CU-MA-PSY-SEM-I-Clinical Psychology Psycho Diagnostics - Second Draft-converted

MASTER OF ARTS PSYCHOLOGY SEMESTER-I CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: PSYCHO DIAGNOSTICS 21MAP603

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Bawa Pro Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Gurpreet Singh Executive Director – Liberal Arts Director – IDOL © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: TeamLease Edtech Limited www.teamleaseedtech.com CONTACT NO:- 01133002345 For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY 2 Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

First Published in 2021 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The author of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event, Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENT Unit 1: Abnormality...................................................................................................................5 Unit 2: Abnormal Behaviour ...................................................................................................23 Unit 3: Depression ...................................................................................................................49 Unit 4: Post-traumatic stress disorder ......................................................................................72 Unit 5: Generalized Anxiety ....................................................................................................91 Unit 6: Phobia ........................................................................................................................106 Unit 7: Obsessive-Compulsive ..............................................................................................126 UNIT 8: Dissociative: Part I .................................................................................................144 UNIT 9: Dissociative: Part II.................................................................................................155 Unit 10: Personality disorders: Part I.....................................................................................178 Unit 11: Personality disorders: Part II ...................................................................................189 Unit 12: Personality disorders: Part III ..................................................................................216 Unit 13: Sleep Disorders: Part I .............................................................................................240 Unit 14: Sleep Disorders: Part II............................................................................................255 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 1: ABNORMALITY 5 Structure 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition and Description of Depression 1.2.1 Signs and Symptoms of Depression – General Terms 1.2.2 Psychological Symptoms: Feelings, Thoughts and Behaviour 1.2.3 Physical or Somatic Symptoms 1.2.4 Criteria for Formal Diagnosis of Major Depression 1.2.5 Criteria for Dysthymic Disorder 1.2.6 Criteria for Bipolar I Disorder 1.2.7 Criteria for Bipolar II Disorder 1.2.8 Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder 1.3 Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms and Clinical Features 1.3.1 The Clinical Picture of Children with PTSD 1.3.2 Time of Onset of PTSD 1.4 Different Situations Eliciting Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 1.4.1 Trauma of Military Combat 1.4.2 Trauma of Natural Disaster 1.4.3 Trauma of Man-made Disaster 1.4.4 Trauma due to Severe Threat to Personal Security and Safety 1.5 Summary 1.6 Keywords 1.7 Learning Activity 1.8 Unit End Questions CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.9 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, student will be able to: • Describe abnormality. • State its characteristics. • Understand some mental disorders in adults. • List the treatments available for these disorders. 1.1 INTRODUCTION We all have encountered issues at a few or the other a great time, however various individuals respond and adapt to it in an unexpected way. With fast industrialization and globalization numerous individuals experience the ill effects of issues like tension and melancholy however everyone enduring with these issues don't look for proficient clinical help. We have built up specific perspectives and discussing conduct that appear to be typical however the ideas we use for experimentally contemplating human conduct should be liberated from all abstract sensations of fittingness which is by and large connected to certain human practices and exercises. Allow us currently to look at the ideas identified with unusual conduct. Characterizing anomaly is misleadingly troublesome. When requested to portray unusual conduct, individuals ordinarily say that it happens inconsistently, is odd or weird, is described by affliction, or is risky. These are sensible responses for certain sorts of unusual conduct, however none of them is adequate in itself, and making them all vital outcomes in too exacting a definition. One miserly and reasonable approach to characterize unusual conduct is to find out if the conduct causes weakness in the individual's life. The more a conduct impedes effective working in a significant space of life (counting the mental, relational and accomplishment/execution areas), the almost certain it is to be viewed as an indication of irregularity. At the point when a few such practices or side effects happen together, they may comprise a mental problem. Mental issues are officially characterized in broadly utilized grouping frameworks, or nosologies: the International Classification of Diseases – tenth release (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – fourth version (DSM-IV; APA, 1994). Despite the fact that they contrast from each other in design, these two frameworks cover similar problems and characterize them likewise. 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

A psychological issue is a condition portrayed by clinically huge aggravation in a person's comprehension, feeling guideline, or conduct that mirrors brokenness in the mental, organic, or formative cycles basic mental working. Mental problems are generally connected with huge misery or inability in friendly, word related, or other significant exercises. An expectable or socially endorsed reaction to a typical stressor or misfortune, like the demise of a friend or family member, is certifiably not a psychological problem. Socially freak conduct (e.g., political, strict, or sexual) and clashes that are principally between the individual and society are not mental problems except if the aberrance or struggle results from a brokenness in the person. A psychological issue is a disorder portrayed by clinically huge aggravation in a person's cognizance, feeling guideline, or conduct that mirrors brokenness in the mental, organic, or formative cycles basic mental working. Mental problems are normally connected with huge trouble or inability in friendly, word related, or other significant exercises. An expectable or socially endorsed reaction to a typical stressor or misfortune, like the passing of a friend or family member, is certainly not a psychological problem. Socially degenerate conduct (e.g., political, strict, or sexual) and clashes that are basically between the individual and society are not mental issues except if the abnormality or struggle results from a brokenness in the person. A psychological issue is a disorder portrayed by clinically huge, unsettling influence in a person's insight, feeling guideline, or conduct that mirrors brokenness in the mental, organic, or formative cycles fundamental mental working. Mental issues are typically connected with huge pain or inability in friendly, word related, or other significant exercises. An expectable or socially affirmed reaction to a typical stressor or misfortune, like the passing of a friend or family member, is definitely not a psychological problem. Socially freak conduct (e.g., political, strict, or sexual) and clashes that are basically between the individual and society are not mental issues except if the abnormality or struggle results from a brokenness in the person. Abnormal Psychology: Psychology and psychiatry have a long history of discussion about the interrelated spaces of ordinariness and irregularity. Unusual brain science is that part of brain science which manages strange conduct. The strict importance named deviation from typical. You should be pondering regarding which conduct can be strange conduct. Strange conduct can't be characterized as a solitary segment in a person; rather it is a complex of a few qualities which are interlinked. Anomaly is typically controlled by the presence of a few qualities all at once. The meaning of unusual conduct thinks about the qualities of rare event, infringement of standards, individual misery, brokenness and surprise of conduct. Allow us to comprehend these ideas: Infrequent Occurrence: Majority of individuals show normal conduct as worried about any occasion throughout everyday life. Those individuals who go astray from the normal show outrageous inclinations. However, recurrence can't be considered as the sole basis for assurance of unusual conduct. 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Violation of Norms: This methodology depends on accepted practices and social qualities that direct conduct, specifically circumstances. On the off chance that the conduct of a specific individual abuses normal practices, compromises or makes others restless, it tends to be considered as strange conduct. Irregularity is a deviation of conduct in more significant level from the acknowledged accepted practices. An expression of alert in this trademark is that the accepted practices fluctuate across societies. An accepted practice of one culture might be an infringement of standard in others. This idea alone is excessively expansive as lawbreakers and whores abuse normal practices; however, they are not really concentrated inside the space of strange brain research. Personal Distress: A conduct can be viewed as unusual in the event that it makes trouble in the individual encountering it. For instance, a customary and substantial purchaser of liquor may understand his propensity to be unfortunate and wish to cease his propensity. This conduct can be distinguished as unusual. The individual pain model isn't independent since individuals choose and report on the amount they are languishing. Additionally, the degrees of pain fluctuate in various individuals. Dysfunctions: Dysfunction or incapacity believes an individual to be strange if his feelings, activities, or contemplations meddle with his capacity to have an ordinary existence in the general public. For instance, substance misuse problems brought about by strange medication use hamper an individual's work execution. Unexpectedness: This trademark thinks about the sudden event of a conduct. Every one of the guidelines examined here helps in characterizing irregularity. A centre component of all unusual conduct is that it is maladaptive. The strange conduct makes it hard for an individual to adapt to the requests of day-today life. Being typical and strange did not depend on extremely inflexible rules. They are the perspectives which each individual encounters. As per a therapist \". conduct is strange, a sign of mental problem, on the off chance that it is both steady and in genuine degree as opposed to the proceeded with prosperity of the individual and lor that of the liulrian ~c)illlll~~ilit~ 01' which the Normality and ~normality individual is a part.\" It is likewise imperative to take note of that somewhat meanings of anomaly are socially based. For instance, conversing with oneself might be considered as a strange conduct however certain Polynesian nations and South American social orders believe it to be an endowment of exceptional status from the gods. 1.2 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DEPRESSION Despite the fact that downturn is regularly considered being in a limit mindset of misery, there is an immense distinction between clinical wretchedness and bitterness. Bitterness is a piece of being human, a characteristic response to difficult conditions. We all will encounter bitterness eventually in our lives. Misery, in any case, is an actual ailment with a lot a greater number of side effects than a troubled mind-set. 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The individual with clinical gloom finds that there isn't generally a sensible justification his dim emotions. Urgings from good natured loved ones for him to \"wake up\" give just dissatisfaction, for he can no more \"wake up\" than a diabetic can his pancreas to create more insulin. Bitterness is a transient inclination that passes as an individual comes to term with his inconveniences. Melancholy can wait for quite a long time, months or even years. The miserable individual feels awful however keeps on adapting to living. An individual with clinical sorrow may feel overpowered and sad. 1.2.1 Signs and Symptoms of Depression – General Terms • Loss of interest in previously pleasurable exercises. • Dissatisfaction with life . • Withdrawal from social exercises. • Loss of energy. • Feeling pointless or miserable. • Irritability. • Great worry with medical issues. • Sadness or crying. • Worry as well as self-analysis. • Difficulty concentrating as well as deciding. • Loss of hunger and weight. 1.2.2 Psychological Symptoms: Feelings, Thoughts and Behaviours • Feeling tragic, blue, discouraged, or miserable the vast majority of the day. • Greatly diminished interest or delight on the whole or practically all exercises; failure to consider whatever eventual pleasant to do (wellbeing allowing). • Feelings of exorbitant blame or an inclination that one is a useless individual. • Slowed or fomented developments (not in light of torment or uneasiness). • Recurrent musings of passing on or of taking one's own life, with or without a particular arrangement. 1.2.3 Physical or Somatic Symptoms • Significant, unexpected weight reduction and decline in craving; or, less regularly, weight acquire and expanded in hunger. • Insomnia or extreme dozing. • Fatigue and loss of energy. • A reduced capacity to think, concentrate, or decide. • Physical indications of nervousness, including dry mouth, issues, loose bowels, and perspiring, ideation, or self-destruction endeavour or plan. 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.2.4 Criteria for Formal Diagnosis of Major Depression The accompanying models are taken from the DSM-IV, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth release, distributed by the American Psychiatric Association, 1994. For your benefit, an overall posting of signs and manifestations of sorrow, the deciphered rendition, follows the formal symptomatic models, for ease in deciphering the indications. For an analysis of a significant sadness: • At least 5 of the accompanying indications. • These indications should be available during a similar 2-week time frame. • These indications should address a change from a past degree of working. • Discouraged temperament essentially consistently during a large portion of the day is misery. • Marked lessened interest or joy in practically all exercises. • Significant weight reduction (when not slimming down), weight acquire, or an adjustment of hunger. • Insomnia or hypersomnia (abundance rest). • Psychomotor tumult or psychomotor hindrance. • Fatigue or loss of energy. • Feelings of uselessness or improper blame. • Impaired capacity to focus or uncertainty • Recurrent musings of death, intermittent self-destructive • Someone who has significant burdensome issue has encountered at least one significant burdensome scenes while never encountering a hyper or hypomanic scene. i. Major Depressive Episode: A significant burdensome scene is set apart by either discouraged disposition or a deficiency of interest or joy in practically all exercises and at any rate four extra indications from the accompanying gathering. ii. Stamped weight reduction or gain when not abstaining from excessive food intake, steady dozing issues, unsettled or enormously hindered conduct, weakness, powerlessness to think obviously, sensations of uselessness, and successive considerations about death or self-destruction. These manifestations should last in any event fourteen days and address change from the individual's standard working. iii. Recurrent Major burdensome Disorder: At least 50% individuals who experience a significant burdensome scene will later have a repeat of significant melancholy. For some individuals, an underlying scene of significant wretchedness will form over the long haul into a repetitive sickness. 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

iv. Major Depressive Episode with insane Features: About 15% of individuals with a significant sadness have some crazy indications normally hallucinations. The daydreams commonly incorporate blame (\"It is my deficiency that she is sick\"), discipline (\"I am enduring on the grounds that I am a horrendous individual\") or neediness (\"I will fail and starve in my mature age\"). Here and there, daydreams don't have burdensome subjects. 1.2.5 Criteria for Dysthymic Disorder • Depressed state of mind for the greater part of the day, for additional days than not, as demonstrated either by abstract record or perception by others, for at any rate 2 years. In youngsters and youths, state of mind can be crabby, and span should be at any rate one year. • Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the succeeding: i. Poor craving or gorging ii. Insomnia or hypersomnia iii. Low energy or weakness iv. Low confidence v. Poor fixation or trouble deciding vi. Feelings of sadness • During the 2-year time frame (1 year for youngsters or teenagers) of the unsettling influence, the individual has never been without the side effects in Criteria An and B for over 2 months all at once. • No Major Depressive Episode has been available during the initial 2 years of the unsettling influence (1 year for youngsters and youths); i.e., the aggravation isn't better represented by persistent Major Depressive Disorder, or Major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission. • There has never been a Manic Episode, a Mixed Episode, or a Hypomanic Episode, and rules have never been met for Cyclothymic Disorder. • The unsettling influence doesn't happen only over the span of a constant Psychotic Disorder, like Schizophrenia or Delusional Disorder. • The indications are not because of the direct physiological impacts of a substance (e.g., a medication of misuse, a drug) or an overall ailment (e.g., hypothyroidism). • The indications cause clinically critical misery or impedance in friendly, word related, or other significant spaces of working. The vast majority who have a dysthymic problem would tell that they have felt discouraged for a long time, or however long they recollect. Feeling discouraged appears to be ordinary to them. It has become a lifestyle. They feel defenceless to completely change them. Dysthymic is characterized as a condition described by gentle and constant burdensome indications. Times of dysthymia have been found to last from 2 to at least 20 years, with a 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

middle length of around 5 years. About 3% of everyone and about 30% of those seen at outpatient centres can be delegated dysthymic. A few scientists have reprimanded the DSM-IV models since they accept, they don't give sufficient accentuation to what these specialists think about the most trademark indications of dysthymia: the psychological manifestations, including low confidence, sensations of blame or pondering the past, and abstract sensations of crabbiness or inordinate annoyance. Since the discouraged mind-set is dependable, dysthymia has once in a while been viewed as a behavioural condition. Notwithstanding, most analysts remember it for the gathering of temperament problems and trust it is naturally identified with melancholy. Dysthymia and significant burdensome problem have been found to have a serious level of comorbidity. This infers that the two sorts of attitude issues are most likely going to occur in a comparative individual. A person with dysthymic mix makes results of critical demoralization considering the way that the actions for the two decisions are met. This twofold state occurs as frequently as could really be expected. In spite of the fact that dysthymia appears to make individuals more powerless against significant misery, dysthymia itself is not the same as significant wretchedness regarding the ages at which individuals are destined to be influenced. In significant misery, rates expansion in certain Depression age gatherings, yet in dysthymia, the rate is steady from about age 18 until in any event age 64. Dysthymic issues will in general be constant, continuing for significant stretches. Interestingly, times of extreme despondency are normally depicted as time-restricted, which implies that even without treatment the manifestations normally will in general diminish over the long haul. 1.2.6 Criteria for Bipolar I Disorder (Most Recent Episode Unspecified) • Presence (or history) of in any event one Major Depressive Episodes. · Presence (or history) of at any rate one Hypomanic Episode. • There has never been a Manic Episode or a Mixed Episode. • The mentality signs cause clinically gigantic torment or handicap in cordial, word related, or other huge spaces of working. • The disposition results in Criteria An and B are more terrible addressed by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• The mind-set indications in Criteria An and B are not because of the direct physiological impacts of a substance (e.g., a medication of misuse, a drug, or other therapy) or an overall ailment (e.g., hyperthyroidism). 1.2.7 Criteria for Bipolar II Disorder • Presence (or history) of at least one Major Depressive Episodes. • Presence (or history) of at any rate one Hypomanic Episode. • There has never been a Manic Episode or a Mixed Episode. • The mind-set indications in Criteria An and B are worse represented by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. • The manifestations cause clinically huge trouble or debilitation in friendly word related, or other significant spaces of working. 1.2.8 Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder • For at any rate 2 years, the presence of different periods with hypomanic results and different periods with oppressive signs that don't satisfy guidelines for a Major Depressive Episode. • NOTE: In young people and youngsters, the term ought to be on any occasion 1 year. • During the more than 2-year time period (1 year in children and adolescents), the individual has not been without the signs in Criterion A for more than 2 months at the same time. • No Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, or Mixed Episode has been accessible during the underlying 2 years of the agitating impact. • The indications in Criterion are more regrettable addressed by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. • The indications are not because of the direct physiological impacts of a substance (e.g., a medication of misuse, a drug) or an overall ailment (e.g., hyperthyroidism). • The side effects cause clinically huge misery or hindrance in friendly, word related, or other significant spaces of working. 1.3 POST — TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL FEATURES Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental condition created as a repercussions of serious injury regularly including savagery and destruction. DSM IV – TR requires that for diagnosing an individual as experiencing PTSD, there should be a background marked by openness to serious injury. The individual may have encountered, saw or been defied with an 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

occasion or occasions that elaborate genuine or compromised passing, genuine injury or danger to respectability of self as well as other people. The responses of the individual would be overwhelmingly dread, weakness, and fear. In PTSD, the casualty can't dispose of the memory of the horrible experience. At any rate one of the accompanying side effects of meddlesome memory is available: intermittent and nosy memory of the occasion, upsetting dream, and serious misery if any inward or outer sign represents or takes after the awful accident. For instance, after a fear monger assault, the sound of a vehicle tire blasting may help the casualty to remember the sound of terminating and bring back the misery. In any event three of the accompanying practices should be available. The casualty attempts to dispose of the musings, sentiments and exercises identified with the injury, however the exertion is frequently not fruitful. She feels a sort of separation and encounters a confined scope of feelings. For instance, a casualty may feel that she is unequipped for cherishing anyone. In fact, after the Second World War numerous hostages of the Nazi camp had this sensation of not having the option to identify with others. A large number of them stayed single all through life, and for some who wedded, powerlessness to adore turned into an issue. Now and again, the memory of the casualty is twisted. She can't remember huge pieces of her experience. At times she has a feeling of foreshortened future, that is, she can't picture ordinary schooling, profession or everyday life. The PTSD casualty likewise has in any event two of the accompanying indications of over- the-top excitement. She experiences issues falling or staying unconscious, touchiness, upheaval of outrage, issue in fixation and overstated surprise reaction. You may see all or a considerable lot of these manifestations following the injury in many casualties. Be that as it may, a segment of injury casualties outgrow these indications inside a brief period, particularly on the off chance that they are kept in safe spot. However, for some the issue waits. To be analysed as experiencing PTSD, one should have these manifestations for in any event one month. On the other limit, for certain individuals the side effects continue for the remainder of the life. PTSD can be intense or ongoing. In the event that the term of the manifestations is under a quarter of a year, it is known as intense. In the event that it is more than that, it could be called persistent. Sometimes of PTSD, the clinical picture includes extraordinary blame and sadness. Under crisis circumstance, the casualty may feel that she has not assumed her part sufficiently. Maybe a second's carelessness has caused the passing of a friend or family member. This is known as the survivor's blame. This has been concentrated widely in association with battle pressure and cataclysmic events. Some different responses are outrage, substance maltreatment as self-medicine, low yield at working environment and relational issue. In the event that you investigate the records of the US war veterans at Vietnam, you will track down 14 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

that large numbers of them were released from the military with a terrible report that whined of outrage upheaval and unnecessary liquor consumption. A lot later these practices were deciphered as side effects of PTSD. On specific events, particularly when the encompassing is unsupportive, outrageous discouragement and self-destructive contemplations prevail. Social abnormalities may endure forever. At the end of the day, you may figure properly that injury doesn't annihilate just the individuals who had passed on. It can annihilate the presence of the individuals who endure. 1.3.1 The Clinical Picture of Children with PTSD At the point when you see a youngster survivor of an injury, you may see that they express the reactions in a way unique in relation to the grown-ups. Kids frequently have more prominent trouble in verbally communicating their torment, particularly when physical or sexual maltreatment has been included. You may have known about repulsive encounters of youngsters during riots. They may have been liable to attacks themselves or have seen their folks attacked. In the event that you visit a portion of the salvage camps after the uproars you may notice a deadness in kids. Regularly the encounters are outside their ability to grasp and they just do not have the language. Rest issue and bad dreams are exceptionally normal. Some more modest kids lose the generally obtained formative abilities. For instance, the kid may lose discourse or fail to remember latrine preparing. Change in conduct is additionally more normal in youngsters. A cheerful active kid may become loner, or a timid kid may turn out to be unduly forceful. You may comprehend that PTSD, particularly when it includes kids places a gigantic weight on the general public. Survivors of PTSD, particularly youngsters stay inclined to mental issues and actual wellbeing risks for the remainder of the life. They may create mind-set issue, other uneasiness issues like Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Substance Abuse Disorder. Such youngsters are likewise bound to fall flat in scholastics, carer and relationship. They might be more inclined to cardiovascular issues in later life. 1.3.2 Time of Onset of PTSD When does PTSD start? This is undoubtedly a dubious issue, as much of the time it has been seen that indications appear not following the occasion, but rather months or years after the fact. There are two battling clarifications. From one perspective it is conceivable that the survivor of the injury has at first raised a solid safeguard, however continuously it neglected to fill its need and the memory of the injury gets back with full seriousness. A second and elective clarification is that the injury, best case scenario, built up a weak character in the person in question. Throughout life, she has experienced another injury of generally milder nature and that has filled in as a signal to the prior one. A third clarification is that the deferred side effects are not in the least identified with the first injury yet are responses to 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

some new life occasions. Since the individual has a significantly horrendous past, the side effects are wrongly credited to the prior injury. While we don't have the foggiest idea about the last answer, you should remember the likelihood that both of these can occur, and just definite case history may tackle the issue in every individual case. 1.4 DIFFERENT SITUATIONS ELICITING POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER In this section you would learn about different situations of PTSD and how they might affect victim’s emotions and behaviour. 1.4.1 Trauma of Military Combat The trauma of military combat revolves around a few issues. While army training prepares the soldiers to withstand the trauma of warfare, during actual exposure the killings and uncertainties may take a different meaning. Particularly when the war is not against another equally equipped country, but against guerrillas and ordinary civilians as is often required to deal with terrorism, the moral issues often come forth to the forefront. Survival guilt is also common in military combat. A case study: Mohan, 41, an ex-serviceman was referred for psychiatric consultation with the complaint of depression and alcoholism. Quite some years back Mohan saw his friend and colleague Suraj dying in a combat in front of his eyes. The earlier night they had talked together and Suraj had expressed his frustration at the manner in which their duties were being allotted. Mohan had comforted his friend and went to sleep. Next day, during a crossfire, Suraj was hit and died instantly. Mohan did not get any chance to have a last word with him. He just remembers that Suraj looked at him plaintively, probably trying to say something. The look haunts Mohan till date. He feels that he has no moral right to live, because Suraj was a better person than him. He also feels that he could have taken the particular position that Suraj had taken and got hit; it was just a matter of chance that he is surviving. He considers himself a useless person, suffers from low mood and self-blame, and has lost interest in everything. The last look of his friend and other horrors of combat return in his nightmare. Mohan has taken early retirement and started drinking a lot to deal with his problem. It can relieve his guilt and depression only temporarily. His family life is now disrupted. He believes he is not going to live long. 1.4.2 Trauma of Natural Disaster It includes events like earthquake, cyclone, Tsunami, flood and similar other conditions. Such situations are primarily characterised by helplessness as the destructive force of nature is beyond human control. However, after the initial disaster has passed, the role of the Government and rescue operations conducted become crucial. 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

A case study: On December 26, 2004, Thirumal, 10, had just had his breakfast and begged his mother’s permission to go for a walk on the beach before he sat for his studies. Thirumal’s father was a Government employee posted on the beautiful island where they lived. Suddenly Thirumal saw a big wave erupting from the sea and heard a strange rumbling sound. He ran for his house, but never reached there; the wave was faster. He got stuck to a tree trunk and clasped it. Later on, he discovered that his mother and sister had perished. Thirumal was found wandering alone amidst the debris far from his house and taken to a rescue camp. Fortunately, his father was away from home and survived the disaster. Using his influence as a Government Official he could find his son rather quickly and took him away from the camp. Thirumal did not speak at all for days, and then responded only in monosyllables. He had developed a tic in the form of continuous eye blinking whenever anybody talks to him. Even after two months he had not disclosed how he discovered his mother and sister to be dead, if he saw their bodies and what he did after that. He did not weep but wore a strange blank look on his face and ate very little. Thirumal could not sleep peacefully, groaning and shrieking in his sleep. But he could not remember the dreams. 1.4.3 Trauma of Man-Made Disaster This includes a variety of disasters like Industrial accidents (like gas leak) and long-term impacts of planning insensitivity (like arsenic pollution), terrorist attacks, and flood due to opening of dam gates and so on. Here anger toward the perpetrators is an essential element. You need to understand in this context that often the perpetrator is not one single person, but a government policy, an industrial company or a team of people in charge. Sometimes when a single perpetrator can be identified among the group (for example, a single terrorist who has been caught alive while others in the group had either fled or died) the hatred and anger is thrust on him. At other times, the directionless nature of anger adds to the difficulty of the victim. A case study: Majid 22, a small-scale entrepreneur, is a survivor of a big fire that burnt down a building along with a bazaar in a congested area. There was a godown of fireworks near it. Majid and other young men of the locality had long since tried to shift it from that area but could not do it due to political pressure from different quarters. One night, Majid was awakened from sleep by his distraught father who was shouting ‘Fire – fire’. Majid saw smoke entering the room from all sides. Majid and his parents somehow escaped, but all their belongings were burnt in the fire. The meagre compensation from the Government received after prolonged negotiation, was nothing compared to the loss. After a year, Majid who used to be a smart and sociable young man, is now an anxious and moody person. He has occasional anger outbursts which goes out of proportion. He says that the moments of his escape and the cries all around come back to his mind repeatedly and he cannot get rid of them. Though he does not have nightmares, his sleep is disturbed, and appetite is very low. He cannot tolerate the sound of a number of people shouting together, 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

even if it is about a game of cricket. He expresses his extreme frustration at the way the politicians and the Government deals with safety issues. He says he has become detached about most things in the world. He is disinterested in his business also and his father has to look after it. At times he expresses his extreme anger with the local MLA, who did not pay heed to their appeals before the fire. He should be hanged, Majid opines. 1.4.4 Trauma due to Severe Threat to Personal Security and Safety This includes personal accidents, rape, confinement, torture and targeted violence including domestic violence. Usually, the trauma consists of extreme fear, helplessness and uncertainty. You may observe three major phases in the appraisal of personal trauma. The first is the ‘Apprehension phase’ (that the car is skidding, or one is being followed by a man with seemingly bad motive) and corresponding effort at control. Then comes the ‘Impact Phase’ when the event itself is happening and one is left helpless at mercy of the external force, and finally the post traumatic situation when one has to take charge of oneself again. This last phase may be divided in two sub phases. One is the ‘Recoil phase’ when fear and anxiety and may be guilt (in case of rape and assault victims) predominates. Next comes the ‘Reconstruction Phase’ which starts after the initial medical treatment. You may try to diagnose PTSD as a psychiatric category at this phase. The depression, anxiety, intrusive memories and all other signs and the struggle of the person with them starts at this phase. A case study: While driving along a narrow mountain road in the evening, Asim felt his wheels skid and he tried his best to stop the car. But it was a fraction too late and before Asim understood anything his car was dangling at the side of the road. Asim does not remember when he unfastened the seat belt or how the door opened, but the next moment he felt himself falling down beside his car which was also spinning and falling. He got stuck to an entanglement of stones and bushes, while the car fell further down and burst into flames. Asim tried to get himself free and felt that he was unable to move his right hand. Now he felt the extreme pain and he realised that the hand had broken at the elbow. Asim reckons he had become unconscious for a while and then regained consciousness. For some moment he felt as if detached from his body. Then he heard another car passing by and shouted at the top of his voice. The passengers stopped and arranged to rescue him. During the last one-year Asim has been suffering from flashbacks of the moment when he understood that the accident has actually happened. He had recurrent nightmares of the car burning below him and he often sees a burning body in it. He cannot concentrate in his office work, has become irritable and moody. He has got an exaggerated startle response to any sudden visual or auditory stimulus. He had experienced a panic attack while trying to drive a car for the first time after the accident and had abandoned trying since then. He also believes that death is after him and he would not have a full life. 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.5 SUMMARY • We have discussed in this chapter about the various types and concepts related to abnormal behaviour. • Abnormality is usually determined by the presence of several characteristics at I one time. The definition of abnormal behaviour considers the i characteristics of infrequei2t occurrence, violation of norms, personal distress, 'I 3: dysfi~nction and unexpectedness of behaviour. • We have additionally considered the different ideal models to contemplate the reason for strange conduct and the techniques embraced I 1 for surveying the ordinariness of conduct. In the last segment of this section, we P I have concentrated some unusual issues in grown-ups like nervousness problems, behavioural conditions and schizophrenia. We have found out about the essential indications of schizophrenia and the different subtypes of schizophrenia. • Various types of treatments are accessible for mental problems. For treating the mental problems, psychotherapy is a known and effective treatment - I which spins around the connection between the specialist and the patient. There are five distinct sorts of treatments Bio-clinical treatment People who are prepared medicinally treat dysfunctional behavior comparable to actual sickness. • Some of the treatments which are utilized for the treatment of mental problems are Insulin trance like state, Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT), Drug treatment. The psychodynamic treatment depends on the psychoanalytic point of view. • The various procedures utilized by the psychotherapist are free affiliation, investigation of dreams, Transference examination and so forth Conduct treatment depends on the standards of learning. • The procedures of conduct treatment are efficient desensitization, abhorrence treatment, emptiness treatment, displaying method and bio-input. Psychological Therapy lays an incredible weight on perceiving and changing negative contemplations and maladaptive convictions. • The field of unusual brain research, or psychopathology, manages sets of practices, or manifestations that bring about disability in individuals' lives. These arrangements of indications establish mental problems or psychological sickness. • Although the meaning of 'unusual conduct' is touchy to various context-oriented variables, mental problems (e.g., schizophrenia) have been archived across time and culture. • Throughout history, the reasons for strange conduct have been interpreted from various alternate points of view, every one of which reveals to us something remarkable about various parts of mental problems. • Biological/hereditary models centre around mind surrenders, biochemical lopsided characteristics and hereditary inclinations as reasons for psychopathology. 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• In contrast, Freudian, contemporary psychodynamic and connection models centre around the impacts of early parent–youngster encounters. 1.6 KEYWORDS • Psychotherapy: The treatment of mental issues by mental methods, inside the system of an existent mental hypothesis. • Cognitive Therapy: This is a school of psychotherapy which inspires changes in disposition and conduct by distinguishing and modifying staff perspectives. • Personal Distress: In psychology, personal distress is an aversive, self-focused emotional reaction (e.g., anxiety, worry, discomfort) to the apprehension or comprehension of another's emotional state or condition. • Dysfunctions: Dysfunction or disability considers a person to be abnormal if his emotions, actions, or thoughts interfere with his ability to lead a normal life in the society. • Infrequent Occurrence: Majority of individuals show normal conduct as worried to any occasion throughout everyday life. 1.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Explain the Biological paradigm as cause of abnormal behaviour. ..................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 2. List any two determinants of abnormal behaviour and explain any one with the help of an example. ................................................................................................................................................... . ................................................................................................................................................. 1.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Do mental disorders reflect brain dysfunction and genetic abnormalities? If so, does this mean that biological interventions (e.g., drugs) would necessarily be the treatment of choice? 2. What is the usual coping style of persons with Post Traumatic Stress disorder? 3. Discuss the causes for the occurrence of depression. 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Explain abnormality? 5. Explain anxiety disorder. Long Questions 1. There are several models of abnormal behaviour. Discuss the extent to which they can be integrated. In particular, do psychodynamic models share any common ground with behavioural and cognitive models? 2. How many arousal symptoms must be present for diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress disorder? 3. Distinguish between the usual clinical features of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of children and adults. 4. Explain the significance of different approaches in treating depression. 5. Can we assess personality disorder? Describe. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The chief distinguishing feature of psychotic disorders is __________. a. Confusion of fantasy and reality b. Antisocial conduct c. Overwhelming anxiety d. Obsessive behaviour 2. A common form of mental disorder afflicting 10-20% of the population is ________. a. Schizophrenia b. Senile dementia c. Depression d. Delusional disorder 3. Bob has never met Madonna, but he is convinced that she is deeply in love with him. Bob is suffering from ________. a. Grandiose delusions b. Jealous delusions c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Erotomanic delusions 4. If you met an individual who appeared to be very charming at first, but later you discovered that he or she manipulated people, caused others hurt without a second thought, and could not be depended upon, you might suspect him of being ___________. a. Dependent b. Narcissistic 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Paranoid d. Antisocial 5. A much-feared outcome of Alzheimer's disease is __________. a. Functional Psychosis b. Paranoia c. General Paresis d. Senile Dementia Answers 1(a) 2(c) 3(a) 4(d) 5(d) 1.9 REFERENCES Textbooks • Clarkin, J.F., & Lenzenweger, M.F. (1996). Major Theories of Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. A historical overview of many of the most prominent theories of personality disorders. • Hammen, C. (1997). Depression. Hove: Psychology Press/Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. Research-based information on causes and treatments of depression from various theoretical viewpoints. Reference Books • Coleman, J.C. (1964), Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, Scolt, Foresman, Chicago. • Kagan, Jercome and Julius Segal (1988), Psychology: An Introduction, Har Court Brace. Jovanovich Publisher, New York. • Munn, L. Norman et al(1967), Introduction to Psychology, Oxford and IBPH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Websites • https://manhattanmentalhealthcounseling.com/ • https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/abnormality 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2: ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR Structure 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Meaning of Abnormal 2.3 Causes of Abnormal Behaviour 2.4 Disorders – Symptoms And Causes 2.4.1 Schizophrenia – A Living Nightmare 2.4.2 Mood Disorders – Depression 2.4.3 Anxiety Disorders – When Fear Takes Over 2.4.4 Eating Disorders – Bulimia And Anorexia 2.4.5 Substance use Disorders – Abuse And Dependence 2.4.6 Personality Disorders – A Way Of Being 2.5 Summary 2.6 Keywords 2.7 Learning Activity 2.8 Unit End Questions 2.9 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, student will be able to: • Explain the concept of normality. • Understand the difficulties in diagnosing abnormal behaviour. • List the reason or causal factors leading to abnormal behaviour. 2.1 INTRODUCTION The previous unit attempted to explain you the concept and origin of abnormality. Now, the question that might have struck your mind may be what exactly can be categorised in to 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

abnormal and normal behaviour? In reality it is difficult to draw a line that separates normal from abnormal behaviour. The present unit will try to simplify the concepts of normality and abnormality and also the causes and symptoms of abnormal behaviour. Even in the normal daily routine at times people might experience distress and behave in an undesirable ways. Behaviour may depend on the occasion or context. However, to judge a person as being psychologically disordered requires that the behaviour has to be extremely deviant, maladaptive or distressing and problematic for others as well. Normality has been defined as patterns of behaviour or personality traits that are typical or conform to some standard of proper and acceptable ways of behaving and being. There have been several attempts taken to define abnormality based on which some criteria can be drawn as to from which point can the phenomena of psychological abnormality be explored. Most of the definitions have certain features in common, called “the four D’s”: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. That is, patterns of psychological abnormality are typically deviant (different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre); distressing (unpleasant and upsetting to the person); dysfunctional (interfering with the person’s ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way); and possibly dangerous. We all have encountered issues at a few or the other a great time, yet various individuals respond and adapt to it in an unexpected way. With fast industrialization and globalization numerous individuals experience the ill effects of issues like nervousness and despondency however everyone enduring with these issues don't look for proficient clinical help. We have built up specific perspectives and discussing conduct that appear to be typical yet the ideas we use for experimentally contemplating human conduct should be liberated from all emotional sensations of suitability which is for the most part appended to certain human practices and exercises. Allow us currently to inspect the ideas identified with unusual conduct. Characterizing anomaly is misleadingly troublesome. When requested to portray unusual conduct, individuals normally say that it happens inconsistently, is odd or weird, is described by affliction, or is hazardous. These are sensible responses for certain sorts of unusual conduct, however none of them is adequate in itself, and making them all important outcomes in too severe a definition. One closefisted and common-sense approach to characterize unusual conduct is to find out if the conduct causes impedance in the individual's life. The more a behaviour gets in the way of successful functioning in an important domain of life (including the psychological, interpersonal and achievement/performance domains), the more likely it is to be considered a sign of abnormality. When several such behaviours or symptoms occur together, they may constitute a psychological disorder. 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.2 MEANING OF ABNORMAL • Psychological Norms Abnormal psychological functioning is deviant when behaviours, thoughts, and emotions are different from those that are considered normal in a particular place and time. For example, people are not expected to cry themselves to sleep every night, wish themselves dead, or obey voices that no one else hears. In short, behaviour, thoughts, and emotions are deemed abnormal when they violate a society’s ideas about proper functioning. The term abnormal exactly means “away from normal”. Thus, abnormal behaviour is statistically deviant or infrequent. From the statistical point of view, abnormality is any substantial deviation from statistically calculated average. This makes the task simple as it simply measures a person’s performance based on the average performance of the group. Those that fall out of the average range are considered abnormal. Diagnosing a person as mentally retarded is based on this categorization. This involves no values or what is desirable or undesirable but just facts. This could cause some misunderstanding as those who are above the normal range can be considered as deviant or needing psychological treatment. For example, these criteria do not help to distinguish between atypical behaviour which is desirable and acceptable, and behaviours which are undesirable and unacceptable. • Social and Cultural Norms There are certain standards or norms are set for behaviours to be called as normal and those behaviours which deviate markedly from the norm are conceived as abnormal or atypical. Thus, the ideas of normality differ from one society to another and over time within the same society. Each society establishes norms. These norms can be explicit rules (clearly defined) and implicit (understood only indirectly) rules for proper conduct. Judgments of abnormality vary from society to society. A society’s norms grow from its particular culture—its history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts. It should be clear to you by now that, each culture has its own rules telling what is right and what is wrong for acceptable behaviour. Attention to typical patterns of behaviour also promotes cultural sensitivity. Developing sensitivity towards culture is very important in order to understand any behaviour. Therefore, in order to categorise a behaviour of an individual to be normal, it is very necessary to consider the cultural context to which he/she belongs. This behaviour depends in parts, on the attitudes and behaviour patterns that are valued in the groups to which the person belongs. Understanding normal behaviour in relation to the customs, traditions and expectations of the sociocultural context helps in recognizing disturbed behaviour from that which may seem strange but adaptive in that particular culture. For instance, a general public that qualities rivalry and emptiness may 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

acknowledge forceful conduct, though one that underlines collaboration and tenderness may consider forceful conduct unsatisfactory and surprisingly strange. A society’s values may also change over time, causing its views of what is psychologically abnormal to change as well. For example, some decades ago, homosexuality was considered as deviant and unacceptable, however, now it is accepted by the psychiatric community as normal (not deviant). American society, today to a large extent, accepts marriages between same-sex couples. • Legal Norms A persons’ behaviour is termed as ‘crime’ if he/she violates legal norms. Harmful behaviour towards oneself may fall out of the limits of legal norms. Legal norms may differ from culture to culture or differ based on religious backgrounds. • Specific Circumstances Judgments of abnormality depend on specific circumstances as well as on cultural norms. For example, if someone is extremely fearful of an impending danger and shows distress and is unable to function on a day-to-day basis, after experiencing a severe trauma, then it can be inferred that his or her reaction is a normal reaction to an abnormal situation. Many painful human experiences produce intense reactions. • Distress Some people who function abnormally maintain a positive frame of mind. For example, if a person had a delusion of grandiosity, that is, if someone believed that he has been bestowed with special powers, then the reported subjective feelings of the person will certainly not be one of distress. So, the question is then whether the criteria of distress for diagnosing abnormal behaviour are adequate. It should be considered as criteria only based on the overall observation of the behaviour. • Dysfunction Abnormal behaviour tends to be dysfunctional; that is, it interferes with daily functioning or normal routine. Mental illness upsets, distracts, or confuses people so much that they cannot care for themselves properly, participate in ordinary social interactions, or work productively. For example, someone has to quit his/her job, leave his/her family, and withdraw from the productive life he/she once led. This behaviour can be considered abnormal if the person has no other means of financial support. However, the concept of ‘functioning’ is not clear, as some behaviours that can cause ‘failure to function’ are not seen as bad, i.e., firemen risking their lives to save people in a blazing fire or Mahatma Gandhi or his followers going on hunger strikes to procure social justice. 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Then again, dysfunction alone does not necessarily indicate psychological abnormality. Mahatma Gandhi and his followers, for example, went on a fast or in other ways deprived themselves of things they needed as a means of protesting social injustice. Far from receiving a clinical label of some kind, they are widely viewed as admirable people—caring, sacrificing, even heroic. • Danger It is the ultimate or critical factor of psychological dysfunction. It is very essential to judge whether a behaviour is dangerous to self or others. Individuals whose behaviour is consistently careless, hostile, or confused may be placing themselves or those around them at risk. Although danger is often cited as a feature of abnormal psychological functioning, research suggests that it is actually the exception rather than the rule. Despite popular misconceptions, most people struggling with anxiety, depression, and even bizarre thinking pose no immediate danger to themselves or to anyone else. 2.3 CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR Although there are clear criteria for defining abnormality, yet the diagnosing of abnormal conditions still challenging. An example to support this was the experiment conducted by American psychologist David L. Rosenhan in 1973, which was published under the title ‘On being sane in insane places’ in the journal Science and stirred up a lot of reactions and criticisms among the psychiatric community. It was a two-section try investigating the consistency and legitimacy of customary techniques for mental judgments. For the primary examination, Rosenhan organized a gathering of 8 ordinary people called 'pseudo patients' who were known to have no mental or mental pathology. They incorporated a brain research graduate understudy, three therapists, a paediatrician, a specialist, a painter and a housewife. Three of them were ladies and five of them men. Rosenhan was one among them. These pseudo patients showed up at 12 distinctive mental emergency clinics (11 college or state emergency clinics and 1 private medical clinic), revealing a bogus objection of over and over hearing something, for example, \"crash\", or \"empty\" or \"void\" and acquiring secret confirmation. They utilized aliases (names) to pretend their genuine character. Nonetheless, other than this manufactured grumbling of hear-able pipedream, they announced no different issues and acted totally ordinary, i.e., as they would typically act. Rosenhan led this investigation to check whether specialists could accurately distinguish the pseudo patients with one manufactured manifestation, as rational. To everybody's humiliation, every one of these patients were determined to have schizophrenia, aside from the person who showed up at the private organization who was determined to have hyper burdensome psychosis. Every one of them were conceded into inpatient wards, with stay going somewhere in the range of 7 and 52 days and averaging at 19 days. As taught and arranged before the examination, these pseudo patients quit griping of the 27 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

underlying grumbling not long after affirmation. They noticed the condition and happenings inside the mental clinics acutely and took notes industriously. At first, their note-taking was mysterious and discrete, yet as soon they understood that nobody else was focusing, they began taking notes transparently. They were helpful, amicable, and charming, and were additionally recorded in the clinic records as being so. Notwithstanding this, none of them were recognized as normal during the emergency clinic stay. They were recommended psychotropic medications, which they allegedly disposed of without the information on the emergency clinic staff. They were delivered with a release determination of 'schizophrenia abating', after they confessed to being crazy however feeling improvement. A portion of the aftereffects of Rosenhan's analysis came to be known to the staff of a specific showing mental medical clinic, which asserted that such mistakes would not occur at their foundation. This case framed the reason for the second piece of the analysis. Rosenhan organized with this emergency clinic, telling them that he would send at least one pseudo patients (i.e., normal people) to their clinic in the following three-month time frame to acquire secret confirmation. Each staff (counting chaperons, medical attendants, specialists, doctors, and analysts) were approached to rate every quiet introducing for affirmation dependent on their doubt of being a pseudo patient and along these lines distinguish the impostors. During the three-month time frame, 193 patients were judged and of these, 41 patients (21%) were distinguished as pseudo patients by in any event one staff part, while 23 patients (12%) were recognized as pseudo patients by at any rate one therapist. Nineteen patients (10%) were recognized as pseudo patients by one therapist and one other staff part. The aftereffects of this second piece of the investigation were more humiliating than the first – Rosenhan detailed that he had sent no pseudo patients to this clinic during that period. From both these examinations, it very well may be proposed that customary techniques for determination of dysfunctional behavior were unequipped for recognizing, at any rate consistently and reliably, even inside one country and one culture, mental soundness from madness, and anomaly from ordinariness. In the main examination, specialists submitted a bogus positive conclusion of a normal individual as crazy, i.e., what analysts would call a Type 2 blunder. In other words, the therapists expected sickness even in a sound individual, instead of missing a genuine conclusion like schizophrenia. This is reasonable, given the way of preparing during clinical instruction where expecting sickness in a solid individual (to give the advantage of uncertainty and empiric advantageous therapy) is educated to be more worthy than missing a conclusion of a conceivably genuine disease. In the second piece of the examination, when the staff were deliberately alarmed of the chance of faking craziness, they would in general make various bogus negative analyses, i.e., Type 1 mistakes. Accordingly, Studies show that Rosenhan presumed that because of a huge pace of Type 1 and Type 2 mistakes, the contemporary demonstrative strategy for psychological instability was untrustworthy. 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.4 DISORDERS – SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES 2.4.1 Schizophrenia – A Living Nightmare • Symptoms The demonstrative measures of DSM IV (TR) incorporate negative indications. These side effects are generally speaking, don't react well to treatment and to numerous meds. Conduct or capacities that are insufficient or missing in a schizophrenic person's conduct and accordingly allude to a misfortune or decrease of ordinary capacities. The schizophrenic with negative manifestations has likewise a shortage or a need these practices and are considered as disintegrated. Yet, the positive indications then again accompany person's typical conduct collection and incorporate dreams and fantasies just as psychomotor unsettling, peculiar conduct and negligible intellectual hindrance. It additionally incorporates Type I and Type II Schizophrenia. These additionally incorporate positive and negative side effects and individually incorporate with more accentuation on science and taking drugs adequacy. Type I schizophrenics react well to antipsychotic drugs and have typical estimated mind ventricles, yet the other one Type II doesn't react well to prescriptions and may have expanded ventricles and irregularities in their front facing projection. Signs and side effects of schizophrenia for the most part are separated into three classes — positive, negative and psychological. • Positive Symptoms In schizophrenia, positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions. These active, abnormal symptoms may include: i. Delusions: Delusions are false beliefs. These beliefs are not based in reality and usually involve misinterpretation of perception or experience. They are the most common of schizophrenic symptoms. ii. Hallucination: These usually involve seeing or hearing things that do not exist, although hallucinations can be in any of the senses. Hearing voices is the most common hallucination among people with schizophrenia. These are called auditory hallucinations. iii. Thought Disorder: Difficulty speaking and organising thoughts may result in stopping speech midsentence or putting together meaningless words, sometimes known as “word salad.” iv. Disorganised Behaviour: This may show in a number of ways, ranging from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation. • Negative Symptoms 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Negative symptoms refer to a diminishment or absence of characteristics of normal function. They may appear months or years before positive symptoms. They include: i. Loss of interest in everyday activities ii. Appearing to lack emotion iii. Reduced ability to plan or carry out activities iv. Neglect of personal hygiene v. Social withdrawal vi. Loss of motivation • Cognitive Symptoms Cognitive symptoms involve problems with thought processes. These symptoms may be the most disabling in schizophrenia because they interfere with the ability to perform routine daily tasks. A person with schizophrenia may be born with these symptoms, but they may worsen when the disorder starts. They include: i. Problems with making sense of information ii. Difficulty paying attention iii. Memory problems • Affective Symptoms Schizophrenia also can affect mood, causing depression or mood swings. In addition, people with schizophrenia often seem inappropriate and odd in regard to their moods, causing others to avoid them, which leads to social isolation. People with schizophrenia often lack awareness that their difficulties stem from a mental illness that requires medical attention. So, it usually falls to family or friends to get them help. • Suicidal Thoughts Suicidal thoughts and behaviour are common among people with schizophrenia. If you suspect or know that your loved one is considering suicide, seek immediate help. Contact a doctor, mental health provider or other health care professional. Common Symptoms include: i. Social withdrawal 30 ii. Flat ,expressionless gaze iii. Inappropriate laughter or crying iv. Depression v. Insomnia or oversleeping vi. Delusions a. Delusions of persecution b. Delusions of reference c. Delusions of grandeur CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Delusions of control vii. Hallucinations a. Auditory hallucinations b. Visual hallucinations in some cases viii. Disorganised speech ix. Disorganised behaviour x. Clumsy in motor functions xi. Rigidity, tremor, jerking arm movements, or involuntary movements of the limbs xii. Awkward walking xiii. Unusual gestures and postures xiv. Inability to experience joy or pleasure from activities (called anhedonia) xv. Appearing desire less or seeking nothing xvi. Feeling indifferent to important events xvii. Low motivation or No motivation xviii. Suicidal thoughts in some cases xix. Rapidly changing mood. • CAUSES There are many factors that may cause schizophrenia. Scientists are still working on this aspect, trying to identify all of them. The most common causes are: Genetics The hereditary weakness and natural components can act in blend to bring about finding of schizophrenia. Exploration recommends that hereditary weakness to schizophrenia is multi factorial, brought about by collaborations of a few qualities. Both individual and twin examinations and meta-investigations of twin investigations gauge the heritability of hazard for schizophrenia to be roughly 80% (this alludes to the extent of variety between people in a populace that is affected by hereditary elements, not the level of hereditary assurance of individual danger). Concordance rates between monozygotic twins was near half, while dizygotic twins was 17%. Selection examines have likewise demonstrated a to some degree expanded danger in those with a parent with schizophrenia in any event, when raised separated. Studies propose that the aggregate is hereditarily impacted however not hereditarily decided. The variations in qualities are by and large inside the scope of ordinary human variety and have okay connected with them each separately, and that some cooperate with one another and with ecological danger factors. These may not really be explicit to schizophrenia. 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Some twin examinations have discovered rates as low as 11.0% to 13.8% among monozygotic twins, and 1.8% to 4.1% among dizygotic twins. Tyronne Cannon investigated the circumstance, expressing: \"Past twin examinations have detailed assessments of expansive heritability going from 0.41 to 0.87\"Yet, in the \"Sets of Veteran Twins\" study, for instance, 338 sets were schizophrenic with just 26 sets concordant, and it was finished up in one report: \"the job of the proposed hereditary factor gives off an impression of being a restricted one; 85 percent of the influenced monozygotic sets in the example were harsh for schizophrenia\". Likewise, a few researchers censure the procedure of the twin examinations, and have contended that the hereditary premise of schizophrenia is still to a great extent obscure or open to various understandings. 2.4.2 Mood Disorders – Depression In spite of the fact that mind-set problems share a few manifestations for all intents and purpose, they are totally different as far as their predominance and causes. Significant burdensome issue, likewise, called unipolar sadness, is quite possibly the most widely recognized of these problems, while bipolar turmoil (otherwise called hyper discouragement), like schizophrenia, is less pervasive. The two problems regularly bring about extreme impedance. Figure 2.1 shows that downturn results in as much impedance as regular actual medical issues, if not more. Side effects of significant burdensome issue. The essential side effect of significant burdensome issue is, as anyone might expect a discouraged or miserable mind-set. Nearly everybody encounters a tragic state of mind some time in their life, however significant burdensome issue goes a lot farther than just inclination dismal. Different side effects incorporate: Figure 2.1: Depression Results 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Losing interest or joy in things that you normally appreciate – an encounter called anhedonia. • Changes in hunger – some discover nothing engaging and need to compel themselves to eat, bringing about huge weight reduction, while others need to eat more and gain a ton of weight. • Changes in rest propensities – discouraged individuals might be not able to rest or need to rest constantly. • An exceptionally low degree of energy, outrageous exhaustion and helpless focus. Discouraged individuals isn't propelled to do anything, regularly get themselves unfit to get up and incapable to finish school or work tasks. They may travel through their lives gradually, feeling that even straightforward exercises require a lot of energy. • Feeling gravely about themselves – low confidence, feeling useless and reprimanding themselves for all that has turned out badly in their lives and the world. Discouraged individuals will in general feel miserable about the future and don't really accept that they will at any point feel good. Significant burdensome issue has pessimistic outcomes not just for how individuals feel about themselves and their future, yet additionally for their connections. During a burdensome scene individuals will in general pull out socially, feel uncertain seeing someone, inspire dismissal from others and experience significant degrees of relational clash and stress. Heartfelt, family and companion connections all endure. Given their degree of torment, hindrance and sadness, it is not really astounding that downturn is one of the greatest danger factors for self-destruction, with around 15% of discouraged individuals ending it all (Clark and Goebel-Fabbri, 1999). Figure 2.2: Depressed Person 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Significant burdensome issue follows an intermittent course. Albeit a few group have disengaged scenes, most experience numerous scenes of gloom that may turn out to be more extreme over the long haul (e.g., Lewinsohn, Zeiss and Duncan, 1989). Gentle types of misery with only a couple manifestations as opposed to out and out significant burdensome problem can anticipate the beginning of more genuine discouragement later on (e.g., Pine et al., 1999). Figure 2.3: Children with Psychological Disorders Despite the fact that downturn was once thought to be an issue of adulthood, we currently realize that it influences individuals, everything being equal, including kids (Figure 2.3). Truth be told, the time of beginning of an individual in burdensome problem is diminishing, and the paces of significant burdensome issue in youth and pre-adulthood are expanding quickly. Beginning stage predicts a more awful course of wretchedness over the long haul (e.g., Lewinsohn et al., 1994), so sorrow in youth and immaturity is a significant issue that can prompt continuous troubles all through life. Reasons for significant burdensome problem and components influencing its course: • Genetic and biological factors like schizophrenia, major depressive disorder can be genetically transmitted (e.g., McGuffin et al., 1996). As for biological factors, the current view is that no single neurotransmitter is associated with major depressive disorder. Instead, it most likely involves dysregulation of the entire neurotransmitter system (Siever & Davis, 1991). Indeed, it may be the balance of various neurotransmitters that regulate mood. Major depressive disorder may also involve neuroendocrine dysfunction. Depressed people tend to have elevated cortisol levels (e.g., Halbreich, Asnis & Shindledecker, 1985). Cortisol is involved in regulating the body’s reaction to stress and becomes elevated under stress. This suggests that, physiologically, depressed people may be in a state of chronic stress and they are perhaps more reactive to stress than are non-depressed people (e.g., Gold, Goodwin & Chrousos, 1988). As we see in the next section, stress plays an important role in vulnerability to major depressive disorder. 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Psychosocial factors unlike schizophrenia, which almost certainly has a genetic and/or biological trigger, major depressive disorder can be caused by either genetic/biological or psychosocial factors. One of the primary psychosocial factors is life stress, including significant negative life events and chronically stressful circumstances (e.g., Brown & Harris, 1989). Of course, many people experience stressful situations, but they don’t all become depressed, suggesting that a diathesis–stress process might be occurring. Specifically, it may be the particular way we perceive and think about life stressors that leads to depression. Consistent with a cognitive model of psychopathology, people who think about life events in a pessimistic, dysfunctional way are more likely to get depressed than people who think about life events in an optimistic way (e.g., Metalsky, Halberstadt & Abramson, 1987). Beck (1967; Beck et al., 1979) describes pessimistic ways of thinking about us, the world and the future as cognitive distortions. Examples are viewing things in a black and white manner, focusing on and exaggerating negative aspects and minimizing i. Our positive qualities. When people engage in cognitive distortions, like those below, to explain their life circumstances, they put themselves at risk for experiencing negative moods like depression ii. All or nothing thinking – ‘I’m a total loser!’ iii. Overgeneralization – ‘I’m always going to be a total loser!’ iv. Catastrophizing – ‘I’m so bad at my job that I’m sure to fail, then I’ll get fired, I’ll be totally humiliated, nobody will ever hire me again, and I’ll be depressed forever!’ v. Personalization – ‘It’s all my fault that my sister’s boyfriend broke up with her – if I hadn’t been so needy of her attention, she would have spent more time with him and they vi. Would have stayed together!’ vii. Emotional reasoning – ‘I feel like an incompetent fool, therefore I must be one!’ 2.4.3 Anxiety Disorders – When Fear Takes Over Anxiety is a set of symptoms: • Emotional (e.g., Fear, worry) • Physical (e.g., Shortness of breath, heart pounding, sweating, Upset stomach) • Cognitive (e.g., fear of dying, losing control, going crazy). At the point when somebody encounters this group of indications, it is regularly called a fit of anxiety. Like discouraged disposition, nervousness is a typical encounter – nearly everybody has felt some degree of tension in their lives. As a rule, it is a typical versatile encounter, physiologically setting up our bodies to react when we sense risk. Our autonomic sensory system (see part 3) prepares us for battle or flight and afterward, when the threat has passed, 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

quiets us back down again so we can return to ordinary working. So how would we separate 'typical' dread from a nervousness issue? Notwithstanding the degree of impedance brought about by the uneasiness, a problem frequently includes dread and nervousness in light of something that isn't inalienably startling or risky. For instance, it isn't unexpected to feel tension in light of harmful snakes, yet it less ordinary to feel uneasiness because of pictures of snakes. Nervousness problems share four things for all intents and purpose: • Each is characterized by a particular objective of dread (what the individual fears ) • Anxiety or fits of anxiety are knowledgeable about reaction to the • The focus of dread is kept away from by the victim; and • Anxiety issues will in general be constant – they will in general endure as opposed to come in scenes, Indications and course of nervousness issues. • Specific Phobias: The most widely recognized and clear of the tension issues are explicit fears – dread and evasion of a specific article or circumstance (e.g., canines, statures, flying). This nervousness might be exceptionally surrounded, happening just because of the objective of dread, and may bring about weakness in just an unmistakable space. For instance, somebody who fears flying may lead an exceptionally typical, profitable life yet essentially can't fly. This may disable their work on the off chance that they are required to go for business, or their connections if, for instance, they can't get away with their accomplice. Be that as it may, it will not normally influence different aspects of their life. • Social Phobia: Social fear will in general be more debilitating in light of the fact that it regularly brings about critical social detachment. You may imagine that individuals with social fear individuals or of social circumstances – yet this isn't the situation. They are really terrified of negative assessment and dismissal by others and will endeavour to keep away from it no matter what. Social fear goes from generally gentle (e.g., dreading and staying away from public talking just) to incredibly unavoidable (e.g., dreading and staying away from all friendly cooperation besides with relatives). • Panic Disorder: Panic issue can likewise be very crippling, particularly when it is combined with agoraphobia. In a real sense 'dread of the commercial centre', agoraphobia is regularly considered as dread of going out. All the more precisely, it is dread of circumstances in which getaway would be troublesome or there would be nobody to help should freeze happen. Frenzy issue starts with unexpected fits of anxiety that happen all of a sudden. The issue creates when individuals stress over having another fit of anxiety and in this way start to keep away from spots and circumstances, they partner with it. For instance, on the off chance that you had a fit of anxiety while driving, you may abstain from driving once more. At the point when 36 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

somebody stays away from such countless spots and circumstances that they are at long last unfit to leave their home, they are said to have agoraphobia. • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: You will not be shocked to track down that fanatical impulsive issue (OCD) is portrayed by fixations (undesirable, industrious, meddlesome, dreary musings) and impulses (ceremonial, monotonous practices). At the point when somebody with OCD encounters fixations, like dread of tainting, tension is produced. To decrease this nervousness, she may participate in impulses, for example, monotonous hand-washing. The impulses lessen uneasiness momentarily, however the fixations before long return, and the victim gets trapped in an endless loop. In some cases, OCD is genuinely encircled, however frequently it starts to rule individuals' lives, causing huge hindrance. Commonplace fixations include religion, pollution, dread of harming somebody, dread of losing something significant, and dread of saying or accomplishing something improper or risky. Commonplace impulses are hand-washing, checking, tallying and accumulating. • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Experiencing a horrible accident can prompt post- awful pressure problem (PTSD). It was first recorded among war veterans who had been presented to wartime barbarities, yet we currently realize that it can happen in light of numerous kinds of occasion, including catastrophic events, mishaps, assault and actual maltreatment. Also, it isn't only the casualty who is helpless against the problem. Somebody who notices extreme actual maltreatment, for instance, is additionally in danger. PTSD has a perplexing arrangement of side effects. The objective of dread is simply the injury, which makes enormous uneasiness, so the victim will frantically attempt to stay away from anything related with the injury. They may even lose their memory for the occasion. Then again, individuals with PTSD may be tormented with undesirable and nosy considerations about the occasion, like flashbacks and bad dreams. Victims likewise will in general turn out to be mentally numb. Their feelings shut down, and they can't get joy from things or even imagine what's to come. Yet, once more, perplexingly, they may likewise encounter manifestations of hyper-excitement. They are normally hyper-cautious to their current circumstance, they frighten effectively, can't rest or focus, and are peevish and handily enraged. This mind-boggling set of manifestations makes PTSD is a weakening problem. • Generalized Anxiety Disorder: here and there, summed up tension problem is the easiest, and in alternate ways the most intricate, uneasiness issue. It is described by an all-inclusive period – say, a half year or more – of constant, wild stress over various things. This sounds straightforward. Victims spend their lives stressed and tense constantly, they are effectively bothered, and they experience difficulty resting and thinking. Then again, it isn't completely clear the thing individuals are endeavoring to keep away from and which work their concern serves. A few scholars have proposed that individuals with this problem dread that they won't control their lives or 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

themselves, and stress is an approach to apply control (Borkovec, 1985). It doesn't work, obviously, yet victims may feel totally crazy on the off chance that they quit stressing. They may have no other adapting techniques to depend on. Causes of anxiety disorders and factors affecting their course: • Genetic and Biological Factors: The degree of heritability differs across messes. For instance, alarm issue shows moderately high paces of heritability, though summed up tension issue shows lower rates (e.g., Hettema et al., 2001; Kendler et al., 1992). There is likewise proof that individuals who are inclined to nervousness issues are brought into the world with something many refer to as conduct restraint (see Kagan and Snidman, 1991). Kids who are behaviourally restrained are bashful, calm, unfortunate, socially avoidant and have undeniable degrees of physiological excitement (i.e., they are stirred effectively and are receptive to incitement and stress). These youngsters are bound to build up a nervousness issue (e.g., Hirschfeld et al., 1992). With respect to factors, there various pathways in the limbic framework that are estimated to create different sorts of tension responses (e.g., Gray, 1982). Moreover, individuals with tension issues show low levels of the synapse gamma aminobutyric corrosive (GABA). This is a focal sensory system inhibitor that attempts to bring down physiological excitement and keep us without a care in the world. Low degrees of GABA can accordingly prompt expanded neuronal terminating, which may thus prompt significant degrees of physiological excitement and, subsequently, nervousness. Albeit a few types of organic brokenness might be related with tension when all is said in done, every nervousness issue may likewise have remarkable natural causes. For instance, some examination shows there is a particular mind circuit that, when over-initiated (e.g., in the midst of stress), brings about dreary examples normal for OCD (e.g., Rapoport, 1989). Exploration likewise recommends that weakness to freeze issue might be the consequence of a natural affectability to actual sensations (e.g., Klein, 1993). Our bodies may have a 'caution framework' that is overly sensitive to specific sensations (e.g., absence of oxygen). At the point when the alert sounds, we may encounter a fit of anxiety. This is a fascinating model; however, it doesn't demonstrate how precisely this cycle prompts alarm problem (i.e., how dread and aversion of fits of anxiety create). • Psychosocial Factors Intellectual, conduct and life stress factors all influence hazard for uneasiness problems. Truth be told, stress is, by definition, the reason for PTSD. At the point when dread is created by life encounters, be they genuine encounters, things we see or even things we are told about, this can fill in as an incredible moulding experience. Be that as it may, similar to wretchedness, the manner in which we see a terrifying occasion influences whether it brings about an uneasiness issue. Uneasiness is related with review the world as risky and wild and survey the self as defenceless (e.g., Beck and Emery, 1985). 38 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• The advancement of frenzy problem is a genuine illustration of how different causal components may cooperate. Envision you are organically touchy to physiological changes in your body. Assume one day you out of nowhere feel winded for no recognizable explanation. You accept the windedness implies something horrible is going to happen ('I will kick the bucket!', 'I will fail to keep a grip on myself!'), thus you experience more tension, likely bringing about an all-out fit of anxiety. Since this terrifying occasion is made considerably more so by your disastrous understanding, you build up a dread of the fit of anxiety (Clark, 1986; see likewise figure 2.4). On the off chance that the fit of anxiety happens while you are driving, you may likewise build up a dread of driving and start to keep away from it. This aversion is supported on the grounds that it decreases the probability of additional fits of anxiety. Figure 2.4: Cognitive Model of Panic Disorder 2.4.4 Eating Disorders – Bulimia and Anorexia Dietary problems have pulled in a lot of consideration lately, especially in college settings where they will in general be unmistakable. However regardless of more noteworthy public mindfulness, certain misinterpretations actually exist. For instance, numerous individuals think dietary problems are achieved by vanity. This couldn't possibly be more off-base. Maybe than being vain, individuals with dietary problems battle with issues about what their identity is, the thing that they are worth, regardless of whether they will actually want to deal with themselves and how to arrange connections. Dietary issues are mind boggling and hard to survive. There are presently two dietary problems remembered for the ICD-10 and DSM-IV – bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Despite the fact that they vary significantly, they share four things for all intents and purpose: • A misshaped self-perception (off base evaluation about shape and weight) • An extreme dread of being fat • An ability to be self-aware that spins around the person's body and weight • Eating that is controlled by mental as opposed to physiological cycles, albeit the type of eating guideline is very unique for the two problems. Symptoms 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Individuals with bulimia will in general be of typical weight and are some of the time even overweight. Bulimia nervosa is portrayed by repetitive scenes of pigging out and cleansing. During a gorge, bulimic individuals burn-through a huge number of calories in a concise timeframe and feel a staggering loss of control as they are doing as such. The gorge is then trailed by cleansing conduct – typically spewing, taking intestinal medicines, taking diuretics or utilizing bowel purges, and now and then fasting or inordinate exercise. Different indications may incorporate: • Somewhat turbulent lives • A propensity to be indiscreet, genuinely labile, touchy to dismissal and needing consideration • Depression as well as substance misuse Anorexia nervosa is portrayed by a refusal to keep up typical body weight. Individuals with anorexia limit their food admission through slim down and normally take part in over-the-top exercise. Their weight frequently turns out to be low to the point that their bodies quit working ordinarily (e.g., females quit bleeding), and they regularly seem withered. Anorexics additionally tend to: • Be stickler, rule-bound and dedicated. • Have a solid need to satisfy others, however, never feel extraordinary themselves. • Be successful people, yet additionally feel dubious of their ability to be free. A few group with anorexia additionally participate in pigging out then vomiting and have different highlights of their characters and lives in the same manner as bulimics. 2.4.5 Substance use Disorders – Abuse and Dependence Regardless of what people may experience as positive effects of drugs and alcohol, they both have negative effects on our health and ability to function, especially when used repeatedly. This recurrent use may result in a substance use disorder. There are two substance use issues – misuse and reliance. Substance misuse is characterized totally on the measure of impedance. In the event that somebody's rehashed utilization of a substance causes huge hindrance in even one everyday issue, he can be portrayed as a substance victimizer. Regular hindrances include: Common impairments include: • Failure to fulfil major role obligations – e.g., Constantly late to or absent from work. • Recurrent use in perilous circumstances – for example While driving. • Frequent substance-related lawful issues – e.g., Arrests for untidy direct; and • Social and relational issues – e.g., struggle with accomplice or other relatives. Substance reliance is demonstrated by physical or mental reliance or fixation. Actual reliance incorporates: 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Tolerance – the requirement for expanded measures of the substance or lessened impact with same sum; and • Withdrawal – the experience of actual indications when the substance is halted, or going to another substance • To ease or keep away from those manifestations. Mental reliance is demonstrated by: • Taking substances in bigger sums or throughout longer timeframes than expected. • A relentless craving to utilize or ineffective endeavors to chop down or control use • Spending a lot of time attempting to acquire, utilize or recuperate from the substance • Giving up significant exercises • Continued use, in spite of information on a difficult that is exacerbated by the substance The course of substance use disorders: Substance misuse and reliance can be persistent, reformist, degenerative issues with serious adverse results. However, the course they take fluctuates, contingent upon the substance being utilized. Liquor addiction specifically can have grievous results, including medical issues, relational issues and early passing. Individuals who use substances as often as possible will frequently utilize more than one sort of substance. Substance problems can start at whatever stage in life and are turning out to be more pervasive, especially among teenagers. Albeit most grown-up substance victimizers started utilizing in puberty, most teenagers who attempt drugs don't advance to extreme maltreatment. Along these lines, experimentation doesn't really prompt long lasting fixation or unfriendly outcomes. A few group with substance use problems show reduction, particularly late throughout everyday life, except backslide is successive, especially in light of high-hazard circumstances, like antagonistic passionate states, prevailing difficulty and relational clash. Lamentably, as a result of the great backslide rates, scarcely any individuals completely recuperate from substance problems. 2.4.6 Personality Disorders – A Way of Being Up until now, the issues we have portrayed have generally been viewed as disorder, which – like actual sicknesses – are not piece of individuals' fundamental character structure. At the point when treated properly, these conditions typically dispatch and individuals recover to ordinary working, in any event for some time. Be that as it may, behavioural conditions are unique. They are problems of individuals' fundamental character structure – so there is no 'typical working' to get back to. The behavioural conditions themselves are individuals' 'typical' method of working, and fitting treatment implies adapting totally better approaches for being. All behavioural conditions share various things practically speaking. They are: 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Longstanding – i.e., Begin at a moderately early age • Chronic – i.e., Continue after some time • Pervasive – i.e., Occur across most settings The musings, sentiments and practices that describe behavioural conditions are: Inflexible – i.e., they are applied unbendingly and impervious to change n maladaptive – i.e., they don't bring about what the individual expectations for. Individuals with behavioural conditions normally don't understand they have them. They experience themselves as typical and regularly feel that individuals they associate with are the ones with the issues. The essential behavioural conditions and their key characteristics, as depicted in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994) are: • Cluster A – The Odd And Eccentric Cluster Paranoid – dubious, wary, makes antagonistic attributions Schizoid – relationally and genuinely remove, inert to other people, a 'maverick' Schizotypal – odd considerations, practices, encounters; poor relational working • Cluster B – The Dramatic And Erratic Cluster Histrionic – sensational, needs consideration, sincerely shallow Narcissistic – swelled ability to be self-aware significance, entitled, low compassion, covered up weakness. Antisocial – practices that dismiss laws, standards, privileges of others, ailing in compassion Borderline – insecurity in musings, sentiments, conduct and ability to be self-aware • Cluster C – The Fearful And Avoidant Cluster Obsessive-compulsive – inflexible, controlled, perfectionistic Avoidant – fears negative assessment, dismissal and relinquishment Dependent – accommodating, subject to others for confidence, fears relinquishment As should be obvious, this association of the behavioural conditions places them into groups. These bunches are thought to reflect messes with regular characteristics. Albeit the problems inside each bunch do show shared traits, it is additionally the case the undeniable degrees of comorbidity among messes across groups. Marginal behavioural condition and total disregard for other people (like what is frequently called psychopathy) have gotten more consideration than the others, as they will in general have probably the most adverse outcomes, including self-destruction and savagery. • Causes Of Personality Disorders And Factors Affecting Their Course i. Genetic And Biological Factors: There is proof of humble hereditary transmission for some behavioural conditions, particularly total disregard for other people, albeit natural factors additionally assume a significant part (e.g., Cadoret et al., 1995). There is likewise proof that youngsters are brought into the world 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

with various personalities, which may fill in as weakness factors. For instance, restraint – which inclines kids towards modesty and nervousness – may put them in danger for behavioural conditions described by those attributes. Disinhibited youngsters are active, loquacious, rash and have low degrees of physiological excitement. These youngsters might be in danger for behavioural conditions portrayed by impulsivity, inconsistent or forceful conduct, or absence of sympathy. Natural variables are likewise being investigated as reasons for some behavioural conditions, for example, total disregard for other people. For instance, research recommends that individuals with solitary character attributes show low degrees of physiological excitement, which may represent their capacity to take part in practices that typically cause individuals to feel restless (e.g., Raine, Venables and Williams, 1990). ii. Psychosocial Factors Psychosocial Factors Cognitive, psychodynamic and connection scholars all propose that adverse early encounters in the family put individuals in danger of creating behavioural conditions. The supposition that will be that this occurs, in any event to some extent, through the comprehensions that individuals create. Early encounters with individuals who neglect to approve a kid's self-esteem might be disguised and bring about a profound situated arrangement of seriously unbending and broken considerations about oneself, others and the world, which at that point convert into inflexible standards of conduct. For instance, if guardians are not accessible to help a kid adapt to pressure yet are basic or oppressive all things considered, the youngster will discover that she can't depend on her folks, despite the fact that she may frantically need to. She may figure out how to shroud her emotions, to expect that she will be scrutinized and dismissed by others, thus, to stay away from close relational connections, regardless of whether she furtively longs for them. On the off chance that this example proceeds to create and gets inflexible as the youngster grow up, she may in the end build up an avoidant behavioural condition. Examination is starting to propose that touchy and psychosocial factors associate. Kochanska (1995) found that offspring of various demeanor show more versatile good improvement because of various characteristics of the parent– youngster relationship. For instance, unfortunate youngsters react better to delicate control, while non-unfortunate kids react better when they are safely connected to a parent. This recommends that the nearer the nurturing style coordinates with the requirements related with that specific kids' disposition, the more versatile their youngsters will turn into. At the point when a confuse happens, kids may create compensatory adapting techniques, perhaps prompting the unbending examples that are related with behavioural conditions. 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.5 SUMMARY • We fired up with a conversation towards understanding the idea of ordinariness. You were likewise clarified about the different models, estimation and etiology (reasons for) anomaly. • It can be summarized from the above conversations that, the unusual working is for the most part viewed as degenerate, distressful, broken, and perilous. • While evaluating any conduct, it is critical to consider the setting in which it happens. Further, the idea of anomaly relies upon the standards and upsides of the general public being referred to. An assortment of points of view and experts have come to work in the field of unusual brain science, and some very much prepared clinical specialists currently examine the field's speculations and medicines. • We took up the side effects of schizophrenia and zeroed in on both positive and negative indications and what they mean for the problem. At that point we took up the different sorts of schizophrenia, for example, the hebephrenic, distrustful, mental, undifferentiated and so forth, and talked about every one of their side effects, causes and treatment of the equivalent. • In respect to the reasons for schizophrenia, general causes were talked about and supporting twin examinations for hereditary elements were likewise talked about. Along these lines, the family study, twin investigation and reception concentrate all show a significant benefactor for schizophrenia. • It is a lifetime hazard and relates very well with the extent of qualities imparted to an influenced relative. The financial job is likewise significant and lower bunch are consistently at the danger of the issue. • By and huge every one of the manifestations of schizophrenia, the causes or the etiological elements and the different accessible treatment for the problem have been introduced in this unit. • Mood is a supported inclination express that is capable inside and impacts an individual's conduct and attention to the world. Influence is a connected term which is outside appearance of state of mind and is known by the looks. • Mood problems are described by industrious and unavoidable change in state of mind or influence joined by the adjustment of the general action of an individual and influence individual, natural and socio-word related working of an individual. • We have furthermore viewed as the various norms to ponder the justification unusual direct, and the methodologies got I 1 for assessing the commonness of lead. In the last fragment of this part, we P I have focused some strange issues in adults like disquiet issues, social conditions and schizophrenia. We have gotten some answers concerning the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia and the distinctive subtypes of schizophrenia. 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Various kinds of medicines are open for mental issues. For treating the psychological issues, psychotherapy is a known and viable treatment - I which turns around the association between the guide and the patient. There are five exceptional sorts of therapies Bio-clinical therapy People who are arranged remedially treat mental affliction tantamount to genuine illness. • Some of the medicines which are used for the treatment of mental issues are Insulin obviousness, Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT), Drug treatment. The psychodynamic treatment relies upon the psychoanalytic perspective. 2.6 KEYWORDS • Legal Norms: A people's conduct is named as 'wrongdoing' on the off chance that he/she abuses lawful standards. Unsafe conduct towards oneself may drop out of the restrictions of lawful standards. Legitimate standards may contrast from one culture to another or vary dependent on strict foundations. • Symptoms: These indications are generally speaking, don't react well to treatment and to numerous meds. • Dysfunction: Abnormal conduct will in general be useless; that is, it meddles with day by day working or typical daily practice. • Psychotherapy: The treatment of mental issues by mental methods, inside the system of an existent mental hypothesis. • Cognitive Therapy: This is a school of psychotherapy which inspires changes in disposition and conduct by distinguishing and adjusting personnel perspectives. 2.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Explain the Biological paradigm as cause of abnormal behaviour. ...................................................................................................................................................... .. ................................................................................................................................................... 2. What is the average number of mood episodes a person with mood disorder is likely to have? ...................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... 2.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. What are basic causes of abnormal behaviour? 2. How can schizophrenia be treated? 3. Discuss common symptoms of personality disorders. 4. Explain causes of eating disorders? 5. Discuss eating disorders? Long Questions 1. Describe ways to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviour? 2. What are the causes of schizophrenia? 3. Explain the aetiology and treatment for mood disorders. 4. Explain causes and symptoms anxiety disorders? 5. Discuss causes of abnormal behaviour. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Abnormal psychological functioning is deviant when behaviours, thoughts, and emotions are different from those that are considered normal in a particular place and time. a. Abnormal psychological functioning b. Antisocial conduct c. Overwhelming anxiety d. Obsessive behaviour 2. ______ symptoms involve problems with thought processes. a. Schizophrenia b. Cognitive c. Senile dementia d. Delusional disorder 3. Suicidal thoughts and behaviour are common among people with ______. 46 a. Grandiose delusions b. Jealous delusions c. Schizophrenia d. Erotomanic delusions. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. When someone experiences this cluster of symptoms, it is often called a panic attack. a. Dependent b. Narcissistic c. Paranoid d. Panic attack 5. When someone with ______experiences obsessions, such as fear of contamination, anxiety is generated. a. Post-traumatic stress disorder b. Substance use disorders c. Genetic and biological factors. d. OCD Answers 1(a) 2(a) 3(c) 4(d) 5(d) 2.9 REFERENCES Textbooks • Clarkin, J.F., & Lenzenweger, M.F. (1996). Major Theories of Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. A historical overview of many of the most prominent theories of personality disorders. • Hammen, C. (1997). Depression. Hove: Psychology Press/Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. Research-based information on causes and treatments of depression from various theoretical viewpoints. Reference Books • Coleman, J.C. (1964), Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, Scolt, Foresman, Chicago. • Kagan, Jercome and Julius Segal (1988), Psychology: An Introduction, Har Court Brace. Jovanovich Publisher, New York. • Munn, L. Norman et al(1967), Introduction to Psychology, Oxford and IBPH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Websites 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• https://manhattanmentalhealthcounseling.com/ • https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/abnormal-behaviour 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3: DEPRESSION 49 Structure 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 DSM Criteria & ICD 10 3.3 Causes of Depression 3.3.1 Genetic Factors 3.3.2 Psychological Factors 3.3.3 Psychoanalytic Theories 3.3.4 Interpersonal Theories 3.3.5 Cognitive Theories 3.3.6 Helplessness Theories 3.4 Types of Depression 3.4.1 Major Depression 3.4.2 Dysthymia 3.4.3 Reactive Depression or Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood 3.4.4 Bipolar Disorder 3.5 Incidence 3.6 Prevalence 3.7 Assessment 3.8 Prognosis and Treatment 3.9 Summary 3.10 Keywords 3.11 Learning Activity 3.12 Unit End Questions CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3.13 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, student will be able to: • Define depression. • Describe the symptoms of depression. • Explain the causes of depression. • Understand the different types of depression. • Describe the various treatment interventions for depression. 3.1 INTRODUCTION A great many people eventually in their background probably some level of low state of mind or misery. It is by and large felt as trouble that is an ordinary reaction to difficult conditions like monetary misfortunes, the separation of a relationship or losing an employment. Nonetheless, now and then the discouraged state of mind proceeds for a drawn-out time of weeks or months. At this stage, a specialist may analyse a burdensome issue. Sorrow is a term used to depict a disposition state in which the fundamental indications or highlights incorporate delayed sensations of trouble or void and absence of premium in recently appreciated exercises. This caused discouraged individuals huge misery since they lose inspiration to partake completely in their lives. Discouraged individuals experience issues investing energy with others and might lose contact with loved ones, which could deny them of fundamental help. They may even lose their employment due to helpless work execution or participation. Sorrow can likewise result from ailments or other mental issues. For instance, individuals experiencing adrenal and thyroid brokenness show burdensome side effects because of their being either exceptionally finished or underweight. Also, agoraphobics may become discouraged in light of the fact that their dread of being helpless in broad daylight places makes it hard for them to encounter partaking in friendly exercises. This keeps them from having fundamental, sound contact with others. In this unit we will manage discouragement, characterize and portray the indications, examine the various kinds of wretchedness, reasons for sadness and afterward the treatment of this problem. Focal Sensory system (CNS) depressants are meds that incorporate narcotics, sedatives, and hypnotics. Tranquilizers fundamentally incorporate barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) yet in addition incorporate non-benzodiazepine narcotic hypnotics like Ambien® and Lunesta®. Sedatives fundamentally incorporate benzodiazepines, like Valium® and Xanax®, yet additionally incorporate muscle relaxants and other enemy of nervousness drugs. These 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)