MBA _ sem 3 _ 613_ Information System Management

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER-III INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT MBA613

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Bawa Pro Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Gurpreet Singh Executive Director – Liberal Arts Director – IDOL © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: TeamLease Edtech Limited www.teamleaseedtech.com CONTACT NO:01133002345 For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

First Published in 2021 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event, Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

INDEX UNIT-1: Information System Management .......................................................................... 5 UNIT 2: Requirements and Levels ................................................................................... 221 UNIT 3: Developing Information Systems ....................................................................... 409 UNIT 4: Introduction to Decision Support Systems .......................................................... 699 UNIT 5: Components of Decision Support Systems ........................................................... 90 UNIT 6: Database Management with MS-Access ........................................................... 1188 UNIT 7: Querying .......................................................................................................... 1689 UNIT 8: Management Information System And Types................................................... 2145 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT-1: INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT Structure 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview of Information System Management 1.2.1 Definition of Information System Management 1.2.2 Characteristics of Information System Management 1.2.3 Nature and Scope of Information System Management 1.3 Framework of MIS 1.3.1 Robert Anthony’s Hierarchy Management Activity 1.4 Summary 1.5 Keywords 1.6 Learning Activity 1.7 Unit End Questions (Descriptive and MCQ) 1.8 References 1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the student will be able to:  Identify the reasons why information systems are relevant in today's world after learning this unit.  Describe the importance of a management information system.  Identify information systems and their reach.  Be familiar with the concept of information systems. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Data, which is a critical component of any Management Information System, is at the heart of any Management Information System. The most important resource in a Management Information System is information. 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

We as a whole realize that data is a fundamental factor for our reality. Similarly, as our body needs air, water, and garments, we are as much ward upon the data. To make life really intriguing and to accomplish the sensation of being a piece of the social framework, we need to know our environmental factors and for that we need data. Data is a significant contribution for accomplishing our objectives like figuring out how to help one another and to turn into a necessary piece of society. What makes the executives data frameworks the most energizing theme in business is the ceaseless change in innovation, the board utilization of the innovation, and the effect on business achievement. New organizations and businesses seem old ones decay, and fruitful firms are the individuals who figure out how to utilize the new advances. In the innovation territory there are three interrelated changes:  The arising versatile computerized stage  The development of online programming as a help  The development in \"distributed computing\" where increasingly more business programming runs over the Web. The strength of distributed computing and the development of the versatile computerized stage permit associations to depend more on telecommuting, far off work, and conveyed dynamic. Organizations use data frameworks at all degrees of activity to gather, cycle, and store information. The executives total and spreads this information as data expected to do the everyday tasks of business. Every individual who works in business, from somebody who takes care of the bills to the individual who settles on work choices, utilizes data frameworks. A vehicle sales centre could utilize a PC information base to monitor which items sell best. A retail location may utilize a PC based data framework to sell items over the Web. Indeed, many (if not most) organizations focus on the arrangement of MIS with business objectives to accomplish upper hand over different organizations. MIS produces information driven reports that help organizations settle on the perfect choices at the perfect time. While MIS covers with other business disciplines, there are a few contrasts: Endeavour Asset Arranging (ERP): This control guarantees that all departmental frameworks are coordinated. MIS uses those associated frameworks to get to information to make reports. IT The Board: This office administers the establishment and upkeep of equipment and programming that are portions of the MIS. The differentiation between the two has consistently been fluffy. 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Web Based Business: Online business movement gives information that the MIS employments. Thusly, the MIS reports dependent on this information influence web-based business measures. 1.3 OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT A data framework gathers, measures, stores, examinations, and disperses data for a particular reason. The reason for data frameworks has been characterized as getting the correct data to the perfect individuals, at the opportune time, in the perfect sum, and in the correct arrangement. Since data frameworks are planned to supply valuable data, we need to separate among data and two firmly related terms: information and information. Data: Items are a basic description of objects, events, activities, and transactions that are registered, categorised, and stored but not structured to convey any particular meaning. Numbers, letters, sounds, and pictures are all examples of data objects. Information: Data that has been structured such that it has significance and importance for the user is referred to as information. For example, an average grade is data without a student's name, but a student's name with it is details. The information is interpreted by the recipient, who then draws conclusions and implications from it. Knowledge: Data and knowledge that has been organised and analysed to communicate understanding, experience, cumulative learning, and expertise as it relates to a current business issue. Assume that an organisation hiring at your college has discovered over time that students with a grade point average of at least 3.0 have had the most success in its management programme. Based on this information, the company will decide to interview only students with GPAs of 3.0 or higher. Since the organisation uses information—GPAs— to fix a business problem—hiring good employees—this example exemplifies awareness. Information System An information system can be described as a network of organized components that work together to produce, distribute, and/or process data. Precision is a key feature of computer- based information systems, which may not be applicable to other forms. Information systems can be categorized in any particular entity depending on how they are used. As a result, business information systems can be categorized into two types: operations support systems and management support systems. Information Technology Regular purposely or unwittingly, everybody is using data innovation. It has developed quickly and covers numerous zones of our everyday life like films, cell phones, the web, and so forth. Data innovation can be comprehensively characterized as coordination of PC with media transmission gear for putting away, recovering, controlling and capacity of information. As indicated by Information Technology Association of America, data innovation is characterized as \"the examination, plan, advancement, application, usage, backing or the executives of PC based data frameworks.\" 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Data innovation significantly upgrades the presentation of economy; it gives edge in tackling social issues just as making data framework reasonable and easy to understand. Data innovation has acquired large change our everyday life be it instruction, life at home, work spot, correspondence and even in capacity of government. Examination of Data Framework and Data Innovation.  Data framework and data innovation are comparative from various perspectives and yet they are unique. Following are a few angles about data framework just as data innovation.  Origin: Data frameworks have been in presence since pre-mechanical time in type of books, drawings, and so forth Nonetheless, the starting point of data innovation is generally connected with development of PCs.  Development: Data frameworks have gone through extraordinary arrangement of advancement, for example from manual record keeping to the current distributed storage framework. Additionally, data innovation is seeing steady changes with evermore quicker processor and continually contracting size of capacity gadgets.  Business Application: Organizations have been utilizing data frameworks for instance in type of manual books of records to current Count. The method of correspondence has additionally gone under huge change, for instance, from a letter to email. Data innovation has helped drive effectiveness across association with improved efficiency and exactness fabricating. Future of Information System and Information Technology Data innovation has shown outstanding development somewhat recently, prompting more modern data frameworks. The present data innovation has hugely improved personal satisfaction. Current medication has profited the most with better data framework utilizing the most recent data innovation. Data frameworks have been known to humankind in one structure or the other as an asset for dynamic. Notwithstanding, with the coming of data innovation data frameworks have gotten refined, and their use multiplied across varying backgrounds. Data innovation has helped overseen huge measure of information into helpful and important data. 1.2.1 Definition of Information System Management The executive’s data framework (MIS) is one of the significant PC based data frameworks. Its motivation is to meet the overall data need of the multitude of administrators in the firm or in some hierarchical subunit of the firm. Subunit can be founded on practical regions on administration levels. There are numerous definitions for MIS, yet quite possibly the most proper definitions depict the board data framework (MIS) as \"a hierarchical technique for giving past, present and projected data identified with inside activities and outside knowledge. It underpins the arranging, control and activity elements of an association by outfitting uniform data in the appropriate time period to help the chiefs\" (Waston, 1987). 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The MIS is characterized as an incorporated arrangement of man and machine for giving the data to help the activities, the administration, and the dynamic capacity in the association. Figure 1.1: MIS The data in MIS portrays the firm regarding what has occurred before, what's going on now and what is probably going to occur later on. The data is made accessible in type of intermittent reports, unique reports and yield of model re-enactments. All supervisors utilize the data yield as they settle on choices to take care of the company's issues. 1.2.2 Characteristics of Information System Management The following are among the features of management information systems in general: Relevance of Information The data a director gets from a MIS needs to identify with the choices the supervisor needs to make. A successful MIS takes information that starts in the regions of movement that worry the chief at some random time and sorts out it into structures that are significant for deciding. On the off chance that a supervisor needs to settle on estimating choices, for instance, a MIS may take deals information from the previous five years and show deals volume and benefit projections for different evaluating situations. Accuracy and Reliability of Information A vital proportion of the viability of a MIS is the exactness and dependability of its data. The precision of the information it utilizes and the computations it applies by and large decide the adequacy of the subsequent data. In any case, not all information should be similarly precise. For instance, finance data should be exact, however worker hours spent on a given errand can be founded on sensible assessments. The wellsprings of the information decide if the data is 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

