate in accordance with the Travel Agent's and Tourists' directions. I visited Panna National Park, where we were given a ranger to join us on our gypsy ride. He began by teaching us about the forest, trees, and animals, as well as their customs. He had a binocular with him and used it to locate wildlife. He showed us instances of previous groups who had visited. As a result, a guide is required. We arrived at the Ram Raja Mandir Temple after it had closed and found it deserted. He should be prepared to respond to any questions that the visitors may have. A group of people noticed a sculpture of a woman pointing to her foot. One of the guides close me began explaining that she was plucking thorns, while my guide said that she was painting. We expressed our reservations since it was inconsistent. My guide instructed us to examine her facial expression, which revealed that she is content. So she's probably working on a painting. As a result, a guide must be able to back up his claims. There are a variety of reasons why people choose tour guiding as a career. Young people who enjoy travelling, meeting new people, and are extroverts often aim to be tour guides. Many locals from major tourist destinations informed me that foreign individual tourists (FITs) are becoming tour guides in their communities. Many people who operate their own enterprises, such as stores or hotels, want to get a tour guide licence. 2.6 What can a tour guide be expected to do? A tour guide must possess specific characteristics. Tourists wear casual clothing or are 7

allowed to wear anything they choose as long as it does not offend the authority or the locals, but a guide must dress professionally. There are numerous cultural variations, and something positive in our society may be incorrect in another nation. A tour guide's personality must be combative. It implies that he must seek out arguments on the topic in order to have a better understanding of the monument, attraction, location, and culture. He should, however, avoid arguing with the visitors. Gadgets for Guidance Dictaphone with Torch Cap Mobile phone and pen and paper Binoculars with an LED torch Soap made with paper. Guides used to encourage tourists to touch the walls and domes of palaces in order to get a feel for the stone. However, we have gotten more ecologically sensitive in recent years, and people are being asked to observe these things from afar. The role of a guide is to show out the artefacts that cannot be touched. If the things are high up, he can point them out with a laser light. When travelling in a group, you must leave them for lunch and then resume your journey from where you left off. If you have a Dictaphone with you, you may record your comments as well as the questions that the visitors ask. These questions may be asked at lunch and answered thereafter by a guide. Tour guiding is one of the oldest professions in the world, with roots dating back to the Ancient Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Grand Tour. along with the Tour Guide in the Modern Era An Ancient Emperor From 3000 B.C. to 5000 A.D., the great empires generated travel, and people travelled in an organised manner. During the Greek Empire, tourism flourished, and the number of guides increased. Guides speak a language called \"Periegetai,\" which helped them to be in better condition, citizens had the opportunity to travel, and many travellers continued to travel by land and sea. During the time of the Greek Empire, the first great travellers were the Greeks, who took on the role of tour guide and were eager to share their discoveries and conclusions. Festivals Olympic Games Olympic Game Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Olympic Games Because of its renowned mythology, monuments, Olympic Games, and other festivals, Greece attracted a huge number of Roman tourists. Hadrian was known as \"the most travelled of the Roman emperors\" (Casson, 1994, p. 286) These encouraged people to prefer travelling by restoring and enlarging them. Travelers multiplied in number in ancient Rome, and they were drawn to the beach coast where the Greek ships had been moored. Page and Connell (2009) trace the origins of tourism to the ancient cultures of 8

the Greek and Roman social elite, claiming that \"these early tourists pursued pleasure and relaxation in regions away from the main towns and cities, they epitomise modern-day tourism: the pursuit of pleasure in a location away from everyday life and the use of one's leisure time for non-work purposes.\" Olympic Games Because of its renowned mythology, monuments, Olympic Games, and other festivals, Greece attracted a huge number of Roman tourists. Hadrian was known as \"the most travelled of the Roman emperors\" (Casson, 1994, p. 286) These encouraged people to prefer travelling by restoring and enlarging them. Travelers multiplied in number in ancient Rome, and they were drawn to the beach coast where the Greek ships had been moored. Page and Connell (2009) trace the origins of tourism to the ancient cultures of the Greek and Roman social elite, claiming that \"these early tourists pursued pleasure and relaxation in regions away from the main towns and cities, they epitomise modern-day tourism: the pursuit of pleasure in a location away from everyday life and the use of one's leisure time for non-work purposes.\" Ages In The Middle It's also known as the Dark Age. The collapse of Rome resulted in a loss in commerce and the economy in general, as well as a decrease in the desire to travel. At this time, individuals were delaying travel owing to the economic crisis; nevertheless, some groups continued to travel despite the economic downturn. Religious considerations were the primary motivators. Thousands of pilgrims travelled to holy sites in the Middle East, including the Isis temple on Philae Island in Egypt and the Apollo sanctuary at Delphi, Greece. Although the bulk of these individuals came to these places to worship and are hence generally referred to as \"pilgrims,\" they appear to have engaged in activities more usually associated with modern-day tourists (Stark, 2009, p. 10). Journey is a term used to describe a group of people who go on a pilgrimage. Individuals who visited a particular holy location for various reasons made excursions to Greece in the Middle Ages. Holidays to towns like Canterbury, Winchester, and Walsingham are predominantly for the upper and middle classes. Merchants were the first persons to leave on their own volition on trade-related journeys. Commercial trips, that is, trips conducted for the sake of trading, have a lengthy history, dating back to some ancient voyager. Both the elite and lower classes are religious. Pilgrimages were frequently confronted with security and robbery issues along the way, so those on pilgrimage were wary of travelling alone. There was a need for a large number of Tour Guides to direct visitors who were unfamiliar with the area 9

across the borders; Tour Guides were in high demand and were compensated handsomely at this time. According to Cosson, a historian, \"a guide was paid a considerable price since he not only guided the path but also provided safety for the tourists.\" Tour Guide became a suitable and accepted employment over time. Tour Guide For The Group The Grand Tour And The Renaissance The viewpoint of the tour guide was very much solidified during this stage, since it was during this era that individuals of the higher classes journeyed from Britain on the Grand Tour, and the image of the tour guide evolved immensely among the cities. The Middle Ages saw the fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages develop into one governed by central governmental institutions, with an urban and commercial economy, and lay patronage of education and the arts. Security was a big concern, as it was for visitors in the Middle Ages, and some tourguides fell short of their expectations; they were also concerned about thefts while on the excursion, while being satisfied with the work. It is understandable why upper-class people engaged tour guides while travelling to different destinations; they wanted to be protected and regulated by the tour guide against any harmful variables that may threaten the tourists. The function of tour guides at this time was to show tourists the changes that had happened since the Middle Ages, based on architectural and urbanisation. The Renaissance Early Modern Life Book is the source for this information. (Working tour in Florence) MODERN PERIOD The majority of passengers who went inside the New World in the 17th and 18th centuries were explorers rather than pleasure travellers, the first travellers. However, there were several obstacles that prevented others from travelling, such as long distances, insufficient funds, and a poor transportation network. Some intellectuals, such as Charles Dickens and Alexis de Tocqueville, set out to investigate and write about the countries they visited, and as a result, the tour guide profession has grown in popularity worldwide to the present day. In conclusion, while the ancient, Middle, and Grand periods do not appear to be \"the most appropriate time to considerthe emergence of tourism\" (Vukonic, 2012), they did give birth to 10

trips and tour guides who were motivated to engage in the field. The development of tour guides was not a revolution process, but rather an evolution since the beginning of time. ThomasCook, the great role of ThomasCook, the role of ThomasCook, the role of ThomasCook, the role of ThomasCook, the role of ThomasCook, the role of ThomasCook, the role of ThomasCook. 1.3 SUMMARY  A history of tourism developed mainly through indirect sources in the early period. It was only with the onset of 20th century that statistics and information on tourism began to be directly collected.  Trade and pilgrimage played an important role in tourism traffic in the pre-modern times. However, the growth of modem technology, rising incomes and modem entrepreneurships contributed to the emergence of modem tourism.  There are numerous cultural variations, and something positive in our society may be incorrect in another nation.  A tour guide's personality must be combative. It implies that he must seek out arguments on the topic in order to have a better understanding of the monument, attraction, location, and culture.  A tour guide is recognised as an expert in his field. He must have a thorough understanding of the area where he guides. 1.4 KEYWORD  Euro Centric: A viewpoint which takes into account only European beliefs, ideas and attitudes etc. as a way for looking at the world.  Contract: A legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties.  Culture : A set of shared norms and values which establish a sense of identity for those who share them. Typically applied at the level of nation and/or race.  Contractor: an operator who provides services to wholesalers, tour operators and travel agents.  Location : place where something can be found. 11

1.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Mention any three traits of an excellent tour guide. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Briefly describe the working conditions for Tour guides? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions: 1. What is the difference between a Guide and an Escort? 2. What are the types of guide based on licensing authority? 3. Discuss the importance of a guide. 4. What are the qualities of a guide? 5. Explain concept of tour guiding in brief ? Long Questions: 1. Explain tourist guide’s contribution to tourism industry. 2. What are the qualities of a good tour guide ? 3. Describe the importance of a tour guide? 4. Describe how good tour guides can boost tourism development in a region ? 5. Describe your opinion of the need of grooming tour guides? 12

B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The first tourism policy was announced by the Government of India in the year__________ a. 1986 b. 1982 c. 1985 d. 1980 2. Eco-Tourism is also known as a. Volunteer tourism b. Responsible tourism c. Ethnic tourism d. Pilgrimage tourism 3. The famous church Basilica of Bom Jesus is located in_____________ a. Kerala b. Pondicherry c. Nagaland d. Goa 4. Which place is known as the ‘golden city of thousand temples’? 13

a. Kanyakumari b. Mahabalipuram c. Kanchipuram d. Konarak 5. World Tourism Day was observed on __________, 2017 a. 27th September b. 7th August c. 25th September d. 14th July Answers 1-b, 2-b, 3-d. 4-c, 5-a 1.6 REFERENCES Textbook references  Collins, Verité Reily,Becoming a Tour Guide: Principles of Guiding and Site Interpretation, Continuum, 2100  Cruz, Z, Principles and Ethics of Tour Guiding, Rex book Store, Manila, Philipines Website  http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S001827/P001855/M03026 8/ET/15260332719.2_ET.pdf  https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/56442/1/Unit-16.pdf 14

UNIT 2 INTRODUCTION TO TOUR GUIDE - II STRUCTURE 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definition of Tour Guide, Role of tour guide as pathfinder, mentor &interpreter, Role of Tour Guide as ambassador to promote tourism 2.3 Summary 2.4 Keywords 2.5 Learning Activity 2.6 Unit End Questions 2.7 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe the role of a tour guide  Understand how tour guides can contribute to developing tourism 2.1 INTRODUCTION Tour guides are ambassadors for their countries and tourist destinations, and they play an important role in assuring visitor satisfaction, destination image, and repeat visits. The performance of tour guides has a significant impact on the promotion of tourism attractions. Tourism is a diverse sector that relies on collaboration among numerous stakeholders to succeed. One of the most important players in the sector is tour guides, who conduct tourists and provide them with information about a country's attractions. This includes a country's cultural and traditional heritage, as well as the offerings made and the laws, norms, and regulations in place. 15

2.2 DEFINITION OF TOUR GUIDE, ROLE OF TOUR GUIDE AS PATHFINDER, MENTOR &INTERPRETER, ROLE OF TOUR GUIDE AS AMBASSADOR TO PROMOTE TOURISM What is the role of a tourist guide? A tourist guide is a person who has a full understanding of a place or site, since she or he is well-versed in the destination and its attractions. Along with providing insight into a destination's culture, gastronomy, flora and wildlife, customs, festivals, and so on, the tourist guide will include his or her own theme/style to ensure that the tourists have a memorable vacation. The tourist guide will – lead the guests for sightseeing, shopping, etc., and be aware of the opening and closing times of the monuments, know routes and modes of transportation to the sites chosen, provide safety not only to the guest but also to the host community and tourist site, provide information , such as via stories and legends; and at the very least, be multilingual in order to engage with guests/visitors and converse with locals. \"A Tourist Guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural heritage of an area, which person normally possesses an area – specific qualification usually issued and / or recognised by the appropriate authority,\" according to the World Federation of Tourist Guide Association (WFTGA) (En 13809 of the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) Adopted by WFTGA at its Dunblane, Scotland Convention 2003). The authorised authority normally issues and/or recognises such specifications. There is also some ambiguity as to whether it is a Tour Guide, a Tourist Guide, or simply a Guide. In India, for example, they are commonly referred to as Guides or Tour Guides. Tourist Guide is the proper way to address them since a guide may be a leader or motivator who assists someone in forming an opinion or making a choice, and tour guide is only right if the guide is with the tour group for the duration of the tour package. A tourist guide, on the other hand, works for a set amount of time and is sometimes limited to a specific place or area. What exactly is a Tour Escort? A tour escort, also known as a tour leader, is a professional who specialises in meeting and greeting clients and escorting them to their destination, assisting guests, regulating and managing the group's timing, ensuring the presence and involvement of participants, verifying and confirming facilities and services, providing and explaining the travel programme, 16

maintaining group harmony, managing any excursions, purchasing museum or mode of transportation tickets, and managing reservations with rest stops. Because a tour escort / tour leader is not a guide, he or she cannot give detailed explanations or information, but can provide basic information. Someone who guides people on tours is known as a tour escort. They are usually in charge of accompanying guests. \"A person who manages an itinerary on behalf of the tour operator, ensuring the programme is carried out as described in the tour operator's literature and sold to the traveller/ consumer, and who gives local practical information is known as a Tour Manager/ Tour Director / Tour Escort,\" according to the World Federation of Tourist Guide Association (WFTGA). 16.2.3 What is the difference between a tourist guide and a tour guide? Tourist guide and tour escort are two names that are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there is a small variation in the job descriptions of both, as well as suitable authority recognition. When we say \"escort,\" we're referring to someone who is following you or looking over/protecting you. 'A tourist guide is someone who accompanies tourists on short-term sight-seeing trips,' according to Mancini (2003). A Trip Escort, on the other hand, is \"a person who coordinates the actions of a group throughout a multi-day tour.\" A tour guide is a certified person who accompanies visitors visiting works of art, museums, monuments, natural attractions, and other sites while providing historical, cultural, and relevant information to the tourists. A tour escort, on the other hand, is a certified individual who travels with people to various places both within and outside of the country to guarantee the smooth operation of scheduled excursions by providing required services. The following may be said regarding the differences between tour guides and escorts based on the above: -  A Tourist Guide is a certified professional, whereas a Tour Escort may or may not be certified.  The Ministry of Tourism, which grants regional guide licences, is the licencing authority for tourist guides in India.  A Tour Escort is someone who stays with the tourist or trip group during the tour, whereas a guide may or may not stay with the tourist or tour group throughout the tour, depending on his or her Tour Guide and Escort's expertise. 17

 If necessary, a tour guide can also be a tour Escort, however without a licence, a tour Escort cannot be a guide. The Value of a Tour Guide and a Tour Escort Tour guides and tour escorts are crucial components of the tourism value chain, and they play a critical role in ensuring that tourists return. Tour guides and escorts serve as ambassadors for the destination, region, or country because they are generally the first to meet and greet visitors and the last to wave them farewell as they depart. Tourists communicate with the Tour Escort and Tourist Guide on a frequent basis during their journey and return home with an impression of the place based on their interactions with the Tour Escort and Tourist Guide. The engagement and services provided by the Tour Escort and Tourist Guide will have an impact on the guests. The majority of tour participants hire a guide to learn more about the history, geography, architecture, and culture of the location they are visiting. As a result, it is critical that the information supplied by the guide is accurate and does not cause the tourist any pain. The tourist should have a pleasant and accurate impression of the location when they depart. Other words in the literature allude to tour guides as Tourist guides, step-on guides, city guides, interpreters, escorts, tour escorts, and, in certain situations, tour leaders and tour managers are among these professionals. Several writers have called tour guides \"an information source and wellspring of knowledge,\" \"mentor\" (Cohen, 1985), \"a mediator\" (de Kadt, 1979; Nettekoven, 1979; Pearce, 1982), \"cultural broker\" (McKean, 1976), and \"middleman\" (van den Berghe, 1980), among other things. The many functions of a tour guide have been outlined by Zhang and Chow (2004). As previously stated, various stakeholders want tour guides to play different responsibilities. The dynamics of time at the destination result in a typical local equilibrium on what guides should do over time. Tilden proposed that a guide's function is to interpret back in 1957. He thinks that interpretation is a form of education that aims to disclose meanings and connections to individuals about the places they visit and the things they see and do there. Holloway (1981) may have been the first to research tour guides in depth. He was the one who came up with the role theory. 18

Tour guides, according to him, are: a source of information and knowledge, a teacher or instructor, a motivator and initiation into the rituals of tourist encounters, a missionary or ambassador for their nation, an entertainment or catalyst for the group. group leader and disciplinarian, as well as a confident, shepherding, and ministering angel. Culture and legacy are the key tourism offerings in India, as they are in many other Asian destinations, and the aforementioned concept of a tour guide's function is widely recognised even today. Guides are expected to play a key role as information disseminators (Holloway, 1981), with their principal task being to choose, describe, and explain sites (Bowman, 1992; Cohen, 1985; Schimdt, 1979). It's not about 'telling' stories and history about attractions; rather, a tour guide must interpret attractions—animate and inanimate activities and events—in the context of their surroundings. A tour guide, according to Mancini (2001), is someone who leads visitors on short-term sightseeing trips. Cohen (1985) believes that tour guides should have a high level of professionalism. The guide is charged with the public relations tasks to convey the spirit of a place and to be a window onto a location, region, or country, as Pond (1993) recommends in her landmark book. According to Cohen (1985), tour guides are required to \"transform the strangeness of a foreign society into a cultural idiom recognisable to the guests.\" Tour guides, according to Erik Cohen, have two crucial duties to perform. The 'pathfinder' position is one of them. Guides serve as a \"pathfinder\" who \"allows access to otherwise inaccessible area.\" Another function for tour guides is that of'mentors' or 'gurus' to beginner, adept, or seeker tourists, helping them to 'insight, enlightenment, or any other exalted spiritual condition.' Tour guides fulfil four key duties, according to Cohen (1985): instrumental, social, interactionary, and communicative. He goes on to say that there are four different categories of tour guides that specialise in each of these functions: originals, animators, tour leaders, and professionals. Originals are pathfinders who primarily serve as instrumentalists. They guarantee that tourists get at their destination safely and securely return. They're also known as path breakers since they choose the route that connects the sites and makes them accessible to tourists. They do, however, limit themselves to presenting basic facts on the attraction without providing any in-depth insights. The social job of animators is to interact and socialise with visitors, to be nice, to listen to and respect their choices. The interactionary function of tour guides is to facilitate interaction between visitors and with the environment. 19

Professionals, on the other hand, execute the communication role, which entails conveying precise information (e.g., informing and explaining to tourists where, when, and why to look, and how to behave) as well as evaluating attractions, locations, and experiences (Reisinger and Steiner, 2006). According to Cohen (1985), Professionals are comparable to mentors, however unlike the mentor's original duty of spiritual and intellectual instruction, the professional/mentor tour guide's communication function includes four components: (1) itinerary planning (what to see and do, as well as what not to do); (2) accurate and exact information transmission; (3) interpretation of what is seen and done; Other words in the literature allude to tour guides. Tourist guides, step-on guides, city guides, interpreters, escorts, tour escorts, and others are among them. Several writers have called tour guides \"an information source and wellspring of knowledge,\" \"mentor\" (Cohen, 1985), \"a mediator\" (de Kadt, 1979; Nettekoven, 1979; Pearce, 1982), \"cultural broker\" (McKean, 1976), and \"middleman\" (van den Berghe, 1980), among other things. The many functions of a tour guide have been outlined by Zhang and Chow (2004). A tour guide is responsible for a variety of duties. The following are the major responsibilities:- 1. Ensure that your group's members are protected and secure. 2. Give them enough time to wander about. 3. Act as a responsible citizen of your nation, India, and urge others to do the same. 4. Assist them in settling into the hotel. 5. Inform them about notable landmarks in the vicinity of the hotel. 6. It is your job to attend to all members of the group. 7. You are responsible for assisting them with check-in and check-out. 8. It is your job to conduct them from the tourist attraction to the hotel and from the hotel to the tourist attraction. 9. It is your duty to finish the destination trip in the correct order. For example, in the first half, you may take them to Jahangir Place and Ram Raja Mandir. Keep these locations in such a manner that they can view both of them. The Ram Raja Temples are closed in the afternoon. If the itinerary has a flaw. Bring it to the attention of the travel agency. 20

10. It is the tour guide's job to warn guests not to enter the sea beach during high tide or monsoon. Many accidents occur as a result of tour group participants' irresponsibility. Many accidents occur in hilly areas as a result of a rapid shift in the water flow. 11. It is the tour guide's job to inform guests about legal and unlawful activities in the nation. Role of Tour Guide as ambassador to promote tourism Tour guides are ambassadors for their countries and tourist destinations, and they play an important role in assuring visitor satisfaction, destination image, and repeat visits. The performance of tour guides has a significant impact on the promotion of tourism attractions. Tourism is a diverse sector that relies on collaboration among numerous stakeholders to succeed. One of the most important players in the sector is tour guides, who conduct tourists and provide them with information about a country's attractions. This includes a country's cultural and traditional heritage, as well as the offerings made and the laws, norms, and regulations in place. With their goodwill and ambassadorship, tour guides on the front lines of the tourist business provide significant benefits to a country (Ninpradith et al., 2018). They symbolise a country's distinctive past and serve as the nation's cultural heritage spokesman (Huang et al., 2015). In addition to being tour and group organisers, they function as interpreters, information providers, role models, leaders, and cultural brokers for travel firms and destinations (RGLER & GLER, 2016). Tour guides may increase the degree of knowledge of individual visitors by using their expertise and interpretations, and they can turn a vacation into a vital learning experience (Sanadaruwani & Gnanapala, 2016). According to Zhang and Chow (2004), tour operators should give tourists with the \"moment of truth.\" So a consequence, providing visitors with a positive travel experience may be regarded a determining element for a travel agency's performance, as it influences destination image, tourist behaviour, and loyalty (Geve et al., 1991). Tour guides also help with marketing and branding, which leads to repeat business and the acquisition of new enterprises (Alshamaileh et al., 2019). Modlin et al., (2011) and Zillinger et al., (2012) conducted studies that found a link between tour guides' tourist marketing efforts and how they carry out their jobs, i.e. performance. Early studies have generally examined the performance of tour guides in relation to tourist experience and tour guide competencies. 21

There have also been studies on their influence on sustainable development (Sandaruwani & Gnanapala, 2016; Tătar et al., 2018). To the author's knowledge, only a few studies have looked at the impact of tour guides' promotional duties on both destination image and visitor revisit intent. The contentment of tourists from guided tours as a mediating element among the other aforementioned variables has received little consideration. The goal of this study is to investigate and evaluate the structural links between tour guides' promotional role, destination image, and tourist propensity to return. Tourist satisfaction as a result of guided tours will also be evaluated for its mediating function. Selectors relate to the input that tour guides offer in terms of location selection, point of interest judgments, and the creation of tour itineraries (Látková et al., 2017). Raboti has emphasised the need of tour guides as interpreters (2010). Tour guides would act as interpreters, leading tourists to various points of interest while explaining the background of their experiences and answering their questions. To create a good visitor experience, the information presented is made more relevant through creative narrative and the incorporation of comedy into reality. This is consistent with Randall and Rollins (2009) findings, which discovered personal interpretations boosting tourism marketing as a result of interactions between tourists and their tour guides. Further emphasising, Chilembwe & Mweiwa (2014) discovered that tour guides, in addition to their job as interpreters, were capable of guiding visitors to sites or locations that they would not have been able to visit on their own owing to a lack of information or meaning in regard to the region. Previous literature has emphasised the function of tour guides as information providers and educators for visitors on a number of themes such as politics, society, culture, and so on (Khornjamnong, 2017). Tour guides must be able to articulate the cultural history of a particular place in order to fulfil the tasks of the aforementioned profession. They must also be knowledgeable with a country's or region's regulations, rules, laws, and practises in order to educate tourists. In Sydney, Australia, tour guides played an important role in the transmission of cultural knowledge (McDonnell, 2001). As it serves the expectations of visitors, tour guides would also need to be capable of delivering correct and essential information. As a consequence, travellers 22

become more interested in visiting a specific location (Ap & Wong, 2011). In light of the foregoing, although being frequently connected with interpretative activity, supplying accurate information is seen as an instructional duty (Látková et al., 2017). Tour guides who are successful play a vital part in publicising and promoting tourism in their own countries. They accomplish this by providing knowledge about the location and exhibiting their expertise and professionalism in showcasing the importance and beauty of the area. The bulk of visitors visit a place for a short period of time. Those who are new to a place will lack local knowledge about the host destination and will only have a leisurely view of tourist activities in their immediate surroundings. As a result, they are ill-equipped to understand local values, beliefs, traditions, and daily activities (Raboti, 2010). The only link between a tourist attraction and its guests is through tour guides (Weiler & Black, 2015). In a research by Skinner and Feldman, the importance of tour guides as mediators was emphasised (2019). Tour guides assist tourists to notice and experience cultural differences while improving their awareness of the local community through social interactions by acting as mediators between a particular site and its guests (Khornjamnong, 2017). Tour guides are important in transmitting and marketing a message, in addition to building contacts with hosts. 82 | P a g e https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/ Noha Ahmed Kamel (JAAUTH), Vol. 20 No. 1, (2021), pp.78-110. good impression of the community's customs, traditions, and social life (Huang et al., 2015). In today's tourism climate, the pathfinder function of a tour guide is still important in the agenda of a tour for travellers who wish to learn more about the areas they visit (Prakash& Chowdhary, 2010). The job is required since visitors regularly break social standards and invade people's privacy (Tetik, 2016; etinkaya & Oter, 2016). McDonnell (2001) has also emphasised the sense of comfort that the perception of security provides in an unknown situation. Tour guides' leadership positions take precedence over all other obligations and responsibilities (Kruczek, 2013). Tour guides are responsible for guiding the path and ensuring the safety and security of tourists through their guidance. They are also in charge of resolving any difficulties that develop throughout the course of a tour while on the road (Blyablina, 2015). This ensures not only the smooth running of a tour, but also the comfort of guests (Larsen & Meged, 2013). 23

Tour guides, according to Zillinger et al. (2012), are \"leaders who make stops at certain venues or sites, conduct a blend of scripted and improvisational rituals, and cater to visitors in terms of instructions and points of interest\" (Kruczek, 2013). Tour guides must be able to communicate well. As a result, in order to take on the position of leader, tour guides must have emotional intelligence and the ability to manage group dynamics as well as dispute resolution abilities (Cetin & Yarcan, 2017). Tour guides also serve as ambassadors for a tour location, representing its unique history and cultural legacy (Blyablina, 2015). Tour guides have added distinctive sights that would appeal to visitors in their duty. This includes devoting additional time to fun local events and offering trips to areas where tourists may see ethnic dances (Chilembwe & Mweiwa, 2014). Modlin et al., 2011; Cetnkaya & Oter, 2014) emphasise the importance of tour guides as spokespeople in guaranteeing visitor satisfaction and intent to return. Tour guides are in charge of the administration of the group as organisers. This entails planning itineraries, deciding on sites of interest, assuring tourist comfort and safety, and ensuring that tour participants stay together (Cetin & Yarcan, 2017). Due to the various factors involved in organising a trip, tour guides must pay close attention to detail. The operation hours of museums or exhibitions, arranging lunch plans, dealing with any monetary concerns, estimating trip time, confirming bookings, and other variables are examples of variables that need their organisation and coordination abilities (Tetik, 2006). They are also in charge of facilitating visitors' access to less-publicized places by pointing them to or making arrangements with other services that may be of interest to them (Chang, 2014). As a result, tour guides might be thought of as advertising tools. The success of guided tours may be achieved by assuring the leadership and organisation of guided tours, as well as the transfer of information to tourists. As a result, potential tourists will be more confident in expressing their want to return to a site and promoting them among their peers as a result of their experience. Carrying out the Noha Ahmed Kamel (JAAUTH), Vol. 20 No. 1, (2021), pp.78-110. 83 | P a g e https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/ duties in an unprofessional way, on the other hand, would only result in a drop in tourist revisitation and a negative image of the nation and its people (Kuo et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2019). Tourists would be encouraged 24

by tour operators to protect local customs and natural places. Tour guides play an important part in this. They must demonstrate a range of intellectual, emotional, and spiritual connections between visitors and the environment (Francis et al., 2019). Contributions to the sustainability of a specific tourist location may be fostered through expressing an awareness and respect for the natural and cultural surroundings, as well as by watching and modelling ecological and socially responsible behaviours (Juandi et al., 2018). The above-mentioned position of tour guides would not only benefit tourism as a whole. Sustainable tourism, in particular, would be promoted, resulting in a favourable image of a country as a location that promotes it (Francis et al., 2019). With the above, it is clear that a tour guide is related with a wide range of professional activities that contribute to the development of tourism. By assuming a comprehensive role, the focus should be on resolving any possible concerns in order to attract more people to a tourist site and, as a result, improve the area's image. The manner in which tour guides carry out their tasks and duties will have an impact on tourists' perceptions of both the guide and the destination (Sandaruwani & Gnanapala, 2016). Tourists that receive the greatest service from a tour guide will return home and spread the news about the trips. As a result, tour guide performance has an overall impact on not just past and present tourists, but also future visitors (Hu, 2007). To put it another way, tour guides on the front lines of the tourist business are in charge of the first impression. The importance of tour guides in marketing tourism has a favourable impact on the image of a location. Modeling tourist destination loyalty is still relevant in terms of tourism business research (Zhang et al., 2014). Tourists' intent to return and suggestions have been used to gauge the aforementioned loyalty (Prayag et al., 2014). The inclination to return to and suggest a particular tourist site is referred to as tourist behaviour based on revisit intention. Positively expressing oneself in reference to a tourist experience falls under the category of behavioural goal as well (Deng & Pierskalla, 2018). In a study by Nguyen, a definition for 'destination loyalty' was discovered (2015). Tourists' desire to return, readiness to prolong their trip time, and willingness to promote a place to other possible visitors have all been reported. 25

A previous study by Chan et al. (2015) found that tour guides have a role in increasing the likelihood of returning to a certain area and recommending it to others as a tourist destination. This is in line with the findings of Mak et al. (2011), who discovered strong behavioural intentions in connection to tour guides' performance in escorting visitors. With the foregoing in mind, this study will use tourist revisit intention as a metric based on visitors' willingness to return to a site and suggest it to their network of family and friends. Professional tour guides have a significant influence on the development of a destination's image at all stages of the tourist experience (Temizkan & Tokay 2016). This study suggests that tour guides' duties have a considerable and direct impact on destination image in the context of tourist promotion. This is in line with a research conducted by Pereira (2015), which found a beneficial impact of tour guide performance on tourists' perceptions of a place. Chang (2014) adds to this by stating that tour guides' attitudes have a beneficial impact on the legitimacy of a destination's image. In contrast to the above, the local economy will suffer as a result of a poor destination image as a result of the foregoing. The interpreter is the most significant job played by tour guides in the context of tourist marketing. The fact that it has the greatest loading factor (0.915) only adds to the reasons why international visitors in Egypt go on guided excursions. They have indicated a need for improved interpretations of the places of interest they visit (see Figure 2). With the above in mind, it is only essential to consider that the interpreter is the most significant job that tour guides must play in promoting the country's tourism. The importance of the interpreter in the tourism business has already been stated. This finding is in line with Kao et al. (2015), who said that the aforementioned position, which has the potential to make or break the business, is a significant element on visitor satisfaction, which in turn promotes destination loyalty. As a result, it is reasonable to conclude that interpretations are the primary media for introducing or presenting locations to visiting visitors. Tourists are able to interact more closely with the destinations they visit as a result of this. As Pearce (2005) points out, the quality of the experiences visitors have may be increased, making interpretation more useful than basic information transmission. In accordance with this, interpretation is seen as an important component of tourism since it provides comfort to visitors by making them feel at ease. 26

2.3 SUMMARY  Tour guides are ambassadors for their countries and tourist destinations, and they play an important role in assuring visitor satisfaction, destination image, and repeat visits.  The performance of tour guides has a significant impact on the promotion of tourism attractions.  Tourism is a diverse sector that relies on collaboration among numerous stakeholders to succeed. One of the most important players in the sector is tour guides.  Tour guides deal with tourist management and provide them with information about a country's attractions. This includes a country's cultural and traditional heritage, as well as the offerings made and the laws, norms, and regulations in place.  The interpreter is the most significant job played by tour guides in the context of tourist marketing. 2.4 KEYWORDS  Group tour – A travel package for an assembly of travelers that has a common itinerary, travel date, and transportation. Group tours are usually prearranged, prepaid, and include transportation, lodging, dining, and attraction admissions. See also escorted group tour.  Group Travel – group travel refers to a category of travel with a group arranged by an outside company or organization or travel with a group of friends and family that you have organized yourself. Some groups are small, private and escorted, while others large.  Guided tour – A local sightseeing trip conducted by a guide.  Market : place to buy fresh food and homemade items.  Voucher: a piece of paper that shows you have paid for something. 27

2.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define mentoring ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define tour guide ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions: 1. Define escorted Tour? 2. Explain what is Mass Tourism? 3. Describe briefly about incentive tour? 4. What do you understand by familiarization tour? 5. What do you understand by mentoring? How is it useful in tourism Long Questions: 1. What is the difference between tour guide and escort ? 2. What is the value of a tour guide? 3. Describe the various roles played by a tour guide ? 4. Describe the role of a tour guide in promoting tourism ? 5. Decsribe the leadership roles of a tour guide ? B. Multiple Choice Questions 28

1. Tourism destination planning relates to planning of _______________ a. Carvings b. Sculptures c. Architecture d. **Places 2. Tourism and _____________should go together for promoting tourism activities in India a. **service Industry b. Product c. Planning d. Hotel 3. Tourism activity is ______________generating activity a. ** Income b. Recreation c. Travel d. Destination 4.. Destination area must have __________ appeal to tourist a. **Attraction b. Accessible c. Available d. Affordable 5. Tourism Industry offers _________ means of creating jobs in comparison to manufacturing industry a. High-Cost 29

b. ** Low Cost c. Profitable d. Affordable Answers 1-d, 2-a, 3-a, 4-a, 5-b 2.7 REFERENCES References book  Chan, A., Hsu, C. H., & Baum, T. (2015). The impact of tour service performance on tourist satisfaction and behavioural intentions: A study of Chinese tourists in Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(1-2), 18-33. Website  https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_147924_b7f8877c1f3eab816871cb88649fe118.p df  http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S001827/P001855/M03027 2/ET/15260338569.6_ET.pdf 30

