CU-MCA-Mobile Applications Development Second draft-converted

External Storage Like inner storage, we're capable of shop or examine facts from the device's outside reminiscence which includes sdcard. The FileInputStream and FileOutputStream instructions are used to examine and write facts into the record. Reading/ writing data in the android external storage activity_main.xml Drag the 2 edittexts, 2 textviews and 2 buttons from the pallete, now the activity_main.xml file will like this: File: activity_main.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> <RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" xmlns:app=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto\" xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" tools:context=\"example.jst.com.externalstorage.MainActivity\"> <EditText android:id=\"@+id/editText1\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignParentRight=\"true\" android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\" android:layout_marginRight=\"20dp\" android:layout_marginTop=\"24dp\" android:ems=\"10\" > <requestFocus /> 251 </EditText> CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

<EditText 252 android:id=\"@+id/editText2\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignRight=\"@+id/editText1\" android:layout_below=\"@+id/editText1\" android:layout_marginTop=\"24dp\" android:ems=\"10\" /> <TextView android:id=\"@+id/textView1\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignBaseline=\"@+id/editText1\" android:layout_alignBottom=\"@+id/editText1\" android:layout_alignParentLeft=\"true\" android:text=\"File Name:\" /> <TextView android:id=\"@+id/textView2\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignBaseline=\"@+id/editText2\" android:layout_alignBottom=\"@+id/editText2\" android:layout_alignParentLeft=\"true\" android:text=\"Data:\" /> <Button android:id=\"@+id/button1\" CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignLeft=\"@+id/editText2\" android:layout_below=\"@+id/editText2\" android:layout_marginLeft=\"70dp\" android:layout_marginTop=\"16dp\" android:text=\"save\" /> <Button android:id=\"@+id/button2\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignBaseline=\"@+id/button1\" android:layout_alignBottom=\"@+id/button1\" android:layout_toRightOf=\"@+id/button1\" android:text=\"read\" /> </RelativeLayout> Provide permission for the external storage You need to provide the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission. <uses- permission android:name=\"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE\"/> File: Activity_Manifest.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> <manifest xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" package=\"example.jst.com.externalstorage\"> <uses- permission android:name=\"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE\"/> <application 253 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

android:allowBackup=\"true\" 254 android:icon=\"@mipmap/ic_launcher\" android:label=\"@string/app_name\" android:roundIcon=\"@mipmap/ic_launcher_round\" android:supportsRtl=\"true\" android:theme=\"@style/AppTheme\"> <activity android:name=\".MainActivity\"> <intent-filter> <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.MAIN\" /> <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.LAUNCHER\" /> </intent-filter> </activity> </application> </manifest> Activity class write and read data from the android external storage. File: MainActivity.java package example.jst.com.externalstorage; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.View; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.EditText; import android.widget.Toast; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

import java.io.FileOutputStream; 255 import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.io.OutputStreamWriter; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { EditText editTextFileName,editTextData; Button saveButton,readButton; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); editTextFileName=findViewById(R.id.editText1); editTextData=findViewById(R.id.editText2); saveButton=findViewById(R.id.button1); readButton=findViewById(R.id.button2); //Performing action on save button saveButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){ @Override public void onClick(View arg0) { String filename=editTextFileName.getText().toString(); String data=editTextData.getText().toString(); FileOutputStream fos; try { File myFile = new File(\"/sdcard/\"+filename); myFile.createNewFile(); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

FileOutputStream fOut = new FileOutputStream(myFile); OutputStreamWriter myOutWriter = new OutputStreamWriter(fOut); myOutWriter.append(data); myOutWriter.close(); fOut.close(); Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),filename + \"saved\",Toast.LENGTH_L ONG).show(); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} } }); //Performing action on Read Button 256 readButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){ @Override public void onClick(View arg0) { String filename=editTextFileName.getText().toString(); StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer(); String aDataRow = \"\"; String aBuffer = \"\"; try { File myFile = new File(\"/sdcard/\"+filename); FileInputStream fIn = new FileInputStream(myFile); BufferedReader myReader = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(fIn)); while ((aDataRow = myReader.readLine()) != null) { aBuffer += aDataRow + \"\\n\"; } myReader.close(); } catch (IOException e) { CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

e.printStackTrace(); } Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),aBuffer,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).sho w(); } }); } } Figure 11.2. External Storage Output 11.3 SHARED PREFERENCE Android shared desire is used to keep and retrieve primitive statistics. In android, string, integer, long, number, etc. are taken into consideration as primitive facts types. Android Shared options are used to keep facts in key and price pair in order that we are able to retrieve the price on the premise of the key. 257 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

It is broadly used to get statistics from the consumer which includes in settings. Preferences Example android shared preference. activity_main.xml File: activity_main.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> <RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" xmlns:app=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto\" xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" tools:context=\"example.javat.com.preferences.MainActivity\"> <TextView android:id=\"@+id/txtPrefs\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_centerVertical=\"true\" android:text=\"Data:\" /> <Button android:id=\"@+id/showinformation\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\" android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\" android:layout_marginTop=\"17dp\" android:text=\"Show Information\" /> 258 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

<Button 259 android:id=\"@+id/storeinformation\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_below=\"@+id/showinformation\" android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\" android:layout_marginTop=\"15dp\" android:text=\"Store Information\" /> </RelativeLayout> array.xml inside res/values directory. File: array.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> <resources> <string-array name=\"listOptions\"> <item>English</item> <item>Hindi</item> <item>Other</item> </string-array> <string-array name=\"listValues\"> <item>English Language</item> <item>Hindi Language</item> <item>Other Language</item> </string-array> </resources> prefs.xml inside res/xml directory. File: prefs.xml CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> <PreferenceScreen xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"> <PreferenceCategory android:summary=\"Username & password information\" android:title=\"Login information\" > <EditTextPreference android:key=\"username\" android:summary=\"Please enter login username\" android:title=\"Username\" /> <EditTextPreference android:key=\"password\" android:summary=\"Enter password\" android:title=\"Password\" /> </PreferenceCategory> <PreferenceCategory android:summary=\"Username password information\" android:title=\"Settings\" > <CheckBoxPreference android:key=\"checkBox\" android:summary=\"On/Off\" android:title=\"Keep me logged in\" /> <ListPreference 260 android:entries=\"@array/listOptions\" android:entryValues=\"@array/listValues\" android:key=\"listpref\" android:summary=\"List preference example\" android:title=\"List preference\" /> </PreferenceCategory> CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

</PreferenceScreen> 261 Main Activity Class File: MainActivity.java import android.content.Intent; import android.content.SharedPreferences; import android.preference.PreferenceManager; import android.view.View; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.TextView import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.os.Bundle; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { TextView textView; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); Button storeinformation = (Button) findViewById(R.id.storeinformation); Button showinformation = (Button) findViewById(R.id.showinformation); textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txtPrefs); View.OnClickListener listener = new View.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(View v) { switch (v.getId()) { case R.id.storeinformation: Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,PrefsActivity.class); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

startActivity(intent); break; case R.id.showinformation: displaySharedPreferences(); break; default: break; } } }; storeinformation.setOnClickListener(listener); showinformation.setOnClickListener(listener); } private void displaySharedPreferences() { SharedPreferences prefs = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(MainActivi ty.this); String username = prefs.getString(\"username\", \"Default NickName\"); String passw = prefs.getString(\"password\", \"Default Password\"); boolean checkBox = prefs.getBoolean(\"checkBox\", false); String listPrefs = prefs.getString(\"listpref\", \"Default list prefs\"); StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); 262 builder.append(\"Username: \" + username + \"\\n\"); builder.append(\"Password: \" + passw + \"\\n\"); builder.append(\"Keep me logged in: \" + String.valueOf(checkBox) + \"\\n\"); builder.append(\"List preference: \" + listPrefs); textView.setText(builder.toString()); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} 263 } PrefsActivity class File: PrefsActivity.java package example.javat.com.preferences; import android.os.Bundle; import android.preference.PreferenceActivity; public class PrefsActivity extends PreferenceActivity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); addPreferencesFromResource(R.xml.prefs); } } AndroidManifest.xml File: AndroidManifest.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?> <manifest xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" package=\"example.javat.com.preferences\"> <application android:allowBackup=\"true\" android:icon=\"@mipmap/ic_launcher\" android:label=\"@string/app_name\" android:roundIcon=\"@mipmap/ic_launcher_round\" android:supportsRtl=\"true\" CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

