Unit-1 - Psychology and Its Scope-2021-04-02

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

2 M.A.(Psy) SYSTEM AND THEORY Course Code: MAP-601  Semester: First  E-Lesson: 1  SLM Unit: 1 www.cuidol.in https://images.app.goo.gl/YSL3acgti2rtPY6y5 Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SYSTEM AND THEORY 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION  In this unit we shall be able to understand the  To enable students to gather a creative and in depth understanding of psychology as a nature and goals of Psychology science.  To understand the role and importance of various school of psychology.  We shall be able to understand the psychology’s historical origins.  To familiarize students with recent development in the fields of Psychology.  Students will acquire and demonstrate We shall be able to categorize the research knowledge of information pertaining to personality and individual differences.  methods of psychological investigation and . role of ethics in such research. www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 660011)) INASlTlITrUigThEtOaFreDrIeSTsAerNvCeEdAwNitDhOCNUL-IINDEOLLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY > GOALS > HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY: PRE-SCIENTIFIC > CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES > PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE > ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY 5 Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Behavior includes all of our outward/ overt or covert actions and reactions, such as talking, facial expressions and movement. Mental Processes refer to all the internal, covert activity of our minds, such as thinking and feeling https://www.google.com/search?q=Nature+of+psychology+pic&tbm=isch&hl=en&chips =q:nature+psychology,g_1:art&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwisie-rzLzoAhUCBHIKHYMYAsEQ 4lYoAHoECAEQFA&biw=1349&bih=625#imgrc=IZKTnVHC074xcM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY 6 As every science has goals. Like in Physics, the goals concern learning how the physical world works. Similarly, in Psychology there are four goals that aim at uncovering the mysteries of human and animal behavior. That are as follows: Description Explanation Prediction https://www.google.com/search?q=Goals+of+psychology+pic&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE Control wjrlJqtzLzoAhV25DgGHaUNBiAQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=Goals+of+psychology+pic&gs_l cp=CgNpbWcQAzoGCAAQCBAeUPCjEliLvBJgzMYSaABwAHgBgAHaAogBuxOSAQc wLjQuNi4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=CPZ-XuvwC_bI4-EPp ZuYgAI&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=WAmneffMUAlZtM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY 7 Description : It involves observation and noting everything about it: What is happening, where it happens, to whom it happens, and under what circumstances it seem to happen. For e.g.: A child id not behaving properly in the classroom. The description of what she is doing gives a starting place for next goal. Explanation: It involves why something is happening: As the goal of description provides the observation and the goal of explanation helps to build the theory. For e.g.: An explanation of child’s strange behavior indicate that she has learning problem Prediction: It involves when it will happen again. For e.g.: Counselor would predict that girl will probably continue to do poorly in her school. Control: It involves how can it be changed. The goal is to change behavior to a desirable one. For e.g.: Certain learning strategies might help child to overcome problem. www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY: 8 PRE-SCIENTIFIC Socrates and Plato, : • Most ideas, thoughts, traits, etc., were inborn or innate. (Nature over Nurture). •The mind was a separated from body, the mind continue to exist after death Aristotle and Locke: Believed that the mind and body were connected (monism) and that the knowledge grows with experience (Nurture over Nature). Descartes: He believed in soul and body separation, https://images.app.goo.gl/W86FktXXdpBvCUNz9 but wondered how immaterial mind and physical body communicate. •According to Descartes, pineal gland controls every behavior in the brain. www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY: PRE-SCIENTIFIC 9  FRANCIS BACON: He is the founder of modern HIPPOCRATES 4 TEMPRAMENTS science particularly experimental methods. JOHN LOCKE: He believed that mind was a blank slate or “tabula rasa”, at birth and experiences are written on it. THOMAS HOBBES: The conception of empiricism, the notion that all knowledge comes through the senses – surely a scientific-sounding contention for our internal life. HIPPOCRATES: He believed that the mind and the body were a single entity. As such, during disease, the mind had certain effects on the physical body and vice versa. https://images.app.goo.gl/yyU9EbRXCRpPaL876 www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY: 10 PRE-SCIENTIFIC Psychology's 3 Big Issues Nature-nurture: the controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Stability versus Change: Do our individual traits change as we age or do they remain fairly stable?  Also, do our traits change in different situations? Rationality versus Irrationality: Are we in control of our https://images.app.goo.gl/R7KMLgxNME4EBAmCA own behavior?  Do we have free will or are we at the mercy of unconscious desires or our environment?  Do we really deserve to be called homo sapiens? www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY: 11 PRE-SCIENTIFIC BEGINNING OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ : He did pioneer work in the areas of nerve conduction, sensation, perception, color vision, and audition.  WEBER: Using the two point threshold and the just noticeable difference, was the first to demonstrate systematic relationships between stimulation and sensation.  GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNER: Expanded Weber’s law by showing that, for just noticeable differences to vary arithmetically, the magnitude of a stimulus must vary geometrically. www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGICAL 12 PERSPECTIVES https://www.verywellmind.com/perspectives-in-modern-psych ology-2795595 www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGICAL 13 PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVES EXPLAINATION Psychodynamic Perspective Behavioral Perspective An orientation towards understanding behavior in terms of unconscious motives Cognitive Perspective stemming from sexual and aggressive impulses. Biological Perspective Cross-Cultural Perspective An orientation toward understanding observable behavior in terms of conditioning and reinforcement. An orientation toward understanding mental processes such as perceiving , remembering, reasoning and problem solving and their relationship to behavior An orientation toward understanding the neurobiological processes that underline behavior and mental processes. An orientation toward understanding human behavior across different cultures. Evolutionary Perspective An orientation toward understanding how evolution explains physiological Humanistic Perspective processes. www.cuidol.in An orientation toward understanding the role of motivation in thought and behavior. Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY 14 Among major subfields of psychology are: Biological Psychology Experimental Psychology Developmental Psychology Social and Personality Psychology Clinical and Counseling Psychology Educational Psychology Industrial and Organizational Psychology Cognitive Neuroscience https://www.google.com/search?q=Branches+of+psychology&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjh0fO07bzoAh Cultural Psychology WF8TgGHRTiARkQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=Branches+of+psychology&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAgg Positive Psychology AMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQHjoGCAAQBxAeOggIABAHEA UQHjoICAAQCBAHEB46BAgAEBhQ7sUDWOXjA2Dk6ANoAXAAeACAAZoDiAG7HpIBCTAuMS44LjQ www.cuidol.in uMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=shh_XuGwK4Xj4-EPlMSHyAE&bih=625&biw =1349&hl=en#imgrc=ccC2a5VkZW02oM Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 15 SCIENTIFIC METHOD As psychology is about trying to determine facts and reduce uncertainty. It can be done by using scientific method- system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD Perceiving the Question Forming a Hypothesis Testing the Hypothesis Drawing Conclusion https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fipi.org.in%2Ftexts%2Fothers Report your Results %2Fpetersedlmeier-ip-sm.php&psig=AOvVaw05F3uwA88hG17vY8ORiV7D&ust=1585 469677590000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjo-d_43LzoAhWLISsKHbBoA www.cuidol.in U4Qr4kDegUIARD4AQ Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 16 OBSERVATION RESEARCH METHODS CASE STUDY SURVEY Observation (watching what people do) would seem to be an obvious method of CORRELATION carrying out research in psychology. However, there are different types of EXPERIMENTAL observational methods – Controlled, Naturalistic ad Participant Observation www.cuidol.in Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). A survey is defined as a brief interview or discussion with individuals about a specific topic. The term survey is often used to mean 'collect information.‘ Survey can be done by using questionnaires and interview techniques. Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. There are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. In an experiment, an independent variable (the cause) is manipulated and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled. Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 17 https://www.google.com/search?q=Various+Research+methods+in+psychology&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjosKua4rzoAhWRJbcAHQMoDUUQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=Various+ Research+methods+in+psychology&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQGDoECAAQQzoCCAA6BggAEAcQHlCu5xpYmp0bYN2gG2gAcAB4AYAB4QOIAccckgEJMC4xLjguMy4 xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=8gx_XujvDJHL3LUPg9C0qAQ&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=xrS2YoVsyYw9NM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 18 There are quite a few ethical concerns when dealing with human subjects in an experiment of other type of study. Some most common ethical guidelines are: Right and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to science. Informed Consent Deception must be justified – Debriefing Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks Investigators must debrief the participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of the results. Data must be remain confidential www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 19 Some Most important Ethical Principles are: https://www.google.com/search?q=Psychology+Research+ethics&rls=com.microsoft:en-US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIqdax6LzoAhU9xDgGHTXcB wkQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw#imgrc=eeMdTWW_XLFcoM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 20  Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.  Philosophical roots of psychology dates back to the times of Aristotle and Plato, with their nature vs nurture debate.  Further, the study of psychology can be approached from several perspectives. https://www.google.com/search?q=Summary&rls=com.microsoft:en-US&source=lnms& tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiag9r_6bzoAhUFzTgGHYVFCO8Q_AUoAnoECBEQB A&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=jpex4yBOPJQirM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 21  Doing psychological research involves generating a Hypothesis and then testing it by using a scientific method  For carrying out psychological research, there are various methods that can be used as per the requirement.  The ethical principles are of paramount concerns while dealing with Human and animals for research. https://www.google.com/search?q=Summary&rls=com.microsoft:en-US&source=lnms& tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiag9r_6bzoAhUFzTgGHYVFCO8Q_AUoAnoECBEQB A&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=dhX5V4aCBnoOuM&imgdii=vtgMjgPAHqKuNM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 22 https://www.google.com/search?q=Quiz+pic&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjp28aE-7zoAhU6HLcAHRQ2CxsQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=Quiz+pic&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzI ECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIAFDrwQVY4uIFYP_tBWgAcAB4AIABkwSIAf0XkgEJMi0zLjUuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3d zLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=-yZ_XqnyGLq43LUPlOys2AE&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=bSPeD1pfuphS6M www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 23 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the common ethical rules? a) Participants have to give informed consent b) Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings c) The rights and well-being of the participants must come first d) Data must remain confidential 2.More you study, the higher your grade will be. What kind of correlation is this? a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) Causal Answers: 1. b) 2. a) Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 24 3.In the scientific method, the first step is…. a) Reporting your result b) Perceiving a question c) Drawing a conclusion d) Testing the hypothesis 4. Who said a new born child is like a tabula rasa? a) Thomas Hobbes b) Aristotle c) John Locke d) Socrates •Answers: 3. b) 4.c) Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 25 Q1. What is the definition of Psychology and what are four primary goals of psychology? Ans. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The four goals of psychology are description, explanation, prediction and control. Q2. Why is psychology a science and what are the steps in using the scientific methods? Ans. The scientific method is a way to determine facts and control the possibilities of error and bias when observing behavior. The five steps are perceiving the question, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, drawing conclusions and reporting the results. https://www.google.com/search?q=Frequently+asked+questions&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ086W97zoAhVhxDgGHThOAwsQ_A UICigB&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=FG3Il8jpHiwLPM&imgdii=hV6KeEOk7v6jfM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 26 Q3. What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist? Ans. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who provide diagnosis and therapy for persons with mental disorders whereas psychologists have academic degrees and can do counseling, teaching and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology. https://www.google.com/search?q=Frequently+asked+questions&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ086W97zoAhVhxDgGHThOAwsQ_A UICigB&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=FG3Il8jpHiwLPM&imgdii=hV6KeEOk7v6jfM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 27  Retrieved from https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/wundts-contribution-to-psychology  Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/perspectives-in-modern-psychology-2795595  Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/experimental-method.html  Brioschi , M.R. (2013). How novelty arises from fields of experience: A comparison between W. James and A.N. Whitehead. European Journal of Pragmatism Am Phil [Online]. doi:10.4000/ejpap.595 .  Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus and Wagenaar. (2014). Atkinson & Hilgard’s Psychology: An Introduction. Cengage Learning.  Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. (2008). Psychology. Pearson Education in South Asia. www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

28 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL