CU-BSC TTM-SEM-VI-Research Methodology

They were included in IBM SPSS Statistics, and the majority of users merely use the acronym SPSS. The user can move through the flow easily thanks to its simplicity and command language that is similar to English. The four programs listed below are introduced by SPSS to assist researchers with their sophisticated data analysis requirements. Statistics Program SPSS’s statistics program gives a large amount of basic statistical functionality; some include frequencies, cross-tabulation, bivariate statistics, etc. Modeler Program Researchers are able to build and validate predictive models with the help of advanced statistical procedures. Text Analytics for Surveys Program It gives robust feedback analysis. which in turn get a vision for the actual plan. Visualization Designer Researchers found this visual designer data to create a wide variety of visuals like density charts and radial box plots. 14.1.1 Features of SPSS  Any survey's data that was collected using Survey Gizmo can be readily exported to SPSS for thorough and effective analysis.  Data is saved in SAV format in SPSS. Most of these statistics originate from surveys. As a result, retrieving, analyzing, and modifying data is quite easy.  Access to data with various variable kinds is simple in SPSS. These variable facts are simple to comprehend. Because most of the procedure is automated, SPSS makes it easy for researchers to set up models.  Once the data are in, SPSS begins to work its magic. There are countless things we can do with this information.  The method that SPSS extracts data from crucial data is also distinctive. Among SPSS's features are trend analysis, suppositions, and prediction models.  You can easily learn, utilize, and apply SPSS. Having a handy data management system and editing tools is beneficial. 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 For in-depth statistical analysis of the precise result, SPSS is available to you.  For more clarity, SPSS aids in design, graphing, reporting, and presenting features. 14.1.2 Statistical Methods of SPSS  Many statistical methods can be used in SPSS, which are as follows:  Identifying groupings from a range of data is predicted, using approaches like cluster analysis and factor analysis, among others.  Frequencies, cross-tabulation, and descriptive ratio statistics are all types of descriptive statistics that may be used in SPSS and are very beneficial.  ANOVA, means, correlation, nonparametric tests, and other techniques are included in bivariate statistics as well.  numerical result forecasting techniques like linear regression. It is a form of self-descriptive tool that recognizes when you attempt to open an existing file and prompts you to choose a new file by opening a dialog box. When we open a file in SPSS, it is quite simple to traverse the windows and interface. The SPSS software offers data management tools in addition to statistical analysis of data; these features enable the user to make a selection, produce derived data, execute file reshaping, etc. Data documentation is another feature. With the data file, this functionality also saves a metadata dictionary. 14.1.3 Types of SPSS It has two types of views those are Variable View and Data View: Variable View  Name: This is a column field, which accepts the unique ID. This helps in sorting the data. For example, the different demographic parameters such as name, gender, age, educational qualification are the parameters for sorting data.  The only restriction is special characters which are not allowed in this type.  Label: The name itself suggests it gives the label. Which also gives the ability to add special characters.  Type: This is very useful when different kind of data’s are getting inserted.  Width: We can measure the length of characters. 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Decimal: While entering the percentage value, this type helps us to decide how much one needs to define the digits required after the decimal.  Value: This helps the user to enter the value.  Missing: This helps the user to skip unnecessary data which is not required during analysis.  Align: Alignment, as the name suggests, helps to align left or right. But in this case, for ex. Left align.  Measure: This helps to measure the data being entered in the tools like ordinal, cardinal, nominal. The sheet labeled \"variable view\" is where the data must be entered. It enables us to alter the data type as necessary for analysis. The various column headings, including Name, Label, Type, Width, Decimals, Values, Missing, Columns, Align, and Measures, must be filled up before the data can be analyzed These headers represent the various attributes that contribute to accurately characterizing the data. Data View The data view is structured as rows and columns. By importing a file or adding data manually, we can work with SPSS. The main message is that while SPSS is better suited for in-depth data analysis, Excel still provides a good way to organize data. When it comes to the analysis and display of data, this tool is highly helpful. 14.3 IBM-AMOS The IBM SPSS Statistics module Amos (Analysis of Moment Structures) is used to analyze covariance structure models, such as structural equation modeling (SEM), path analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). It is frequently contrasted with other statistical programs made for related objectives, such as Mplus and LISREL. With the use of common online sketching tools and Amos's user-friendly graphical interface, nonprogrammers may visually build models. Circles stand for latent variables, while rectangles represent seen variables. Two-sided arrows depict nondirectional covariances, while one-sided arrows depict theorized cause-and-effect correlations. These components' sizes and the diagram's organizational layout are both editable by users. The Amos manual 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(Arbuckle, 2014) offers interactive examples as well as comprehensive instructions for utilizing the graphical interface. Amos is a user-friendly interface for bootstrapping techniques that may be used for parameter and effect estimation, sample means, sample variances and covariances, correlations, model comparisons, and comparisons of estimation techniques. It can support models that are nonrecursive, have fixed parameters, and use data from various populations. Variable summaries, normality evaluations, model specification indices, model fit statistics, model parameters, and multiple model comparisons are examples of typical output. 