MCA612-617_Computer Programming

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244 Computer Programming UNIT 10 DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION Structure: 10.0 Learning Objectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Dynamic MemoryAllocation Functions 10.3 Summary 10.4 Key Words/Abbreviations 10.5 LearningActivity 10.6 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 10.7 References 10.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe the concepts of dynamic memory allocation  Demonstrate the use of malloc and calloc functions  Differentiate between malloc and calloc functions  Develop programs using DMA  Differentiate between static and dynamic memory allocation 10.1 Introduction Since C is a structured language, it has some fixed rules for programming. One of it includes changing the size of an array. An array is collection of items stored at continuous memory locations. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 245 As it can be seen that the length (size) of the array above made is 9. But what if there is a requirement to change this length (size). For Example,  If there is a situation where only 5 elements are needed to be entered in this array. In this case, the remaining 4 indices are just wasting memory in this array. So there is a requirement to lessen the length (size) of the array from 9 to 5.  Take another situation. In this, there is an array of 9 elements with all 9 indices filled. But there is a need to enter 3 more elements in this array. In this case 3 indices more are required. So the length (size) of the array needs to be changed from 9 to 12. This procedure is referred to as Dynamic Memory Allocation in C. Therefore, C Dynamic Memory Allocation can be defined as a procedure in which the size of a data structure (like Array) is changed during the runtime. Static Memory Allocation: If we decide the final size of a variable or an array before running the program, it will be called as static memory allocation. It is also called as compile-time memory allocation. We can’t change the size of a variable which is allocated at compile-time C language requires the number of elements in an array to be specified at compile time. But we may not be able to do so always. Our initial judgement of size, if it is wrong, may cause failure of the program or wastage of memory space Need of Dynamic Memory Allocation In case more static data space is declared than needed, there is waste of space. To overcome this we can do dynamic Allocation. In case less static space is declared than needed, then it becomes impossible to expand this fixed size during run time. This can be overcome by dynamic memory allocation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

246 Computer Programming Following are Benefits of Dynamic Memory Allocation: 1. Dynamic Allocation is done at run time. 2. Data structures can grow and shrink to fit changing data requirements. 3. We can allocate (create) additional storage whenever we need them. 4. We can de-allocate (free/delete) dynamic space whenever we are done with them. 5. Thus we can always have exactly the amount of space required — no more, no less. C provides some functions to achieve these tasks. There are 4 library functions provided by C defined under <stdlib.h> header file to facilitate dynamic memory allocation in C programming. They are: 1. malloc() 2. calloc() 3. free() 4. realloc() 10.1.1 Memory Allocation Process Global variables, static variables and program instructions get their memory in permanent storage area whereas local variables are stored in area called Stack. The memory space between these two region is known as Heap area. This region is used for dynamic memory allocation during execution of the program. The size of heap keep changing. Local Variable Stack Heap Free Memory Permanent Global Variable Storage Area Program Ins truction Static Variable Fig. 10.1: Memory Allocation Process CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 247 10.1.2 Allocating Memory Dynamically While programming, if you are aware of the size of an array, then it is easy and you can define it as an array. For example, to store a name of any person, it can go up to a maximum of 100 characters, so you can define something as follows “ char name[100]; Now let us consider a situation where you have no idea about the length of the text you need to store, for example, you want to store a detailed description about a topic. Here we need to define a pointer to character without defining how much memory is required and later, based on requirement, we can allocate memory as shown in the below example “ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char name[100]; char *description; strcpy(name, “Zara Ali”); /* allocate memory dynamically */ description = malloc( 200 * size of(char) ); if(description == NULL ) { fprintf(stderr, “Error - unable to allocate required memory\\n”); } else { Strcpy (description, “Zara ali a DPS student in class 10th”); } printf(“Name = %s\\n”, name ); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

248 Computer Programming printf(“Description: %s\\n”, description ); } When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result. Name = Zara Ali Description: Zara ali a DPS student in class 10th Same program can be written using calloc(); only thing is you need to replace malloc with calloc as follows “ calloc(200, sizeof(char)); So you have complete control and you can pass any size value while allocating memory, unlike arrays where once the size defined, you cannot change it. 10.1.3 Resizing and Releasing Memory When your program comes out, operating system automatically release all the memory allocated by your program but as a good practice when you are not in need of memory anymore then you should release that memory by calling the function free(). Alternatively, you can increase or decrease the size of an allocated memory block by calling the function realloc(). 10.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions C dynamic memory allocation refers to performing manual memory management for dynamic memory allocation in the C programming language via a group of functions in the C standard library, namely malloc, realloc, calloc and free 10.2.1 malloc() By using malloc() we can create the memory dynamically at initial stage. malloc() required one argument of type size type that is data type size malloc() will creates the memory in bytes format. malloc() through created memory initial value is garbage.  malloc() function is used to allocate space in memory during the execution of the program.  malloc() does not initialize the memory allocated during execution. It carries garbage value. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 249  malloc() function returns null pointer if it couldn’t able to allocate requested amount of memory. The name malloc stands for “memory allocation”. The function malloc() reserves a block of memory of specified size and return apointer of type void which can be casted into pointer of any form. Syntax of malloc() ptr = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size) Here, ptr is pointer of cast-type. The malloc() function returns a pointer to an area of memory with size of byte size. If the space is insufficient, allocation fails and returns NULL pointer. ptr = (int*) malloc(100 * sizeof(int)); This statement will allocate either 200 or 400 according to size of int 2 or 4 bytes respectively and the pointer points to the address of first byte of memory. Example of malloc(): #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { char *mem_allocation; /* memory is allocated dynamically */ mem_allocation = malloc( 20 * sizeof(char) ); if( mem_allocation== NULL ) { printf(“Couldn’t able to allocate requested memory\\n”); } else { CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

250 Computer Programming strcpy( mem_allocation, “God is great”); } printf(“Dynamically allocated memory content : “ \\ “%s\\n”, mem_allocation ); free(mem_allocation); } Output: Dynamically allocated memory content: God is great 10.2.2 calloc(), calloc() function is also like malloc() function. But calloc() initializes the allocated memory to zero. But, malloc() doesn’t.  By using calloc() we can create the memory dynamically at initial stage.  calloc() required 2 arguments of type count, size-type.  Count will provide number of elements; size-type is data type size.  calloc() will creates the memory in blocks format.  Initial value of the memory is zero. C calloc() The name calloc stands for “contiguous allocation” The only difference between malloc() and calloc() is that, malloc() allocates single block of memory whereas calloc() allocates multiple blocks of memory each of same size and sets all bytes to zero. Syntax of calloc() ptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size); This statement will allocate contiguous space in memory for an array of nelements. For example: ptr = (float*) calloc(25, sizeof(float)); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 251 This statement allocates contiguous space in memory for an array of 25 elements each of size of float, i.e., 4 bytes. Example of calloc(): #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { char *mem_allocation; /* memory is allocated dynamically */ mem_allocation = calloc( 20, sizeof(char) ); if( mem_allocation== NULL ) { printf(“Couldn’t able to allocate requested memory\\n”); } else { strcpy( mem_allocation, “God is great”); } printf(“Dynamically allocated memory content : “ \\ “%s\\n”, mem_allocation ); free(mem_allocation); } Output: Dynamically allocated memory content: God is great CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

252 Computer Programming 10.2.3 realloc()  realloc() function modifies the allocated memory size by malloc() and calloc() functions to new size.  If enough space doesn’t exist in memory of current block to extend, new block is allocated for the full size of reallocation, then copies the existing data to new block and then frees the old block.  By using realloc() we can create the memory dynamically at middle stage.  Generally by using realloc() we can reallocation the memory.  realloc() required 2 arguments of type void*, size_type.  Void* will indicates previous block base address, size-type is data type size.  realloc() will creates the memory in bytes format and initial value is garbage. C realloc() If the previously allocated memory is insufficient or more than required, you can change the previously allocated memory size using realloc(). Syntax of realloc() ptr = realloc(ptr, newsize); Here, ptr is reallocated with size of newsize. Example: Using realloc() #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { int *ptr, i , n1, n2; printf(“Enter size of array: “); scanf(“%d”, &n1); ptr = (int*) malloc(n1 * sizeof(int)); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 253 printf(“Address of previously allocated memory: “); for(i = 0; i < n1; ++i) printf(“%u\\t”,ptr + i); printf(“\\nEnter new size of array: “); scanf(“%d”, &n2); ptr = realloc(ptr, n2); for(i = 0; i < n2; ++i) printf(“%u\\t”, ptr + i); return 0; } 10.2.4 free() free() function frees the allocated memory by malloc(), calloc(), realloc() functions and returns the memory to the system. C free() Dynamically allocated memory created with either calloc() or malloc() doesn’t get freed on its own. You must explicitly use free() to release the space. syntax of free() free(ptr); This statement frees the space allocated in the memory pointed by ptr. #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> void main() { char *mem_allocation; /* memory is allocated dynamically */ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

254 Computer Programming mem_allocation = malloc( 20 * sizeof(char) ); if( mem_allocation == NULL ) { printf(“Couldn’t able to allocate requested memory\\n”); } else { strcpy( mem_allocation,” God is great “); } printf(“Dynamically allocated memory content : “ \\”%s\\n”, mem_allocation ); mem_allocation=realloc(mem_allocation,100*sizeof(char)); if( mem_allocation == NULL ) { printf(“Couldn’t able to allocate requested memory\\n”); } else { strcpy( mem_allocation,”space is extended up to “ \\”100 characters”); } printf(“Resized memory : %s\\n”, mem_allocation ); free(mem_allocation); getch( ); } Output: Dynamically allocated memory content : God is great Resized memory : space is extended up to 100 characters CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 255 10.2.5 Difference between Static Memory Allocation and Dynamic Memory Allocation in C Static Memory Allocation Dynamic Memory Allocation In dynamic memory allocation, memory is allocated In static memory allocation, memory is allocated while executing the program. That means at run time. while writing the C program. Actually, user requested memory will be allocated at compile Memory size can be modified while execution. time. Example: Linked list Memory size can’t be modified while execution. Example: Array 10.2.6 Difference between malloc() and calloc() Functions malloc() calloc() It allocates only single block of requested memory It allocates multiple blocks of requested memory Syntax :(cast_type *)calloc(blocks , Syntax :(cast_type *)malloc(Size_in_bytes); size_of_block); int *ptr;Ptr = calloc(20, 20 * sizeof(int)); For the int *ptr;ptr = malloc( 20 * sizeof(int) );For the above, 20 blocks of memory will be created and above, 20*4 bytes of memory only allocated in each contains 20*4 bytes of memory. Total = 1600 one block. Total = 80 bytes bytes malloc() doesn’t initializes the allocated memory. calloc () initializes the allocated memory to zero It contains garbage values Same as malloc() function int *ptr;ptr = (int*) type cast must be done since this function calloc( 20, 20 * sizeof(int) ); returns void pointer int *ptr;ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*20); malloc() initializes the allocated memory with calloc() initializes the allocated memory with 0 garbage values. value. Number of argument is 1 Number of arguments is 2 10.3 Summary Dynamic memory allocation is an aspect of allocating and freeing memory according to your needs. Dynamic memory is managed and served with pointers that point to the newly allocated space of memory in an area which we call the heap. Now you can create and destroy an array of elements at runtime without any problems. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

256 Computer Programming To sum up, the automatic memory management uses the stack, and the dynamic memory allocation uses the heap. The <stdlib.h> library has functions responsible for dynamic memory management. 10.4 Key Words/Abbreviations  Dynamic: Characterized by constant change, activity, or progress.  calloc ()=: Allocates the space for elements of an array. Initializes the elements to zero and returns a pointer to the memory.  malloc (): Allocates the memory of requested size and returns the pointer to the first byte of allocated space.  realloc(): It is used to modify the size of previously allocated memory space.  free(): Frees or empties the previously allocated memory space. 10.5 Learning Activity 1. What is the use of free() method? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Explain Resizing and Releasing Memory _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 10.6 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Type: Short Answer Type Questions 1. What is dynamic memory allocation? Explain with process. 2. Explain the dynamic memory allocation functions. 3. What is dynamic memory allocation? Explain allocating and releasing memory. 4. What is the use of malloc() and calloc() function? 5. Write a short note on free() and size of operator. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Dynamic Memory Allocation 257 B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. Which of the following is/are true (a) calloc() allocates the memory and also initializes the allocates memory to zero, while memory allocated using malloc() has random data. (b) malloc() and memset() can be used to get the same effect as calloc(). (c) calloc() takes two arguments, but malloc takes only 1 argument. (d) All of the above 2. What is the return type of malloc() or calloc() (a) void * (b) Pointer of allocated memory type (c) void ** (d) int * 3. Which of the following is true? (a) “ptr = calloc(m, n)” is equivalent to following ptr = malloc(m * n); (b) “ptr = calloc(m, n)” is equivalent to following ptr = malloc(m * n); memset(ptr, 0, m * n); (c) “ptr = calloc(m, n)” is equivalent to following ptr = malloc(m); memset(ptr, 0, m); (d) “ptr = calloc(m, n)” is equivalent to following ptr = malloc(n); memset(ptr, 0, n); 4. Which languages necessarily need heap allocation in the run time environment? (a) Those that support recursion (b) Those that use dynamic scoping (c) Those that use global variables (d) Those that allow dynamic data structures CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

258 Computer Programming 5. We use malloc and calloc for (a) Dynamic memory allocation (b) Static memory allocation (c) Both dynamic and static memory allocation (d) None of the above Answers 1. (d), 2. (a), 3. (b), 4. (d), 5. (a) 10.7 References 1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c-using-malloc-calloc- free-and-realloc/ 2. https://www.guru99.com/c-dynamic-memory-allocation.html 3. https://www.unf.edu/~wkloster/2220/ppts/malloc.pdf 4. https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~guna/15-123S11/Lectures/Lecture08.pdf  CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

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