MA-ENG, Sem-1,Literary Criticism and Critical Approaches- I, Unit-3, Aristotle The Greek Philosopher

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2 ARISTOTLE- The Greek Philosopher Dr. Mosam Sinha www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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Introduction 4 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL NAME: Aristotle OCCUPATION: philosopher BIRTH DATE: 384 BCE DEATH DATE: 322 BCE EDUCATION: Plato's Academy PLACE OF BIRTH: Stagira, Greece PLACE OF DEATH: Euboea, Greece www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607)

Brief History 5 •He was a Greek philosopher and polymath. •Also a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander, the Great. • His writings cover many subjects, including Physics, Metaphysics, Poetry, Theatre, Music, Logic, Rhetoric, Linguistics, Politics, Government, Ethics, Biology, and Zoology. • Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

6 Aristotle as a Empiricist ▪Empiricism is a theory of knowledge which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. ▪ Aristotle is an empiricist because he thinks that all knowledge comes to human beings from and through sensation. ▪ Our minds start out as blank slates and from sensation we get our ideas or the so-called \"contents\" of our minds. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

7 Branches of Philosophy • Metaphysics (questions related to existence) •Epistemology (questions related to knowledge) • Logic (theory of correct reasoning) • Values (Ethics) www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

8 Aristotle & Metaphysics •Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of \"first principles\" and \"being.“ • In other words, Metaphysics is the study of the most general aspects of reality, such as substance, identity, the nature of the mind, and free will. • It is a study of nature and the nature of the world in which man lives. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

9 •Aristotle’s Metaphysics has as its central theme on an inquiry into how substance may be defined as a category of being. • According to Aristotle, the being of any individual thing is primarily defined by what it is, i.e. by its substance. • Substance is both essence (form) and substratum (matter), and may combine form and matter. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

. 10 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Kinds of causes of things: • the formal cause (the form of the thing) • the material cause (what it is made of) • the efficient cause (what made it) •and the final cause (its purpose or end). www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607)

Aristotle divided his Metaphysics into thr.ee parts 11 •Ontology: The study of being and existence; includes the definition and classification of entities, physical or mental, the nature of their properties, and the nature of change. •Theology: The study of a God or gods; involves many topics, including among others the nature of religion and the world, existence of the divine, questions about Creation, and the numerous religious or spiritual issues that concern humankind in general. •Universal science: The study of first principles, such as the law of noncontradiction (logic), which Aristotle believed were the foundation of all other inquiries. Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

Aristotle &. Ethics 12 •Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. •Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. •Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper function of a thing. An eye is only a good eye in so much as it can see, because the proper function of an eye is sight. •Aristotle reasoned that humans must have a function specific to humans, and that this function must be an activity of the soul in accordance with reason. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

13 Logic •The term \"logic\" came from the Greek word logos, which is sometimes translated as \"sentence\", \"discourse\", \"reason\", \"rule\", and \"ratio“. •Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. • actually quite a controversial matter. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Logic & Aristotle 14 •Aristotle was the first to systematically study and catalogue the rules of correct logical reasoning. • His logic is important because it dominated all western thought, including scientific thought, until the 19th century CE; it also had enormous influence on the development of Jewish, Christian and Muslim philosophy. It is still influential today. •Although other types of logical systems exist, Aristotelian logic is still a powerful tool used to teach reasoning skills in numerous academic disciplines. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

In his logic, Aristotle explicitly established three laws of logical 15 thought. Law # 1: law of identity: “each thing is inseparable from itself and its being one just meant this” A thing is just itself and not something else: e.g. a soccer ball is a soccer ball and not a kitchen stove. Note: the fact that we can use a book for a doorstop does not mean it is not a book. Its use does not contradict the law of identity. What a thing is and how it is used are two different issues. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Law # 2: the law of contradiction: “the same attribute cannot at 16 the same time belong and not belong to the same subject and in the same respect.” E.g. my cup cannot be blue and not blue at the same time Note: things may have and not have the same attributes in different ways: e.g. man is the most intelligent creature compared to animals but he is not intelligent compared to God. So man is both intelligent (compared to animals) and not intelligent (compared to God). There is no contradiction because ‘intelligent’ is being used in different ways. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Law # 3: the law of the excluded middle or excluded third : 17 “there cannot be an intermediate between two contradictories, but of one subject we must either affirm or deny any one predicate [statement]”. •A statement about a topic must either be true or false. It cannot be both, i.e. there is no middle between them. It cannot be neither true nor false. • Note: It is either true that Socrates is mortal or it is not true that he is not mortal. He is not both. Nor can he be neither mortal nor immortal. • Another example: It is either true that there is a rubber duck in my bath tub or it is not true. Nor can we say neither of these choices is true. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

18 Epistemology Epistemology is derived from the two Greek words “episteme “knowledge and “logos” science, and means the science of knowledge. As employed in philosophy the word means the science of the certitude of human knowledge. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Epistemology & Aristotle 19 •Aristotle defines soul as the Form of a natural body that has the potential to possess life. This body then must be furnished with organs: lungs, stomach etc. Life then is the process of growth and nutrition. • Sensation requires an external stimulus, to move the potentiality to an actuality. In this case, the perceptive organ, i.e. the eye, is potentially what the object is actually. When having a sensation, the eye, which is only logically distinct from the “seeing” of the eye, is one in quality with the object of sight. So when looking at a green wall, the eye becomes qualitatively green. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

20 Aristotle’s Concept of Education • “The aim of education was not only the attainment of knowledge but also the attainment of happiness or goodness in life.’’ •“The aim of education was the welfare of the individual. so as to bring happiness in their lives’’. •Education is essential for the complete realization of man. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

21 Aristotle’s Scheme of Education 1: The early education is the responsibility of parents . 2:Further education is the responsibility of the state. 3: At the same time parents are responsible for the moral development. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

22 Aristotle’s Curriculum •GYMNASTICS : To develop sportsman spirit and to develop good habits for the control of passions and appetites. • Music and Literature for the moral and intellectual development. Recommends Mathematics for higher education. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

23 ARISTOTLE’S THEORY OF EDUCATION Aristotle agrees with Plato on the division of Greek education into stages corresponding with level and years of schooling . He disapproves with Plato’s communism in education. In the communism system every individual is moulded in a single pattern . Aristotle is of the opinion that any individual in the state,should be given opportunity to develop his talents to the full, without any impediment to his progress without censorship on the type of books he reads or the opinion he holds. Aristotle believed that since state is a organic unit and since the state is to be ruled by men who have been brought , through education to a vision of the true form of highest goodness. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

24 ARISTOTLE’S METHOD OF TEACHING DEDUCTIVE METHOD INDUCTIVE METHOD www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

25 ARISTOTLE AND DISCIPLINE We are the some of our actions, Aristotle tell us, and therefore our habits make all the difference. Definition : “Through discipline comes freedom.” www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

26 Aristotle ‘s views on women Aristotle ‘s views on women influenced later western thinkers . He saw women as subject to men , but as higher than slaves . In chapter 12 of his POLITICS he writes “The slave is wholly lacking the deliberative element ; the female has it but it lacks authority ; the child has it but it is incomplete.’’ www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Aristotle & Realism 27 1.In the first principle Aristotle believed that each piece of matter has Universal and particular properties. 2.In the second principle he believed the forms of things, the Universal properties of objects remain constant and never change but the particular components do change. 3.In the third principle he believed that design and order are present in the Universe and all things happen in an orderly fashion. 4.In the fourth principle he believed there are three aspects of the soul called vegetative , animative and rational. 5.In the fifth rule he didn’t separates matter from its Universal being. 6.In the sixth principle is Aristotle’s belief is that matter is always in process and moving to some ends. 7.The final principle is his belief of the chief good , which is happiness. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(MAP-607) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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