dependable. Chronicled execution is regularly important for the contribution for a MIS, and furthermore fills in as a decent proportion of the exactness and unwavering quality of its yield. Usefulness of Information Although the data a manager receives from a MIS can be valid and reliable, it is only useful if it aids him in making the decisions he needs to make. For example, if a manager is faced with deciding which workers to fire as a result of staff cuts, data on cost savings is useful, but data on the performance of the employees in question is more so. The management information system (MIS) must make valuable data readily available. Timeliness of Information MIS yield should be current. The board needs to settle on choices about the eventual fate of the association dependent on information from the present, in any event, when assessing patterns. The later the information, the more these choices will reflect present reality and accurately expect their consequences for the organization. At the point when the assortment and preparing of information postpones its accessibility, the MIS should contemplate its expected mistakes because old enough and present the subsequent data in like manner, with potential scopes of blunder. Information that is assessed in an extremely brief timeframe edge can be viewed as constant data. For instance, data on an expansion in item deformities might be hailed for moment the board consideration. Completeness of Information A compelling MIS presents all the most significant and valuable data for a specific choice. In the event that some data isn't accessible because of missing information, it features the holes and either shows potential situations or presents potential outcomes coming about because of the missing information. The executives can either add the missing information or settle on the proper choices mindful of the missing data. A deficient or halfway introduction of data can prompt choices that don't have the expected impacts. Business and Information Technology Current worldwide and serious business climate continually requests development, existing information base is getting out of date, consistently flourishing for progression in measure improvement. The expectation to learn and adapt is constantly put to test, and each organization is endeavouring to stay on the ball. Because of this move in the manner business is getting directed has tossed out new truth of truly shortening item and administration life cycle. An ever-increasing number of organizations are coming out with modified items and discovering approaches to separate from rivalry. 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

A new overview directed has featured that the adjustment in the business climate can be summed up with following:  Globalization and opening up of business sectors have expanded rivalry as well as has permitted organizations to work in business sectors recently viewed as taboo.  Inclusion of data innovation as vital piece of business climate has guaranteed that organizations can measure, store and recover the immense measure of information at truly diminishing expenses.  Globalization has empowered free development of capital, merchandise and administration across nations. Characteristics of Business Environment To comprehend business climate and drivers of progress, it is first critical to consider its attributes. They are as per the following.  Business conditions are perplexing in nature just as powerful on the grounds that they are reliant upon factors like political, financial, lawful, mechanical, social, and so on for food.  Business climate influences organizations in various ventures in its own one-of-a-kind way. For instance, shippers may support lower conversion scale while exporters may support higher conversion standard.  With change in the business climate, some basic impacts are present moment in nature while some are felt throughout some undefined time frame. Business Process Outsourcing Business Interaction Re-appropriating includes contracting one or many front ends (client related) or back end (money, HR, bookkeeping, and so forth) exercises inside an organization to an outsider specialist co-op. The quantity of occupations inside BPO industry has expanded dramatically in a decade ago. BPO is one of the new faces in business climate. Rethinking has assisted organizations with decreasing their overhead costs, improve profitability, abbreviate development cycles, energize new market entrance and furthermore improving client experience. India has seen gigantic development in BPO industry inside work like client care, money/accounts, finance, top of the line monetary administrations, human-asset, and so on. Emerging Trends Few yet important emerging trends have emerged from the recent explosion in information technology, such as mobile platforms for doing business, cloud computing, data management technology, and so on. 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

These new innovations and channels provide a plethora of ways for businesses to gain a strategic competitive edge and remain ahead of the pack. Companies must devise new strategies in order to retain flexibility and provide goods and services that attract customers. 1.2.3 Nature and Scope of Information system Management The board Data Frameworks (MIS) can be basically alluded to as a framework or interaction that encourages the smooth working of the association. The idea of MIS is genuinely multifold in light of the fact that it assumes a greater part in business choices, from expenses to worker the board. Here are the significant highlights that depict the idea of MIS:  MIS is used by each level of an administration.  It explains and centres around the essential objectives and destinations for the administration.  MIS gives a compelling framework to investigate expenses and incomes and further audits successfully and effectively to acquire a reasonable funds and expenses.  MIS is kept up either through manual frameworks or robotized frameworks or a blend of both.  It likewise assumes a gradual part in recognizing, finding, estimating, handling and restricting dangers.  It sets out a system of rules and guidelines for the administration to bring a reasonable and succinct correspondence between representatives.  MIS gives a target arrangement of gathering, surveying and amassing data for a business. Data Frameworks is developing at a high speed to get perhaps the most encouraging profession fields in this day and age. With everything happening carefully, the interest in MIS experts is expanding like never before. MIS includes playing out various undertakings all the while, for example,  Processing information.  Initiating exchanges.  Responding to requests.  Producing reports and its synopses.  Manage the information made inside the design of a specific business. MIS demonstrations in an association very much like a sensory system in a body by giving the significant data for ease during the time spent dynamic. Essential Requirement of an Effective MIS  Qualified System and Management Staff 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The management of a successful MIS is a prerequisite for its effectiveness. These officers should have an appreciation of each other's duties and obligations. be able to clearly interpret the viewpoints of their fellow officers Each company should have two types of officers for this: i. System and computer experts who, in addition to their subject-matter knowledge, should be able to comprehend management principles in order to better grasp the issues posed by the concern. They should also be specific about the decision-making process and the details needed for planning. ii. Experts in management who should also be well-versed in machine principles and operations. This basic programming knowledge would be helpful in placing them in a comfortable role while dealing with applications, technicians, or other members of the information system design team. Futuristic Point of View A successful MIS ought to be fit for meeting the future prerequisites of its heads too. This capacity can be accomplished by customary observing and refreshing the MIS.  Support of Top Administration For an administration data framework to be successful, it should get the full help of top administration.  The Purposes Behind This are Subordinate directors are normally dormant about exercises which don't get the help of their bosses. The assets engaged with PC based data framework are bigger and are developing bigger and bigger considering significance acquired by the board data framework.  Common Data Set It is a coordinated assortment of information and data which is used by a few data subsystems of an association. A typical data set might be characterized as a super document which unites, and coordinates information records some time ago put away in a different information document. Such a data set can be coordinated as an incorporated assortment of information records into a solitary super document, or it tends to be coordinated as a coordinated assortment of a few information record.  Control and Support of MIS: Control of the MIS methods the activity of the framework as it was intended to work. Once in a while, clients build up their own strategies or alternate way techniques to utilize the framework which lessens its adequacy. 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.3 FRAMEWORK OF MIS There is a lot of information and data in an association. To plan a MIS effectively, we need a system to structure the data so the information and data applicable for dynamic can be isolated from rest of the information. Before we talk about the plan of MIS, let us comprehend the essential administration of a business. An association should react to market influences, rivalry, to climate and to innovative changes. The extent of business is wide, contacting numerous fronts. A business, among different exercises, should do a drawn-out essential arranging. There are numerous philosophies for vital arranging. Variables Encouraging Usage of MIS A couple of elements, which will build the odds of a fruitful execution of MIS, are:  Involvement of top administration in the computerization exertion, in characterizing the reason and objectives of PCs inside the association.  Selection of an EDP Supervisor who has the political abilities to include directors in picking application zones, distinguishing data needs and planning reports.  A PC staff, which has interdisciplinary abilities in PCs, the board, and tasks research.  An adjusted use on equipment and programming. The executives data framework (MIS) has distinctive importance for various individuals. The idea of MIS has developed over a time of most recent twenty years or thereabouts. The underlying administration data frameworks were worked to measure value-based information of an association and to deliver standard reports. The reports were not focused on, and people picked the necessary information from the report. The data frameworks developed further and created various reports as indicated by necessities. Rather than client glancing through the report for required information, the framework produced a report in a reasonable arrangement that made an effect on its client and incited an activity, a choice or an examination. Today, a data framework has advanced to the stage where they handle data sets and encourage dynamic. 14 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 1.2 : Framework of MIS The data given by MIS helps director in arranging, sorting out, staffing, planning, coordinating and controlling the activities of an association. An association might be imagined from multiple points of view. One can imagine an association as an accounting report or an element of fiscal summaries, i.e., as a monetary substance or as an association outline portraying the dynamic progression levels and formal correspondence channels. While the two perspectives are right, the last view is more suitable for understanding an association's MIS. 1.3.1 Robert Anthony’s Hierarchy Management Activity Anthony in his fundamental work expounded (R.A. Anthony 1965) on this perspective on an association as its pecking order of dynamic. He zeroed in on the administrative parts of an association and grouped the administration cycle into three unmistakable levels. Figure 1.3 : Robert Anthony’s Hierarchy Management Activity 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Strategic Planning This requires zeroing in on the targets and objectives of the association, on changes in the goals, on the asset prerequisites to satisfy the destinations and on the core values and approaches that will oversee the securing, use and removal of assets to accomplish the targets. To put it plainly, this job is the main job in the administration progressive system and the choices taken by chiefs in this job affect the association. Administrators in this job set the heading in which the association will travel. As far as order, this lies at the top. Managerial Control This requires focusing in on the objectives and goals of the relationship, on changes in the objectives, on the resource essentials to fulfil the objections and on the fundamental beliefs and approaches that will supervise the getting, use and evacuation of resources for achieve the objectives. To lay it out simply, this work is the fundamental occupation in the organization reformist framework and the decisions taken by bosses in this work influence the affiliation. Managers in this work set the heading in which the affiliation will travel. To the extent request, this lies at the top. Operational Control This necessitates that mandates as set by the prompt higher chain of command is followed and that particular errand/s are completed adequately and proficiently. The choices at this level little affect the association. The association carries on in a normal nature where the boundaries of the dynamic cycle are very much laid and certain. Actually, for Anthony association's order from the point of view of administrative exercises. As is clear, it is a three-level pyramid with unmistakable levels. Each level has its own arrangement of errands and choices to take which varyingly affect the association overall. Anthony's system empowers us to comprehend the attributes of data expected to help the three sorts of preparation and control measure. The Table-1.1 beneath portrays these qualities and features the considerable contrasts in data needed for key arranging, the executive’s control, and operational control. 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Table 1.1: Differences in information required for Planning and Control Processes 1.4 SUMMARY  Management data framework (MIS), alludes to a PC based procedure that prepares leaders in an association with the devices to put together, assess and productively oversee offices.  The interaction mostly includes in putting away of information and producing reports that will illuminate the business key focuses to settle on right choices.  The MIS framework may likewise incorporate programming that underpins in dynamic. The product keeps a total record of the past and current information in the necessary configuration and presents it for examination at whatever point it is required.  Management Data Framework furnishes every supervisor in the orga-nisation with the data he needs to take choices, plan and control inside his zone of obligation.  Information administration accepts every one of the nonexclusive ideas of the board, including the arranging, sorting out, organizing, handling, controlling, assessment and revealing of data exercises, which is all required to address the issues of those with hierarchical jobs or capacities that rely upon data.  The MIS assumes the part of data age, correspondence, issue distinguishing proof and helps during the time spent dynamic.  The MIS, accordingly, assumes an imperative part in the administration, organization and activities of an association. 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Information is information that is prepared and is introduced in a structure which helps decisionmaking.it may contain a component of shock, decrease vulnerability or incite a chief to start an activity.  A reasonable structure for data is basic to the board data frameworks (MIS) examination, plan, and usage.  Decision making is a fundamental piece of any business. This is on the grounds that a greater part of tasks in an association pivot choice made by the administration. To settle on choices all the more viably, it is vital to have a decent administration data framework since choices depend on data accessible. 1.5 KEYWORDS Information System: A collection of elements that capture data and convert it in information and disseminate to the decision-makers in an organization. Database: A collection of related files or tables containing data. Data items: An elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning. Digital platforms: These are online businesses that facilitate commercial interactions between at least two different groups—with one typically being suppliers and the other consumers. Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. 1.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY Explore the Web site for the Apple iPhone, the Apple iPad and the Samsung then answer the following questions: 1. List and describe the capabilities of each of these devices and give examples of how they could be used by businesses. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. List and describe three downloadable business applications for each device and describe their business benefits. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Do you agree “Information systems are too important to be left to computer specialists”. Why or why not? 2. Discuss in what ways do you think organisation structure influence information system and in turn information system influence the organisation structure. 3. Explain the use of information system for competitive advantage. 4. Why is MIS looked upon as a strategic need of management today? 5. Discuss three levels of management and outline the objectives each level of management. Long Questions 1. Discuss characteristics of Information system management. 2. Explain scope of Information system management. 3. Discuss importance on Information system in digital world. 4. Explain Robert Anthony’s framework for understanding MIS. 5. Explain need of Information system in an organisation. B. Multiple Choice Questions 19 1. The MIS is defined as a ________based information system. a. Computer b. People c. Management d. None of these 2. Management information systems (MIS) _________________. a. Use the transaction data to produce information needed by managers to run the business b. Create and share documents that support day-today office activities c. Process business transactions (e.g., timecards, payments, orders, etc.) d. Capture and reproduce the knowledge of an expert problem solver 3. MIS assists manager in ______________. a. Planning b. Organising c. Staffing d. All of these CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Robert Anthony classified the management process into three distinct levels___________. a. Strategic Planning, Management Control, Operational Control b. Strategic Planning, Human resource, Top Management c. Human resource, Top Management, Operational Control d. None of these 5. Characteristics of good management information system_____________. a. Accuracy b. Reliability c. Timeliness and completeness d. All of these Answers: 1-(a), 2-(a), 3-(d), 4-(a), 5-(d) 1.8 REFERENCES Textbooks  Laudon, K. C. & Laudon, J. P. Management Information, Systems. 2006: Managing the Digital Firm. 10th ed. Prentice Hall and Pearson Education.  Davis, Gordon B. and Margrethe H. Olsen, 1985, Management Information Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.  Scott, George M., Principles of Management Information Systems, 2003, McGraw- Hill Book Company, Singapore.  Harry Katzan, 1984, Management Support Systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Reference Books  Rahul De,2018, MIS: Managing Information Systems in Business, Government and Society, 2ed,Kindle Edition.  Heinz Weihrich (Author), Mark V Cannice (Author), Harold Koontz(Author),2019,Management: A Global, Innovative and Entrepreneurial Perspective (15th Edition)Kindle Edition.  Seema Acharya R N Prasad,2016, Fundamentals of Business Analytics, 2ed 2nd Edition, Kindle Edition. Websites 20  https://www.includehelp.com/ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 https://www.sigc.edu/department/mba/studymet/  https://www.dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_5828_0.pdf 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2: REQUIREMENTS AND LEVELS Structure 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Information 2.2.1 Types of Information 2.2.2 Quality of Information 2.2.3 Dimensions of Information 2.3 System and Elements of System 2.4 Decisions Making 2.4.1 Simon’s Model of decision making 2.4.2 Structured and Unstructured decisions 2.5 Summary 2.6 Keywords 2.7 Learning Activity 2.8 Unit End Questions (Descriptive and MCQs) 2.9 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, student will be able to:  Explain information and types of information.  Describe system and elements of system.  Describe the decision-making process using Simon model.  Distinguish between structured and unstructured decisions. 2.1 INTRODUCTION A Data framework (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, authoritative framework intended to gather, interaction, store, and circulate data. In a sociotechnical viewpoint, data frameworks 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

are formed by four segments: task, individuals, construction (or jobs), and innovation. Data frameworks can be characterized as a mix of parts for assortment, stockpiling and handling of information of which the information is utilized to give data, add to information just as advanced items. Data Frameworks is a scholarly investigation of frameworks with a particular reference to data and the correlative organizations of equipment and programming that individuals and associations use to gather, channel, measure, make and furthermore disseminate information. An accentuation is put on a data framework having a complete limit, clients, processors, stockpiling, information sources, yields and the before referenced correspondence organizations. A particular data framework intends to help activities, the board and dynamic. A data framework is the data and correspondence innovation (ICT) that an association utilizes, and furthermore the manner by which individuals connect with this innovation on the side of business measures. A few creators make an unmistakable differentiation between data frameworks, PC frameworks, and business measures. Data frameworks ordinarily incorporate an ICT part however are not absolutely worried about ICT, zeroing in rather on the end-utilization of data innovation. Data frameworks are likewise unique in relation to business measures. Data frameworks help to control the presentation of business measures Data innovation (IT) comprises of all the equipment and programming that a firm requirements to use to accomplish its business destinations. This incorporates not just PC machines, stockpiling gadgets, and handheld cell phones, yet in addition programming, for example, the Windows or Linux working frameworks, the Microsoft Office work area profitability suite, and a huge number of PC programs that can be found in a normal enormous firm. \"Data frameworks\" are more mind boggling and can be best be perceived by taking a gander at them from both an innovation and a business viewpoint. According to Wikipedia - \"Information can be recorded as signs or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system that can interpret the information. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. Therefore, in a general sense, information is \"Knowledge communicated or received, concerning a particular fact or circumstance\". Information cannot be predicted and resolves uncertainty.\" Information vs. Data 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Data can be described as unprocessed facts and figures. Plain collected data as raw facts cannot help in decision-making. However, data is the raw material that is organized, structured, and interpreted to create useful information systems. Data is defined as 'groups of non-random symbols in the form of text, images, voice representing quantities, action and objects’. Information is interpreted data; created from organized, structured, and processed data in a context. According to Davis and Olson − \"Information is a data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived value in the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient.\" 2.2 INFORMATION A data framework can be characterized in fact as a bunch of interrelated segments that gather (or recover), cycle, store, and appropriate data to help dynamic and control in an association. As well as supporting dynamic, coordination, and control, data frameworks may likewise help supervisors and laborers dissect issues, picture complex subjects, and make new items. Data frameworks contain data about critical individuals, spots, and things inside the association or in the climate encompassing it. By data we mean information that have been moulded into a structure that is significant and helpful to individuals. A short model differentiating data and information may demonstrate valuable. Grocery store checkout counters examine a huge number of bits of information from scanner tags, which portray every item. Such bits of information can be added up to and examined to give significant data, for example, the all-out number of containers of dish cleanser sold at a specific store, which brands of dish cleanser were selling the most quickly at that store or deals an area, or the aggregate sum spent on that brand of dish cleanser at that store or deals locale. Three exercises in a data framework produce the data that associations need to decide, control activities, examine issues, and make new items or administrations. These exercises are information, handling, and yield. Input Input is the method of recording or processing raw data from within or outside the company. Processing This unprocessed data is turned into something useful. Output 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Yield moves the prepared data to individuals who will utilize it or to the exercises for which it will be utilized. Data frameworks likewise require criticism, which is yield that is gotten back to suitable individuals from the association to assist them with assessing or right the information stage. In the online framework for selling tickets through Site, the crude information comprises of request information for tickets, like the buyer's name, address, charge card number, number of tickets requested, and the date of the game for which the ticket is being bought. PCs store this information and cycle them to ascertain request sums, to follow ticket buys, and to send demands for instalment to Visa organizations. The yield comprises of passes to print out, receipts for requests, and reports on online ticket orders. The framework gives significant data, like the quantity of tickets sold for a film, the absolute number of tickets sold every year, and regular clients. PC based data frameworks use PC innovation to deal with crude information into significant data, there is a sharp differentiation between a PC and a PC program from one perspective, and a data framework on the other. Electronic PCs and related programming programs are the specialized establishment, the apparatuses and materials, of current data frameworks. PCs give the hardware to putting away and preparing data. PC projects, or programming, are sets of working guidelines that direct and control PC handling. Knowing how PCs and PC programs work is significant in planning answers for hierarchical issues, however PCs are just essential for a data framework. 2.2.1 Types of Information Information used in business for decision-making is typically divided into three groups, according to Anthony's classification of Management. Strategic Information − Strategic information is concerned with long-term policy decisions that identify a company's priorities and assesses how well those goals are accomplished. For example, strategic information includes the acquisition of a new factory, a new product, and business diversification, among other items. Tactical Information − The information required to exercise control over business resources, such as budgeting, quality control, service level, inventory level, productivity level, and so on, is referred to as tactical information. Operational Information − Operational information is concerned with information at the plant/business level and is used to ensure that particular operational activities are carried out as planned/intended. This category covers a number of operator-specific, machine-specific, and shift-specific quality control checks. Classification by Application 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Information can be classified as follows in terms of applications: Planning Information – These are the specifics necessary for an organization's standard norms and specifications to be defined. This data is included in every activity's strategic, tactical, and organizational planning. Time standards and design standards are examples of such details. Control Information − This data is required in order to maintain control over all business activities through a feedback mechanism. This data is used to track the attainment, existence, and usage of vital processes in a system. When such data suggests a break from existing norms, the system should trigger a decision or action that leads to regulation. Knowledge Information − \"Information about information\" is described as \"intelligence.\" Information about knowledge is gathered from archival data and research studies, as well as from practice and learning. Organizational Information − Organizational information is concerned with the atmosphere and culture of a business in relation to its goals. The Organizational Knowledge Theory of Karl Weick emphasizes that an organization eliminates its complexity or confusion by prudently gathering, organizing, and using information. Employee and payroll records are examples of information that is used by everyone in the company. Functional/Operational Information − This is details unique to the operation. Regular schedules in a manufacturing plant, for example, refer to the precise assignment of workers to machines or operators to machines. It would be the duty roster of various staff in a service- oriented company. The majority of this data is kept inside the company. Database Information − The term \"database knowledge\" refers to vast volumes of data that can be used in a number of ways. Databases are used to store, retrieve, and handle such data. Material requirements or supplier records, for example, are stored for various users. 2.2.2 Quality of Information Quality can be characterized from both maker and client points of view. From the viewpoint of the maker, quality connotes conformance to determinations or the shortfall of variety from those particulars. The particulars for a phone may incorporate one that expresses the strength of the telephone ought to be to such an extent that it won't be marked or in any case harmed by a drop from a four-foot stature onto a wooden floor. A basic test will permit this particular to be estimated. A client meaning of value is a lot more extensive. In the first place, clients are worried about the nature of the actual item—its sturdiness, security, usability, and establishment. Second, clients are worried about the nature of administration, by which they mean the exactness and honesty of publicizing, responsiveness to guarantees, and progressing item uphold. At long last, client ideas of value incorporate mental viewpoints: the 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

organization's information on its items, the politeness and affectability of deals and care staff, and the standing of the item. Today, as the quality development in business advances, the meaning of value is progressively from the point of view of the client. Clients are worried about getting an incentive for their dollar and item wellness, execution, sturdiness, and backing. Numerous organizations have accepted the idea of complete quality administration (TQM). All out- quality administration makes quality the obligation, everything being equal, and capacities inside an association. Everybody is relied upon to add to the general improvement of value— the designer who dodges plan blunders, the creation labourer who spots abandons, the salesman who presents the item appropriately to possible clients, and even the secretary who tries not to type botch. Information Systems Improve Quality How about we look at a portion of the manners in which organizations face the test of improving quality to perceive how data frameworks can be important for the cycle. Lessen Process duration and Improve on the Creation Interaction Studies have shown that probably the most ideal approaches to diminish quality issues is to decrease process duration, which alludes to the all-out slipped by time from the start of a cycle to its end. More limited process durations imply that issues are gotten before all the while, regularly before the creation of a flawed item is finished, saving a portion of the secret creation costs. At last, discovering approaches to decrease process duration frequently implies discovering approaches to work on creation steps. The less strides in a cycle, the less time and opportunity for a blunder to happen. Data frameworks help kill steps in an interaction and crucial time delays. Model a multimillion-dollar organization selling blossoms by phone or over the Internet. It had helpless assistance, conflicting quality, and a lumbering manual request taking cycle. Phone delegates needed to compose each request, get Mastercard endorsement, figure out which partaking flower specialist was nearest to the conveyance area, select a decorative layout, and forward the request to the flower specialist. Each progression in the manual cycle expanded the opportunity of human blunder, and the entire interaction required at any rate a half hour. Proprietors introduced another data framework that downloads orders taken in tele focuses or over the Internet to a focal PC and electronically sends them to nearby flower vendors. Subsequently, orders are more precise and show up at the flower vendor inside two minutes. Benchmark Organizations accomplish quality by utilizing benchmarking to set principles for items, administrations, and different exercises, and afterward estimating execution against those guidelines. Organizations may utilize outer industry norms, guidelines set by different organizations, inside created principles. Use Client Requests to Improve Items and 27 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Administrations Improving client support, and making client assistance the main need, will improve the nature of the actual item. The elements of Information Quality, according to Wang and Strong, are as follows: − Intrinsic − Accuracy, Objectivity, Relatability, and Credibility are also essential considerations to consider. Contextual − Relevance, added value, timeliness, completeness, and volume of data. Representational − Interpretability, Format, Coherence, and Compatibility are all important factors to consider. Accessibility − Accessibility and access control are two words that come to mind when addressing accessibility. 2.2.3 Dimensions of Information To comprehend data frameworks, you should comprehend the more extensive association, the board, and data innovation measurements of frameworks and their ability to give answers for difficulties and issues in the business climate. We allude to this more extensive comprehension of data frameworks, which includes a comprehension of the administration and hierarchical elements of frameworks just as the specialized elements of frameworks, as data frameworks education. Figure 2.1 : Dimensions of Information Systems Organizations Data frameworks are a vital piece of associations. In fact, for certain organizations, for example, credit detailing firms, there would be no business without a data framework. The vital components of an association are its kin, structure, business cycles, governmental issues, 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and culture. Associations have a design that is made out of various levels and strengths. Their designs uncover an obvious division of work. Authority and duty in a business firm are coordinated as a chain of command, or a pyramid structure. The upper levels of the progression comprise of administrative, expert, and specialized workers, though the lower levels comprise of operational staff. Senior administration settles on long-range key choices about items and administrations just as guarantees monetary execution of the firm. Centre administration does the projects and plans of senior administration and operational administration is liable for observing the day-by-day exercises of the business. Information laborers, like specialists, researchers, or modellers, plan items or benefits and make new information for the firm, while information laborers, like secretaries or agents, help with planning and interchanges at all levels of the firm. Creation or administration laborers really produce the item and convey the help. Specialists are utilized and prepared for various business capacities. The significant business works, or concentrated assignments performed by business associations, comprise of deals and advertising, assembling and creation, money and bookkeeping, and HR. Management The executives' responsibility is to bode well out of the numerous circumstances looked by associations, decide, and form activity intends to tackle authoritative issues. Chiefs see business challenges in the climate; they set the authoritative technique for reacting to those difficulties; and they dispense the human and monetary assets to arrange the work and make progress. All through, they should practice mindful authority. The business data frameworks depicted in this book mirror the expectations, dreams, and real factors of genuine directors. Be that as it may, administrators should accomplish more than oversee what as of now exists. They should likewise make new items and benefits and even re-make the association occasionally. A significant piece of the board obligation is innovative work driven by new information and data. Data innovation can assume an incredible part in assisting administrators with planning and convey new items and benefits and diverting and updating their associations. Information Technology Data innovation is one of numerous devices' administrators use to adapt to change. PC equipment is the actual gear utilized for info, handling, and yield exercises in a data framework. It comprises of the accompanying: PCs of different sizes and shapes (counting versatile handheld gadgets); different information, yield, and capacity gadgets; and broadcast communications gadgets that interface PCs together. PC programming comprises of the point by point, prearranged directions that control and arrange the PC equipment parts in a data framework. Information the board innovation comprises of the product overseeing the association of information on actual capacity media. Systems administration and media communications innovation, comprising of both actual gadgets and programming, connects 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the different bits of equipment and moves information starting with one actual area then onto the next. PCs and interchanges gear can be associated in networks for sharing voice, information, pictures, sound, and video. An organization joins at least two PCs to share information or assets, like a printer. The world's biggest and most generally utilized organization is the Web. Interior corporate organizations dependent on Web innovation are called intranets. Private intranets stretched out to approved clients outside the association are called extranets, and firms utilize such organizations to facilitate their exercises with different firms for making buys, teaming up on plan, and other between authoritative work. For most business firms today, utilizing Web innovation is both a business need and an upper hand. The Internet is a help given by the Web that utilizes all around acknowledged guidelines for putting away, recovering, designing, and showing data in a page design on the Web. Pages contain text, designs, movements, sound, and video and are connected to other Site pages. By tapping on featured words or fastens on a Page, you can connection to related pages to discover extra data and connections to different areas Online. The Internet can fill in as the establishment for new sorts of data frameworks, for example, UPS's Electronic bundle global positioning framework. These advancements, alongside individuals needed to run and oversee them, address assets that can be shared all through the association and comprise the association's data innovation (IT) framework. The IT framework gives the establishment, or stage, on which the firm can construct its particular data frameworks. Every association should cautiously plan and deal with its IT foundation, so it has the arrangement of innovation administrations it needs for the work it needs to achieve with data frameworks. 2.3 SYSTEM AND ELEMENTS OF SYSTEM The word framework is gotten from the Greek word \"systema\" which implies the coordinated relationship among the working units. In any case, the word framework consistently accompanies a descriptor, at whatever point we talk about a framework like instructive framework, political framework, bookkeeping framework and so forth Yet, in the event that we cautiously assess these frameworks, we can find that there are a few highlights regular to every one of the frameworks. These are the attributes of the framework which assist us with understanding the working meaning of the word framework. Definition - A system is an organized collection of independent components that are connected together according to a predetermined plan to achieve a specific goal. The system elements, their properties, and relationships define all of the system's characteristics. Elements of a System The elements of a structure are depicted in the diagram below :− 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 2.2 : Elements of a System Outputs and Inputs  A system's main objective is to generate an output that is useful to its user.  The information that enters the system for processing is referred to as inputs.  The product of processing is production. Processor(s)  The processor is the component of a framework that includes the genuine change of contribution to yield.  It is the operational segment of a framework. Processors may adjust the info either absolutely or part of the way, contingent upon the yield detail.  As the yield particulars change, so does the preparing. Now and again, input is likewise altered to empower the processor for taking care of the change. Control  The control component directs the framework.  It is the dynamic subsystem that controls the example of exercises overseeing info, preparing, and yield.  The conduct of a PC Framework is constrained by the Working Framework and programming. To keep framework in balance, what and how much info is required is controlled by Yield Particulars. Feedback  Feedback gives the control in a powerful framework. 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Positive criticism is standard in nature that empowers the presentation of the framework.  Negative criticism is instructive in nature that gives the regulator data for activity. Environment  The climate is the \"super framework\" inside which an association works.  It is the wellspring of outside components that strike on the framework.  It decides how a framework should work. For instance, sellers and contenders of association's current circumstance, may give imperatives that influence the real presentation of the business. Boundaries and Interface  A framework ought to be characterized by its limits. Limits are the limits that distinguish its parts, cycles, and interrelationship when it interfaces with another framework.  Each framework has limits that decide its authoritative reach and control.  