MAP603-eL4

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IDOL 2 Institute of Distance and Online Learning SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY M.A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Course Code: MAP603 Semester: First e-Lesson: 4 SLM Unit: 4 https://images.app.goo.gl/9ii34LvmeuFanJZGA www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 1.Emphasize acquisition of knowledge beyond mere  In this unit, different methods used by researcher for doing social psychology  memorization of facts. which are observation, survey, correlation 2. Understanding of and ability to use certain and experimental methods are discussed.  fundamental concepts and principles involved in human behavior.  The unit also covers the concept of socialization and the agents at both micro 3. It will also provide an awareness of the major and level are explained.  problems and issues in the discipline of social psychology. 4. Enable students to understand the forces that  The unit further explains the stages of socialization by Harro.  create group differences in patterns of social behavior, understand and tolerate the. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQQ110011)) INASlTlITrUigThEt OarFeDrIeSsTAerNvCeEdAwNitDhOCNUL-INDEOLLEARNING

IDOL TOPICS TO BE COVERED Institute of Distance and Online Learning 4 > Research methods in social psychology SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > Socialization and special agents of socialization https://images.app.goo.gl/Suz9BMQHfP3SbsFN8 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 5 • A careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. • Different methods used by researchers: i. Observation ii. Survey iii. Experimental methods iv. Correlation https://images.app.goo.gl/gih2Un2bmuzpUN916 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL OBSERVATION METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 6 I. OBSERVATION: •Careful observation of behavior during its occurrence. In social psychology, the scientific observation is as a result of prudent observation of events as they occur among people. •The researcher could study social issues and measure their attitudes by going to the public settings like malls, restaurants and bars, college campuses, and many other locations and observe the behavior as it occurs. •It is of various types: (i) participant and non participant (ii) direct and indirect (iii) structured and unstructured https://images.app.goo.gl/EeC2ovDax5vp8joR8 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL TYPES OF OBSERVATION METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 7 ØCONTROLLED OBSERVATION: • In this type of observation a researcher decides where the observation will take place, at what time, with which participants, in what circumstances and uses a standardized procedure. •This observation is easy to test for reliability and also fairly quick to conduct. ØNATURALISTIC OBSERVATION: • This observation method is commonly used by psychologists and social scientists, in which observing involves studying the spontaneous behavior of participants in natural atmosphere and researcher simply records what they see in whatever way they can. •For instance: the difference between studying wild animals in a zoo and studying them in their natural habitat. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL TYPES OBSERVATION METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 8 ØPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: Researcher takes part in the activity •This observation is a different of the Researcher Participant as Complete Researcher natural observations. Because here the identity is observer participant identity is researcher joins in and become a part of revealed concealed that group and also studying to get a deeper insight into their lives. Observer as Complete participant observer •These observations can be either cover or overt. •If the researcher becomes too involved they may lose objectivity and become bias. •Requires highly trained researchers to Researcher observes activity increase its reliability and validity. (McCuen, 1996) RESEARCHERS ROLE IN PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL OBSERVATION METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 9 Advantages of observation method 1. Observation method is a simple and universal method. 2. This method is related to general accuracy. 3. This method is useful for framing hypothesis. 4. This method is also appropriate tool for certain cases. Disadvantages of observation method 1. In observation method some of the observations may not be open to observation. 2. This method is based on faulty preparation because observer observe the situation on personal basis. 3. This method has lack of reliability and difficulty to checking validity. 4. This method is so expensive, inadequate method. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SURVEY METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 10 www.cuidol.in https://images.app.goo.gl/i7Jkny1BE8KRW7Dq5 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Unit-1(BAQ 101)

IDOL SURVEY METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 11 II. SURVEY METHOD: •. Survey methods are used to study people’s thoughts, feelings and opinions on various topics. This is done by asking questions to respondents about their behavior and attitude. •Surveys are used for various purposes like to asses attitudes and feelings of people toward specific issues such as political issues or or their attitude towards stress and anxiety. •The sample that is selected from the population in such a way that it is the true representation of the population. The ways in which sample is chosen are probability and non- probability techniques. •There are different methods through which data is collected: Mail survey, Telephonic survey, Interview, questionnaire. • One advantage is that surveys can be conducted online, through the Internet. Which helps in collecting the data of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of people with relative ease. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SURVEY METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 12 Adv•antages of survey method 1. In survey method complex questions and visual aids can be used. 1. In this method higher status can be measure and also allows clarification. 2. This method based on larger target, quick response and quick data collection. 3. Researcher can be used visual aids in this method. Disadvantages of survey method 1. Survey method is so expensive and time is inefficient. 2. In this method its very difficult to develop report on a particular problem. 3. In survey method, sometimes all subjects are not accessible. 4. This method based on personal bias. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL CORRELATION METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 13 III. CORRELATION METHOD: • Correlation exists when two events are related in a particular way • The term correlation refers to a inclination for one occasion to be related with changes within the other. • Because of their changeable characteristics of variables the social psychologist wants to study the natural world by manipulating these variables. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL CORRELATION METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 14 Advantages of correlation method 1. Correlation method allows researchers to collect much more data than experiments or experimental method. 2. Correlation method opens up a great deal of further research to other researchers. 3. Correlation method also allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of a relationship. 4. Experimental method provides accurate conclusions that are more specific. Disadvantages of correlation method 1. Correlation method cannot provide a conclusive reason for why there's a relationship. 2 In correlation method a correlative finding doesn't provide which variable influences the other. 3 Correlation method cannot be taken to imply causation. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 15 IV. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS: • Experimentation or the experimental methods are used by social psychologists to achieve goal of explanation. • The experimental method constitutes of two major steps: (1) variable that can affect thought or behavior of any individual is altered systematically. (2) Careful measurement of the effects because of change in variables. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 16 Variables under study in experimental research are: •Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated(i.e., varied) in an experiment. •Dependent variable: The variable that are measured as a manipulation of result of independent variable. •Mediating variables: adds to understanding of how specific variables influence certain aspects of social behavior or social thought. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) https://images.app.goo.gl/TuG5JXiefb8pZsvFA All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Institute of Distance and Online Learning 17 Advantages of experimental method 1. Experimental method allows cause and effect to be determined. 2. Experimental method always provides conclusions that are more specific than other methods. 3. Experimental method allows cause and effect to be determined. 4. Experimental method Provides better accurate results. Disadvantages of experimental method 1. Experimental method can create situations that are not realistic. 2.This method is time-consuming. 3. Experimental method does not provide an actual explanation about the problem. 4. experimental method can be difficult to measure the human responses. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 18 https://images.app.goo.gl/ AYPD67EUDmpVcU8L7 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SOCIALIZATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 19 •Socialization has been defined as “the process by which one acquires a personal identity, which entails learning how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particular culture”. • Socialization refers to a process through which people inherit the norms and ideologies of the social order in which they live. •Socialization as a process, facilitates social interaction by means of give and take of common values, customs, traditions, languages etc. •It is an ongoing process which not only leads to the all round development of an individual but also cultivates within him, a sense of belonging. •Socialization is a life long process with many small and large passages: - -Infant begins socialization process at birth -Childhood begins at school -- Adolescence in west industrial and post industrial www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL CYCLE OF SOCIALIZATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 20 https://images.ap p.goo.gl/1pJPuv7 XarZw8sTH8 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 21 •Agents are the mechanism by which the one learns the values, beliefs and behaviours of the culture. Agents of Socialization helps new members find their place. Ø At Micro level  Family, Peer group, Local groups and organizations. Ø At Meso Level  Education, Religion, Politics, economics and health a. Under MICRO- Level 1. Family and socialization: the primary agent of socialization is family, where an individual learns language, interaction with family members and respecting elders. Sanctions are rewards and punishments through which family teaches children about right and wrong. 2. Peer group socialization: Peer groups are a type of social group that is made up of people who share similar interests, social status, and are in the same age group. Peer groups play an important role in socialization, especially in childhood and adolescence. Peer groups are the only form of socialization that is not under the control of adults. Children are also able to experience and work through conflicts with their peers, cooperate with each other, and compete with each other in peer groups. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 22 B. Under MESO- Level 1. Mass Media and Socialization: Media impact social environment – they influence individual interrelations, communication, approach to oneself and bringing about lasting changes in personality.. Computers , Television and cell phones , radio and newspaper are the agents of mass media 2. Religion and socialization: Religion plays an important role in socialization, since birth child incorporates values and develop religious beliefs which they identify themselves with from their parents. 3. School and socialization: it is a second step towards socialization after family as a child interacts with other people at school and develop cognitive skills. Unlike the family, Rewards and punishments are based on performance rather than affection. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 23 www.cuidol.in https://images.app.goo.gl/a2932SAwxsfBYAx3A All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Unit-1(BAQ 101)

IDOL TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 24 1. Primary Socialization: . Family plays an important role in first phase of socialization where a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions according to a particular culture. 2. Developmental socialization: This type of socialization involves a learning process where the focus is on developing our social skills. 3. Re- Socialization: In re socialization we can involve both miner or major forms of change and also can be both voluntary and involuntary. This type of socialization involves rejecting previous behaviour patterns and accepting new ones. 4. Natural socialization: Natural socialization happens when infants and youngers explore, play and discover the social world around them. 5. Positive socialization: This type of socialization is based on pleasurable and exciting experiences. people tend to like those who fill their social learning processes with positive motivation, loving care, and rewarding opportunities. 6. Negative socialization: Negative socialization happens when an individual is exposed to a environment which can impact profoundly on their health and mental abilities eg. In marital dispute Children can experience physical problems such as trouble sleeping, poor concentration, low energy, agitation and appetite problems www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SUMMARY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 25 • There are different methods used in the social psychology to study the behaviour of an individual. Some of the most frequently used methods are observation method, correlation method, survey method and experimental method. • In the observation method, psychologist observe the behaviour of a individual both through a structured procedure and randomly. • In survey method, researcher is interested in understanding the thoughts, opinions and feelings of an individual regarding a particular phenomena, so the research is conducted on a large sample to study the phenomena is detail. • Experimental method satisfies the need of explanation which serves as a goal of psychology. It tries to understand the cause and effect relationship between the phenomena. • The term correlation refers to a inclination for one occasion to be related with changes within the other because of their changeable characteristics of variables the social psychologist wants to study the natural world by manipulating these variables. • Socialization is a process why which the individual tries to inculcate the norms and ideologies of society in which the live. The agents are present at both micro and meso-level of the hierarchy such as family, peer, organizations etc. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 26 1. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is: a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed b) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other c) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research d) An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined 2. In what type of study does a researcher study an individual subject in depth? (A) Naturalistic observation (B) Laboratory observation (C) Case study (D) Survey 3. What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment? (A) Dependent variable (B) Independent variable (C) Extraneous variable (D) None of the above 4. Which agent of socialization has the most impact on our development? (A) Education (B) Family (C) Mass Media (D) Peer Groups www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Institute of Distance and Online Learning 27 1. With the help of an example, explain any one method of research in social psychology along with its advantages and disadvantages. The various research methods used by social psychologists are experimental method, observation method, co- relational method and survey method. Choose any one method to explain with the help of an example. For further details refer SLM. 2. Explain the relevance of observation method in researches of social psychology. Careful observation of behavior during its occurrence. In social psychology, the scientific observation is as a result of prudent observation of events as they occur among people. There are different types of observation method. For further details refer SLM. 3. Analyze the term socialization. How socialization takes place and what are the agents of socialization? Socialization is a process why which the individual tries to inculcate the norms and ideologies of society in which the live. The agents are present at both micro and meso-level of the hierarchy such as family, peer, organizations etc. For further details refer SLM. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL REFERENCES Institute of Distance and Online Learning 28 •Adams, J. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York: Academic Press. •Gilovich, T., Keltner, D.,Chen, S.& Nisbett, R.E. (2016) Social Psychology. 4th edition. New York: W.W. Norton& company. • Baumeister, R.F. & Bushman, B.J. (2011) Social Psychology and Human Nature. 2nd edition. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. • Delamater, J.D. & Myers, D.J. (2011). Social Psychology. 7th edition. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. • Hogg, M., & Vaughan, G. (2005). Social Psychology (4th edition). London: Prentice-Hall. •Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning 29 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL