MAE602-eL3,

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M.A 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL English Course Code : MAE 602 Semester : First SLM Unit : 3 E-Lesson : 2 www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602)

British Poetry till 17th 33 Century OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Student will be introduced to the William In this unit we are going to learn about the Shakespeare and his works comprehensive overview of life in the Shakespearean Ages. Student will be able to understand how Shakespeare experimented with the form of The student will be able to understand Sonnet. significance of William Shakespeare as a poet. Student will be able to understand the significance of Shakespearean contribution in English Student will be introduced to the major literary literature. and social practices of Shakespearean age. The Student will learn the difference between Italian Sonnet and English Sonnet. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) INSATlIlTUriTgEhOt aFrDeIrSeTsAeNrCvEedANwDithOCNULI-NIDEOLELARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Major Literary Trends of Shakespearean age. > Major authors of the Shakespearean Century > Major Social and literary conditions which framed the background of Shakespearean sonnets > Critical analysis of sonnets 18, 29, 73, 94 > Contribution of Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard I English Sonnet. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

William Shakespeare 5  English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language.  Known as the greatest English writer in English language.  Best known for his plays.  Often called England's national poet and the \"Bard of Avon”.  His works including collaborations: 39 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship.  His Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in English language. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

William Shakespeare: Early Life 6  Born April 23 or 26 1564- died April 26, 1616  Stratford-upon-Avon  3rd of 8 children  Parents: John and Mary Arden Shakespeare  Mary—daughter of wealthy landowner  John—glove maker, local politician  Married in 1582 to Anne Hathaway  Between 1585-1592, he moved to London and began working in theatre. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Major Authors of Shakespearean Age 7  Christopher Marlowe  Thomas Kyd  Ben Jonson  Robert Greene  Francis Beaumont & John Fletcher  John Webster www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Social and Literary conditions of 8 Shakespearean age  Queen Elizabeth I ruled  English explorers were crossing the ocean to the New World  And travelers coming to England loved watching plays  The age of theatre  Theatres were on the outskirts of London--away from the authorities  Acting was the love of the people.  It was the age of the small books of published plays were called “quartos.” www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

9 •a Social and Literary conditions of Shakespearean age www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Structure of a sonnet  A poem of 14 Lines 10 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL  Three quatrains and two lines rhyming together.  Written in Pentameter  Different from Italian sonnet  Italian sonnet has one octave and one sestet  Octave means a stanza of eight lines and sestet means a stanza of six lines.  Write 154 sonnets Unit-3 (MAE 602) www.cuidol.in

Shakespearean Language 11  Shakespeare did not write in “Old English.  Old English is the language of Beowulf.  Shakespeare did not write in “Middle English.  Middle English is the language of Chaucer, the Gawain-poet, and Malory.  A mix of old and very new.  Rural and urban words/images.  Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest noble. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sonnet 18 12 Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date; Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd; www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sonnet 18 13 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.; www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602)

Summary of Sonnet 18 Here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, 1 4 whereas later he apologizes for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. There is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sonnet 29 15 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state, And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, And look upon myself and curse my fate, Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, Featured like him, like him with friends possessed, Desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope, www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602)

Sonnet 29 16 With what I most enjoy contented least; Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, Haply I think on thee, and then my state, (Like to the lark at break of day arising From sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven’s gate; For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) That then I scorn to change my state with kings. All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary of Sonnet 29 17 This sonnet shows the poet at his most insecure and troubled. He feels unlucky, shamed, and fiercely jealous of those around him. What causes the poet's anguish will remain a mystery; as will the answer to whether the sonnets are autobiographical. The sonnet reveals two traumatic events that may have shaped the theme of the sonnet. The closing of the playhouses. A scathing attack on Shakespeare by dramatist Robert Greene, who, in a deathbed diary (A Groats-worth of Wit), warned three of his fellow university-educated playwrights. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