14.4 REFERENCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE RMs are software programs created to help academics and writers create local libraries that they may subsequently utilize to arrange, categorize, and cite while writing. The majority of the time, RMs can be \"plugged in\" right to the researcher's word editing program or web browser. Such RMs will automatically produce bibliographies formatted to a journal's or style manual's specifications by inserting the code associated with a given reference. Citations may be manually added (as in the \"Citations & Bibliography\" management tool that is included with every Microsoft Word package) or may be extracted from any of the many internet sources using manual searches with any number of search criteria. Authors may use proprietary search services to locate sources through a local library affiliation (for example, Web of Science or WorldCat), free online search tools (for example, Google Scholar, arXiv, IEEE Xplore, or PubMed), or social collaboration networks for researchers, depending on the sophistication of the software's articulation with various search engines (e.g., Mendeley Web, or Zotero). Although most RMs do not demand membership in order to use their desktop software, many researchers find it advantageous to be a member of a discipline-specific professional research network given the ever-expanding global research network. Instead, keeping a local digital library up to date allows researchers to quickly add citations and have a bibliography for a paper automatically created using an RM is the most typical purpose for one. As was already noted, there are several benefits of using an RM, some of them are as follows: Inserting references As discussed earlier, RMs frequently include coded citation details that point to the author's locally preserved library. These references may need the use of commas to separate the 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

author's name and the date of publication (\"Hantla 2013\" vs. \"Hantla, 2013\"), brackets [1], parentheses (1), superscripted text1, bracketed or parenthesized superscripted text[1],(2), or both. Setting up requirements in the RM will enable automatic correction of all of these formatting variations. Creating bibliographies Depending on how you are used to writing for your subject, you may decide to keep a lengthy bibliography in a separate file and delay adding citations until after you have finished writing the paper. This frequently necessitates the insertion of comments and placeholders in the text, which run the risk of being sent to the journal editor along with the article, which could make your work appear careless. The amount of time you spend authoring an article can be significantly decreased by using an RM to regulate the order in which citations appear in your bibliography, freeing up more time for data gathering and experimentation. Changing the reference system for resubmission. As is frequently the case, an author must start preparing the paper for a new publication after being rejected from one. The authors must usually restructure the paper's references and bibliography in accordance with a new set of requirements, which are often found under the \"Guidelines for Authors\" section of the journal's website. In some cases, this necessitates reorganizing the paper. There are at least three different styles available for these specifications:  Numbered sequential: numbered according to the order in which a citation falls in the manuscript  Numbered alphabetical: numbered according to the reference’s order in an alphabetized bibliography  Author/date: references listed with the author’s name and date of publication in the text and then listed alphabetically in the bibliography It can be difficult and time-consuming to switch between these methods, especially if you need to add a new reference to a \"numbered alphabetical\" bibliography. A negative review or desk rejection from a journal could result from improperly structuring a reference or bibliography. However, by automatically adjusting the bibliography's arrangement, numbering vs. author/date style, and syntax, RMs will considerably cut down on a researcher's time (i.e., the punctuation and order in which items in a bibliographic entry are listed). 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Culling resources automatically from online databases. The capacity of RMs to gather citations automatically from online search engines and fill a nearby reference library may be one of its most advantageous uses. The results of peer- reviewed literature can even be enhanced using gadgets that rapidly and accurately download references into your local library. Large search engines like Google Scholar even include these features. Using a DOI, ISBN, ISSN, PMID, or other identifier, you can conduct these searches, and a full file will be downloaded to your computer to automatically fill out the various fields that aid in producing bibliographic citations. Finally, think about utilizing an RM when writing future papers. The time you save by using the RM while drafting will make any technical difficulties while integrating the RM into your present research habits worthwhile. Various types of reference Management software are as follows: 1. Mendeley: Mendeley is a great choice for you if you work in a technical or scientific industry. Users of this reference management program can create citations and bibliographies in LaTeX, LibreOffice, and Microsoft Word. Because it enables you to connect with others and share your papers, notes, and annotations, Mendeley is excellent for collaborative work. It is simple to complete your job wherever you are because it can be utilized on your computer via the web or on your iPhone or iPad. Mendeley is very helpful for collecting information from PDFs you come across while conducting research. It automatically adds metadata to your library entry after extracting it. For simple viewing, the software also includes a built-in PDF viewer. One of the greatest reference managers, Mendeley offers both free and paid alternatives, and is simple to use on all devices. It gives you the choice of classifying sources as recently read or recently added for simple organizing. Mendeley offers its own proprietary mechanism for annotating PDFs, which you may use as an extra means of keeping all of your notes from sources on a single platform. This indicates that you can take notes while still on the platform. 2. Zotero Zotero is both free and open source, which means you can use it without spending any money and that the public can view its design. Because it is available as both an offline service and 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

an online service on your personal device, Zotero is a fantastic option for a reference manager, especially for students (laptop, iPad, cell phone, etc.). You can organize, tag, and search your bibliographic data with Zotero in addition to storing and formatting it. Making a reference list is simple since it automatically and painlessly collects data from books, journal papers, and other internet sources. You can save web-based sources with the open-source reference manager Zotero, which offers both free and commercial alternatives. You may conveniently collect and arrange the sources you come across while doing research with its browser plugin (Connector). One of the more well-known reference organizers, Zotero provides up to 300 MB of free file storage and features a simple and uncluttered user interface for organizing references. Its annotation tool allows you to add comments to your research from within the platform, and its Microsoft Word plug-in makes it simple to prepare citations. Zotero versus Mendeley It's clear from comparing Mendeley and Zotero that both reference organizers allow you to efficiently organize your references. Mendeley has the advantage of providing up to 2 GB of additional free cloud storage compared to other platforms. You now have room for 700–800 items. This can be the best choice if you intend to compile a large number of references. Given that it is an open-source software, however, Zotero is renowned for being better for non-journal articles and for having a passionate user community for support. Both services offer free Word and LibreOffice plug-ins for creating in-text citations, footnotes, and bibliographies, as well as the ability to save references while you explore. 3. EndNote If you and a partner are working on a research paper, EndNote is fantastic. It is unquestionably the best option for collaborations because it enables you to exchange sources with up to 14 coworkers anywhere in the world. This reference manager's inclusion of reference kinds like interviews, podcasts, conference papers, and press releases is one of its highlights. Additionally, it enables you to add citations to Microsoft PowerPoint slides, which is useful if you're working on a group presentation. 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Regardless of your discipline, EndNote provides a vast library of format possibilities with over 6,000 reference styles, so you're sure to find one that suits your needs. While not free, EndNote is unquestionably of the highest caliber. One of the most comprehensive reference management software solutions in the market is EndNote. It has been around much longer than most other comparable programs, and its commercial version ($299, one-time purchase) provides powerful capabilities for researchers and students. Using EndNote's Cite While You Write integration, you can set up rules that will help you arrange your references and efficiently structure citations in various places throughout your content. Collaboration is facilitated by EndNote's most recent version, which allows up to 200 people to share references. Additionally, without leaving the platform, EndNote's search feature makes it simple to search databases like PubMed. Endnote versus Zotero EndNote and Zotero both have capabilities that are beneficial for researchers and students, depending on the type of citation manager software you require. EndNote is a more expensive but more feature-rich alternative to Zotero, which provides more functionality for free and one of the strongest support groups. However, both tools are useful for assisting you in classifying and organizing your references. With these programs, you can quickly obtain references from a PubMed search, identify and eliminate duplicate citations, and automatically insert citations into your text that follow your preferred style. Additionally, EndNote is frequently the greatest option for STEM disciplines, but Zotero tends to be a better fit for non-journal publications. 4. Citationsy Citationsy is a fantastic option due of how flexible it is. Your library is accessible from any device with an internet connection since you can access it as a page within your browser or download it as a Chrome extension or mobile app. It automatically extracts citation information like the other reference managers so you don't have to manually enter it. By scanning the barcodes of your books, you can cite them using the mobile app. 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Citationsy is a warm reference manager for both professionals and students thanks to its clear and simple user interface. It has more than 300,000 users and capabilities that let you scan physical books for future reference and add bibliographic references from your phone. References can be exported in BibTeX/LaTeX format, and Citationsy currently supports over 8,000 citation styles. Citationsy features a free 3-day trial and monthly subscriptions starting at $4.99 for students and $9.99 for non-students. One thing to keep in mind about Citationsy is that compared to EndNote and Mendeley, certain of its features are more constrained, so be sure it contains all you need! 14.5 SOFTWARE FOR DETECTION OF PLAGIARISM The widespread problem of plagiarism is challenging to address, even though common writing problems like language improvement, punctuation errors, grammatical errors, etc. can be resolved with the aid of proofreading tools and editing services. Writing professionals, students, researchers, and other academics are very concerned about this unethical behavior. A plagiarism checker is therefore highly sought after in order to make your academic writing distinctive. Particularly in academics, plagiarism is an offense that cannot be excused. Additionally, if discovered (which is simple to do with the best plagiarism checkers), researchers risk harming their standing in the industry and may even be dismissed from their university. You must conduct in-depth research, create the structure, and adhere to the given instructions when writing research papers or any other type of paperwork. The problem arises because many people would rather avoid all the hassle. Plagiarism is not always done on purpose. It might be the result of illiteracy, ineffective time management, uncertainty about what counts as plagiarism, etc. The use of an online plagiarism detector, however, could simply prevent this. Use a plagiarism detector to check your writing because:  Plagiarism is thoroughly detected in publicly accessible sources that are accessible using plagiarism checkers.  For simpler navigation, the exact copied material is highlighted.  The percentage match feature of plagiarism checkers is common. 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Most plagiarism detectors also flag information that has been wrongly paraphrased  The use of plagiarism detection software demonstrates the writer's good intentions. Major factors to consider before selecting a plagiarism checker tool: 1. Cost of the Tool: Although there are many free tools online, they are not as sophisticated as the ones that cost money. Although readily available, free plagiarism detection programs fall short in providing thorough assessments. They frequently fail to identify copied material from all sources. On the other hand, paid plagiarism checker tools frequently offer cutting-edge features like comprehensive plagiarism checking across multiple databases, spelling and grammar checks, determining the authenticity score of the document, and the ability to integrate with websites and third-party applications. 2. Accessibility: Digital tools are meant to make our jobs easier. Tools, however, may make our work more difficult. Being able to utilize a tool easily is therefore crucial, especially when looking for a quick and simple approach to check your paperwork. 3. Tool Scope: It is essential to ascertain the tool's scope and how it fits with your requirements. It must be obvious whether you require a single plagiarism detector or a more complete set of writing and proofreading capabilities. Some plagiarism checker applications additionally provide advanced writing and language enhancement functions that go beyond plagiarism detection. Various software for detection of plagiarism is as follows: 1. Grammarly One of the tools that academics most frequently use is Grammarly. It is commonly used by numerous universities all around the world. Grammarly is an automated proofreader and plagiarism checker with precise plagiarism detection. It has a sizable database with ProQuest's databases and 16 billion web pages. Grammarly also looks for repetition, poor sentence structure, contextual spelling errors, and grammar faults in writing. 2. Duplichecker 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

A free version of the widely known plagiarism detector Duplichecker is available for works up to 1000 words. For word counts over 1000, a premium edition is available. The proportion of plagiarism is given, and comparable content to the list of sources is highlighted. However, it doesn't offer a thorough report. It only compares your work to online sources and books, therefore it has a limited database access. The plagiarism report is also accessible in MS Word and PDF formats and is simple to read. 3. ProWritingAid The online plagiarism detector from ProWritingAid assists in searching for plagiarized material in manuscripts, books, and other literary works. It can spot over 20 different language faults, as well as grammar and style flaws. Through an add-in, ProWritingAid detects plagiarism from inside of Microsoft Word. 4. Enago Plagiarism Checker A unique, affordable tool for a rapid, thorough, and reliable plagiarism check, Enago Plagiarism Checker, powered by Turnitin, is especially useful for students and researchers. By using sophisticated plagiarism detection technologies, it assists you in determining the originality of your article. In comparison to other checkers, its huge scholarly database of over 91+ billion web pages and 82+ million published articles ensures rigorous plagiarism check. Additionally, it offers a thorough interactive color-coded report that highlights copied information and displays the percentage of copied content. With a one-click upload button, it is one of the best tools for users. In addition to detecting plagiarism, Enago Plagiarism Checker also offers AI-based grammatical repairs that recommend language improvements and corrections specifically suited for academic writing. You can study the suggestions at your convenience and within the MS Word environment by downloading the AI-based grammar check, which comes with recorded modifications. Furthermore, by improving sentence structure, word choice, and subject-specific wording, its power editing mode improves your research papers. 14.6 SUMMARY  SPSS is primarily utilized by market researchers, health researchers, survey firms, education researchers, government, marketing organizations, data miners, and many others in the fields of healthcare, marketing, and educational research. 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 It offers data analysis for group identification, numerical outcome forecasting, and descriptive statistics. To manage data effectively, this software also offers tools for data processing, charting, and direct marketing.  The SPSS software offers data management tools in addition to statistical analysis of data; these features enable the user to make a selection, produce derived data, execute file reshaping, etc. Data documentation is another feature. With the data file, this functionality also saves a metadata dictionary  Software for qualitative data analysis frequently enables analysts to recognize various forms of information including non-text data, which they can later train the program to recognize automatically. These tools increase the amount of data that a single analyst can process, accelerating research and the time it takes to act on data.  The ability of data analysis solutions to apply sophisticated statistical algorithms to substantial data sets is its key advantage. The program includes all necessary pre- programmed formulas, including those for cluster analysis, automatic linear models, Monte Carlo simulation, and ordinary least squares regression. Additionally, a lot of data analysis software packages allow analysts to program their own formulas, allowing for personalized results.  Although there are many free tools online, they are not as sophisticated as the ones that cost money. Although readily available, free plagiarism detection programs fall short in providing thorough assessments. They frequently fail to identify copied material from all sources. On the other hand, paid plagiarism checker tools frequently offer cutting-edge features like comprehensive plagiarism checking across multiple databases, spelling and grammar checks, determining the authenticity score of the document, and the ability to integrate with websites and third-party applications. 14.67KEYWORDS  Amos (Analysis of Moment Structures) It is used to analyze covariance structure models, such as structural equation modeling (SEM), path analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). It is frequently contrasted with other statistical programs made for related objectives, such as Mplus and LISREL. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 SPSS It is primarily utilized by market researchers, health researchers, survey firms, education researchers, government, marketing organizations, data miners, and many others in the fields of healthcare, marketing, and educational research.  Data codingA data coding feature is frequently included in qualitative analysis tools, allowing the researcher or analyst to give names to the many sorts of data they discover in their databases. As a result, text, audio, and video data are more quickly and easily searchable. With the use of these tools, analysts may easily and rapidly define their codes and code data.  GrammarlyOne of the tools that academics most frequently use is Grammarly. It is commonly used by numerous universities all around the world. Grammarly is an automated proofreader and plagiarism checker with precise plagiarism detection. It has a sizable database with ProQuest's databases and 16 billion web pages. 14.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define IBM-SPSS ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. State the features of SPSS ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. State the statistical methods of SPSS ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Define IBM-AMOS ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13.9UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions: 1. What is IBM-SPSS? 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. What is IBM-AMOS? 3. List the software for detection of plagiarism. 4. What is Reference Management software? Long Questions: 1. Explain in detail for IBM-SPSS. 2. What are the various types of SPSS? 3. What is reference management software? 4. What is IBM-SPSS? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1 The sheet labeled \"__________\" is where the data must be entered. It enables us to alter the data type as necessary for analysis a. variable view b. Data view c. IBM-AMOS d. SPSS 2. ________ is a great choice for you if you work in a technical or scientific industry a. Mendeley b. Amito c. Variable View d. ANOVA 4. __________ is a user-friendly interface for bootstrapping techniques that may be used for parameter and effect estimation, sample means. a. Amos b. SPSS 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. MELTA d. Delta 5. _______ is both free and open source, which means you can use it without spending any money and that the public can view its design a. Zotero b. SPSS c. Grammarly d. Delta Answers 1-a, 2-a, 3-A 4-a 13.10 REFERENCES References book  Shukla, Satishprakash, (2020) Research Methodology and Statistics. Ahmedabad: Rishit Publications.  Shukla, Satishprakash, (2014) Research – An Introduction (Gujarati) Ahmedabad: KshitiPrakashan  Kothari C.R. : Research Methodology, New Age International, 2011.  Shajahan S. : Research Methods for Management, 2004.  Thanulingom N : Research Methodology, Himalaya Publishing  C. Rajendar Kumar : Research Methodology , APH Publishing  Kumar Ranjit: Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for Beginners, Sage Publication, 2014 Website  https://monkeylearn.com/blog/qualitative-data-analysis-software/  https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/top-qualitative-data-analysis-software/ 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 https://guides.nyu.edu/quant/statsoft 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)