The information on the limits of a given framework is vital in deciding the idea of its interface with different frameworks for effective plan. The properties of a device are as follows: Structure and order are indicated by organization. It is the arrangement of components that aids in the accomplishment of predetermined goals. Interaction It is determined by how the components communicate with one another. In a company, for example, the purchasing department must work with the production department and the payroll department with the personnel department. Interdependence The interdependence of a system's components refers to how they rely on one another. The components are coordinated and connected together according to a predetermined schedule for proper operation. The output of one subsystem is needed as input by another subsystem. Integration The way a device part is related is what integration is all about. Even if each component performs a specific purpose, it ensures that the system's parts work together within the system. Central Objective 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The goal of the device must be in the centre. It may be correct or incorrect. It's not uncommon for an organization to declare one goal and then work toward a different one. Users must consider the main purpose of a computer programme early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion. 2.4 DECISIONS MAKING Management used to be the only one who could make decisions in an organization. Since information systems make information accessible to lower levels of the company, lower-level workers are now responsible for some of these decisions. 2.4.1 Simon’s Model of decision making Herbert Simon made key commitments to improve our comprehension of the dynamic interaction. Truth be told, he spearheaded the field of choice emotionally supportive networks. As indicated by (Simon 1960) and his later work with (Newell 1972), dynamic is an interaction with particular stages. He proposed interestingly the dynamic model of people. His model of dynamic has three phases:  Intelligence which manages the difficult ID and the information assortment on the issue.  Design which manages the age of elective answers for the current issue.  Choice which is choosing the 'awesome' from among the elective arrangements utilizing some measure. The figure given below depicts Simon’s decision-making model clearly. Figure 2.3: Simon’s Decision Making Intelligence Phase This is the initial move towards the dynamic cycle. In this progression the leader recognizes/distinguishes the issue or opportunity. An issue in the administrative setting is identifying whatever isn't as indicated by the arrangement, rule or standard. An illustration of issue is the discovery of unexpected extremely high wearing down for the current month by a HR administrator among laborers. Opportunity looking for then again is the recognizable proof of a promising condition that may prompt better outcomes. An illustration of distinguishing proof of chance is-a showcasing director becomes more acquainted with that 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

two of his rivals will close down tasks (request being steady) for reasons unknown in the following three months, this implies that he will actually want to sell more on the lookout. Consequently, we see that either on account of an issue or with the end goal of chance looking for the dynamic interaction is started, and the primary stage is the unmistakable comprehension of the upgrade that triggers this cycle. So, assuming an issue/opportunity triggers this cycle the main stage manages the total comprehension of the issue/opportunity. Insight period of dynamic cycle includes: Problem Searching: The fact or actual is compared to certain criteria in order to find the problem. Differences are calculated and analysed in order to decide whether or not there is a problem. Problem Formulation: At the point when the issue is distinguished, there is consistently a danger of taking care of some unacceptable issue. In issue plan, building up relations with some issue addressed before or a similarity demonstrates very helpful. Design Phase Configuration is the way toward planning arrangement diagrams for the issue. Elective arrangements are intended to tackle a similar issue. Every elective arrangement is assessed in the wake of social event information about the arrangement. The assessment is done on the essential of models to distinguish the positive and negative parts of every arrangement. Quantitative apparatuses and models are utilized to show up at these arrangements. At this stage, the arrangements are just frameworks of genuine arrangements and are intended for examination of their reasonableness alone. A great deal of inventiveness and advancement is needed to plan arrangements. Choice Phase It is the stage wherein the potential arrangements are contrasted against each other with discover the most appropriate arrangement. The 'best' arrangement might be recognized utilizing quantitative instruments like choice tree investigation or subjective apparatuses like the six reasoning caps strategy, power field examination, and so on. 2.4.2 Structured and Unstructured Decisions Authoritative choices vary in various manners. Simon based on level of the programmability of a choice, proposed two sorts of choices: Structured Decisions 34  These choices are these that can be modified and all around characterized.  They are basically dull, daily schedule and include a characterized. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 They are basically tedious, everyday practice and include an unmistakable methodology for taking care of them, so they don't need to be dealt with each as though they were new.  Structured choices are additionally called programmable choices include circumstances where the methodology choices include circumstances where the techniques to follow when a choice are organized or modified by the choices strategies or choice principles created for them.  An organized choice might actually include what is known as a deterministic choice or an algorithmic choice. Model: Complex findings from understudies. option of financial mechanisms, and so on. Characteristics  Structured choices can be appointed.  The cost of taking such choices isn't just about as high as that of unstructured ones.  These choices can be made with the assistance of PC frameworks. Unstructured Decision Choices, which are not very much characterized and have not pre-determined systems choice standard are known as unstructured or non-modified choices. These kinds of choices are incidental and remarkable in nature.  There are no predefined systems accessible to tackle these issues and another examination is needed for every event.  In high level directors are generally confronted with all the more such unstructured dynamic circumstances.  They the essential choice are non-monotonous crucial and significant and point of deciding or changing the finishes or methods for the endeavour.  Unstructured choices are not basic.  They are typically very intricate in nature. Thus, there is no reliable technique for taking care of them.  Unstructured choices are those where the choice causes must give judgment assessment and understanding into the difficult definition.  The hazard associated with taking choices to tackle the issues in this is typically high. Example: Produce booking, capital planning. 2.5 SUMMARY  A data framework is a bunch of interrelated segments that gather or recover, interaction, store, and disperse data to help dynamic and control in an association. 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Data frameworks can likewise be utilized to dissect issues, picture complex subjects, and make new items.  Information is information, or crude realities, moulded into valuable structure for people.  Input, handling, and yield are the three exercises in a data framework that produce the data an association need.  Information frameworks serve every one of these levels and capacities. Three principal classifications of data frameworks serve distinctive hierarchical levels: operational-level frameworks, the executives level frameworks, and key level frameworks.  The nature of data is the consequence of the nature of the info information, preparing plan, framework plan, framework method which create such an information, and the administration of the information handling capacity.  There are three elements of data frameworks: hierarchical, the executives, and innovation.  A framework is comprised of information sources, handling, yield and criticism or control.  Decision settling on is the way toward settling on decisions by recognizing a choice, gathering data, and surveying elective goals. Utilizing a bit-by-bit dynamic interaction can help you make more conscious, smart choices by getting sorted out significant data and characterizing options.  Simon's model characterizes three periods of dynamic cycle: Knowledge Stage. Configuration Stage. Decision Stage.  Structured dynamic is a methodology for cautious and coordinated examination of regular asset the executive’s choices.  The idea of modified dynamic is the best instrument accessible to the MIS fashioner, whereby he can move dynamic from a chief to the MIS and still hold the obligation and responsibility with the leader or the director. In the event of non-modified choices, the MIS ought to give the choice emotionally supportive networks give a summed-up model of dynamic.  The idea of dynamic framework, like the shut and the open framework, like the shut and the open frameworks, helps the planner in giving plan attainability. The shut frameworks are deterministic, and rule based, thusly, the plan needs to have restricted adaptability, while in an open framework, the plan ought to be adaptable to adapt up to the progressions needed occasionally.  The strategies for dynamic can be utilized straightforwardly in the MIS gave the technique to be applied has been chosen. Various dynamic issues call for advancement, and operational models are accessible which can be made a piece of the framework, the enhancement models are static and dynamic, and both can be utilized in the MIS. A portion of the issues require a serious examination, like result 36 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

investigation. In these issues, the MIS can give the examination dependent on the additions, the second thoughts and the utility. 2.6 KEYWORDS Input: Input refers to any information or data sent to a computer for processing. Output: Output refers to any information that is processed by and transmitted from a computer or other electronic device. Decision Making: The method of making decisions based on the knowledge gathered. Total quality Management: Total quality control entails efforts at all levels of a company to \"create and maintain an environment in which workers are continually improving their ability to deliver on-demand goods and services that consumers would find particularly valuable.\". World Wide Web: The World Wide Web, or simply the Web, is an information system in which documents and other web resources are defined by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and are available via the Internet. 2.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY Look at some of the websites that list job openings in various fields. The following are some notable examples of job-related websites.: https://www.naukri.com/ https://www.glassdoor.co.in/ 1. Compare the salary packages for accountants, marketing professionals, accounting professionals, operations professionals, and human resources professionals. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Rate the above sites on the scale of 1-5 on No Of opening, Quality of companies, and Job profile. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. Discuss importance of information quality. 2. Discuss in detail Simon’s model of decision-making. 3. Discuss ways in which information technology can affect managers and non- managerial workers. 4. Most of the studies suggest that the use of IT without concomitant organizational changes is unlikely to yield significant gains in terms of organizational performance. Comment. 5. Elucidate how digital convergence is used to digitize the types of media and communication. Long Questions 1. Identify the reasons why being an informed user of information systems is important in today’s world. 2. Explain how information support better decision making. 3. Describe various factors that are used to describe the quality of information. 4. Explain the role of system in MIS in detail. 5. Explain elements of System. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. In information system which one is not a business driver______________. a. Proliferation of networks and the internet b. Knowledge asset management c. Security d. Privacy 2. Information for management information system comes from ______________. a. Both internal and external source b. Internal Source c. External Source d. None of these 3. A Backbone of an organisation is ________________. a. Information b. Employee c. Management d. Capital 4. AI is shot form for ______________. 38 a. Artificial intelligence b. Artificial information CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Artificial integration d. None of these 5. Activities to produce information ______________________. a. Input b. Process c. Output d. All of these Answer 1-(a), 2-(a), 3-(a), 4-(a), 5-(d) 2.9 REFERENCES Textbooks  Scott, George M., Principles of Management Information Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore, 2003.  Oka, Milind M, Management information systems: Text and Cases. Reference Books  Suva Chandra, MIS and its applications in school library, PEARL: A Journal of Library and Information Sciences, April- June 2010. Website  https://bcatwo.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/bca-223-ssad.pdf  https://siteeconomics.blogspot.com/2016/10/dimensions-of-management- information.html  https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_information_system/management_infor mation_system.htm 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3: DEVELOPING INFORMATION SYSTEMS STRUCTURE 40 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Information System Analysis 3.2.1 Overview Information System 3.2.2 Understand Requirements 3.2.3 Structured Analysis 3.3 System Design 3.3.1 Conceptual Design 3.3.2 Design Methods 3.4 Implementation and Evaluation 3.4.1 Implementation Process 3.4.2 Evaluation and System Maintenance 3.5 Pitfalls in MIS Development 3.6 Summary 3.7 Keywords 3.8 Learning Activity 3.9 Unit End Questions (Descriptive and MCQs) 3.10 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, student will be able to:  Explain how system analysis helps in identifying the system requirements.  Explain various strategies for requirement determination.  Identify the various tools that help in the system analysis process.  Explain different types of specialised information system. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Explain Implementation and evaluation process. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Data Systems advancement is the way toward making and keeping up data frameworks, including equipment, programming, information, methodology and individuals. It consolidates specialized mastery with business information and the executive’s expertise. The advancement of such frameworks is finished by utilizing a progression of philosophies and cycles that can be utilized to create and utilize the data framework (IS) to the most awesome aspect their capacity. Throughout the long term IS has advanced tremendously with a wide range of sorts of PC frameworks, for example, Basic information preparing frameworks, Integrated information handling frameworks, Decision Support Systems and Management Information Systems. With every framework the potential has developed regarding what could be accomplished with such frameworks. IS has created from one of the most seasoned advancement apparatuses: Flow diagramming during the 1920s, to later during the 1960s when programming improvement procedure arose. Around the 1970s business diaries started to distribute articles on IS whose qualities and abilities varied from these of past frameworks. These frameworks affected the administration of a wide range of associations and supervisors started to be acquainted with their capacities, attributes, plan reasoning, components and construction. As per Elliott (2004) the Systems advancement life cycle is viewed as the most established formalized procedure for building data frameworks, can in any case be discovered today. Data innovation divisions that are in bigger associations will in general firmly impact the data innovation development, for example, the choice help apparatuses using the Web for their examination and their utilization of graphical UIs that permit chiefs to be adaptable, productive, and to effortlessly view and interaction the information and models by utilizing recognizable Web programs. Framework examination is led to contemplate a framework or its parts to distinguish its goals. It is a critical thinking procedure that improves the framework and guarantees that every one of the parts of the framework work productively to achieve their motivation. Associations are unpredictable frameworks that comprise of interrelated and interlocking subsystems. Changes in a single piece of the framework have both expected and unforeseen outcomes in different pieces of the framework. The frameworks endorsement is a perspective about the examination and plan of PC based applications. It gives a structure to imagining the hierarchical and ecological elements that work on a framework. At the point when a PC is brought into an association, different capacities and dysfunctions work on the client just as on the association. Frameworks improvement can by and large be considered as having two significant segments: Systems examination and Systems plan. Framework configuration is 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the way toward arranging another business framework or one to supplant or supplement a current framework. Be that as it may, before this arranging should be possible, we should altogether comprehend the old framework and decide how PCs can best be utilized to make its activity more successful. Framework investigation, at that point, is the way toward social occasion and deciphering realities, diagnosing issues, and utilizing the data to prescribe enhancements to the framework. This is the work of the frameworks examiner. 3.2 INFORMATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS Data is obtained and then analysed to define issues within a system in the process of system analysis. As a result, the information gathered can be used to suggest system changes. In other terms, system analysis entails identifying, comprehending, and analysing a system in order to achieve the system's goals. The pre-decided targets of the framework investigation include:  Knowledge of the framework activity  Identification of the client prerequisites in the proposed framework  The framework examination stage research about the framework tasks and decides the answers for tackle the issue. Thusly, the framework investigation is considered as a sensible interaction. The frameworks can be partitioned into the accompanying kinds −  Physical or Dynamic Frameworks.  Physical frameworks are substantial elements. We can contact and feel them.  Physical Framework might be static or dynamic in nature. For instance, work areas and seats are the actual pieces of PC focus which are static. A customized PC is a powerful framework wherein projects, information, and applications can change as per the client's necessities.  Abstract frameworks are non-actual substances or theoretical that might be recipes, portrayal or model of a genuine framework. Open or Closed Systems  An open framework should collaborate with its current circumstance. It gets contributions from and conveys yields to the outside of the framework. For instance, a data framework which should adjust to the changing natural conditions.  A closed system is one that does not communicate with its surroundings. It is shielded from outside influences. In fact, a fully closed system is uncommon. Adaptive and Non-Adaptive System  Adaptive systems adapt to changes in the environment in order to increase their efficiency and ensure their survival. Humans and livestock, for example. 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The term \"non-adaptive system\" refers to a system that does not react to its surroundings. Machines, for example. Permanent or Temporary System  The Permanent System lasts a long time. Consider corporate practises.  Temporary systems are installed for a short time and then dismantled. A DJ system, for example, is set up for a show and then dismantled after the show. Natural and Manufactured System  Natural structures are the product of nature's development. For starters, consider the solar system and the seasonal system.  A manufactured device is one that has been produced by humans. Rockets, lakes, and trains. Deterministic or Probabilistic System  A deterministic system functions in a predictable manner, and the interactions between system components are well understood. Water, for example, is made up of two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule.  The probabilistic system exhibits erratic activity. The precise performance is uncertain. Weather forecasts and mail delivery are two examples. Social, Human-Machine, Machine System  People make up the social system. Social clubs and associations, for example. In a Human-Machine System, both humans and computers collaborate to complete a mission. Take, for instance, computer programming.  A computer system is one in which human intervention is minimised. The computer completes all of the operations. For instance, consider a self-driving robot. Man–Made Information Systems  It is a network of interconnected information services used to handle data for a specific entity and is managed directly by management (DMC).  This system consists of hardware, software, communication, data, and applications for generating information based on an organization's requirements. There are three types of man-made information systems. i). Formal Data Framework − It depends on the progression of data as reminders, guidelines, and so on, from high level to bring down degrees of the executives. ii). Informal Data Framework − This is worker-based framework which tackles the everyday business-related issues. iii). Computer Based Framework − This framework is straightforwardly subject to the PC for overseeing business applications. For instance, programmed library framework, rail line reservation framework, banking framework, and so forth. 3.2.1 System Analysis Phases A compelling Framework Improvement Life Cycle (SDLC) should bring about an excellent framework that meets client assumptions, arrives at consummation inside time and cost 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

