MAP603-eL2

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning 1 IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION ADVANCE YOUR CAREER. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL 2 Institute of Distance and Online Learning SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY M.A. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Course Code: MAP603 Semester: First Book ID: ………… Unit: 3 https://images.app.goo.gl/9ii34LvmeuFanJZGA www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION  1.Emphasize acquisition of knowledge beyond mere  The unit discusses developmental theories of memorization of facts. self with focus on field theory given by Kurt 2. Understanding of and ability to use certain Lewin.  fundamental concepts and principles involved in  Role theory given by Biddle is also discussed covering different role performed by people in human behavior.  3. It will also provide an awareness of the major relation to their status. problems and issues in the discipline of social psychology.  4. Enable students to understand the forces that The unit also covers the exchange theory create group differences in patterns of social  focusing on the how relationships are behavior, understand and tolerate the. maintained on the exchange of www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) INASTllITrUigThEtOaFreDIrSeTsAeNrvCeEdAwNiDthOCNULI-NIDEOLLEARNING

IDOL TOPICS TO BE COVERED Institute of Distance and Online Learning 4 > Social Learning theories: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > Field theory > Role Theory > Exchange. https://images.app.goo.gl/ibaW7YhjJ7LmSLJV6 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FIELDTHEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 5 • Social psychology is the scientific study of human interaction, and Kurt Lewin is considered by many to be the father of modern social psychology. • Kurt Lewin contributed greatly to our understanding of behavior and group dynamics, utilizing gestalt theory and defining influences on behavior and change. •The principal characteristics of Lewin's field theory may be summarised as follows: 1.behavior is a function of the field that exists at the time the behavior occurs, 2.analysis begins with the situation as a whole from which are differentiated the component parts, and 3.the concrete person in a concrete situation can represented mathematically. • Lewin also emphasizes underlying forces (needs) as determiners of behavior and expresses a preference for psychological as opposed to physical or physiological descriptions of the field. A field is defined as \"the totality of coexisting facts which are conceived of as mutually interdependent\" (Lewin, 1951, p. 240) www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FIELDTHEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 6 • Social psychology is the study of the dynamic relationship between individuals and the people around them. •Each of us is different, and our individual characteristics, including our personality traits, desires, motivations, and emotions, have an important impact on our social behavior. But our behavior is also profoundly influenced by the social situation—the people with whom we interact every day. •Social influence that is created as a result of social situation is what social psychology studies, it is the process through with others change our thought, feeling and behavior. •Kurt Lewin formalized the collective influence of person variables and situational variables as the person- situation interaction, in an important equation: B = f (P, E) B: Behaviour P: Person E: Social situation It signifies that the behaviour of an individual at a particular moment is the result of both the attributes of the person and the influence of circumstances. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FIELDTHEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 7 https://images.app.goo.gl/BvHxX4QHomxY2EWr7 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FIELDTHEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 8 He believed \"that our behavior is purposeful; we live in a psychological reality or life space that includes not only those parts of our physical and social environment that are important to us but also imagined states that do not currently exist\" (Tesser 340). Lewin’s field theory lead to the development of actual field research on human behavior. With boldness, Lewin manipulated complex situational variables in natural settings. His approach has guided experiments in the field of social cognition, social motivation, and group processes. Most importantly Lewin helped develop action research. Action research uses empirical social research, social action, and controlled evaluation. Clearly, Kurt Lewin’s field theory and action field research has one of the most outstanding impacts on modern social psychology. His field theory explained that our actions are a result of both environmental and psychological traits. We are not just beings who act from internal impulses. Instead we are greatly influenced by our surroundings. Lastly Lewin’s belief that social-psychological phenomena can be studied experimentally was a huge impetus for scientific research. He was the first to test human behavior in a controlled setting. His research also showed events must be studied in relation to one another, and that both the individual and the group are important. His research helped to better explain leadership atmospheres and group dynamics. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ROLE THEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 9 ROLES: •Roles consist of a set of rules (that is, expectations held by others) that function as plans or blueprints and guide behavior. •Anyone who holds a job is performing a role. •It specifies what goals should be pursued, what tasks must be accomplished, and what performances are required. •Role theory holds that a substantial proportion of observable, day-to-day social behavior is simply persons carrying out their roles. https://images.app.goo.gl/27Jd4HwBRpDaz1pE7 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ROLE THEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Propositions in Role Theory. 10 1. People spend much of their lives participating as members of groups and organizations. 2. Within these groups, people occupy distinct positions (fullback, advertising executive, police sergeant, and the like). 3. Each of these positions entails a role, which is a set of functions performed by the person for the group. A person’s role is defined by expectations (held by other group members) that specify how he or she should perform. 4. Groups often formalize these expectations as norms, which are rules specifying how a person should behave, what rewards will result for performance, and what punishments will result for nonperformance. 5. Individuals usually carry out their roles and perform in accordance with the prevailing norms. In other words, people are primarily conformists; they try to meet the expectations held by others. 6. Group members check each individual’s performance to determine whether it conforms to the group’s norms. The anticipation that others will apply sanctions ensures performance as expected. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ROLE THEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Impact of Roles 11 • Role theory implies that if we (as analysts) have information about the role expectations for a specified position, we can then predict a significant portion of the behavior of the person occupying that position. •According to role theory, to change a person’s behavior, it is necessary to change or redefine his or her role. This might be done by changing the role expectations held by others with respect to that person or by shifting that person into an entirely different role. •Role theory maintains that a person’s role determines not only behavior but also beliefs and attitudes. A change in role should lead to a change in attitude. •the roles that people occupy not only channel their behavior but also shape their attitudes. Roles can influence the values that people hold and affect the direction of their personal growth and development www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ROLE THEORY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 12 •Role theory has difficulty explaining certain kinds of social behavior. Foremost among these is deviant behavior, which is any behavior that violates or contravenes the norms defining a given role. Most forms of deviant behavior, whether simply refusing to perform as expected or something more serious like committing a crime, disrupt interpersonal relations. •Role theory does not and cannot explain how role expectations came to be what they are in the first place. Nor does it explain when and how role expectations change. Thus, role theory provides only a partial explanation of social behavior. LIMITATION OF ROLE THEORY: 1. Role theory has difficulty explaining certain kinds of social behavior. Foremost among these is deviant behavior, which is any behavior that violates or contravenes the norms defining a given role. 2. Role theory has a hard time explaining social deviance when it does not correspond to a pre-specified role. 3. Role theory is that it does not and cannot explain how role expectations came to be what they are. Additionally, role theory does not explain when and how role expectations change. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Exchange theory Institute of Distance and Online Learning 13 ØIt was George Homan in 1958 published the article titled, “ Social Behaviour as Exchange”. He framed it on the combination of behaviourism and basic economics. ØA psychological theory that looks at how individuals make choices within roles by weighing cost and benefits. ØSocial exchange theory is a concept based on the notion that a relationship between two people is created through a process of cost-benefit analysis. In other words, it’s a metric designed to determine the effort poured in by an individual in a person-to-person relationship. ØSocial exchange theory is a two-sided process involving two actions – • one is to give • the other is to get something in return. ØAccording to this theory the individual measures all social interactions against personal gains that he achieves. All individual decisions and actions are based on a self-serving motivation. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Exchange theory Institute of Distance and Online Learning 14 BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY: Social exchange theory basically explains the behavior of people while exchanging something. It is the study of human behavior according to the situations. There are various basic concepts of this theory are as follows: 1. Costs: Costs can be anything whether time, effort or money. 2. Rewards: It can be anything whether the sense of acceptance, support, and companionship. Simple social exchange models assume that rewards and costs drive relationship decisions. 3. Resources: Resources are any commodities, material or symbolic, that can be transmitted through interpersonal behavior and give one person the capacity to reward another. OUTCOMES = REWARDS – COSTS www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Exchange theory Institute of Distance and Online Learning 15 ASSUMPTIONS OF EXCHANGE THEORY: The foundation of social exchange theory rests on several core assumptions regarding human nature and the nature of relationships. 1. Humans tend to seek out rewards and avoid punishments. 2. A person begins an interaction to gain maximum profit with minimal cost — the individual is driven by “what’s in it for me?” 3. Individuals tend to calculate the profit and cost before engaging. 4. People know that this “payoff” will vary from person to person, as well as with the same person over time. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Exchange theory Institute of Distance and Online Learning 16 How It Works ? q A person’s expectations, as set by comparison levels. If an individual’s personal relationship samples are set on a certain level, he or she will tend to use this level as a baseline for future relationships. EXAMPLE: A person’s expectations, as set by comparison levels, allow the theory to be viewed on a sliding scale, one that adjusts on an individual basis. If an individual’s personal relationship samples are set on a certain level, he or she will tend to use this level as a baseline for future relationships. q Another core concept of the theory’s functionality: costs vs. benefits. This is perhaps the theory’s most known commodity, as it establishes a “give and take” metric that can be analyzed to determine how much effort one party may be putting into the relationship. qAccording to the theory, a worthwhile relationship will be as far away from the cost category as possible. Even if there are a few costs involved in the relationship — and human behavior dictates there probably will be — if enough positive traits outweigh the negative traits, then the costs hold no value. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Exchange theory Institute of Distance and Online Learning 17 ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY: 1. It is a scientific theory. It explains that individuals minimize their costs and maximizes their rewards within a relationship. 2. It tells one that how to sustain and keep relationships. 3. It is a timely and systematic approach. The theory is almost applicable in all situations. 4. It helps us to understand that when we give something in any relationship then we expect something in return to maintain the relationship. 5. When a person becomes knowledgeable of this theory, he or she can work towards having more balanced relationships. This knowledge can also provide awareness of what one’s own costs are to other people. DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY 1. The whole theory revolves around the rewards only and it neglects the cultural contexts and variations of cultures. 2. Social exchange theory makes people seem individualistic and a reward-seeking people. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Institute of Distance and Online Learning 18 1. Write a detailed note on Lewin’s Field theory and how it is relevant in social context? Kurt Lewin is known as the father of social psychology for contributing the relationship between individual and environment for acquiring a behaviour. For more detail refer SLM 2. Throw some light on Role theory in social psychology. Role theory has generally focused on roles as causes of (a) behaviors enacted by individuals or groups and (b) inferences about individuals or groups. For further detail refer PPT 3. Brief explain different social learning theories. Different social learning theories are Field theory, Role theory and Exchange theory. For further detail refer PPT www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SUMMARY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 19 • Lewin's Field Theory proposed that behavior is the result of the individual and the environment. This theory had a major impact on social psychology, supporting the notion that our individual traits and the environment interact to cause behavior. • Role theory has generally focused on roles as causes of (a) behaviors enacted by individuals or groups and (b) inferences about individuals or groups. •One of the fundamental precepts of social psychology is that the social and physical environment exerts a profound influence on individuals’ thoughts and behavior. Role theory posits that the roles that people occupy provide contexts that shape behavior. • Social Exchange Theory concerns social changes as a process of interactive exchanges between different people. People weigh their efforts in comparison to the other person. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Institute of Distance and Online Learning 20 1. Who is the father of social psychology? (C) Biddle (A) Norman tripett (D) Bandura (B) Kurt lewin 2. Which is true of roles? (C) They affect identity. (A) They are learned. (D) All of the above. (B) Everyone has multiple roles to play. 3. A physician's white coat and stethoscope are part of (A) personal front (C) back region (B) Setting (D) role set 4. Kurt Lewin is related to? (C) Conflict theory (A) Field theory (D) Learning theory (B) Exchange theory www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 21 1. C Kurt lewin 2. D All of the above 3. A personal front 4. A Field theory www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL REFERENCES Institute of Distance and Online Learning 22 •Fiest,G.J.& Fiest,.J.(2008).Theories of Personality.7th edition. US: The McGraw-Hill Company. •https://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/maths/Erikson%27s%20Theory%20of%20Psychosocial%20Development%2 0(2).pdf •https://socialwork.tulane.edu/blog/social-exchange-theory www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning 23 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL