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Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 45 This statistic shows international inbound tourism by mode of transport in 2018. Air travel comprised the largest share of inbound tourism in 2018 with 58%. Travel by rail had the smallest share at just 2%. A tourist transport should always ascertain safe, comfortable and convenient mode of transport. No tourism activity can take place without Tourist Transport. The biggest obstacle of tourism development in India is the inadequate travel facilities from the main points of arrival in the country to the tourist places. Transportation needs for tourism promotion and tourism development is maintenance of the existing roads, construction of more roads/rail track/sea and air transportation, and construction of local airports and enhancement of local flight operations. The level of security and safety in transportation systems is also an important element for the tourists. The role of tourism can be increased and developed by giving attention to the following points: 1. The modes of transportation should be precise to the regions must be developed. 2. The cost of transportation must always be kept competitive and should have value for money. 3. New Ship ports must be established in order to develop cruise travel. 4. Advanced new fast train lines must be established and luxury, metro, bullet trains with technological edge should be introduced. 5. Latest coaches or tourist buses of international standard must be introduced. 6. New technologically advanced aircraft must be put into air lines. 7. The personnel must be qualified or trained for being professional at their services. 8. The governments should allocate financial support for the development of transportation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

46 Managing Transport Operations 3.4 Importance of Transport Industry 1. Transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry; it affects the mobility of tourists’ and links tourists with various tourist attractions. 2. There is a general agreement that tourism expands more when there are better transportation systems. 3. Transportation and tourisms sectors share some common interest because of which they are interdependent. 4. Transportation is also important in terms of promoting the growth and development of existing tourist destinations. 5. It has been observed that many destinations are under performing compared to the natural heritage the country is endowed with and one of the things mentioned as the reason for under performance is poor transportation systems 6. The tourist’s travel experience starts and ends with transportation. 7. India’s share to world tourist traffic has increased drastically in terms of number and income over a decade with 0.69% in numbers and 1.61% in income in the year 2011. Road 1. Road transport is one of the most promising and powerful means of transport for short and medium distances. 2. Its advantages are flexibility, reliability, speed and door – to – door services. 3. It also complements and increases the efficiency of the other modes of transport. 4. It has a vital role in the opening of interior and remote rural areas. It is cheaper and less capital intensive. 5. It is best suited for short distance travelling. 6. Roads need less capital than the railways like cost of laying tracks, building stations, etc. 7. Personalized and private services can be rendered by the travellers as per their choice. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 47 Rail 1. Railways are the principle carriers especially suited for long distance travel. 2. In a vast country like India, railways serve like main life line for inland transport with varied class of services. 3. Indian railways is Asia’s largest and world’s second largest railway system. 4. It is the faster, comfortable, dependable and economical bulk mode of transport on land. 5. Its greatest advantage is that it is least affected by climatic conditions such as rains, fog etc. compared to other modes of transport. 6. It never faces the problem of traffic jams or bad road conditions. 7. The rail transport is better organized with fixed routes and schedules. 8. The services provided are more firm, constant and steady as compared to other modes of transport. 9. It has extremely large carrying capacity and is flexible in nature which can easily be increased or decreased by adding or removing the wagons. 10. Rail transport is economical and labour efficient with respected to passenger or cargo as it requires one driver and one guard. 11. Railways are an important source of employment in India. Lakhs of skilled and unskilled people are employed in operating the railway. 12. With the latest electrical engines railways have become the most environmental friendly source of transportation. Air 1. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. 2. It has converted distance into hours and not in kilometres, due to which the world has indeed shrunk in to a small village. 3. Air transport delivers uninterrupted journey above land and sea. It offers a comfortable, regular, quick and efficient service. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

48 Managing Transport Operations 4. Air routes are short and direct as they are not hindered by seas, mountains or forests. 5. Air transport is a boon for transferring good and people to non-accessible areas by other modes of transport like Himalayas, etc. 6. It is the only means of transport during natural calamities like floods for rescue operation and relief work. 7. Air transport plays a leading role in the defence of a country by destroying the base of enemy camps and territory in a short time. 8. It is best option for the delivery of perishable nature freight goods and light goods of high value such as diamonds, precious metal like gold, platinum etc. over long distances. 9. It has helped the world in the exploration of space. 10. Due to growth of air transport in recent years, long distance travel has become much simpler and affordable. Water 1. Water transport is the oldest means of transport. 2. It was used to carry heavy goods and people from one place to another with very less cost. It is best for long distance bulk cargo delivery 3. It does not require high capital investment for developing and maintaining transportation infrastructure as it operates on a natural track that is water bodies. 4. It has played a very important role in bringing different parts of the world closer and is essential for foreign trade. 5. In comparison with other modes of transport the risks of accidents and breakdowns is minimum. 3.5 Relationship between Tourism and Transport Industry Transport industry is a fundamental key driver of the tourism; it shares a symbiotic relationship with tourism that means each of them are co-dependent and cannot occur without the other. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 49 Transportation is vital in the tourism industry; it fulfils the basic requirement of tourism under the concept of 5 As that is accessibility. It performs an important function to connect demand (market) and supply (production) directly. Transportation plays an important role in increasing tourism it acts as a conveyer who taxis the tourists to the destination after which the phenomenon of tourism initiates. It is empowered to serve all kind of tourists with the level and class of service they wish to in exchange of services charges. The development of transportation, transportation vehicles, infrastructure and using new technological innovations in this sector speed up the development of tourism. Transportation has contemporized itself into a tourist attraction element with a separate identity:  Cruising: Angriya cruises (Mumbai to Goa), Carnival cruise lines (USA, Mexico, Caribbean, World tour) etc.  Luxury Trains: Orient Express trains, Palace on wheels, etc.  IRCTC: Indian railways enterprise providing-Catering, Tourism packages and Online Ticketing. The relationship between tourism and transportation is a purely economic activity; that takes place in destinations across the world. It is one of the largest industries in the world that contributes more than trillions dollars annually to the global economy, creates jobs and wealth, generate exports, boost taxes, and stimulates capital investment. Tourism helps support transport services and infrastructure across the country. Without tourism many rural and remote areas would not have the public transport services that are currently provided and benefit residents as well as visitors. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

50 Managing Transport Operations Studies have shown that tourists spend almost 30 – 40 % of their total holiday expenditure on transportation and the remaining on food, accommodation and other activities. This reflects how transportation is important. At present 40% of the incoming traffic by air consists of tourists because of geographical reason, the vast majority of tourists (90%) coming to India arrive and depart by air. 3.6 Requisites for better Relationships between Tourism and Transport Industry 1. Transport facilities at tourist destination should be modified to suit the needs and desires of the tourists as they should not feel out of place. 2. All the transportation mode viz. roads, railways or airways should be free of malpractices that motivate more tourism in the succeeding years. 3. There is room for improvement in relations between transport industry and Tourism organizations, especially in terms of more specific planning and program implementation issues. 4. Formal arrangement of institutional bodies encourage favourable improvements. 5. Strong political leadership from the legislative bodies. 6. The private sector of tourism industry requires to be more engaged and more proactive in formulating transportation policies and dealing with issues. 7. A cooperative and collaborative relationships between those who formulate and implement public policies pertaining to highways and to travel and tourism will lead to tourists and economy growth. 8. With an intention to sustainable tourism development it is very much important that all the countries pay special attention on the development of all type of transportation through building new airports with high modern standards and buying planes with advanced technologies along with high comfort, developing new rail routes, ultra- modern railway stations, good quality highways and accessible roads to all destinations, developing new seaports, encouraging mid segment and luxury cruise liners, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 51 3.7 Uses of Transportation in Tourism: 1. Transportation delivers the tourists to the destination. 2. It protects the tourist during the journey from climatic conditions like sun heat, rain, snow, etc. 3. It gives less fatigue to the tourists by providing comfort so as they can preserve their energy for fun and enjoyment at the destination. 4. It showcases the regional culture and scenic beauty during the travel. 5. It assures that the travelling time is speedy and short so that the tourist can have more time at the destination and cover more places in one vacation. 6. It keeps the history, legacy and hospitability of the region or country alive. Example: Palace on wheels. 3.8 Summary Transport or transportation can be defined as the movement of humans, animals or cargo from one location to another by various modes of transport like air, roads, rail, water, etc. The capacity and rationality of transport plays an important part in the upliftment and development of economic, social, political, cultural fields and broadly in globalization. Components of transportation are Transport Infrastructure, Vehicle and operations. It is a fact, that better the destination is connected by different modes of transport components, i.e., Infrastructure, vehicles and operations; higher the tourist turnover it will experience. Transportation needs for tourism promotion and tourism development is maintenance of the existing roads, construction of more roads/rail track/sea and air transportation, and construction of local airports and enhancement of local flight operations. The level of security and safety in transportation systems is also an important element for the tourists. Transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry; it affects the mobility of tourists’ and links tourists with various tourist attractions. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

52 Managing Transport Operations Transport industry is a fundamental key driver of the tourism; it shares a symbiotic relationship with tourism that means each of them are co-dependent and cannot occur without the other. Tourists spend almost 30 – 40 % of their total holiday expenditure on transportation and the remaining on food, accommodation and other activities. This reflects how transportation is important. With an intention to sustainable tourism development it is very much important that all the countries pay special attention on the development of all type of transportation. 3.9 Key Words/Abbreviations  IRCTC: Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation  PPP: Public Private Partnership.  HAM: Hybrid Annuity Model  TOT: Toll-Operate-Transfer Model  Transportation: It can be defined as the movement of humans, animals or cargo from one location to another by various modes of transport like air, roads, rail, water etc.  5 A’s: Attraction, Accessibility, Accommodation, Amenities and Activities. 3.10 Learning Activity 1. Make a model demonstrating the relationship between tourism and transport industry. 2. Make a research project on the compliance of transport industry with tourism in your nearby tourist destination. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 53 3. Make a chart showing the benefits of efficient transportation. 3.11 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain the components of transport industry. 2. Discuss the role of transport in tourism 3. Explain the importance of transport industry. 4. Write a note on relationship between tourism and transport industry. 5. Describe the contribution of transport in tourism industry. 6. Critically evaluate the current scenario of Indian transportation system. 7. Describe the contribution of transportation in tourism industry 8. Critically evaluate the current Scenario of Indian Transportation system. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. An initiative by the government of India that aims to enhance and modernize India's Ports and port-led development is known as . (a) Sagarmala programme (b) Jalmala programme (c) Navdalmala programme (d) Jalpari programme 2. A centrally-sponsored and funded Road and Highways project of the Government of India. (a) Mahamarg yogini. (b) Bharatmala project (c) Bharat setu project (d) Hindmala project CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

54 Managing Transport Operations 3. This statistic shows international inbound tourism by mode of air travel comprised % share of inbound tourism in 2018 . (a) 68 (b) 48 (c) 58 (d) 88 4. Angriya is the term associated with . (a) Cruise lines (b) Airlines (c) Luxury train (d) Tourist site 5. Tourists spend almost of their total holiday expenditure on transportation. (a) 30-40% (b) 35-45% (c) 20-30% (d) 40-50% Ans.: 1. (a), 2. (b), 3. (c), 4. (a), 5. (a). 3.12 References Textbooks 1. Roday. S., Biwal, A & Joshi . V., Tourism Operations and Management, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 2. Bhatia A.K, Travel Agency and Tour Operations, Sterling Publications , New Delhi. 3. Sandeep Naik , Girish Deore (2018) Tourism Operations-Himalaya Publications. Reference Books 1. Stephen Page & Yue (Gurt) Ge (2009) Chapter 21: Transportation and Tourism: A Symbiotic Relationship?- The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies 2. World Bank IBRD-IDA(March 2014)- The transport sector in India. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 55 Research Papers: 1. Rufat Mammadov (May 24, 2012)The Importance of Transportation in Tourism Sector- 7th Silk Road International Conference “Challenges and Opportunities of Sustainable Economic Development in Eurasian Countries”. 2. Nguyen Van Truonga, Tetsuo Shimizub (July 2016)- The effect of transportation on tourism promotion: Literature review on application of the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model ― World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. Web resources 1. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/transportation_sector.asp 2. https://www.statista.com/statistics/305515/international-inbound-tourism-by-mode-of- transport/( Published on Oct 10, 2019) 3. http://ficci.in/sector-details.asp?sectorid=22 4. http:images.google.com CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 4 TOURISM AND TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES FACED BY TOURISM BASED TRANSPORT SYSTEM Structure: 4.0 Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Challenges faced by tourism based transport industry 4.2.1 Land Transport 4.2.2 Air Transport 4.2.3 Water Transport 4.2.4 General 4.3 Summary 4.4 Key Words/Abbreviations 4.5 Learning Activity 4.6 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 4.7 References 4.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be to  Describe the challenges faced by tourism based land, air and water transportation.  Elaborate the grey areas between linkages of transport and tourism industry.

Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges Faced by Tourism Based Transport System 57 4.1 Introduction An analytical study shows that the tourism transportation industry has registered a significant development in the country during last few decades. Yet lot of the growth potential remains to be exploited. The constrained and unsatisfactory growth of this industry in India has been because of various problems and challenges it has been facing. This chapter intends to identify the several grey areas, challenges and problems that have limited the growth of tourism transportation in India. Both transport industry and tourism are symbiotically related to each other. Efficient transportation can ensure excellent accessibility to a tourism destination which can be a great boon for the development and success of tourism of that country. The governing forces should not only identify the transportation problems but also try to find solutions and implement it for the benefit of both. Over the decades there has been a drastic change in technology, economic growth and tourists’ expectations that has left the transport industry behind. Hence in order to cope up with the expectation of the tourist’s, peripheral changes and up gradation is needed in tourism transportation. 4.2 Challenges Faced by Tourism based Transport Industry The tourism industry can perform extremely well and become the prime contributor to the GDP of the nation only is the key element of accessibility performs at its best. Transport industry can efficiently achieve its performance if all the problems and challenges are resolved. Hence, it is very important to identify and understand the challenges so that solutions can be found out and implemented. 4.2.1 Land Transport The transport industry operated on the land is by road and by railways. Following are the challenges faced by both the modes of transport: CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

58 Managing Transport Operations Improper Planning of Transport System: The development of transport system is unbalanced. Over the period of time it is been observed that there is a heavy pressure on rail and road transport in many cities and regions. Especially during seasons like vacations, peak periods of tourist destination a huge population of tourist strive to travel to the tourist destinations, that over pours the maximum capacity of the transport system hence giving rise to malpractices, inconvenient services and eventually unhappy tourist experiences. It is very important that a balanced development of region, alternative routes should be developed, e.g., Development of airport and starting air services at Shirdi in the year 2017 has decreased the pressure on road transport and rail transport to a certain extent. It is now connected with Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad; many more destinations will be added in due course of time. Inappropriate Rail Road Co-ordination: Rail and Road transport systems are the main modes of transportation in a country. If these two work in co-ordination it will be a great benefit to the country’s economy and environment but in many instances lack of rail and road coordination is seen. This leads duplication or unnecessary use of natural resources like fuel. Example: In 1951, the share of road transport in freight traffic and passenger traffic was 11% and 26% respectively. But in present days its share is 60% and 80% respectively. This reflects extremely high growth which in turn impacts economic and environmental aspects in a undesirable way. If both the sectors work in a well-planned and co-ordinate way, the railways can be engaged for bulky goods and long distances while road transport should be engaged for small goods and short distances. Worn out and Obsolete Assets: Transport system is facing a biggest threat from it’s worn out and obsolete assets. All the different modes of transport are shouldering substantial amount of old and worn out infrastructure. Indian railways shows an inventory of 75%-80% of machinery in the railway workshop that is presently out-dated and need to be replaced and 25% of the route length of track is abandoned due to inefficiency or development of new route. Similarly 80% and above of buses plied by State CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges Faced by Tourism Based Transport System 59 Road Transport Corporations are out-dated and out modelled. These need immediate replacement. The process is initiated in cities but in countryside and remote areas they are still operational and are becoming main cause of accidents and environmental pollution. The accumulation of huge capital funds required for these purpose is the biggest challenge to the transportation industry. Technological edge Technological transformation has shown an accelerated development in almost all the sectors around the world. Transportation industry is not an excuse for it. It has driven the industry to the extent that modernisation and use of latest technology has become the need of an hour. The cities are experimenting and implementing much advancement with technological edge but the major part of the country is still using old systems in road and railways hindering the fast growth of transport industry. Our old engine design, out-dated signalling systems, multi-axle vehicles, worn out tracks are the main challenges faced. Hygiene and Sanitation Hygiene and sanitation is a major concern especially in non-urban areas on the railway station, Bus stands, areas surrounding the roads and tracks. Non-availability of hand wash liquid or soaps near the washrooms and eateries, tobacco spitting in the premises, the habits of travellers to throw trash on open premises still continues to be a major challenge. The Swacch Bharat Mission initiated by Govt. of India has shown a remarkable change in terms of cleanliness in these areas in comparison to a decade before. Congested and Poor Quality Roads Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India which carries almost 85% of the country’s passenger traffic and more than 60% of its freight. The density of India’s highway network -- at 1.70 km of roads per square km of land. However, most roads in India are narrow and congested with poor surface quality, and 20% of India’s villages do not have access to all- weather roads. The lane capacity is low most national highways are still two lanes and state highways are single lane. Many roads bear a poor quality accompanied with an under budgeted road maintenance which worsen the situation. Many roads remain cut-off during rainy season. The situation is acute in North and north-eastern part of India which is very poorly linked with CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

60 Managing Transport Operations modes of transportation; favourable changes are seen at main places but will take more time to cover the whole area. Mixed Traffic Mixed traffic is one of the major problems faced by tourism transport. The same roads are used by tourist buses, animal driven carts, cyclist, two-wheelers, tractors, trucks, cars. All the stakeholders also use the highways which lead to traffic jams, congestions, accidents, pollution, etc. Road Barriers Road construction work, maintenance work, multiple check-post, toll nakas reduced the speed of the vehicles, increase travel time, and cause irritation to the transporters and tourists. Unmannered Road Traffic All vehicles follow the same psychology that they are in a hurry and need to reach to the destination at the earliest. Less control of traffic police beyond city limits adds fuel to it. This tends to provoke them to wilfully and fearlessly disobey traffic rules, over speed the vehicles, violate signal post, disobey lane discipline, etc. The resultant of this is fatal accidents, a bad impression and image in front of foreign tourists. Inadequate Amenities on Roadside Indian highways still today lack in amenities on many highways around like first-aid centres, clean washrooms, graded restaurants, repair shops, petrol or CNG pumps, tourist Information centres, good motels, signage, ATM centres, etc. This causes lot of inconveniences to the transporter and the travellers. 4.2.2 Air Transport The air traffic in India has increased over the period of last five years both in terms of aircraft movement and passenger traffic. India’s passenger traffic has grown at a CAGR of 12.72 per cent during FY06-FY18 to reach 308.75 million. Total freight traffic registered a CAGR of 7.53 per cent over FY06-18, with FY18 registering domestic freight traffic of 1,213.06 million tonnes and international freight traffic of 2,143.97 million tonnes. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges Faced by Tourism Based Transport System 61 But apparently, in last few years most of the airlines in India have reported to have incurred heavy losses and a few are struggling to stay afloat. The situation of existing domestic airlines is not impressive; few of them are in debt and are facing immense problems even paying their employees. Major Challenges and Problems dealt by Airlines are:  Global economic slowdown negatively impacts leisure, optional and business travel eventually the air business with a high overhead costs.  Continuous rise in the aeroplane fuel prices is a biggest threat.  Terrorist attack or high jacking of aeroplane anywhere in the world will adversely impact air travel.  Government interference or changes in policies will lead to new costly rules.  Lot of competition from other airlines.  High operational cost and overhead cost.  High service tax and other charges: Recently India imposed a 10.2% service tax fee on landing, airport and air navigation fees which is considered very high by IATA.  Congestion at the airports with shortage of maintenance facilities.  Lack of qualified pilots and skilled technical man power due to inadequate training facilities.  Out-dated Planes: Aviation technology is changing very fast. But our planes are outdated and not very safe. Consequently Indian airlines find it difficult to compete with the world airlines.  Huge Investments: Nearly one third of the total fleet requires immediate replacement. Creation of aviation facilities requires huge investments. The Government is least capable of increasing the number of planes and airports in the country. The private sector has its own limitations.  Freedom To Do Business: IATA proposes that the government should give the liberty to run the airline business like other businesses with a basic commercial freedom. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

62 Managing Transport Operations  Foreign Exchange: High rise in the foreign exchange rates is hampering the Indian airline industry in many ways. 4.2.3 Water Transport Twelve states from India’s out of 29 states share a border with a seacoast spreading across 7,517 kms and has about 200 small harbours. Despite of such a strong platform, the government has failed to transform coastal shipping into a rewarding business opportunity in India. Even being the cost effective and environment friendly mode of transport in terms of cargo most of the shipment is transported via traditional modes like rail and roadways. India has sadly never realized the true potential of coastal. Still the government regulations are not coastal-shipping friendly. Following are the major challenges or difficulties faced by Water transport:  Lack of infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure it is one of the biggest obstacles faced by the shipping industry. Over several decades the government has failed to develop required infrastructure like commercial ports, electricity, road networks, surrounding area development for connectivity. Positive efforts are seen in last few years by the government to promote coastal tourism by introduction of Angriya.  Lack of lucrative government schemes: Government efforts fall short in comparison with other modes of transport in terms of financial benefits; on the contrary, companies using coastal shipments face harsh and impartial taxes like no exemption from Income tax, customs duty on bunkers, landing fees, etc.  Slow and cumbrous Customs process: The shipment process is extremely slow, time consuming and laborious compared to other modes of transport which are much faster.  Lack of Navigation infrastructure:  Inland water transport channel problem of undeveloped infrastructure  Inadequate depth of rivers along with with non-availability of water round the year.  Inadequate air draft because of multiple bridges with low vertical clearance obstruct the passage of bigger inland water transport vessels on waterways. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges Faced by Tourism Based Transport System 63  Shortage of MRO Facilities (Maintenance, Repair and overhaul) for inland water transport vessels. 4.2.4 Grey Areas Women Insecurity Even though begin a most cultured and hospitable country in the world, India still faces many cases of gang rape, rapes, molestation of women during travelling. This is a great matter of concern and a challenge to meet, rescue or eradicate these kinds of cases. India tour operators reported that in the first quarter of 2013 there was 25% drop in business after the high-profile assassination of a 23-year-old woman who was gang raped riding a bus in Delhi. The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India said with the cases of many other victims of sex crimes stories coming into the light the female tourism dropped by 35% that same quarter. The U.S. State Department reported a \"modest increase\" in violent crime against foreigners and cautioned women against traveling alone in India, using public transportation after the sun set and travelling to isolated areas. Terrorism India is in a constant state of tension with its fellow nuclear neighbour, Pakistan. The recent Mumbai railway station attack by the terrorists and Twin tower attack by high jacked planes are few of the evidences that have also kept the transport system on a threat and alert. The transport buses being made prey by small scale bombing by terrorist extremist. Continues warning by US intelligence and Indian intelligence regarding terrorist infiltration into Indian Territory is a biggest matter of concern for the transport system as they are not equipped with an anti-terror system at ground level. Cheating, Theft or Misplacing of Luggage Tourists are always considered as rich or carrying lot of cash and valuable with him hence they are always prone to be prey of petty robbers. We come across many cases of cheating or theft of articles or baggage of the tourist during the journey or at railway stations, bus stands, near airports, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

64 Managing Transport Operations Misplacing of luggage or non-arrival of luggage is a common scenario usually during connected international flights. It causes lot of inconvenience to the tourist especially with onward tourism packages. 4.3 Summary The constrained and unsatisfactory growth of transportation industry in India has been due to a number of problems it is surrounded with and various challenges it has been facing. Both transport industry and tourism are symbiotically related to each other. Efficient transportation can ensure excellent accessibility to a tourism destination which can be a great boon for the development and success of tourism of that country. The transport industry operated by road and by railways face following challenges- improper planning of transport system, inappropriate rail road co-ordination, worn out and obsolete assets, technological edge, low standard of hygiene and sanitation, congested and poor quality roads, mixed traffic, road barriers, inadequate amenities on roadside and unmannered road traffic. Air transport in India has recorded a passenger traffic grown at a CAGR of 12.72 per cent during FY06-FY18 to reach 308.75 million. Total freight traffic registered a CAGR of 7.53 per cent over FY06-18. But apparently, in last few years most of the airlines in India have reported to have incurred heavy losses and a few are struggling to stay afloat. Major challenges and problems dealt by airlines are global economic slowdown, rise in the aeroplane fuel prices, Terrorist attack or high jacking of aeroplane, Government interference or changes in policies, competition from other airlines, high operational cost and overhead cost, high taxes and service charges, out dated planes, foreign exchange, etc. Despite of a strong platform of seacoast of 7,517 kms and 200 small harbours, the government has failed to transform coastal shipping into a rewarding business opportunity in India because of lack of infrastructure, lack of lucrative government schemes, slow and cumbrous customs process and lack of navigation infrastructure. Women insecurity, terrorism, cheating, theft and misplacing of luggage remains a major general challenge to the tourist transportation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges Faced by Tourism Based Transport System 65 A proper research should be done to overcome these challenges or resolve the problems and necessary changes need to be implemented by the government. This will lead to strengthen the symbiotic relationship between transport industry and tourism. Both in turn will lead to great success to India tourism and lead it to become a one of the prime contributor to our country’s GDP. 4.4 Key Words/Abbreviations  CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate.  ATM: Automated Teller Machine.  CNG: Compressed Natural Gas.  IATA: International Air Transport Association.  MRO: Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul.  Obsolete: No longer produced or used; out of date  Signage: Signs collectively, especially commercial or public display signs. 4.5 Learning Activity 1. Make a chart presentation of the challenges faced by all sector of tourism transportation. 2. Research for possible option to resolve or overcome the challenges faced by all sectors of tourism transportation. 3. Make a case study on any one types of challenges faced by tourism transportation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

66 Managing Transport Operations 4.6 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain the challenges faced by road and rail transport in India. 2. Discuss the point of hindrances faced by water transport in its growth and development. 3. Briefly state the problem faced by aviation industry. 4. Throw light on challenges faced by transportation system. 5. Write short notes on: (i) Terrorism and tourism (ii) Women insecurity 6. Justify the title of ‘Transportation system’ by highlighting major Innovations in the period. 7. “IATA approval is a necessity for Airline. “ Justify the statement 8. Throw the light on Challenges faced by transportation system. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions million tonnes. 1. FY18 registering domestic freight air traffic of (a) 1,213.06 (b) 1,234.06 (c) 2,134.06 (d) 1342.06 2. India imposed a service tax fee on landing, airport and air navigation fees. (a) No (b) 10% (c) 12.5% (d) 10.2% 3. Which of the following is not a challenge faced by aviation sector. (a) Foreign exchange (b) Take-off (c) Out-dated planes (d) High service taxes CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges Faced by Tourism Based Transport System 67 4. MRO facilities are utilized by . . (a) Inland water transport (b) Airlines (c) Railways (d) Roadways 5. Freedom to do business is the requirement of . (a) Inland water transport (b) Airlines (c) Railways (d) Roadways 6. Non- arrival of luggage during travel is a common problem with (a) Inland water transport (b) Airlines (c) Railways (d) Roadways Ans.: 1. (a), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (a), 5. (b), 6. (b). 4.7 References Textbooks 1. S. Roday, Archana Biwal, Vandana Joshi - Tourism: Operations and Management, 2009- Oxford Publication 2. Air Transportation - A Management Perspective,1984 -John G. Wensveen - 8th edition. Reference Books 1. IATA Catalog of Standards, Manuals and Guidelines 2. IBEF - Indian Brand Equity Foundation – Published in May 2018―Aviation 3. My India magazine - Rumani Saikia Phukan (Mar17,2016) ― In India’s Burgeoning Aviation Sector, Safety Is the Key Word CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

68 Managing Transport Operations Research Papers 1. Priya Chetty (June 2012) Challenges faced by coastal shipping in India- PG. 2. Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India. 3. Praveen S Jegan J (2015) - Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/140. Web Resources 1. http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/main-problems-of-transport-development- in-india/2183 2. https://www.worldbank.org/ 3. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2005-10-18-02 4. http:images.google.com CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 5 TOURISM AND TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: ROLE OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY IN MAKING WORLD A GLOBAL VILLAGE Structure: 5.0 Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Concept of Global Village 5.3 Global tourism 5.4 Role of transport industry in making world a global village 5.5 Emerging Transportation Technologies 5.6 Summary 5.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 5.8 Learning Activity 5.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 5.10 References 5.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be to  Explain the concept of global village.  Analyse various aspects of transport industry important for global tourism.  Describe the role of transport industry in making world a global village.