18 Sonnet 73 www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary of Sonnet 73 In this poem, the speaker invokes a series of metaphors to 19 characterize the nature of what he perceives to be his old age. In the first quatrain, he tells the beloved that his age is like a “time of year,” late autumn, when the leaves have almost completely fallen from the trees, and the weather has grown cold, and the birds have left their branches. In the second quatrain, he then says that his age is like late twilight, “As after sunset fadeth in the west,” and the remaining light is slowly extinguished in the darkness, which the speaker likens to “Death’s second self.” In the third quatrain, the speaker compares himself to the glowing remnants of a fire, which lies “on the ashes of his youth”— that is, on the ashes of the logs that once enabled it to burn—and which will soon be consumed “by that which it was nourished by”—that is, it will be extinguished as it sinks into the ashes, which its own burning created. In the couplet, the speaker tells the young man that he must perceive these things, and that his love must be strengthened by the knowledge that he will soon be parted from the speaker when the speaker, like the fire, is extinguished by time. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sonnet 94 They that have power to hurt and will do none, 20 That do not do the thing they most do show, Who, moving others, are themselves as stone, Unmoved, cold, and to temptation slow, They rightly do inherit heaven’s graces And husband nature’s riches from expense; They are the lords and owners of their faces, Others but stewards of their excellence. The summer’s flower is to the summer sweet, Though to itself it only live and die, But if that flower with base infection meet, The basest weed outbraves his dignity: For sweetest things turn sourest by their deeds; Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary of sonnet 94 21  The first eight lines of this very difficult sonnet are devoted to the description of a certain kind of impressive, restrained person: “They that have pow’r to hurt” and do not use that power. These people seem not to do the thing they are most apparently able to do—they “do not do the thing they most do show”—and while they may move others, they remain themselves “as stone,” cold and slow to feel temptation. People such as this, the speaker says, inherit “heaven’s graces” and protect the riches of nature from expenditure. They are “the lords and owners of their faces,” completely in control of themselves, and others can only hope to steward a part of their “excellence.” www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary of sonnet 94 The next four lines undergo a remarkable shift, as the 22 speaker turns from his description of those that “have pow’r to hurt and will do none” to a look at a flower in the summer. He says that the summer may treasure its flower (it is “to the summer sweet”) even if the flower itself does not feel terribly cognizant of its own importance (“to itself it only live and die”). But if the flower becomes sick—if it meets with a “base infection”—then it becomes more repulsive and less dignified than the “basest weed.” In the couplet, the speaker observes that it is behavior that determines the worth of a person or a thing: sweet things which behave badly turn sour, just as a flower that festers smells worse than a weed. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Major themes in Shakespearean sonnets 23 1. The ‘Fair Youth’ sonnets Marriage Fragility of Physical Beauty Friendship Love Immortality of Art 2. The ‘Dark Lady’ sonnets Betryal www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary 24 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL William Shakespeare and his age Elizabeth becomes Queen of England. Queen Elizabeth is very ill from smallpox. John Hawkins begins African slave trade from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola. Queen Mary of Scots arrives in England after being forced to resign the throne of Scotland. Henry Howard and Thomas Wyatt came from Italy with a new form of poetry. Shakespeare made it popular. He wrote sonnets for his friend and a woman who he addresses “Dark Lady” www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602)

Multiple Choice Questions 25 1. In sonnet 18, which of the following does the poet NOT mention as a fault in the beauty of a summer's day? i. sometimes the sun is covered with clouds. iii. sometimes the sun beats down too hard. ii. the summer season ends too quickly. iv. the birds lament the coming of fall. 2. Which of the following best describes a quatrain? i. a type of metrical foot iii. a two-line, typically rhyming unit of verse ii. a four-line, typically rhyming unit of verse iv. a poem of fourteen lines 3. In what year was Shakespeare born? i. 1609 iii. 1598 ii. 1616 iv. 1561 4. How many syllables are found in a traditional line of iambic pentameter? i. 12 iii. 10 ii. 14 iv. 15 www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 1. Comment on the structure of a sonnet. 26 Ans. 2. Highlight the differences between Italian sonnet and English sonnet. Ans. 3. Discuss the contribution of Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard in the development of English Sonnet Ans. . 4. Analyze the language used in Shakespearean Sonnet. Ans. 5. What are the major themes covered in Shakespearean sonnets? Ans. 6. Comment on the role of Shakespeare’s friend in his sonnets. Ans. 7. Discuss the role of dark Lady in Shakespearean sonnets . Ans. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

References 27 1. \"First edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets, 1609\". The British Library. Retrieved 18 February 2019. 2. Shakespeare, William (2010). Duncan-Jones, Katherine (ed.). Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Bloomsbury Arden. ISBN 978-1408017975. 3. Shakespeare, William. Callaghan, Dympna, editor. Shakespeare’s Sonnets. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. ISBN 978-0470777510. 4. Stanley Wells and Michael Dobson, eds., The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare Oxford University Press, 2001. 5. Dautch, Aviva (30 March 2017). \"Shakespeare, sexuality and the Sonnets\". British Library. Retrieved 20 May 2019. 6. Burrow 2002, 380. 7. Burrow, Colin (2002). Complete Sonnets and Poems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-818431-X. www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

28 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-3 (MAE 602) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL