1168653220BTT102 (1)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT) MANAGING TRANSPORT OPERATIONS 21BTT102

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) R.S. Bawa Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director, IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director, CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Co-ordinator - Prof. Pragya Sharma Co-ordinator - Dr. Rupali Arora Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Co-ordinator - Dr. Deepti Rani Sindhu Co-ordinator - Dr. Raju Kumar Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Co-ordinator - Dr. Shashi Singhal Co-ordinator - Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &TourismManagement) Co-ordinator - Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Co-ordinator - Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Co-ordinator - Dr. Ashita Chadha Co-ordinator - Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Master of Arts (Mass Communication and Bachelor of Arts (Mass Communication and Journalism) Journalism) Co-ordinator - Dr. Chanchal Sachdeva Suri Co-ordinator - Dr. Kamaljit Kaur Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) Pranveer Singh Satvat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Pro VC (Academic) Registrar Prof. (Dr.) H. Nagaraja Udupa Prof. (Dr.) Shiv Kumar Tripathi Director – (IDOL) Executive Director – USB © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Managing Transport Operations Course Code: 21BTT102 Credits: 3 Course Objectives:  This course is designed to make the student understand the importance of transportation as a component of tourism.  To develop and understanding of the global tourist transport business.  To enrich student with knowledge of Indian transport systems and its usages. Syllabus Unit 1 - Introduction of Travel and Transport: Evolution of tourist transport system Unit 2 - Introduction to Transport System: Air, road, rail and water transport. Unit 3 - Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship between tourism and transport industry. Unit 4 - Tourism and Transport Industry: Challenges faced by tourism based transport system Unit 5 - Tourism and Transport Industry: Role of transport industry in making world a global village. Unit 6 - Road Transport: Approved tourist transport, car hire companies including rental car scheme and tourist-coach companies. Unit 7 - Road Transport: Regional Transport Authority, road taxies, contract carriage, stage carriage, All India permits, etc. Unit 8 - Rail Transport: Introduction to Indian railway system, IRCTC - Role and services offered. Unit 9 - Rail Transport: Luxury trains in India- Palace on wheels, Shivalik express toy train, EURAIL Network, types of passes, etc. Unit 10 - Air Transport: Types of airlines – Domestic, International, Inter Continental, Intra Continental, Regional, Charter, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Unit 11 - Air Transport: Major Airlines of India and international airlines. Functions of DGCA, IATA, ICAO & AAI. Reference Books/Materials: 1. Chuck Y,Gee.(1984). Travel Industry. USA: AVI Publishing Company, Inc. 2. Stephen Page. (2007). Transport for Tourism. England: Good fellow publishers. 3. Mill, R.C. and Morrison. (1992). Tourism System. USA: Prentice - Hallpublications. 4. P.N. Seth. (2006). Successful Tourism Management. New Delhi : Sterling Publishers pvt.Ltd. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS 1 - 22 23 - 39 Unit 1: Introduction of Travel and Transport 40 - 55 Unit 2: Introduction to Transport System 56 - 68 Unit 3: Tourism and Transport Industry 69 - 81 Unit 4: Tourism and Transport Industry 82 - 100 Unit 5: Tourism and Transport Industry 101 - 114 Unit 6: Road Transport 115 - 130 Unit 7: Road Transport 131 - 153 Unit 8: Rail Transport 154 - 169 Unit 9: Rail Transport 170 - 195 Unit 10: Air Transport Unit 11: Air Transport CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)



UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION OF TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT: EVOLUTION OF TOURIST TRANSPORT SYSTEM Structure: 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Tourism and Transport 1.3 History of Travel 1.4 Evolution of Transport 1.5 Importance of Transport in tourism 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 1.8 Learning Activity 1.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 1.10 References 1.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to  Describe the history of travel in tourism.  Explain various means of transport and its foundation.

2 Managing Transport Operations 1.1 Introduction Travel is the movement of people between distant geographical locations. Travel can be done by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, bus, airplane, ship or other means, with or without luggage, and can be one way or round trip. Travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements, as in the case of tourism. Transport is an inherent part of tourism; whether as a functional means of transportation, such as between origin and destination or within the destination; or as a key element of the holiday experience itself, as in cruising or traveling along scenic or historic routes. Reasons for traveling include recreation, tourism or vacationing, research travel, the gathering of information, visiting people, volunteer travel for charity, migration to begin life somewhere else, religious pilgrimages and mission trips, business travel, trade, commuting, and other reasons, such as to obtain health care or waging or fleeing war or for the enjoyment of traveling. Travellers may use human-powered transport such as walking or bicycling; or vehicles, such as public transport, automobiles, trains and airplanes. Motives for travel include:  Pleasure  Relaxation  Discovery and exploration  Intercultural communications  Taking personal time for building interpersonal relationships. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 3 1.2 Tourism and Transport The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that Tourism comprises of activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose. Tourism is characterised as a phenomenon that is highly influenced by factors such as seasonality, changes in income, change in taste and lifestyle. Tourism can be differentiated from other traveller. Tourism represents one of the largest industries. The force behind this complex activity encompassing a wide range of relationship in tourism is a phenomenon of modern times. To know tourism systematically it is necessary to know the various components. Three of these components are considered to be basic: 1. Transport/Accessibility 2. Attraction 3. Accommodation CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4 Managing Transport Operations BASIC COMPONENTS Accessibility Accommodation Attraction Air Railway Hotel Monuments Sea Road Motels Museums Inns Zoo Guest Hotels Rivers Youth Hotels Beaches Resort Hotels Art Galleries Circuit Hotels Hill Stations Hetitage Hotels Natural Attractions Farm House Man made lake & etc. Camping sites & etc. 1. International Tourism: An international tourist crosses the boundaries of many countries, uses different currencies, faces different languages and meets different types of people. Usually international tourism involves longer distances although crossing small countries or travelling in the neighbourhood of international borders may involve short distances. International Tourism excellent outlet for relaxation, company sponsored tour. It also helps to preserve history, heritage in addition to promoting cultural exchange among different people. Example- an Indian wants to visit Singapore for Leisure purpose. Or any American student wants to study royal history and heritage of Rajasthan. 2. Domestic Tourism: It is concerned with travelling within the country. It does not need a passport and visa or conversion of one currency into another. Domestic tourism has greater scope in countries of large dimensions such as India as compared to smaller countries. From a geographical viewpoint, domestic tourism may range from local excursion, regional trips to national level travels. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 5 The transport industry has gained a vital place in the global network system and is one of the most important components of the tourism infrastructure. It now becomes easier for people to travel from one place to another because of the various modes of transportation available. Transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry; transportation links tourists with various tourist attractions. There is a general agreement that tourism expands more when there are better transportation systems. In many part of the world tourism had been under performing compared to the natural heritage the country is endowed with. One of the things mentioned as the reason for under performance is poor transportation systems. Transportation needs for tourism promotion and tourism development among others, to be maintenance of the existing roads, construction of more roads/rail track/sea and air transportation, and construction of local airports and enhancement of local flight operations. And established that the level of security and safety in transportation systems is not bad though transportation costs are considered high by tourists. 1.3 History of Travel Greek and Roman Periods During the Greek and Roman periods, travel and tourism was a privilege confined almost exclusively to the wealthy aristocratic classes. As the upper classes of these societies prided themselves on artistic, scientific and philosophical pursuits, travelling abroad was considered a CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6 Managing Transport Operations method of expanding this search into other cultures and potentially provide additional enlightenment and learning opportunities (it seems the phrase ‘travel broadens the mind’ has been passed down successively since this time). This mostly took the form of learning about other societies through exploration their art, languages and culture. Eventually, this passion for travelling filtered down into the lower classes, particularly in the expansive Roman Empire, with historical evidence indicating that the Romans constructed some of the earliest travel resorts and spas designed purely for relaxation while travelling. This travel phenomena was not only confined to the European aristocracy, as it was also popular for nobles in East Asia to travel across the countryside for religious and cultural experiences, often visiting temples and sacred sites along the way. Middle Ages Gave As time passed, the Middle Ages gave rise to a new form of travel, the religious pilgrimage. While the rich still travelled for cultural and leisure reasons, the lower classes were encouraged to travel to certain religious sites, often unaided on foot with perhaps a horse to carry supplies. The Middle Ages also saw the emergence of connected shipping routes, whose growth and networking encouraged a rise in journeys taken and the possibility of long-distance travel to more distant locations. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 7 Mid-17th century European Culture This paradigm of travel continued more or less unchanged until the mid-17th century when the next major travel development became established in European culture, the concept of the Grand Tour. Undertaken mainly by the elite of Western and Northern European countries, the Grand Tour was seen as a ‘rite of passage’ for young men, designed to educate them following completion of formal education but before the onset of adulthood. The concept of the Grand Tour is cited by many to be the origin of the modern tourism industry and as an indicator that the idea of travel for pleasure and cultural exposure had been firmly established in European culture by this time. The Grand Tour eventually developed a more rigid structure, with travellers expected to abide by a strict itinerary and to travel with an educational tutor. A traditional route would depart from England, then through France into Italy for a few months before returning via Germany and Holland. These trips utilised the most modern travel technology of the time, including ships and collapsible coaches, and it was not uncommon for servants to follow a traveller throughout the entire trip. Grand Tour CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8 Managing Transport Operations The Grand Tour remained a cultural staple until the 1840s, when the construction of widespread railway systems allowed easier and cheaper travel across Europe. With rail travel, the idea of taking a Grand Tour became available to the growing middle classes and it soon became popular for middle and working class people to also travel for leisure purposes. The industrial revolution and its related developments in specific leisure time contributed massively to tourism development, with Englishman Thomas Cook establishing the first ever travel agency in the 1840s. The growth in travel planning businesses lifted the burden of travellers having to do all research and pricing themselves ahead of time, and thus, increased the ability of many to plan and execute long periods of travel to multiple destinations with little personal effort. When this structure combined with rapidly decreasing railway fares, long distance travel was cheaper and faster than at any previous point in human history. The growth in railway travel and agency organization also contributed to the establishment of business travel as a common practice. Much like the railways before it, the advent of airplane travel in the early-20th century would prove an enormous boon for the travel and tourism industry, more than any other technological development. It also finally realized the idea of mass international tourism beyond a single continent. Huge multinational carriers including Pan American, Delta and American Airlines arose during the 1900s, rendering most physical travel barriers obsolete in less than 50 years. In modern times, with faster aircraft and more comfortable ways of travelling long distance, it is now possible to get almost anywhere in the world within 48 hours. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 9 Modern Tourism Today, the travel industry represents an economic behemoth and one of the most economically important leisure activities in the world. With the advent of trips into the outer atmosphere, dubbed ‘space tourism’, a new and exciting chapter in travel technology is developing and could change the face of tourism for centuries to come. Pre-recorded history Milestones in Travel 4850BC –715 BC Travel begins to occur out of a sense of adventure and curiosity. Egyptians travel to centralized government locations. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

10 Managing Transport Operations 1760 BC–1027 BC Shang Dynasty establishes trade routes to distant locations throughout the Far 1100 BC.–800 BC East. Phoenicians develop large sailing fleets for trade and travel throughout their 900 BC–200 BC empire. 500 BC.–AD 300 Greeks develop common language and currency, and traveller services emerge as 300AD– 900AD city states becomes destinations. 1096AD– 1295 AD Romans improve roads, the legal system, and inns to further travel for commerce- adventure, and pleasure. 1275AD–1295AD Mayans establish trade and travel routes in parts of Central and North America. 14th–16th centuries European travel on failed religious crusades to retake the Holy Lands from 1613–1785 Muslim control - introduces these military forces to new places and cultures. 18th–19th centuries Marco Polo’s travels throughout the Far East begin to heighten interest in travel 1841 and trade. 1903 1913 Trade routes develop as commercial activities grow and merchants venture into 1914 new territories. 1919 Grand Tour Era makes travel a status symbol for wealthy individuals seeking to 1945 experience - cultures of the civilized world. 1950 Industrial Revolution gives rise to technological advances, making travel and 1952 trade more - efficient and expanding markets; increasing personal incomes make 1958 travel both a business necessity and a leisure activity. 1978 Thomas Cook organizes first group tour in England. Wright Brothers usher in era of flight with the first successful aircraft flight. Westinghouse Corporation institutes paid vacations for its workers. Henry Ford begins mass production of the Model T. First scheduled airline passenger flight debuts between London and Paris. World War II ends and ushers in new era of prosperity, giving rise to millions of people with - the time, money, and interest to travel for pleasure and business. Diners Club introduces the first credit card. Jet passenger service is inaugurated between London and Johannesburg, South Africa. Boeing 707 introduced Competition on routes and fares begins with signing of Airline Deregulation Act. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 11 Evolution of Transport 1.4 Evolution of Transport Travel and Tourism involves the movement of people from their places of residence to a tourist place. The destinations which can be reached by efficient transport systems are the ones which receive the maximum number of tourists. Transport is the necessary pre - condition of travel. 1. In the Early period, humans walked to cover the long distances, braving a lot hardship. The domestication of animals assisted them to transport heavier loads. 2. The invention of wheels and the cart increased the efficiency of animals in terms of carrying loads and reduced the duration time. These modes of transport led to the discovery of sites of ancient civilization. 3. Initially, a canoe-like structure was used for water transportation, which was built by burning logs and digging out the burned wood by rowing and wind. 4. The Phoenicians built rafts, then fishing boats, then great ships with sails and oars. They traded beautiful fabrics and glass for gold, silver and other raw materials 5, and became the greatest traders of the ancient world. 5. The Egyptians made wheels with wooden 'tires,' tied to the wheels with strips of animal skin. The Romans used single wheels for wheelbarrows, heavy wheels with studded tires for farm wagons, and light wheels for racing. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12 Managing Transport Operations 6. Water transportation continued to be the primary mode of transportation for passengers and goods for long distance. 7. However, in the 19th century that mechanised transportation was invented beginning with the introduction of railways, motorcar, and thereafter airplanes. 1.4.1 Road Transport 1. The first paved road systems appeared in Mesopotamia and asphalt was used to pave roads in Babylon by 625 BC. 2. The Persian Empire had a road system of 2,300 km in the 5th century BC. 3. The first major road system was established by the Roman Empire from 300 BC and onward, mainly for economic, military and administrative reasons. 4. It relied on solid road engineering methods, including the laying of foundations and the construction of bridges. This was also linked with the establishment of pan-continental trading routes, such as the Silk Road, linking Europe and Asia. 5. Most of these routes were however marked paths. 6. In the Early period, humans walked to cover the long distances, braving a lot hardship. The domestication of animals assisted them to transport heavier loads. 7. In the 16th Century, the coach was introduced which was drawn by horses. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 13 8. In 1908, Henry Ford introduced his famous model T. By 1920 a strong road network was established in the US. 9. Till 20th century tourists travelled almost exclusively by rail and steamship. 10. The car and coaches catered to the quick, short-distance travel. 11. The invention of new technology for producing luxury transport systems brought noticeable changes in road transportation during World War I. 12. The rapid construction of national and international highways connecting countries in North America and Europe was a major breakthrough for long journey- the Trans – Canada Highways. 13. The Germany in the 1930 became pioneer in the development of motorways. 14. To promote tourism, the vehicles required are coaches and tourist cars. 15. Recreational vehicles have become popular in the recent decades; the cost is less as the travellers have their own services such as meal preparation, accommodation. 16th Century-drawn by horses Coach Bus 1.4.2 Rail Transport 1. Railways were first introduced in England in 1825. 2. The first train ran between Liverpool and Manchester. 3. Rail travel became as a comfortable and economic mode of transportation and passengers started opting for it in preference to stagecoach and automobiles transfers. 4. The first railway tracks were built in the US between 1826 and 1840. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14 Managing Transport Operations 5. The world’s first travel agent Thomas cook organized a train tour ‘Leicester- Loughborough in 1841. 6. American express was a contemporary travel company, established by Henry well in U.S. railway reached Cannes in France in 1863. 7. The Indian railway is one of the largest rail network in World, where in 1833 the first train steamed out of Bombay to Thane in India. 8. As train technology received massive updates over those first few decades of public work, urban engineers in London started formulating first plans for inter-city railway tracks and underground tunnels. First section of now famous “London Underground” begun its work in 1863. 9. Another very important moment in the history of the trains was introduction of Diesel engines, which brought the end to the age of steam locomotives. After second world war almost absolute majority of the world left steam behind, and embraced much faster, easier to maintain and reliable diesel fuel engines. As time went on, diesel engines became combined with electrical ones, enabling trains to use best of both worlds. 1.4.3 Air Transport 1. The Montgolfier brothers launched their first hot air balloon in 1973. 2. In year 1852, The first airship, fitted with a steam engine was flown by Henri Giffard from Paris. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 15 3. The Wright Brothers made the first engine powered flight in 'The Flyer' in 1903. It flew for 12 seconds and travelled 37 metres. 4. Aviation industry came up in early 1900s when airplane designers in several countries succeeded in achieving flights. (IATA, 2013). 5. On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright surpassed their four years of research and design efforts to build up the first powered flight which is heavier than an air machine flew 120-foot (37 meters) high for 12seconds in duration at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 6. FIRST AIRLINE – DELAG (1909): The world’s first Airline was DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts - Aktiengesellchaft which is also called German Airship Transportation Corporation Ltd. This airline was founded on November 16, 1909 with the assistance of government, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation in Frankfurt. 7. FIRST COMMERCIAL FLIGHT (1914): On the morning of January 1st in 1914 the first fixed wing scheduled air service Commercial flight flew across the bay from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, Florida which took 23 minutes to cover 18 miles (29 kilometers). This was 11 hours less than travelling by train from St. Petersburg to Tampa. 8. First all metal plane was built by a German, Herman Junkers in 1915 which travelled at 170 km per hour. 9. The first helicopter which carries passengers was developed in 1940. 10. The Russian built Tupolev Tu-144 was the first supersonic passenger aircraft. It flew on December 31, 1968. 11. 970 – First Boeing 747 commercial flight. 12. In 1986, First non-stop flight around world travelled. Some Important Incidents in 2000s 1. 2007: Airbus A380 enters commercial service capable of carrying 850 passengers. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

16 Managing Transport Operations 2. 2009: Transportation Security Administration formally accepts airport scanners as the primary method of pre-flight screening. 3. 011: Airbus announces signing of the largest aircraft deal in history based on aircraft ordered: 200 planes ordered by Air Asia. British Military Aircraft Air India Aeroplane (20th Century) 1.4.4 Water Transport 1. In ancient maritime history, the first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed independently by various Stone Age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel. 2. A dugout or dugout canoe is a boat made from a hollowed tree trunk. 3. The Ancient Egyptians had knowledge of sail construction. This is governed by the science of aerodynamics. Most probably the first sailing boat. 4. This boat is entirely made out of wood and it is held together by ropes. 5. The earliest known dockyard in the world has been found Lothal in the state of Gujarat. 6. The Phoenicians are believed to have been pioneers in the field of ship- making and maritime business. 7. There were remarkable discoveries and journeys during the medieval period. Columbus discovered the sea route to America when he first reached to West Indies. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 17 8. The first ocean liners made of iron and driven by a propeller. When launched in 1843, Great Britain was by far the largest vessel afloat. 9. The first oil tanker in the world built by the Nobel Brothers in 1870. 10. Wakamiya-First seaplane carrier. It was created by the Japanese. 11. 1955: The hovercraft is built in England. 12. 1973: Clayton Jacobsen introduces the Jet-ski and Kawasaki begins production of the vehicle for public sale. 13. 1994: The “Chunnel” opens, linking France and England with rail service and a tunnel for passenger cars. 14. 2006: To meet increased demand for cruise ships, Freedom of the Seas is introduced and becomes the largest cruise liner ever. It has 18 decks and can carry 4,000 passengers. 15. 2009: Delivery of Royal Caribbean’s “Project Genesis,” which will be 43% larger than any other cruise ship, weighing 220,000 tons and carrying 5,400 passengers. First Ocean Liners Cruise Ship 1.5 Importance of Transport in Tourism- Development of tourism is based on the expansion of the destination’s transport services since transport services represent a critical segment of this industry. All modes of transport services are developed to improve infrastructure of tourism destinations and enrich tourism experience. Specific aspects that indicate how important services are to the growth of tourism in a destination are: CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

18 Managing Transport Operations  It helps tourists visit and tour the destination safely and comfortably. The primary attribute of conventional or special interest tourism places is that they need transport service that is regular and affordable. Since transport is an integral element of the basic component of tourism industry, the growth of tourism destination is highly dependent on the quality and quantity of transport services.  It provides employment to skilled workers and semi-skilled people in and around the tourism destination such as drivers, conductors, mechanics, etc. on a large scale. The transport sector in tourism business recruits personnel with high commitment and honesty.  It encourages beatification and good presentation of specific tourist spot at the destination. Infrastructure like well laid roads, landscaping, flyovers, highways, gardens, and good accessibility to tourist destination promote tourism.  It increases trade and commerce in the destination through reliable and affordable transport connectivity. Apart from transferring visitors to the tourism destinations, transport is largely used for carrying goods and commodities for the local market around the destination.  Transport is an important link between the original and destination areas and it supports the movement of the visitors for the purpose of leisure, business, visiting, education, sports, adventure, and health. 1.6 Summary The travel sector, in the recent years, has been influenced by factors that are not only important for the development of the travel trade but also very significant for the tourism industry. Transport therefore, is one of the basic and vital components of tourism. The world is undergoing rapid changes era of globalization, privatization and digitalization. This chapter highlighted the foundation of travel. Travel developed from the need to survive, the desire to expand trade and the quest to conquer new lands. Various modes of transportation developed gradually to travel on land, water, etc. Tourism represents one of the largest industries. The force behind this complex CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 19 activity encompassing a wide range of relationship in tourism is a phenomenon of modern times. To know tourism systematically it is necessary to know the various components. 1.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  Travel: Travel is the movement of people between distant geographical locations.  Tourism: Tourism comprises of activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose.  Transportation: Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.  UNWTO: United Nations World Tourism Organization- The United Nations specialized agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.  Grand Tour: The Grand Tour was the 17th and 18th century custom of a traditional trip of Europe undertaken by upper-class young European men.  Thomas Cook: Thomas Cook trademark a British company that sells holidays and also arranges flights, sells foreign money, etc. It is one of the oldest companies providing services for travellers and was started in 1841 by Thomas Cook. 1.8 Learning Activity 1. Make a chart showing major sea routes in the world till 20th century. 2. Make PPT presentation on the History of the travel business in India. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