UNIT - 3 TYPES OF TOUR GUIDE STRUCTURE 3.0 Learning objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kinds of Tour Guide – Freelancer & Staff Guide (Part Time & Full Time), Types of Guides - On-Site or Local Guides, City Guide or an Escort, Specialized Guide, Step-on Guide 3.3 Summary 3.4 Keywords 3.5 Learning Activity 3.6 Unit End Questions 3.7 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Kinds of Tour Guide : Freelancer & Staff Guide (Part Time & Full Time),  Types of Guides - On-Site or Local Guides, City Guide or an Escort, Specialized Guide, Step-on Guide 3.1 INTRODUCTION A tour operator is a company or organisation that picks various aspects of tourism, produces a tour product for a specific market segment, arranges itineraries, and performs tours and tour marketing. The tour operator is in charge of organising travel to the locations, reserving lodging, organising the entire trip in terms of what to see and do, and providing tour ancillary support. 31

As an example,  Cox and Kings is the oldest tourism company in the world, with headquarters in London for Outbound tourism and travel services are available in India.  Thomas Cook, a UK-based travel firm founded in 2007, offers a wide range of services.  India's Kesari Trips & Travels provides group tours, specialist tours, and budget tours.  Get America Trips, based in New York, offers tours to beautiful sites on both the east and west coasts of North America throughout the year.  British Trips Ltd, based in London, conducts private tours in cars or minibuses in and around the city. 3.2 KINDS OF TOUR GUIDES There are several types of tour guides. On-site Guide- gives a one- or multi-hour tour of a specific facility or restricted region. The excursion might be conducted on foot or in a sor tof vehicle. City Guide- A city guide points out and remarks on the city's features, generally from the comfort of a motor coach, minibus, or van, but occasionally as part of a walking tour. Professional tour guide with a lot of expertise. Newcomers to the world of amateur tour guides A linguist is someone who is fluent in two or more languages. A driver's guide is sometimes known as a \"city guide.\" While guiding, the tour guide drives. Local tour guide for the community A tour guide who works for a travel agency is referred to as a staff guide. A freelance guide is a tour guide who is not employed by a travel agency and is paid on a per-trip basis. In underdeveloped nations, where these services may be accessible at a low cost, they take a small group of people on an exclusive trip. Someone with specialised knowledge or abilities is referred to as a specialised guide. 32

Step on the guide-freelance guides or specialists who come from other regions to offer an informative overview of the city to be toured on motor coaches of tour groups visiting from other regions. Tour Operators: What Are They and What Do They Do? There are two kinds of tour operators, depending on their target market: Operators of Mass Market Tours They acquire services in bulk from suppliers and can afford to sell them to clients at a low cost. Tour Operators Specializing on Specialist Tours They cater to a niche clientele with an interest in a certain geographical place or a specific type of activity. There are several sorts of tour operators, depending on the geographic region and number of tourists they serve: Operators of outbound tours They provide international tourist services. They transport citizens of their own country to another country or continent. Customers in their own nation who want to go to another country might purchase tour items or packages from them. Inbound tour operators provide a variety of services. They provide tourists visiting from other nations tours within the country. They help visitors coming in their nation on a local level. Receptive tour operators is another name for them. These tour operators provide for airport collection and drop-off, organise local attraction tours and activities, offer local guides, and are in charge of the tourists' stay. Domestic Operators They organise trips for citizens of a country within the country's borders. Resident operators are another term for them. They have an advantage in terms of understanding home seasons, culture, and cuisine. They can repeat journeys, assess local market demand, and advise destination needs to DMOs in the area. There are several different sorts of tour operators, depending on how they work: Operators who sell tours directly to customers 33

These tour operators bypass the travel agency and sell tourist packages straight to their clients. Because they do not pay a commission to their travel agency, the consumer can get a better deal on a package. Furthermore, direct sale tour operators may provide a wide range of destinations and packages. If you want to be certain about the expectations you'll get from a package, these operators are the way to go. Tour Operators in the Retail Sector These travel agents are the face of the primary package holiday distribution channel. In exchange for a commission, they market the tour operator's tourist product. Their commission usually varies from 10% to 15% of the total booking fee. They want to sell a product to earn commission, and they want to have repeat customers. They established a retail presence, both in person and online, as a convenient location for their consumers. Tour Operators in Bulk Wholesale tour operators distribute their products through established retail distribution channels, including both storefront and online sales. Qantas Holidays, for example, negotiates product pricing directly with suppliers and builds packages that are either supplied to retail tour operators (travel agents) or sold directly to clients via the company's website. Fig 3.1 Types of Tour operators : Broad classification. Operators of inbound tours A tour operator who aids incoming tourism is known as an inbound tour operator. An inbound tour operator's goal is to draw visitors to a certain nation or countries. 34

In order to make travel arrangements for their passengers, inbound tour operators frequently engage with local travel agencies and transportation providers. An example of an inbound tour operator is a group of German visitors that go on a tour of China that includes stops in Shanghai, Hangzhou, and the Yellow Mountains. China Highlights, a Chinese tour operator, is in charge of their travel arrangements. This firm is situated in China and specialises in Chinese tours. Operators of outbound tours A tour operator who specialises in outbound tourism is known as an outbound tour operator. Example of an outbound travel operator: A family of four from Liverpool, United Kingdom, want to book an all-inclusive summer sun vacation in Alicante. They make their reservations with TUI, the UK's largest tour operator, which specialises on outward travel. They are established in the United Kingdom, but they collaborate with international partners to make vacations more convenient. A domestic tour operator is someone who helps people travel within their own country. A domestic tour operator's mission is to organise travel inside a specific nation or countries. To make travel reservations easier for their consumers, domestic tour operators frequently work with domestic travel agents and transportation providers. In many cases, domestic travel providers will also cater to incoming tourists. Example of a domestic tour operator: A group of twenty-something Chicago males wants to spend their spring break in Florida. They plan to go on a tour of the area's local attractions and then relax on the beach. They book their trip through Trek America, a tour organisation. Many tour operators do not have contacts in every country, therefore they create a network of relationships to assist them in running their company. In essence, some of the labour is delegated to a third party, referred to as a ground operator. Negotiating local contracts, working with local suppliers, and supplying market data are all examples of this activity. This is particularly frequent among small travel companies. Ground tour operators are often referred to as handling agents or handling operators. 35