70 Managing Transport Operations 5.1 Introduction The concept of global village was first perceived and put forth by a Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan in the year 1962 and popularized it through his books The Gothenburg Galaxy: The making of Typographic Man and Understanding media (1964). He proposed that the phenomenon of the world getting more interconnected due to the resultant of the propagation of vast outstretch of media technologies throughout the world can be termed as Global Village. Su-Im Lee (2012) a renowned scholar defined global village as a dominant term used to express a global coexistence altered by transnational commerce, migration and culture. Thomas Friedman (2012) a well-known journalist of economics defined Global village in a contemporized approach as a world which is tied together into a single globalized marketplace and village. Dixon (2009) stated that Global village is a phenomenon where the world shrinks and expand at the same time due to influential technological advances that permits the instantaneous sharing of culture. 5.2 Concept of Global Village Marshall McLuhan was the first person who considered the social effects of global village. His revolutionary insight brought a change in fundamental thought process of everyone about technology, media and communication. He highlighted his opinion of the transformation done by electronic nervous system (media) by assimilating the world by which all events occurring in one part of the world could be followed by all other parts of the world as actual, which resembles the phenomenon in a small village. A global village is a smaller world, with more contact, and more familiarity with others. It makes the edges of global democracy and integrity more visible. The national borders can be easily crossed. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport Industry 71 The global village concept states that the advancements in communication and transportation technologies will make the world seem smaller and create one big happy village. 5.2.1 Advantages & Disadvantages of Global Village Advantages 1. Quick and protected worldwide communication at a click. 2. Easy to have information from varied sources globally. 3. Increasing capability of adapting technology & Uses. 4. Advanced life style with improved efficiency at work. 5. Cultural exchange can now be done quickly. 6. Global village has empowered globalization that has significantly contributed to economic growth of developing countries. 7. Easy transaction system resulting in progress and expansion of trade and commerce. 8. Available educational resources. 9. Peace, understanding, goodwill, brotherhood and cultural alignment is promoted among all the countries. 10. Availing facilities sitting at home like health care, merchandise, food, etc. 11. Giving opinion, feedback, recommendation and make people aware by writing on different platform. 12. Efficient global trade allows buyers to have a much larger variety of products and services. Disadvantages 1. Breach of privacy of information and misuse of information. 2. Genuineness of information is questionable and threat of fake news resulting in social collision remains. 3. Economic slowdown in developed country can activate adversative reactions across the globe. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

72 Managing Transport Operations 4. Global village will give rise to global competition that can puts pressure on small businesses that are inefficient to contest on a global level. 5. Higher movement of products and people across the globe facilitates the spread of diseases, thus increasing the risk of outbreaks. Example: Swine flu. 6. The world is inclining towards widespread languages like English and on the threat of the dominance of western cultural values. 7. Global village creates ever-increasing demand for transport services resulting in challenges such as congestion, energy and environmental problems, and safety and security issues. Hence sustainable practices should be applied to avoid disaster in the future. 5.3 Global Tourism The global tourism including travel and tourism has emerged as one of the largest industries with an economic contribution directly, indirectly or induced of over 7.6 trillion US$ globally in the year 2016. The direct economic impact of the industry, including accommodation, transportation, entertainment and attractions, was approximately 2.3 trillion US$ globally that year. Apart from traditional popular destinations like United States and France many less popular countries like Namibia, Zambia, Burma, Vietnam, Mongolia etc. have quickly emerging in order to reap the economic benefits of the industry. Travel and transport has become more accessible to people around the world over the past few decades and, as a result, the global tourism industry has boomed, particularly in more recent years. Globally, the tourism industry has shown a steady growth year-by-year. International tourists’ turnover increased from 528 million in 2005 to 1.19 billion in 2015 and is estimated to exceed 1.8 billion by 2030. China emerged as the largest international tourism expenditure, CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport Industry 73 followed by the USA and Germany. Dubai topped as leading city in international visitor spending of more than 31.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2016. Global tourism represents approx. 12% of total world exports. The latest trends of Global market include adjoining country tourism, rural and ethnic tourism, wellness and health endeavours, cultural and spiritual tourism, ecotourism, sport and adventure, coastal tourism, cruise lines, wine tourism, female solo tourism, etc. 5.3.1 Importance of Transport to Global Tourism Transport system links the tourists to various tourism destinations by solo or blended modes of transport in a quick manner providing a memorable experience along with higher value for money. Transport is an essential element of global tourism which provides networks between locations domestic and international; it also connects sightseeing at destination, accommodation and various amenities at the destination. It performs as a key component in promoting national and local economics by putting pressure on existing transport services and infrastructure. The transport network adequately performs in providing transport services to the seasonal tourist flows to the best of its abilities. Currently, tourism has seen immense transformation and development because of the innovation, modernization and diversification of modes and means of transport. This balances the equation of disposable time of vacation and desired itinerary possible. Traveller utilizes all the standard transportation modes of existing passenger transport systems, from local transit systems to global air transportation. Car traveling: It is the leading mode in world tourism; almost 77% travellers prefer rented cars notably because of advantages such as flexibility, price, and independence. Coach traveling: They are best suited for local mass tourism preferably used for short duration local tours and also for multi-days journeys CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