assessments, and works adequately and productively in the current and arranged Data Innovation foundation. Framework Advancement Life Cycle (SDLC) is a calculated model which incorporates arrangements and techniques for creating or adjusting frameworks for the duration of their life cycles. SDLC is utilized by investigators to build up a data framework. SDLC incorporates the accompanying exercises  Requirements.  Design.  Implementation.  Testing.  Deployment.  Operations.  Maintenance. Phases of SDLC The Systems Development Life Cycle is a structured approach to breaking down the work into phases that are needed to incorporate new or updated Information Systems. Feasibility Study or Planning  Define the issue and complexity of the current framework.  Take a look at the new system to figure out what its goals are.  Confirm the project's feasibility and build a timetable.  Threats, limitations, system integration, and protection are all considered during this process. At the conclusion of this process, a feasibility report for the entire project is produced. 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 3.1 : Feasibility Study Analysis and Specification  Gather, break down, and approve the data.  Define the necessities and models for new framework.  Evaluate the other options and focus on the necessities.  Examine the data needs of end-client and improves the framework objective.  A Programming Necessity Determination (SRS) report, which indicates the product, equipment, useful, and network prerequisites of the framework is set up toward the finish of this stage. System Design  Includes the plan of use, organization, information bases, UIs, and framework interfaces. 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Transform the SRS archive into intelligent construction, which contains point by point and complete arrangement of particulars that can be executed in a programming language.  Create a possibility, preparing, upkeep, and activity plan.  Review the proposed plan. Guarantee that the last plan should meet the prerequisites expressed in SRS archive.  Finally, set up a plan report which will be utilized during next stages. Implementation  Implement the plan into source code through coding.  Combine every one of the modules together into preparing climate that identifies mistakes and deformities.  A test report which contains mistakes is set up through test plan that incorporates test related errands, for example, experiment age, testing models, and asset distribution for testing.  Integrate the data framework into its current circumstance and introduce the new framework. Maintenance/Support  Include every one of the exercises, for example, telephone uphold or physical on location uphold for clients that is required once the framework is introducing.  Implement the progressions that product may go through throughout some stretch of time or carry out any new prerequisites after the product is sent at the client area.  It additionally incorporates taking care of the leftover mistakes and resolve any issues that may exist in the framework even after the testing stage.  Maintenance and backing might be required for a more extended time for enormous frameworks and for a brief timeframe for more modest frameworks. Role of System Analyst The system analyst is a person who has a detailed understanding of the system and who provides proper guidance to the system development project. He is a development specialist with the technological and interpersonal skills to complete the tasks needed at each point. He aims to align the information system's priorities with the organization's mission. Main Roles  Defining and understanding the necessity of client through different Reality discovering methods.  Prioritizing the necessities by getting client agreement.  Gathering current realities or data and gets the assessments of clients. 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Maintains examination and assessment to show up at proper framework which is easier to use.  Suggests numerous adaptable elective arrangements, pick the best arrangement, and evaluate cost and advantages.  Draw certain particulars which are effortlessly perceived by clients and developer in exact and definite structure.  Implemented the consistent plan of framework which should be measured. Plan the periodicity for assessment after it has been utilized for quite a while, and change the framework depending on the situation. 3.2.2 Understand Requirements A requirement is a crucial aspect of a new system that may involve data processing or capturing, business activity monitoring, information production, and management support. Studying the current structure and collecting information to decide what the specifications are, how it operates, and where changes can be made are all part of the requirements determination process. Major Activities in Requirement Determination Requirements Anticipation  It predicts device characteristics based on previous experience, which may involve specific problems or features, as well as system specifications.  It may lead to the review of areas that an inexperienced analyst might otherwise ignore. However, if shortcuts are taken and prejudice is applied during the investigation, the provision will be violated. It's possible the anticipation is just half- baked. Requirements Investigation  It is reviewing the new framework and recording its functionality in preparation for further examination.  It is at the core of system research, where analysts use fact-finding methods, prototyping, and computer-assisted software to log and describe system features. Requirements Specifications  It entails data analysis to decide the requirement specification, a summary of new system functionality, and a specification of what information will be given.  It requires factual data collection, the identification of vital requirements, and the selection of requirements-fulfilment strategies. Information Gathering Techniques The principal points of truth discovering methods is to decide the data prerequisites of an association utilized by investigators to set up an exact SRS comprehended by client. 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ideal SRS Archive ought to  be complete, Unambiguous, and Language free.  specify operational, strategic, and vital data necessities.  solve potential questions among clients and investigator.  use graphical guides which work on comprehension and plan. There are various information gathering techniques Interviewing Through interviewing individuals or groups, a systems analyst gathers knowledge. Since the success of an interview is dependent on the analyst's ability as an interviewer, the analyst may be formal, legalistic, play politics, or be casual. It can be done in two ways Unstructured Interview -The system analyst performs a question-and-answer session to gather basic system knowledge. Structured Interview − It has standard inquiries which client need to react in one or the other close (unbiased) or open (spellbinding) design. Benefits of Talking  This strategy is every now and again the best wellspring of social occasion subjective data.  It is valuable for them, who don't convey viably recorded as a hard copy or who might not have the opportunity to finish poll.  Information can without much of a stretch be approved, and cross checked right away.  It can deal with the unpredictable subjects.  It is not difficult to find key issue by looking for conclusions. It connects the holes in the territories of errors and limits future issues. Questionnaires This strategy is utilized by expert to assemble data about different issues of framework from enormous number of people. There are two types of questionnaires Open-ended Questionnaires − It is made up of questions that are easy to understand and answer. They have the ability to investigate a situation and contribute to a clear solution. Closed-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that are asked when a systems analyst essentially lists all mutually exclusive answers. 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Benefits of Questionnaires  It is compelling in studying interests, mentalities, sentiments, and convictions of clients which are not co-found.  It is helpful in circumstance to understand what extent of a given gathering supports or opposes a specific element of the proposed framework.  It is valuable to decide the general assessment prior to provide a particular guidance to the framework project.  It is more solid and gives high classification of fair reactions.  It is fitting for choosing genuine data and for measurable information assortment which can be messaged and sent by post. Review of Records, Procedures, and Forms Examining existing documents, processes, and forms will assist in gaining insight into a system by describing its current capabilities, operations, or activities. Advantages  It encourages client to acquire some information about the association or activities without help from anyone else before they force upon others.  It helps in reporting current activities inside limited ability to focus time as the strategy manuals and structures depict the organization and elements of present framework.  It can give an unmistakable comprehension about the exchanges that are dealt with in the association, recognizing contribution for handling, and assessing execution.  It can assist an expert with understanding the framework as far as the tasks that should be upheld.  It portrays the issue, its influenced parts, and the proposed arrangement. Observation This is a technique for collecting information that involves paying attention to and analysing individuals, activities, and objects. The analyst comes to the business to observe how the new system functions and to learn about the system's specifications. Advantages  It is an immediate strategy for gathering data.  It is valuable in circumstance where credibility of information gathered is being referred to or when intricacy of specific parts of framework forestalls clear clarification by end-clients.  It creates more exact and solid information. It creates all the part of documentation that are deficient and out-dated. 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Joint Application Development (JAD) It is another method created by IBM which brings proprietors, clients, investigators, fashioners, and manufacturers to characterize and plan the framework utilizing coordinated and concentrated workshops. JAD prepared expert go about as facilitator for workshop who has some specific abilities. Advantages of JAD  By eliminating months of standard interviews and follow-up meetings, it saves time and money. It is valuable in an organisational culture that promotes collective problem solving. Encourages structured relationships among employees at all levels.  It may contribute to the innovative creation of design.  It facilitates accelerated growth and enhances information system ownership. Secondary Research or Background Reading By accessing the gleaned information, this approach is commonly used for information collection. It contains any previously collected data from any internal or external source that the marketer has used. Advantages With the advent of the internet, it is now more widely available.  It offers useful knowledge at a low cost and in a short amount of time.  It serves as a precursor to primary research and aligns the primary research's emphasis.  It is used by the researcher to determine if the study is worthwhile because it contains information on the methods used and problems encountered in collecting data. Feasibility Study Attainability Study can be considered as starter examination that encourages the administration to take choice about whether investigation of framework ought to be achievable for advancement or not.  It recognizes the chance of improving a current framework, building up another framework, and produce refined appraisals for additional improvement of framework.  It is utilized to acquire the diagram of the issue and choose whether possible or fitting arrangement exists or not. The principal objective of a practicality study is to procure issue scope as opposed to taking care of the issue. 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)