Example of a ground tour operator: A traveller wants to 'give back,' so she books a volunteer tourism vacation in Kerala. She wanted to plan her vacation with a well-known and reputable tour operator, so she went with Intrepid Travel. Intrepid Travel designs and sells adventure vacations all over the world, and it's hard for them to have contacts and employees in every country. As a result, they collaborate with local ground operators to complete the task on the ground. Iris Travel, a tour company located in Kerela, India, is the ground organisation in this case. Different Types of Tour guides Guide for Walking Tours Tourist guide in Varanasi provide guides for walking tour. These guides will help you in viewing those places which cannot be covered by means of transport or the areas which is not accessible by car/taxi. For e.g.- if the guests desired to visit the Ghats of Varanasi or the local markets having narrow lanes then they have to opt for guides having complete knowledge and experience of walking tour, as the tour is something which you have to cover on foot. The guides will provide you complete information and every facts and sights. Mountain guide Those who are employed not merely to show the way but stand in the position of professional climbers with an expert knowledge of rock and snow craft, which they impart to the amateur, at the same time assuring the safety of the climbing party and also employed in mountaineering, are the Mountain guides. In the middle of the 19th century this professional class of guides arose when Alpine climbing became recognized as a sport. Hunting Guide Those who are employed to hunt wildlife, especially big game animals in the wild are known as hunting guides. In the context of the early century European hunting guides working in Africa are sometimes called white hunters. 36

Wilderness Guide One who leads others through wilderness areas and works to ensure the safety of their clients is known as the wilderness guide. These guides have an understanding of the ecology and history of the location where they guide and also a command of survival skills such as making shelters, navigation, fire-making and first aid. In addition to this these guides also possess other common skills like traditional handicrafts and cooking methods, hunting, fishing, bird watching and nature conservation. Safari Guide Safari guide can be a synonym of hunting guide and the guides who are employed on safari, usually for \"photographic safaris\" are known as Safari guides. The safari guides who are self- employed, and working on their own with their own marketing and clientele refer themselves as \"professional safari guides\". Mostly the Safari Guides should be qualified and be part of an Association which are typically linked to specific countries and are governed by that countries laws and policies. Fishing Guide Those who are employed to fish for example big game fishing in Sea, lakes and also rivers are known as fishing guide. In many areas of the world fishing guides have been very important. Tour guides can cooperate with online travel agencies like Expedia as freelance tour guides, or they also can work as self-employed. But what are the types of tour guides? the answer to this question depends on what journey you are looking for! Are you interested in a nature tour? Or you want to see the historic monuments?! Or maybe you would like to see new industries and technologies?! We have various types of tour guide categories, the first one such as culture guide, adventure guide, the forest guide, business guide, nature guide, special interest guide. the second one including the national tour guide, local tour guide, step-on tour guide, and assistant tour guide. But in this article, we just want to discuss the first category. 37

Fig 3.2 Tour guide is a flexible job with many types of forms 1. Culture guide A Culture guide is one of the important types of tour guide because we are talking about the culture and history of a country! And it requires high accuracy and sensitivity. If you want to work as a culture guide, remember you need many research and studies to be qualified for this job. The tourists expect you to know anything about historic events, historical monuments, art, geography, and culture of remarkable destinations. 38

Fig 3.3 The culture wheel 2. Business guide A tour guide also can guide people in the business fields, notice business travels and business guide is very important! Maybe you are curious about how industries work!? How do the people of the other countries do the same work, you do?! What are the marketing strategies of different companies!? Etc. Think about traveling and learning together, Isn’t it wonderful?! Fig 3.4 Business Tour Guides 39

We have to learn more about new strategies, methods, business plans, etc. to make a strong brand 3. Nature guide The sound of birds, the smell of the forests, and eye-catching nature are usually covered in nature travel. A nature guide is someone that interprets everything about nature sites to a group of local or international tourists, they tell us why we should care about nature and how amazing local animals are. Being a nature guide isn’t simple; you have to study about local nature, forests, animals and be familiar with local ones. 4. Special interest guide Another type of tour guide job is special interest guide! which means guiding tourists to a special place, such as museums, national parks, recreational places, or festivals. They are responsible to answer your questions and help to have an in-depth look at these sites. To get this job you have to study continually and be a patient person. Fig 3.5 Unique sight-seeing 40

5. Adventure guide Adventure guide is one of the most exciting types of tour guide job, they are the ones who are ready to embark upon any adventure! Usually, they are in more organized excursions and outings. As an adventure guide, you should be courageous and have the passion to discover new things. Types of Tour Operators Tour operators are basically categorized into four types. These are categories on the basis of their nature of the business and its operations.  Inbound Tour Operators  Outbound Tour Operators  Domestic Tour Operators  Ground Operators Inbound Tour Operators These are also known as incoming tour operators. Technically, the operators who receive guests, clients/tourists, and handle arrangements in the host country are called inbound tour operators. For example, a group of American Tourists is coming through TCI Ltd. to India and the company makes arrangements and handles the group in India then TCI is called an inbound tour operator. Incidentally, the inbound traffic to the country for the last two decades has been decreasing. Essentially the tour operators need to adopt innovative marketing strategies and should introduce a special interest tour to cater the special needs of Japanese, Americans, French and British people. Outbound Tour Operators Tour operator who promote tours for foreign destinations, maybe business tour or leisure tour is called outbound tour operators. For example a group of American tourists going to a trip 41

of India and Thomas Cook handle arrangement in America like as ticket reservation, hotel booking etc. then Thomas Cook is called Outbound Tour operators in the context of America. Domestic Tour Operators Domestic tour operators are those who assemble, combine tourist components into inclusive tours and sell it to the domestic travelers. In general, these tour operators provide travel services within the tourist’s native country. The domestic tour operators operate within the boundary of the home country and offer package tour to the travelers viz. Domestic inclusive tours or independent tours. Ground Operators/Destination Management Companies These are commonly known as handling agencies and their main function is to organize tour arrangements for incoming tourists on the behalf of overseas operators. Let us take the case of India as a destination that – has a varied culture. When a tour operator himself promotes beach holidays, wildlife holidays, adventure tours, heritage tours at the different places, the difficulty arises. It is the ground operator then who by handling the incoming travelers in the same season but at different places ensures that the entire operation is according to the package tours or agreements. Sometime when a handling agency is at a prominent tourist place i.e., Delhi and it has to make arrangements to Goa, then it contracts (If it has no office of its own) with a local operator (known as excursion agent) to handle the arrangement on his behalf. Why Ground Operators? Obviously, the tour operation companies do not have close contact with suppliers, governments, destinations and so on. It leaves no choice with the companies but to appoint handling agencies at the destinations. The main reasons are:  Introduction of new products or plant to promote an exotic destination.  Lack of Government regulations.  Lack of personal contract.  Language problem. 42

 The company cannot establish its own branch. Recognizing the very fact that the reputation, performance, and profitability of tour company in its own market largely depends on the efficiency and effectiveness of ground operators, it has because necessary for the company to consider various factors before the selection of a handling agency, they are:  Size of business  Professional staff  Length of business  Area of operation/Product line  Market share Functions of Ground Tour Operators Over the years of functions and activities of the destination, companies have changed drastically to cope with the changing environment of the tourism industry. In fact, today’s destination companies have become more professional and are bound to provide personalized travel services to the tourists. The following functions are performed by ground tours operators:  Land arrangement  Contract and Negotiate with other vendors  Handling of Arrival and departure procedure  Planning and organizing local package tour  Escorting the tourists  Providing market information  Costing and pricing package tour Practically, if we see the working of the travel agencies and tour operators in the industry we find that most of the organizations are performing different types of activities like the retail travel agency, wholesale travel agency, and tour operators. 43

The travel agency business is no longer an amateurism. Over the last two decades, the pattern and structure of travel agencies have changed to meet tough challenges in the international market. Today, small-scale agencies are finding the travel industry increasingly complex. Thus, the small and medium scale travel agencies are disappearing or merging or falling instead of rising. On the other hand, a new concept has also emerged i.e. tour operation business. The tour operation business is new but a maturing 3.3 SUMMARY  Over the years of functions and activities of the destination, companies have changed drastically to cope with the changing environment of the tourism industry.  Tourism is a diverse sector that relies on collaboration among numerous stakeholders to succeed. The travel agency business is no longer an amateurism. Over the last two decades, the pattern and structure of travel agencies have changed to meet tough challenges in the international market  Domestic tour operators are those who assemble, combine tourist components into inclusive tours and sell it to the domestic travelers. In general, these tour operators provide travel services within the tourist’s native country.  Wholesale tour operators distribute their products through established retail distribution channels, including both storefront and online sales.  Specialized tour operators cater to a niche clientele with an interest in a certain geographical place or a specific type of activity. 3.4 KEYWORDS  On-site Guide- gives a one- or multi-hour tour of a specific facility or restricted region. The excursion might be conducted on foot or in a sor tof vehicle.  City Guide- A city guide points out and remarks on the city's features, generally from the comfort of a motor coach, minibus, or van, but occasionally as part of a walking tour. 44

 Professional tour guide – A guide with a lot of expertise.  Entertainment district - a place where there are theatres and concert halls  Synchronization - in harmony, in coordination. 3.5LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define on site guide ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define professional tour guide ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Define on site guide? 2. Define types of tour guides 3. Benefits of tour guiding as a profession ? 4. Explain ground operators? Long Questions 1. What is the difference between inbound and outbound guides? 2. What is the role played by a domestic guide? 3. Describe the importance of local tour guides ? 4. What is the importance of specialized guides ? 5. What does a cityguide do ? 45

B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Tourism destination planning relates to planning of _______________ a. Carvings b. Sculptures c. Architecture d. **Places 2. Tourism and _____________should go together for promoting tourism activities in India a. **service Industry b. Product c. Planning d. Hotel 3. Tourism activity is ______________generating activity a. ** Income b. Recreation c. Travel d. Destination 4.. Destination area must have __________ appeal to tourist a. **Attraction b. Accessible c. Available d. Affordable 5. Tourism Industry offers _________ means of creating jobs in comparison to 46

manufacturing industry a. High-Cost b. ** Low Cost c. Profitable d. Affordable Answers 1-h, 2-e, 3-e, 4-e, 5-f 3.7 REFERENCES References book  Chan, A., Hsu, C. H., & Baum, T. (2015). The impact of tour service performance on tourist satisfaction and behavioural intentions: A study of Chinese tourists in Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(1-2), 18-33. Website  https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_147924_b7f8877c1f3eab816871cb88649fe118.p df  http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S001827/P001855/M03027 2/ET/15260338569.6_ET.pdf 47

UNIT - 4 DYNAMICS OF TOUR GUIDE-I STRUCTURE 4.0 Learning objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Duties & responsibilities of tourist guides, 4.3 Qualities & attributes of an ideal tour guide 4.4 Summary 4.5 Keywords 4.6 Learning Activity 4.7 Unit End Questions 4.8 References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Duties & responsibilities of tourist guides,  Qualities& attributes of an ideal tour guide 4.1 INTRODUCTION A tourist product is a complex category, and its individual elements fulfill various functions. One distinguishes many different categories of tourist product; one of them is the service of a tourist guide and tour leader. In the majority of cases this category of tourist product is added to the product created by the organizer of tourism which is a product-event (trip, holiday, rallies, raft or canoe rides). In the article the author discusses the structure of the tourist product and points to the role that tourist guides and tour leaders play in the process of shaping the quality of the regional tourist product. The author discusses the role and tasks of the tourist guides as well as the factors determining the occurrence of the tourist guide service within the 48

structure of the regional tourist product. He also points to the unfavourable changes in the product quality of tourist guiding and tour leadership, associated with the deregulation of the profession of tourist guide and tour leader which has been announced in Poland. The concept and structure of tourist product A tourist product is made up of all the goods and services purchased by the tourists in connection with the journey and tourist stay. Whereas from the point of view of the tourist, a product is all the goods he has to purchase, so as to be able to satisfy his needs which are associated with the change of his time-defined place of stay determined by tourist objectives. A tourist product contains the entire lived-through experience from the moment the tourist leaves his place of permanent habitation until the moment he returns there. The dreams of travel become materialized through many different factors. The broadly-understood tourist product comprises tourist attractions, infrastructure and accessibility through means of transport. In the narrow-sense, it comprises access by means of transport, accommodation, accompanying base and other services. A product can be conceived of in terms of both the entire country, region, community, city, complex or else individual buildings or services (e.g. castles, cultural events, gastronomy, casinos or museums). A tourist product is also any combination of material goods, services, places, organizations and concepts, including the views of the potential purchaser about them which fulfil the purchaser’s expectations regarding the tourist trip. In the broad sense, such a product also extends to the packet of fundamental goods (that is tourist attractions of a natural or anthropogenic nature), material goods (souvenirs, maps, tourist equipment) as well as a packet of services making use of tourist or para-tourist equipment which may satisfy the purchaser’s needs. In the majority of cases, a tourist product is a packet of goods and services; one may distinguish the following types of such packets:  Basic packet - which comprises goods and services without which consumption would be incomplete or impossible, such as e.g. accommodation, transportation or meals,  Extended packet – which comprises additional services and goods increasing the attractiveness of the offer; a customer may or may not take advantage of the latter, usually not without financial consequences,  Facultative packet – comprising supplementary elements which the tourist-customer may select at an additional extra charge (Panasiuk 2005, p. 78). 49

Fig. 4.1 Structure of tourist product, Source: J. Altkorn, 1994, p. 102 The structure of the tourist product is a complex one (Altkorn 1994, 2001). In market terms, one may distinguish 5 levels of this structure (Figure 4.1). Main product (the core of the product, main benefit), Real product (e.g. the offer of an airline – the wish to get to a travel destination or place of accommodation quickly), Expected product (flight comfort, comfort of accommodation), Improved product (e.g. free airline ticket or additional night at a place of accommodation), Psychological product (customer’s own experience so far). The service of a tourist guide and tour leader belongs either to the first level, i.e. the core of the product, or the level of the real product. In the first case, it is obligatorily included into the stage of visiting attractions, and in the case of the real product, it takes on the shape of an alternative, facultative service. The service of the tourist guide belongs to the real product. It is associated with the realization of the programme of the particular tourist offer, the care over tourists during their journey to their final destination and the stay there (Kruczek 2006, 2008). Types of tourist products In literature we come across different types of tourist products which are distinguished on the basis of different criteria. One has to add here that the individual constituent elements of the product may by themselves constitute a separate product or else make up a complex tourist product together with other products (e.g. hotel accommodation combined with a transport offer may together create a product referred to as - a tourist event. 50