Unit- 4, Psychoanalysis and Behaviourism, 06-04-2021

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M.A.(Psy) 2 SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYTIC  Course Code: MAP601 THEORY  Semester: First  E-Lesson: 4 SLM Unit: 4 www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION To explore the . psychoanalysis theory The unit covers the concept of  given by Freud  psychoanalysis and early influences the lead to the development of  Psycho-sexual stages of development psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis and early influences the  The important concepts that are in  lead to the development of psychoanalysis theory given by Freud are psychoanalysis. outlined.  The unit further critical evaluate the theory given by Sigmund Freud. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAPP 601) INSTITUTE OF DAISllTArNigChEt AaNreDrOesNeLrIvNeEdLwEAitRhNCINUG-IDOL

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Introduction to Psychoanalysis SIGUMUND FREUD > Biography of Freud > Structure of Mind > Dynamics of Personality > Psycho-sexual stages of Development > Defence Mechanism > Advantages and Disadvantages www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOANALYSIS 5 •Freud’s understanding of human personality was based on his experiences with patients, his analysis of his own dreams, and his vast readings in the various sciences and humanities. •These experiences provided the basic data for the evolution of his theories. To him, theory followed observation, and his concept of personality underwent constant revisions during the last 50 years of his life. • The importance of unconscious processes as causes of mental illness (and later of most human behavior), this band of individuals set themselves apart not only from the psychologists of the time but also from the medical profession. •First, the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, sex and aggression, are two subjects of continuing popularity. • Second, the theory was spread beyond its Viennese origins by an ardent and dedicated group of followers, many of whom romanticized Freud as a nearly mythological and lonely hero. • Third, Freud’s brilliant command of language enabled him to present his theories in a stimulating and exciting manner. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SIGMUND FREUD 6 • Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia. • The birth of Julius, Freud's younger brother led to a significant impact on Freud’s psychic development. He was filled with hostility toward his younger brother and harbored an unconscious wish for his death. • Later, at Vienna Medical school he studied medicine because he was drawn by the curiosity of human nature. • He worked for 3 years in the General Hospital of Vienna, becoming familiar with the practice of various branches of medicine, including psychiatry and nervous diseases https://images.app.goo.gl/5SnGdbram6vEnPHF6 www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EARLY INFLUENCE ON DEVELOPMENT 7 OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Josef Breuer and the Case of Anna O. • Freud developed friendship with Breuer. Breuer was treating Anna O., who showed several symptoms of hysteria. He hypnotized the women and asked her the remember the situation that lead her to acquire such symptoms. Breuer discovered that each time he traced a symptom to its origin, which was usually some traumatic experience, the symptom disappeared either temporarily or permanently. He referred this treatment as cathartic method. • Soon after treatment had started, Anna O. began responding to Breuer as if he were her father, a process later called transference. All emotions Anna had once expressed toward her father, both positive and negative, she now expressed toward Breuer. • Breuer also began developing emotional feelings toward Anna, a process later called counter transference. Because of the excessive amount of time involved and because his emotional involvement in the case began to negatively impact his marriage and his other professional obligations. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EARLY INFLUENCE ON DEVELOPMENT 8 OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Freud’s Visit with Charcot Freud learned from Charcot was that one could go against the established medical community if one had enough prestige. Freud, as we will see, went contrary to the medical community, but because he did not have the prestige that Charcot had, he paid the price. So impressed was Freud by Charcot that he later named his first son Jean-Martin after him. The Birth of Free Association He asked the patients to recall the first time they had experienced a particular symptom, and the patients began to recollect various experiences but usually stopped short of the goal. In other words, as they approached the recollection of a traumatic experience, they displayed resistance. At this point, Freud placed his hand on the patient’s forehead and declared that additional information was forthcoming, and in many cases it was. Freud found that this pressure technique was as effective as hypnosis, and soon he learned that he did not even need to touch his patients; simply encouraging them to speak freely about whatever came to their mind worked just as well. Thus, the method of free association was born. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEVELS OF MIND 9 https://images.app.goo.gl/2WGDkNHW1yc4Urxd8 www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEVELS OF MIND In Freudian psychology the three levels of mental life are used to designate both a process and a location. 1 0 I. UNCONSCIOUS: that •The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions. • These are the covert mental process of which the individual is unaware of. • He believed that dreams are the rich sources of unconscious and the individual can uncover the unconscious by explaining the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue and repression. II. Preconscious •The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty. •The contents of the preconscious come from two sources, the first of which is conscious perception and the source of preconscious images is the unconscious. III. CONSCIOUS: • Level of mental life directly available to us. Ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions. a. The perceptual conscious system (the outer world and acts as a medium for the perception of external Stimuli) b. Conscious elements is from within the mental structure (non-threatening ideas) www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PROVINCES OF MIND 11 https://images.app.goo.gl/YTK5GQG6QpqNTchKA www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PROVINCES OF MIND 12 ID • It is governed by the \"Pleasure principle” which is totally unconscious in nature. • It is the driving force of personality which is present since birth. • It contains all instincts such as hunger, thirst and sex, these needs are regulated by the immediate need for gratification. EGO • It is governed by the “Reality principle”. • It is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality and is aware of both needs of the id and the reality. • The ego’s job is to match the wishes (images) of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment. SUPEREGO • It is governed by the morality principle. •The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society—our sense of right and wrong leads to development of super- ego. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PROVINCES OF MIND 13 A pleasure-seeking person A guilt-ridden or inferior feeling person A psychologically healthy person dominated by the id dominated by the superego dominated by the ego ID EGO SUPER-EGO The Relationship among Id, Ego, and Superego in Three Hypothetical Persons. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY 14 Freud postulated a dynamic, or motivational principle, to explain the driving forces behind people’s actions. To Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and anxiety. This motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives or instincts. I. EROS: •The life instincts were collectively referred to as Eros (named after the Greek god of love), and the energy associated with them was called libido. •The energy associated with all life instincts including sex, hunger, and thirst. II. THANATOS: • The death instinct called thanatos, with the motivation to terminate life. •All the conflicts in id, ego or super-ego either results in life instinct or death instinct. • When directed toward one’s self, the death instinct manifests itself as suicide or masochism; when directed outwardly, it manifests itself in hatred, murder, cruelty, and general aggression. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHO-SEXUAL STAGES OF 15 DEVELOPMENT I. ORAL STAGE: Freud’s first infantile stage of development is the oral phase. Infants obtain life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain pleasure through the act of sucking. II. ANAL STAGE: This period is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function. This phase is divided into two sub-phases: a. During the early anal period, children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects and children often behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them with toilet training. b. Children enter the late anal period, they sometimes take a friendly interest toward their feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating. III. PHALLIC STAGE: A time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone. This stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development. A. OEDIPUS COMPLES: sexual desires for the mother/hostility for the father. •Castration complex in the form of castration anxiety shatters the Oedipus complex • Identification with the father • Strong superego replaces the nearly completely dissolved Oedipus complex www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHO-SEXUAL STAGES OF 16 DEVELOPMENT B. ELECTRA COMPLEX: sexual desires for the father; hostility for the mother. • Castration complex in the form of penis envy • Oedipus complex develops as an attempt to obtain a penis • Gradual realization that the Oedipal desires are self-defeating • Identification with the mother •Weak superego replaces the partially dissolved Electra complex. IV. LATENCY STAGE: This stage is brought about partly by parents’ attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children. If parental suppression is successful, children will repress their sexual drive and direct their psychic energy toward school, friendships, hobbies, and other nonsexual activities. V. GENITAL STAGE: Puberty signals a reawakening of the sexual aim and the beginning of the genital period. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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DEFENCE MECHANISM 18 •Freud first elaborated on the idea of defense mechanisms in 1926 and his daughter Anna further refined and organized the concept. Because we must expend psychic energy to establish and maintain defense mechanisms, the more defensive we are, the less psychic energy we have left to satisfy id impulses. •The principal defense mechanisms identified by Freud include repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjection, and sublimation. a. REPRESSION: Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by repressing those impulses; that is, it forces threatening feelings into the unconscious. b. REACTION FORMATION: One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form. This defense mechanism is called reaction formation. c. DISPLACEMENT: In displacement, however, people can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed. d. REGRESSION: Once the libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during times of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier stage. Such a reversion is known as regression www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DEFENCE MECHANISM 19 e. PROJECTION: When an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety by attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. This is the defense mechanism of projection, which can be defined as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious. f. INTROJECTION: Introjection is a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. g. SUBLIMATION: It helps both the individual and the social group. Sublimation is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim. The sublimated aim is expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature, but more subtly, it is part of all human relationships and all social pursuits. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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CRITICISM 21  Method of data collection: Freud used his own observations of his own patients as his source of data. There was no controlled experimentation. Not only did his patients not represent the general population, but his own needs and expectations probably influenced his observations. ■ Definition of terms: Freud’s theory became popular at a time when psychology was preoccupied with operational definitions, and many, if not most, of Freud’s concepts were too nebulous to be measured. For example, how does one quantify psychic energy, castration anxiety, penis envy, or the Oedipal complex?? Science demands measurement, and many of Freud’s concepts were not and are not measurable. ■ Dogmatism: Freud saw himself as the founder and leader of the psychoanalytic movement, and he would tolerate no ideas that conflicted with his own. If a member of his group insisted on disagreeing with him, Freud expelled that member from the group. ■ Overemphasis on sex: The main reason many of Freud’s early colleagues eventually went their own way was that they believed Freud overemphasized sex as a motive for human behavior. Some thought that to see sexual motivation everywhere. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CONTRIBUTION 22 Expansion of psychology’s domain: Freud’s was the first comprehensive theory of personality, and every personality theory since his can be seen as a reaction to his theory or to some aspect of it. Psychoanalysis: Freud created a new way of dealing with age-old mental disorders. Many still believe that psychoanalysis is the best way to understand and treat neuroses. Understanding of normal behavior: Freud not only provided a means of better understanding much abnormal behavior but also made much normal behavior comprehensible. Generalization of psychology to other fields: By showing psychology’s usefulness in explaining phenomena in everyday life—religion, sports, politics, art, literature, and philosophy— Freud expanded psychology’s relevance to almost every sector of human existence. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 23 Freud’s philosophical and scientific heritage, his historically significant accomplishment was to take those disparate conceptions and synthesize them into a comprehensive theory of personality.  Although Freud was trained in the tradition of positivistic physiology and originally tried to explain hysteria as a physiological problem, events led him to attempt a psychological explanation of hysteria instead. Freud identified three levels of mental life—unconscious, preconscious, and conscious. Freud recognized three provinces of the mind—id, ego, and superego. The id is unconscious, chaotic, out of contact with reality, and in service of the pleasure principle. The ego is the executive of personality, in contact with the real world, and in service of the reality principle. The superego serves the moral and idealistic principles and begins to form after the Oedipus complex is resolved. To protect itself against anxiety, the ego initiates various defense mechanisms, the most basic of which is repression. Freud outlined three major stages of development—infancy, latency, and a genital period—but he devoted most attention to the infantile stage. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Who would a boy experiencing an Oedipus complex pursue the affection of? 26 a. Father b. Mother c. Sibling d. None of the above 2. A boy responds to a girl's lack of a penis by becoming anxious about the thought of losing his own penis. What term does Freud use for this anxiety? e. Electra complex. f. Penis envy. g. Castration anxiety. h. Phallic stage. 3. Externalizing our unacceptable feelings and attributing them to others describes which Freudian defense mechanism? i. Reaction formation. j. Displacement. k. Denial. l. Projection. Answers: 1.b) 2.c) 3.d) www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 27 4. What is the name of the process by which unacceptable thoughts or emotions are converted into physical symptoms? a. Concentration reaction. b. Conversion reaction. c. Reactivity formation. d. Reaction formation. 5. The aim of the analytic technique, primarily through the analysis of transference, is to do which ONE of the following? e. Increase clients' insight into themselves f. Increase client's insight into their behaviors g. Increase clients' insight into how they relate to others h. Increase clients' insight into how others perceive them 6. Before inventing psychoanalysis, Freud made a name for himself in which field? i. Neurology j. Marine biology k. Peripheral nervous disorder l. Literacy criticism Answers: 4. d) 5. a) 6.a) www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 28 1. Discuss two major sources of influence on the development of psychoanalysis. The two major influences on development of psychoanalysis is the contribution of Joseph Burer, Jean Charcot and birth of free association. For further detail refer PPT 2. Describe the psychosexual stages of development. The main psychosexual stages of development are Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital stage. For further detail refer PPT 3. Explain main concepts given by Freud in his theory of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud theory is basic on data collected through clinical case studies. He gave various concept like Id, Ego and Superego; Conscious, preconscious and unconscious; Defence mechanism and Psychosexual stages of development. For further detail refer SLM www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 29 • Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2008). Theories of Personality, 7th edition. McGraw hill. • Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th edition. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. www.cuidol.in Unit-4(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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