20 Managing Transport Operations 3. Prepare scrap book and give a brief note along with pictures of ancient tourist transport modes. 1.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain the evolution of Tourist transportation system. 2. Explain basic components of tourism. 3. Write a detailed note on Air and Road transport. 4. Give a brief history of air transportation in tourism industry. 5. Explain ‘evolution of tourist transportation system.” 6. Write detail note on Air and Road transport. 7. Give brief history of transportation system. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. In the 1930, became pioneer in the development of motorways. (a) Italy (b) Germany (c) India (d) USA 2. The earliest known dockyard in the world has been found in the state of Gujarat. (a) Lothal (b) Ahmedabad (c) Surat (d) Diu 3. introduces the Jet-ski and Kawasaki begins production of the vehicle for public sale. (a) Henry Ford (b) Wright Brothers (c) Clayton Jacobsen (d) Columbus CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction of Travel and transport: Evolution of Tourist Transport System 21 4. The first oil tanker in the world built by the - in 1841. (a) Nobel Brothers (b) Henry Ford (c) Columbus (d) Wright Brothers 5. The world’s first travel agent Thomas Cook organized a train tour (a) Leicester-Loughborough. (b) Belgium-France (c) London- Munich (d) Manchester - Munich 6. First Boeing 747 commercial flight started in . (a) 1960 (b) 1970 (c) 1890 (d) 1975 Ans.: 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (a), 5. (a), 6. (b). 1.10 References Reference Books 1. Tourism: Operations and Management, 2009- S. Roday, Archana Biwal, Vandana Joshi- Oxford Publication 2. Tourism: Principles and Practices, Oxford publication, Sampada Swain, Jitendra Mishra. 3. Air Transportation - A Management Perspective,1984 -John G. Wensveen - 8th edition. 4. Road Transportation, SM Trivedi - 2010 5. Benson, D. and Whitehead G. 1985, Transport and distribution, Longman, Harlow. 6. Page S. J, 1994, Transport and Tourism, 3rd edition, Routledge, London. 7. International Tourism Management, A. K. Bhatiya, 2001, sterling publishers Pvt. Ltd. 8. Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Andrew S., 2007, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 9. Tourism and Travel Management, Ghosh B, 2007, Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd. 10. The Traveling Public and Tourism Promoters, Mark Twain. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

22 Managing Transport Operations Web resources 1. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/Road-transport 2. Hulah Travel Hulah Blogger/a-brief-history-of-travel-tourism 3. Website of Karnataka Tourism. 4. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/tours/history-of-thomas-cook/ 5. Photos - reference Goole images site. 6. https://tourismnotes.com/tourism-transportation/ 7. https://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/1100_LnTse/102_lnTse/plain/plain.html 8. www.googleimages.com CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT SYSTEM: AIR, ROAD, RAIL AND WATER TRANSPORT Structure: 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Transportation 2.3 Modes of Transportation 2.4 Summary 2.5 Key Words/Abbreviations 2.6 Learning Activity 2.7 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 2.8 References 2.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be to  Discuss various means of transporting tourists from one place to another.  Explain importance of transportation in Tourism sector. 2.1 Introduction The transport industry has gained a vital place in the global network system and is one of the most important components of the tourism infrastructure. It now becomes easier for people to

24 Managing Transport Operations travel from one place to another because of the various modes of transportation available. Transportation is vital to tourism. Studies have shown that tourists spend almost 30 to 40 per cent of their total holiday expenditure on transportation and the remaining on food, accommodation, and other activities. This aspect once again highlights the importance of transportation. A tourist can travel by a variety of means. The tourism professional, as well as tourist, should be aware of the various modes of transport available to reach the destination and at the destination. Travel is a mode of special interaction encompassing the movement of the people from one place to another, thus forming a system of organization in which tourist bas a distinct place. 1n this way transport and communication are considered as an integral part making the tourist travel possible. It has been realized that the modern modes of transport play an important role in the total infrastructure for tourism and are contributing factor in attracting tourists, making them comfortable and ensuring that they again return to the spot. Transport, which makes travel possible is, therefore, an integral part of tourism. 2.2 Transportation 2.2.1 Definition The transport system forms a key part of the tourism and the tourist experience at the destination. In many tourism studies, the important relationship between transport and the tourism sector was highlighted and defined in term of “accessibility” which means, transport was considered as an empirical link between tourist generating regions and tourism destination regions (Prideaux, 2000, 2002; Gronau & Kagermeier, 2007; Ferri, 2004; Jacobsen & Kristian, 1997; Nilsson, 2001). Transport (British English) or transportation (American English) is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans (\"across\") and portare (\"to carry\"). Transport is an important link between the origin and destination areas and it supports the movement of visitors for the purpose of leisure and business. Transport is a key functionary of tourism industry. It plays an active and passive role in supporting the tourism, travel and hospitality industry. It is an indispensible service to meet the basic requirements of visitors and CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 25 tourists. It is an important source of providing mobility and make tourists more comfortable and relaxed. 2.2.2 Importance of Transportation Services Development of tourism is based on the expansion of the destination’s transport services since transport services represent a critical segment of the industry. All modes of transport services are developed to improve infrastructure of tourism destinations and enrich tourism experience. Following are the points indicate how important transport services are to the growth of tourism in a destination-  It helps tourists visit and tour the destinations safely and comfortably.  It provides many opportunities of employment to skilled and semi-skilled people in and around tourism.  It encourages enhancement and good presentation of specific tourists spots at the destinations.  It increases trade and commerce in the destination through reliable and affordable transport connectivity. 2.2.3 Essentials of Transport Services The tourism industry cannot make much progress without travel. Transportation is an inseparable component of tourism. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

26 Managing Transport Operations 1. Speed: Speed is major element of each mode of transport. Using technology the speed of different modes of transport can be increased keeping safety in mind. Example: A Hyperloop is a proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation, first used to describe an open-source vactrain design released by a joint team from Tesla and SpaceX. Hyperloop is a sealed tube or system of tubes through which a pod may travel free of air resistance or friction conveying people or objects at high speed while being very efficient, thereby drastically reducing travel times over medium-range distances. 2. Safety: Safety is one of the essential qualities of a good transportation. Several measures are being taken care to reduce the number of accidents. The measures are both internal and external. External measures include road conditions, traffic, sinages, etc., and internal measures include breaks, power steering, indicators, etc. Airline ensures safety measures like oxygen masks, computerized warnings and alerts. 3. Regularity: Regularity and frequency are important aspects of tourism. Example － Indian Railway and private transport. Example: Indian Railway and private transport operators in big cities have made significant improvements in maintaining regularity of transport services. Indian Railways has employed advanced technology for regularity. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 27 4. Flexibility: Flexibility in transport as there are many options available for modes of transportation from one place to another. For example – for hilly areas destinations are connected with roads, railways. 5. Adaptability: It helps to meet requirements of various categories of tourists. In this aspect road transportation is preferred since it has the ability to reach remote areas conveniently. Road transport is preferred for short distance to go for sightseeing whereas Railways and Air transport is best for long distance. For the development of different forms of tourism in India, a progressive and well-built transport system is necessary. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

28 Managing Transport Operations 2.3 Modes of Transportation A. Land Transport Humans travel place to place in search of food in the primitive era. They tamed animals such as the dog, ox, horse, camel, reindeer, elephants, etc. for carrying the load and traveling. After the discovery of the wheel, humans developed the cart, the chariot, and the carriage. Until the seventeenth century, horses were used for traveling. Later on better roads were constructed and some of these roads developed into trade routes, which linked many countries. One of them is the Silk Route which was used for transporting silk from China to Persia and the Blue Gem road from Iran to Afghanistan and India. Today, the most popular and widely used mode of road travel is the automobile or the car. Road transport is dominated by the automobile, which provides views of the landscape and the freedom to travel. Tourist often travels with their entire family for holidays. To promote tourism, the vehicle required is coaches and tourist cars. Tourist coaches or buses are preferred for large tourist groups traveling together on a specified tour itinerary. Many tourists prefer to travel in comfort and privacy and hire cars. Cars of various makes and standards are available on a rental basis. Tourist also uses their own motorcar when holidaying. Cars and coaches carried long distance by train facility is also available in some countries. The car rental segment of the tourism industry is in a very advanced stage in foreign countries. The client can book a car, himself or through agents, and make it wait at the desired CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 29 place at the destination. The client can then drive the car himself/herself on reaching the destination. Road transport has become increasingly important in the pursuit of leisure and tourism activities. The development of road transport is an important factor for the growth of hotels, motels, resorts and other services at transit places. Indian road are classified as expressways and national highway, state highway, district roads, classified-unclassified village roads. 1. Pathways: In remote villages, forest and hilly areas pathways are still an important amongst the different modes of transport. It further be subdivided into Head loads (is also known as human transport. It is used in the hilly areas where even animals cannot reach) and Pack animals (is also known as animal transport. It is used in the backward areas. The animals like horse, pony, donkey, ass, buffaloes, camel, elephant, yak, sheep etc. are used for this purpose. 2. Roadways: Road Transport is one of the most important modes of transport. The history of Road Transport started from ancient civilizations. Gradually it becomes more and more polpular means of transport. Road Transport further subdivided into Vehicular Transport (Cars, Trucks, Buses, Lorries, Autoricksaws, Bullock Carts, Tongas, Tumtums, and Hand Carts etc.) and Non-vehicular Transport (Hamals, Animals like Camel, Dogs, Elephant, Horse, Mules etc.) CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 Managing Transport Operations B. Rail Transport The railway is the most economical, convenient, and popular mode of travel especially for long distance travel all over the world. The railroad was invented in the seventeenth century in Germany with wooden tracks. The first steel rail was developed in the USA during the early 1800s. The railways revolutionized transportation and mass movement of people seen in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The broad gauge lines account for more than 55 percent of the total network and carry 85 percent of total traffic. The steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines which have helped in increasing the speed. Railways have promoted tourism by introducing a special tourist train. In Europe, the railway systems of six European countries have been clubbed to make rail travel easier for the people of Europe. A rail passenger can buy a ticket in any one country of Europe and travel through six countries. For the foreign tourists, Eurail Passes offer unlimited discounts travel in express trains for periods ranging from a week to three months. In the USA, AMTRAK operates trains. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 31 C. Water Transport Humans have been traveling through water since time immemorial and carried good and people from one place to another. The boats progressed from the simple raft with some modifications and improvement and were first used around 6000 BC. Travel by ship was the only means for traveling overseas until the middle of the twentieth century. The Cunard Steamship Company was formed in 1838 with regular steamship services operating on the North Atlantic. During the World War I, in 1914 the operations of the steamship company had to be suspended. After the World War I, the steamship luxury liners were back to business till World War II. After the World War II, the large luxury liners again started their operations all over the world and carried passengers and holidaymakers. Some of the linear were very large accommodating up to 1000 passengers and had facilities like swimming pools, cinema halls, shops, casino, etc. The cruise lines are the new attraction among the tourist. The cruises are booked several months in advance for trips into the tropical and sub-tropical waters of the Hawaii, Caribbean, Mediterranean, etc. Water transport today plays two main roles in travel and tourism namely ferrying and cruising. Modern vessels such as the wave piercing, the hydrofoil and the hovercraft are the over the water transport and used for short distance routes. Water transportation is also used in riverboat travel. The Mississippi River has been a popular tourist river since the first settlers came to the USA. Today, tourists enjoy two or three- day luxury trips along the river. In Europe, the Rhine, winding through the grapes growing areas of Germany, offers similar leisure tourist trips. 1. Inland Waterways Inland waterways may be subdivided into  River Transport: Rivers are the water highways given by nature. River Transport is suitable for small boats and steamers. It was highly developed in the pre-railway days. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

32 Managing Transport Operations But with the development of railways, river transport was neglected and decayed gradually.  Canal Transport: Canals are the artificial waterways constructed for the purpose of navigation and irrigation. 2. Ocean Transport Ocean Transport or shipping may be subdivided into  Coastal Shipping: Coastal shipping is a cheaper, speedy, flexible and economical form of transport for the movement of bulky and heavy cargoes. Usually coastal shipping trade is reserved for the national shipping. In India also from 1951 and onwards the coastal shipping trade is extremely reserved for the national ships.  Overseas Shipping: On the basis of their working, overseas shipping may be divided into The Liner (those ships which follow defined routes with fixed places and fixed time table), The Tramps (those ships which have no set routes or fixed time table) and The Oil Tanker (special sea carriers of crude oil in very large quantity). The Liners may again be subdivided into Passenger Liners and the Cargo Liners. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 33 D. Air Transport Due to the growth of air transport in recent years, long-distance travel has become much simpler and affordable. Distance is now measured in hours and not in kilometres. The world has indeed shrunk and becomes a small village. The development of air transport mostly occurred after World War I and II. Commercial airlines were created for travellers. Because of increasing air traffic, the commercial sector grows rapidly. Before the World War II, Swissair already was carrying around 14-16 passenger between Zurich to London. The first commercial service was introduced by KLM, the Dutch Airlines, in 1920 between Amsterdam and London. Commercial air travel grew mostly after World War II. More facilities were introduced and there was more comfort in travel. Jet flights were inaugurated by Great Britain in the year 1952. In the year 1958 Pan American introduced the Boeing 707 services between Paris and New York. Due to the introduction of jet flights, the year 1959 onward saw a tremendous increase in air traffic. The concept of chartered flights was also introduced during this year. Jumbo jets have revolutionized travel. A large number of people travel by air because of the speed, comfort, and economy in terms of time saved. The modern era, thus, is the era of mass air travel. After road transport, air travel is the most popular mode of travel, particularly for international travel. For the business travellers, air transport is more convenient as it saves their precious time and offers a luxurious and hassle-free travel. Many airlines nowadays offer special facilities to the business tourist such as Internet on board. There are various forms of air travel such as helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, parachute, airplanes, aircraft, etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

34 Managing Transport Operations 2.3.1. Merits and Demerits of various modes of transport: A. Road Transport: Advantages:  High flexibility and ability to move the vehicles fastly.  Uses different routes to reach the destination quickly.  Does door to door service  High safety for the cargo.  Chance to select the carrier which is suitable for carrying the goods. Disadvantages:  It mostly depends on climatic conditions.  High cost for long distances.  Productivity is low.  Some of the advantages and disadvantages are discussed above. B. Rail Transport: Advantages:  Ability of loading and unloading goods and services is more.  Frequency of delivering the goods over long distances is more.  Climatic conditions have no effect. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 35  No traffic or congestion easy movement of the vehicle. Disadvantages:  Capital and initial investments are more.  High material usage for the construction and even the fuel consumption.  The above are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using the rail. C. Air Transport: Advantages:  Highest speed.  Even delivers goods to remote places.  High reliability. Disadvantages:  Highest cost of transportation.  Even adverse weather conditions effect the transportation.  Material and fuel consumption is costly. D. Water Transport: Advantages:  It is economical mode for transporting heavy loads and even cargo.  It is the safest mode which provides convenience to the people without accidents.  Cost of construction and maintenance is very low.  It even provides international transport. Disadvantages:  It is highly affected by the weather conditions.  It requires large initial investment.  It is a slow process. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

36 Managing Transport Operations The choice of selection of mode of transport is affected by the following factors:  Distance and time  Comfort  Safety and utility  Availability and frequency  Comparative cost price  Ground services  Status and prestige  Geographical position 2.4 Summary Tourism industry needs transports in order to take tourists from one place to another because the aim of the tourist is to reach the destination. So in tourism industry we find different modes of transports which consist of air, rail, road and water. Hence, tourists have a choice to choose which one of the transports it is suitable for them. There are many reasons to choose modes of transport; tourists might look at the following speed, safety, price and convenience. So basically these different kinds of transports have positive and negative side effects. It helps to supply necessary goods regularly to the consumers. Besides this, consumers get necessary goods at lower prices, because it encourages competition among producers and makes mass production at lower cost possible. Beside economic importance, transportation has also social, political and cultural importance. The transport industry has gained a vital place in the global network system and is one of the most important components of the tourism infrastructure. It now becomes easier for people to travel from one place to another because of the various modes of transportation available. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 37 2.5 Key Words/Abbreviations  Transport: Transport (British English) or transportation (American English) is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans (\"across\") and portare (\"to carry\").  Coastal Shipping: Coastal shipping is a cheaper, speedy, flexible and economical form of transport for the movement of bulky and heavy cargoes.  Overseas Shipping: On the basis of their working, overseas shipping may be divided into The Liner (those ships which follow defined routes with fixed places and fixed time table), The Tramps (those ships which have no set routes or fixed time table) and The Oil Tanker (special sea carriers of crude oil in very large quantity).  Canal Transport: Canals are the artificial waterways constructed for the purpose of navigation and irrigation. 2.6 Learning Activity 1. Visit to travel agent make an itinerary along with modes of transportation for Tour Delhi to Kashmir. 2. Make a chart presentation of various forms of water transport along with history. 3. Make a power point presentation on Luxury trains in the world. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

38 Managing Transport Operations 2.7 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Elaborate the functions of transport. 2. Describe the Rail as mode of transport. 3. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Air transport. 4. Comment on the term Pathway in detail. 5. Explain the linkage between tourism industry and transportation industry. 6. Comment on the term Pathway in details. 7. Explain the difference between transport industry and tourism industry. 8. Examine the linkages of tourism industry and transportation industry? B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. Following is not a form of Air transport: (a) Air Balloon (b) Blimps (c) Gliders (d) Trams 2. The Silk Route which was used for transporting silk from to . (a) China to Persia (b) China to India (c) Persia to India (d) Lothal to China 3. Ships which have no set routes or fixed time table: (a) Trams (b) Coastal ships (c) Oil Tanker (d) Jumbo Jets 4. The first commercial service was introduced by , the Dutch Airlines, in 1920 between Amsterdam and London. (a) Air India (b) KLM (c) Air France (d) Emirates CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduction to Transport System: Air, Road, Rail and Water Transport 39 5. The first steel rail was developed in the during the early 1800s. (a) France (b) India (c) USA (d) Italy Ans.: 1. (d), 2. (a), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (c). 2.8 References Reference Books 1. Tourism: Operations and Management, 2009- S. Roday, Archana Biwal, Vandana Joshi- Oxford Publication 2. Tourism: Principles and Practices, Oxford publication, Sampada Swain, Jitendra Mishra. 3. Road Transportation, SM Trivedi - 2010 4. Benson, D. and Whitehead G. 1985, Transport and distribution, Longman, Harlow. 5. Page S. J, 1994, Transport and Tourism, 3rd edition, Routledge, London. 6. Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry , Andrew S., 2007, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 7. Tourism and Travel Management, Ghosh B, 2007, Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd. Web Resources 1. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/31478/10/10_chapter%203.pdf 2. The Importance of Transportation in Tourism Sector 3. 7th Silk Road International Conference “Challenges and Opportunities of Sustainable Economic Development in Eurasian Countries”, May 24, 2012 – May 26, 2012 4. https://opentextbc.ca/introtourism/chapter/chapter-2-transportation/ 5. https://tourismnotes.com/tourism-transportation/ 6. www.googleimages.com CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3 TOURISM AND TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: IMPORTANCE AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Structure: 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Components of Transportation 3.3 Role of Transport in Tourism 3.4 Importance of Transport Industry 3.5 Relationship between Tourism and Transport industry 3.6 Requisites for better Relationships between Tourism and Transport Industry 3.7 Uses of Transportation in Tourism 3.8 Summary 3.9 Key Words/Abbreviations 3.10 Learning Activity 3.11 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 3.12 References

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 41 3.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be to  Analyse out the components of transportation.  Describe the role of transportation in tourism.  Elaborate the relationship between transport industry and tourism industry and its uses. 3.1 Introduction Transport or transportation can be defined as the movement of humans, animals or cargo from one location to another by various modes of transport like air, roads, rail, water, etc. In other words, transportation deals relocation of travellers and cargo. It is a system or means of conveying people or goods from one place to another. History has revealed that transport has been a key element for the outgrowth of expansion, better transport facilitate more trade and a greater spread of mankind. The capacity and rationality of transport plays an important part in the upliftment and development of economic, social, political, cultural fields and broadly in globalization. Will Kenton (2018) state that transportation sector is a category of companies that provide services moving people, goods, or the infrastructure to do so. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

42 Managing Transport Operations Transport industry has always been given a fundamental place in the global network system which facilitates mobility of persons and goods from one place to another through various modes of transportation. The performance of enterprises in the transportation industry is extremely sensitive to fluctuations in company earnings and the price of transportation services due to the factors which may or may not be interconnected like labour costs, fuel costs, demand for services and government regulation. Example: The Govt. of India passes a resolution that makes it difficult to procure commercial driver’s licence; it will decrease the availability of drivers in market eventually increasing the labour cost of transportation companies. The Transport industry in India is predicted to develop with a compounded annual growth rate of 5.9%, making it to be the accelerated and leading growing sector of the country’s entire infrastructure sector. During the last decade transport infrastructure has shown growth and development with a remarkable pace across the country in all sectors viz. railways, roads and ports. The expansion and development of transport industry has been the prime agenda of the Government and which was implemented by launching of various programs like the Sagarmala programme, Bharatmala project, electrification of railway tracks, focus on high-speed trains, and by actively working on e-mobility solutions facilitating clean and cost-effective mobility of the population. 3.1.1 Government of India elements of key focus are: 1. Enhancing the logistic infra and intermodal transport connectivity in the country through an effective and valuable public-private partnership (PPP). 2. Involvements of private investments with new measures like the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM), Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT) model etc. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Tourism and Transport Industry: Importance and Relationship… 43 3. Empowerment to Indian Railways with investment potential in areas such as elevated rail corridor in Mumbai, some parts of dedicated freight corridor, freight terminals, redevelopment of stations and power generation/energy saving projects. 4. The introduction of Sagarmala programme, Major Port Authorities Bill, 2016 and the ‘Landlord port’ model have all been instrumental in giving a boost to the Ports & Shipping sector. 5. A system of smart Transport infrastructure is imperative for connecting and encouraging economic growth in our country. 6. Private investments and policy initiatives to comply an extremely dedicated role in providing a world class infrastructure in the country. 7. To create several opportunities in areas like super-sonic trains, roads and highways, development of ports and multi modal hubs. 3.2 Components of Transportation  Transport Infrastructure: Transport infrastructure primarily consist of permanent structures like roads, bridges, bus stations, fuel stations, rail tracks, railway station, airports, seaports, canals, fueling docks, etc.  Vehicles: By making the use of above infrastructure modes which perform the actual process of transportation are known as vehicles. Vehicles play a very important role in transportation by providing various levels and kind of services and comfort to the travellers as per their available budget. Example: Buses, trains, trucks, trams, helicopters, aeroplanes, cruise liners, yacht etc.  Operations: Operations are the process by which the vehicle operates by the use of transport infrastructure and performs the function of transportation. It also involves the procedures set for this purpose, including policies, legalities and financing. In the transport industry, the vehicles, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

44 Managing Transport Operations 3.3 Role of Transport in Tourism: Tourism is an industry which is spread across the globe with various attractions both natural and manmade. Its success to a greater extent depends on the accessibility from the other places. The development of tourism depends on the transport industry. It is a fact, that better the destination is connected by different modes of transport components, i.e., Infrastructure, vehicles and operations; higher the tourist turnover it will experience. Even though the today’s tourist has a high disposable income but lacks in disposable time for vacation. A business tourist will have only few days where as leisure tourist will have a week or two. The tourist psychology always looks for covering as many places as possible to maximise the returns of their spending within the limited timeframe. Tourism can develop if the time taken to cover the long distance from tourist residence to tourism destination is cut short to minimum. As per Statista, following is the statistics of International inbound tourism by mode of transport for the world in the year 2018 is as follows: Source: Statista - International inbound tourism by mode of transport CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)