74 Managing Transport Operations Rail travel: It was the dominant mode of passenger transport before the age of the automobile and good roads. Apart from transportation it is enriched with the scenery and the amenities provided. They have also developed itself as a touristic destination in itself. Vintage route or railways have also being converted into prime tourism products. Air transport: It is the most effective transport mode. Air transport has transformed the difficulties in travelling due to geographical aspect of distances, conditions, remoteness into a pleasure some experience. Now the journey around the world can be measured in terms of hours. Cruises: Cruising is now a significant aspect of tourism industry providing sort journey packages (2/3 days) to a long journey packages (world tour). They are the gigantic floating vessels of transportation with paramount amenities and transporting along a chain of port calls. The international market for cruising was about 22.2 million tourists in 2015, which involves an annual growth rate above 7% since 1990. 5.3.2 Significance of means of Transportation for Socio-Economic Progress Transportation is the basic foundation that plays an important role in the development and growth of tourism in the country. Its structure helps to create a lot of employment opportunities in the country. Transportation facilitates the transfer of goods and services from one region to another region of the country. The postal and private courier network has been able to transfer parcels, mail, etc. with the help of transport vehicles. It links different countries despite the vast size and diversity in terms of language and cultural aspects. It has been able to enrich tourists’ lives and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life. It creates awareness among the people regarding National programs and policies broadcasted in a variety of regional and local languages in their carriers. It helps in protecting the independence and national unity of the country. 5.4 Role of Transport Industry in making World a Global Village The transport industry with the help of its efficient, innovative, technological edge and fast moving transport facilities has being successfully converted the world into a global village. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport Industry 75 Every country is well-linked with the rest of the world through various means of transport and communication. Daily flights are scheduled from all parts of world connecting to all parts of world making it possible to reach from one part of globe to the other in hours. Improved technology in aviation and information has made it possible to travel in bulk at a fastest speed example: Airbus A380-800 (853 capacity) and Concorde (2,179 km/hr). It has made possible for travellers to have breakfast in one country, lunch in other and dinner in some another country. This in a true term justifies the term global village. The speed of the Concorde supersonic airliner allows it to travel from London to New York in less than three hours On December 31, 1999 to January 1, 2000 a memorable special chartered Concorde circled the globe allowing its passengers to celebrate the millennium change several times as they flew westward. Internet with computers and mobile apps has reached the apex of comfort for the travellers by which they can book tickets along with the seating patterns for almost all modes of transport instantly sitting at their home. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema, internet etc. have been contributing to socio-economic progress in many ways. A new generation of fast trains has proved itself as an efficient transportation of people and goods quickly, competently and comfortably. Japan's bullet train Shinkansen, has consistently served for decades. European high speed express trains Eurostar transport travellers rapidly across the continent by train. They are making their presence around the world and imbibing its existence as a symbol of modernism and advanced technology. Cruise liner is the best example of excellent blending of transport with tourism and indeed a benchmark of global village with different restaurant serving food around the world, crew members from more than 110 countries. It offers a unique experience to the tourists of travelling and visiting seven different countries in one week, it also provides an itinerary of world tour. This was never possible before and has brought our world closer together. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

76 Managing Transport Operations In twentieth century, Scientists have initiated space travel mission which if sponsored by many countries. This has given birth to a new concept of space tourism. The Rotary Rocket Company is building a rocket that will become the first civilian spacecraft to put tourists into space. This is not only making our world smaller, but it is making areas beyond our world smaller. 5.5 Emerging Transportation Technologies A new emerging advanced and sophisticated range of transportation is lined up to serve tourism which will not only transform the service provided to the tourists but also get the world and the space under the concept of global village. Following are the recent future in the world of transportation: Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) Autonomous vehicles are technologically self-driven cars still in trial run process. The will be safer than human-driven cars because they are capable to overcome human error and leverage real-time data from integrated city infrastructure and IoT. This will reduce accidents, congestions and parking costs. High-speed rail networks Japanese technologies creating efficient, high-speed railways providing cheaper alternative to planes and benefits by use of renewable energy thus saving fossil fuels. Example: Bullet trains. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport Industry 77 Delivery Drones: The Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) is working with the few large companies (DHL, Amazon, and UPS) in developing ways and regulations for use of drones for fast last mile deliveries. Creating fleets of drones is a technological and strategic challenge but it seems to be a reality in near future. Flying Taxis Uber has declared they will achieve this goal of flying taxis by 2023, with assistance from NASA and other companies. The hope is to build a vehicle that carries passengers, is electrically powered, takes off vertically and flies to its destination. Example: Volocopter, Dubai. Hyper loop Passengers travel in a special pod and glide through the tube using the physical properties of partial vacuum. The hyper loop will travel at a speed of up to 700 mph. There are currently hyper loop projects in development worldwide. Example: Mumbai-Pune, Dubai-Abu Dhabi, etc. Gyroscopic Vehicles They are Sci-fi hovering vehicles which propel with the support of monorails and are balanced through the innovative use of next-gen gyroscopes. They will revolutionarily solve public transportation issues across the globe. 5.6 Summary The concept of global village was first perceived and put forth by a Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan in the year 1962 and popularized it through his books The Gothenburg Galaxy: The making of Typographic Man and Understanding media (1964). He proposed that the phenomenon of the world getting more interconnected due to the resultant of the propagation of vast outstretch of media technologies throughout the world can be termed as Global Village. He was the first person who considered the social effects of global village. A global village is a smaller world, with more contact, and more familiarity with others. The global tourism including travel and tourism has emerged as one of the largest industries with an economic contribution directly, indirectly or induced of over 7.6 trillion US$ globally in CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

78 Managing Transport Operations the year 2016. Transport is an essential element of global tourism which provides networks between locations domestic and international; it also connects sightseeing at destination, accommodation and various amenities at the destination. Tourism has seen immense transformation and development because of the innovation, modernization and diversification in the modes and means of transport. The transport industry with the help of its efficient, innovative, technological edge and fast moving transport facilities has being successfully converted the world into a global village. Every country is well-linked with the rest of the world through various means of transport and communication. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema, internet etc. have been contributing to socio-economic progress in many ways. A new emerging advanced and sophisticated range of transportation like CAVs, flying taxis, hyper loop, etc., are lined up to serve tourism which will not only transform the service provided to the tourists but also get the world and the space under the concept of global village. 5.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  CAVs: Connected and autonomous vehicles  FAA: Federal Aviation Authority  IoT: Internet of Things.  NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  Hyper loop: Passengers travel in a special pod and glide through the tube using the physical properties of partial vacuum. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport Industry 79 6. Gyroscopic Vehicles: They are Sci-fi hovering vehicles which propel with the support of monorails and are balanced through the innovative use of next-gen gyroscopes. 7. Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs): Autonomous vehicles are technologically self-driven cars still in trial run process. 5.8 Learning Activity 1. Draw a poster demonstrating Global Village. 2. Make a Case study on Global Village. 5.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain the concept of Global Village. 2. Define Global Village. Write down the advantages of Global Village. 3. Discuss the role of transport industry in making of global village. 5. Describe the emerging transport technologies. 6. Write short note on: Global tourism. 7. Give your opinion on the role of transport industry in making world a global village. 8. Pen down the contribution of Wright brothers in transportation. 9. Analyze the changes that are expected in Future demands in transport Industry. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

80 Managing Transport Operations B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. The concept of global village was first perceived and put forth by McLuhan in the year (a) 1962 (b) 1961 (c) 1970 (d) 1969 2. The capacity of Airbus A380-800 is . (a) 782 (b) 853 (c) 800 (d) 380 3. The max. speed of Concorde is . (a) 1200km/hr (b) 1250km/hr (c) 2,179km/hr (d) 2000km/hr. 4. The global tourism made an economic contribution directly, indirectly or induced of over trillion US$ globally in the year 2016. (a) 3 (b) 5.2 (c) 7.6 (d) 7.1 5. has declared they will achieve this goal of flying taxis by 2023. (a) Ola (b) Oyo (c) Amazon (d) Uber. Ans.: 1- (a), 2- (b), 3- (c), 4-(c), 5-(d) CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport Industry 81 5.10 References Textbooks/Reference Books 1. Violet K. Dixon 2009-Understanding the Implications of a Global Village. By, Vol. 1 No. 11. 2. Marshall McLuhan, Bruce R. Powers(1989) The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century-Oxford University Press, 1989. Research Papers 1. Ana-Maria Dinu (2018) The Importance of Transportation to Tourism Development- Academic Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2018, pp. 183–187 ISSN 2393-4913, ISSN. Web Resources 1. http://www.edupointbd.com/concept-of-global-village-ev/ 2. https://www.statista.com/topics/962/global-tourism/ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 6 ROAD TRANSPORT: APPROVED TOURIST TRANSPORT, CAR HIRE COMPANIES INCLUDING RENTAL CAR SCHEME AND TOURIST- COACH COMPANIES Structure: 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 History of Road Transport 6.3 Importance of Roads 6.4 Merits and Demerits of Road Transport 6.5 Various aspects of Road Transport 6.6 Summary 6.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 6.8 Learning Activity 6.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 6.10 References

Road Transport: Approved Tourist Transport…... 83 6.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to  Analyse the importance of road transport.  Explain various aspects of road transport in India.  Differentiate Merits and Demerits of Road Transport. 6.1 Introduction Road transport can be classified as transporting either goods or materials or transporting people. The major advantage of road transport is that it can enable door-to-door delivery of goods and materials and can provide a very cost-effective means of cartage, loading and unloading. Road transport is best preferred for its speed, flexibility, and adaptability. Sometimes road transport is the only way for carrying goods and people to and from rural areas which are not catered to by rail, water or air transport. Delivery of goods between cities, towns and small villages is made possible only through road transport. The operation of the tourism industry witnessed a big transformation when different ranges of motorcars were invented to offer multiple choices to tourists according to their needs. All automobile manufacturers have customized cars for tourists transport purpose. Example- Sumo is a product of Tata Motors to serve the demand of car rental companies and Innova is a luxury product from Toyota motors that is customized car for long journey. Travel by road has increased significantly and it has become the most convenient means of travel for short and medium distance. There are three important reasons for this: relative freedom in travelling, development of roadside amenity centre, exploring new destinations. Road transport has become increasingly important in the pursuit of leisure and tourism activities. The development of road transport is an important factor for the growth of hotels, motels, resorts and other services at transit places. Indian road are classified as expressways and national highway, state highway, district roads, classified-unclassified village roads. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

84 Managing Transport Operations 6.3 History of Road Transport 1. The first paved road systems appeared in Mesopotamia and asphalt was used to pave roads in Babylon by 625 BC. 2. The Persian Empire had a road system of 2,300 km in the 5th century BC. 3. The first major road system was established by the Roman Empire from 300 BC and onward, mainly for economic, military and administrative reasons. 4. It relied on solid road engineering methods, including the laying of foundations and the construction of bridges. This was also linked with the establishment of pan-continental trading routes, such as the Silk Road, linking Europe and Asia. 5. Most of these routes were however marked paths. 6. In the Early period, humans walked to cover the long distances, braving a lot hardship. The domestication of animals assisted them to transport heavier loads. 7. In the 16th Century, the coach was introduced which was drawn by horses. 8. In 1908, Henry Ford introduced his famous model T. By 1920 a strong road network was established in the US. 9. Till 20th century tourists travelled almost exclusively by rail and steamship. 10. The car and coaches catered to the quick, short-distance travel. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Road Transport: Approved Tourist Transport…... 85 12. The invention of new technology for producing luxury transport systems brought noticeable changes in road transportation during World War I. 13. The rapid construction of national and international highways connecting countries in North America and Europe was a major breakthrough for long journey - the Trans – Canada Highways. 14. The Germany in the 1930 became pioneer in the development of motorways. 15. To promote tourism, the vehicles required are coaches and tourist cars. 16. Recreational vehicles have become popular in the recent decades; the cost is less as the travellers have their own services such as meal preparation, accommodation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

86 Managing Transport Operations 6.3 Importance of Roads 1. Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium distances. 2. It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads. 3. Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories and markets and provides door to door service. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Road Transport: Approved Tourist Transport…... 87 4. Roads can negotiate high gradients and sharp turns which railways cannot do. As such, roads can be constructed in hilly areas also. 5. Roads act as great feaders to railways. Without good and sufficient roads, railways cannot collect sufficient produce to make their operation possible. 6. Road transport is more flexible than the railway transport. Buses and trucks may be stopped anywhere and at any time on the road for loading and unloading passengers and goods whereas trains stop only at particular stations. 7. Perishable commodities like vegetables, fruits and milk are transported more easily and quickly by roads than by railways. India’s Road Network is the Third Largest in the World 1. Nagpur plan of 1943 classified the roads into four categories ― National Highway, Highway, State Highway, District roads and Village roads. National Highways comes under jurisdiction of National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). 2. Longest National Highway: NH 44 covers the North-South Corridor of NHDP and it is officially listed as running over 3,745 km (2,327 miles) from Srinagar to Kanyakumari. 3. Shortest national Highway: National Highway 47A has length of 6 km that links the Junction with NH 47 at Kundanoor to the Town of Willington Island in Cochin. 4. Best Expressway in India: The Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway is known as one of the best Expressway in India and also referred as the National Expressway 1. 5. Longest Elevated Freeway: Chennai Port Maduravoyal Elevated Expressway will be the longest Elevated Expressway in India. 6. Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) stretch which connects the four metro cities of India (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai). 7. National Highways are specifying by Yellow and White colour milestones. State Highways are specifying by Green and White colour milestones. City roads are specify by black and white colour milestones. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

88 Managing Transport Operations 6.4 Merits and Demerits of Road Transport Merits of Road Transport Demerits of Road Transport Less Capital Expenditure: Road transport Seasonal Nature: Motor transport is not as required much less capital Investment as reliable as rail transport. During rainy or flood compared to other modes of transport such as season, roads become unfit and unsafe for use. railways and air transport. The cost of constructing, operating and maintaining roads is cheaper than that of the railways. Door to Door Service: The outstanding Accidents and Breakdowns: There are more advantage of road transport is that it provides chances of accidents and breakdowns in case of door to door or warehouse to warehouse service. motor transport. Thus, motor transport is not as This reduces cartage, loading and unloading safe as rail transport. expenses. Suitable for Short Distance: It is more Unsuitable for Long Distance and Bulky economic and quicker for carrying goods and Traffic: This mode of transport is unsuitable people over short distances. and costly for transporting cheap and bulky goods over long distances. Lesser Risk of Damage in Transit: As the Lack of Organization: The road transport is intermediate loading and handling is avoided, comparatively less organized. More often, it is there is lesser risk of damage, breakage etc. of irregular and undependable. The rates charged the goods in transit. for transportation are also unstable and unequal. Rapid Speed: If the goods are to be sent immediately or quickly, motor transport is more suited than the railways or water transport. Private Owned Vehicles: Road transport is that big businessmen can afford to have their own motor vehicles and initiate their own road services to market their products without causing any delay. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Road Transport: Approved Tourist Transport…... 89 6.5 Various aspects of Road Transport Today, the most popular and widely used mode of road travel is the automobile or the car. Road transport is dominated by the automobile, which provides views of the landscape and the freedom to travel. Tourists often travel with their entire family for holidays. To promote tourism, the vehicles required are coaches and tourist cars. Tourists also use their own motorcar when holidaying. Motorail, i.e., cars and coaches over long distances by train facility is also available in some countries. The car rental segment of the tourism industry is in a very advanced stage in foreign countries. Recreational vehicles have become popular in the recent decades. The cost of the travel is very less as the travellers have their own services such as meal preparations and accommodation. 6.5.1 Car Hires Companies A vehicle for hire is a vehicle providing shared transport, which transports one or more passengers between locations of the passengers' choice. Vehicles for hire can be distinguished from conventional modes of public transport in that vehicle for hire passengers are more or less free to choose their starting and ending locations (point of origin and destination), whereas in other modes, the passenger must choose from a limited selection of locations designated by the service provider. This mode should also be distinguished from hiring a vehicle for driving oneself. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

90 Managing Transport Operations Many tourists prefer to travel in comfort and privacy and hire cars. Cars of various makes and standards are available on rental basis. Air-conditioned luxury cars are required for meeting the requirements of sophisticated foreign and business tourists. The state tourism development corporation, travel agent, tour operators and hotels operate such coaches and cars. The most common vehicle for hire around the world is the taxicab, other vehicles for hire include pulled rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws, motorcycle taxis, limousines, party buses, horse-drawn carriages (including hackney carriages ), and water taxis. Aircraft can also be chartered. Disputes over whether smartphone-based ride hailing services should be regulated as taxicabs has resulted in some jurisdictions creating a new classification called transportation Network Company. 6.5.2. Rental Car Scheme Car rental is an integral component of the varied tourism services available to customers. It forms a major share in the transport sector and accounts for significant revenue generation. The magnitude of this business is increasing across the world gradually and it helps in generation of several employment opportunities. The automobile industry is supported by the expansion of car rental business. The client can book a car, himself or through agents, and make it wait at the desired place at the destination. The client can drive the car himself/herself on reaching the destination. On releasing the car on trip, the client can make the payment along with fuel. The car is provided along with the driver who in turn takes the client around as per the clients wish. Though the self-drive option is being recently introduced in cities in most parts of India the system of chauffeur driven cars is prevalent. The car rental companies provide a wide range of luxury transport service for a fixed time period. The duration of car rental varies between a few hours to a few weeks. It is a professional ground transport service with primary function of giving cars and other vehicles on rent to tour wholesalers and clients. It is an organized service provider with several local branches and franchises located near airports, city centres, railway station, etc. There are many services rendered by car rental companies such as insurance, global positioning satellite navigation system (GPS), entertainment system, and mobile phones. The CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Road Transport: Approved Tourist Transport…... 91 expansion of the tourism business across the globe has expanded the scope of the car rental business. Comfort and safety at comparative rates are the main elements of this business. Some of the worldwide car rental agencies are Hertz rent-a-car, Euro car, Budget-a-car, Avis, etc. Akbar Travels of India is a full-fledged professional travel agency in car rental business. Automobile Association Automobile associations are present in almost in all country. These associations give emergency services to the car owners in case they have a problem on the road. They also provide road maps and help in providing other facilities to the motorists. Automobile associations, also referred to as motoring clubs, motoring associations, motor clubs, are organizations, either for- profit or non-profit, which motorists (drivers and vehicle owners) can join to enjoy benefits provided by the club relating to driving a vehicle. There is typically an annual membership fee to join. A membership identification card, valid for the time period of membership paid, is typically issued to the member. India has a regional automobile association such as Upper India, Eastern CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

92 Managing Transport Operations India, Western India, etc. the association trains new drivers, teaches them safe driving practices. There is apex organization called the Federation of Indian Automobile Association. 6.5.3 Bus Services Inter-city and Inter-state Bus services- In India, this is very popular mode of road transport because of its economical price and speed. Most of these buses are operated by public sector state transport corporation. Buses are an important means of public transport in India. Due to this social significance, urban bus transport is often owned and operated by public agencies, and most state governments operate bus services through a State Road Transport Corporation. These corporations have proven extremely useful in connecting villages and towns across the country. Bus rapid transit systems (BRTS), exist in several cities of the country. The budget tourists usually use coaches for inter-city travel. Many tourists now-a-days use Volvo for their conducted group tours. Many state transport corporations have ordinary buses, semi-deluxe, deluxe and air conditioned buses. Reservation facility is also available for the same. 6.5.4 Tourist-Coach Companies Coach travel is a major segment of the transport business. The demand for coach travel has become upbeat due to the improvement of road conditions, provision of roadside amenities, and safety measures. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Road Transport: Approved Tourist Transport…... 93 A coach is a bus used for longer-distance service, in contrast to transit buses that are typically used within a single metropolitan region. Often used for touring, intercity, and international bus service, coaches are also used for private charter for various purposes. Deriving the name from horse-drawn carriages and stagecoaches that carried passengers, luggage, and mail, modern motor coaches are almost always high-floor buses, with a separate luggage hold mounted below the passenger compartment. In contrast to transit buses, motor coaches typically feature forward-facing seating, with no provision for standing. Other accommodations may include on- board restrooms, televisions, and overhead luggage space. The first coach line was organized by the French entrepreneur, who wanted to stimulate the society to visit his bath house. New age tourists have an increased preferred for coach travel as it is convenient and affordable. Most of the coach facilities and services are customized to satisfy individual and group needs. There are various types of coaches: sleeper, semi-sleeper, deluxe and ultra-deluxe express with or without air conditioned facilities. Coach travel offers several competitive services such as food, mineral water, newspaper, audio and video entertainment, baggage spaces and personalized services. In the current scenario coach companies are attempting to acquire ultra-modern coaches. With expansion of road transportation, different modes of ground transport like tourist coaches, buses, luxury cars, etc. have gained acceptability and reliability in the travel market. Coach travel companies have also appointed franchise operators to sell the tickets on commission basis. For example- Volvo coach services has completely changed the perception of passengers in India. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

94 Managing Transport Operations Advantages of Coach Travel 1. Eco-Friendly: Many people believe that buses cause more pollution and consume more fuel than normal cars. That’s true but these buses will consume less fuel and cause less pollution than a car per person. 2. Save Money: It’s much more affordable to hire a bus than arranging different cars for your transport. 3. Better Safety: Charter buses are safer than cars and studies have shown that they’re involved in fewer accidents than other vehicles. 4. Convenience and Comfort: Tourist can sit and relax during the trip while the driver handles planning the route, parking, stopovers, etc. 6.5.5. Auto Rickshaw 1. It was around the 19th century when the rickshaw was introduced in India. 2. Inspired by the Japanese and Chinese nations, the rickshaw became popular as a cheap means of transport and goods carrier. 3. Since becoming a rickshaw driver was the first job easily available for peasants migrating to new cities, it quickly became a key form of livelihood. 4. Through the years, the human-aided rickshaw was slowly eradicated as a form of transport and with the rise of automobile industrialization; we saw new forms of motorized commercial transport systems being introduced. The auto-rickshaw was one of them. 5. From auto in India, tuk-tuk in Indonesia, tempo in Thailand, bajaji in Madagascar, to Tukxi in Italy — the three-wheeler auto rickshaw is known by many names. 6. Over the years, Bajaj became the world’s leading producer of the auto. Slowly, the auto not only became an essential part of India’s urban transport system but also as part of our social culture. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)