android:theme=\"@style/AppTheme\"> <activity android:name=\".MainActivity\"> <intent-filter> <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.MAIN\" /> <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.LAUNCHER\" /> </intent-filter> </activity> <activity android:name=\".PrefsActivity\" android:theme=\"@android:style/Theme.Black.NoTitleBar\" > </activity> </application> </manifest> Output: 264 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 11.3: Prefence Output 11.4 SUMMARY • Android machine documents also are saved in inner storage, which isn't always handy to the person. You will both download an app or can root your telephone to get entry to those documents. • Two sorts of outside storage. One is reminiscence or SD cards that we insert manually. This is the maximum famous shape of outside reminiscence that maximum telephone customers understand. By that definition, cloud storage like Dropbox is likewise outside storage. That is referred to as Secondary External Storage. So, what’s primary? • Primary External Storage is one this is handy via way of means of the person however nevertheless a part of the integrated reminiscence. That’s in which you keep your photos, documents, and different records despite the fact that whilst you don’t have an SD card established. In short, your phone’s integrated reminiscence is split into parts. 265 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Internal and outside. The SD card which you have established can then be referred to as detachable outside storage too. 11.5 KEYWORDS • Internal Storage- Android Internal storage is the storage of the private data on the device memory. • External Storage- Store data files within internal volume directories or external. • InputStreamReader- is a bridge from byte streams to character streams. • OutputStreamWriter- is a bridge from character streams to byte streams • Shared Preference - Shared Preferences allow you to save and retrieve data in the form of key,value pair. 11.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Write an code that saves a desire for silent keypress mode in a calculator. ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. Create an utility that may write facts to a record and keep it in inner storage and examine facts from the record and show it on the principle interest the use of TextView. Saving and loading facts at the inner storage is personal for an utility that can't be accessed through different applications. When the app is uninstalled the facts saved withinside the inner through that app is removed. ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 11.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is Android outside storage? 2. How will we store records in Android? 3. What is inner storage in SQLite? 4. What is SD card storage? 5. Why Android storage is partitioned? 6. What precautions should be taken on partitioned Internal storage smartphones? Long Questions 1. Explain various ways of storing data 2. Describe how data stored internally 266 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Describe how data stored externally 4. Describe the use of shared preferences 5. Write steps for Setting up shared preferences B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Can a user save all database updates in onStop ()? a. Yes, a user can save all database updates in onStop() b. No, a user can save in onSavedInstance() c. No, a user can save in a Bundle() d. No, In some situations, a user can't reach onStop() 2. How to upgrade SQlite the database from a lower version to higher version in android SQlite? a. Using helper Class b. Using cursor c. Using intent d. None of these 3. How many protection levels are available in the android permission tag? a. There are no permission tags available in android b. Normal, kernel, application c. Normal, dangerous, signature, and signatureOrsystem d. None of these 4. What is a base adapter in android? a. Base Adapter is a common class for any adapter, which can we use for both ListView and spinner b. kind of adapter 267 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Data storage space d. None of these 5. What is breakpoint in android? a. Breaks the application b. Breaks the development code c. Breaks the execution. d. None of these Answers 1-d, 2-a. 3-c, 4-a, 5-c, 11.8 REFERENCES Text Books • T1 Wei - Meng Le, “Beginning Android 4 Application Development”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2012. • T2 Reto Meier, “Professional Android 4 Application Development”, John Wiley& Sons, Inc, 2012. • R1 ZigurdMednieks, Laird Dornin, Blake Meike G, and Masumi Nakamura, programming Android”, O’Reily books, 2013. 268 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 12: DATA STORAGE-2 Structure 12.0. Learning Objectives 12.1. Introduction 12.2. SQLite Database 12.3. Firebase 12.4. Cursor 12.5. Xml and JSON: 12.5.1. XML parsing SAX 12.5.2. XML parsing DOM 12.5.3. XML pull Parser 12.5.4. JSON parsing. 12.6. Summary 12.7. Keywords 12.8. Learning Activity 12.9. Unit End Questions 12.10. References 12.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Explain the implementation of SQLite, • Describe the working with Firebase, • Elaborate the use of Cursor and • Describe the XML parsing using SAX,DOM and pull parser • Implement Json for data storage in android. 12.1 INTRODUCTION SQLite is an open-source, embedded, relational database control system, designed circa 2000. It is a light-weight database, with 0 configuration, no necessities for a server or installation. Despite its simplicity, it's far encumbered with famous capabilities of database control systems. Firebase is a Backend-as-a-Service, and it's far a real-time database that is essentially designed for cell applications XML performs an crucial position in lots of exclusive IT systems. XML is frequently used for dispensing information over the Internet. It is crucial (for all styles of software program developers!) to have an awesome information of XML. 269 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

JSON is an open fashionable report format, and information interchange format, that makes use of human-readable textual content to keep and transmit information items including attribute–fee pairs and array information types (or some other serializable fee). It is a totally not unusualplace information format, with a numerous variety of applications, inclusive of serving as an alternative for XML in AJAX systems. 12.2 SQLITE DATABASE To use SQLite with java programs, you need to have SQLite JDBC Driver and Java installation at the system. Follow the stairs given below: • Download the state-of-the-art version of SQLite-JDBC-(VERSION).jar from SQLite- JDBC repository. • Add the downloaded jar file on your classpath. • You can now hook up with the SQLite database the use of java. Connect to SQLite Database connect to SQLite database import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.SQLException; public class Connect { /** * Connect to a sample database */ public static void connect() { Connection conn = null; try { // db parameters String url = \"jdbc:sqlite:C:/sqlite/JTP.db\"; // create a connection to the database conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url); System.out.println(\"Connection to SQLite has been established.\"); } catch (SQLException e) { 270 System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } finally { try { if (conn != null) { conn.close(); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} 271 } catch (SQLException ex) { System.out.println(ex.getMessage()); } } } /** * @param args the command line arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { connect(); } } Create Database using java create a new database in SQLite. create a database named \"SIT.db\". Create a public class \"Create\" import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.SQLException; public class Create { public static void createNewDatabase(String fileName) { String url = \"jdbc:sqlite:C:/sqlite/\" + fileName; try { Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url); if (conn != null) { DatabaseMetaData meta = conn.getMetaData(); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

System.out.println(\"The driver name is \" + meta.getDriverName()); System.out.println(\"A new database has been created.\"); } } catch (SQLException e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } } public static void main(String[] args) { createNewDatabase(\"SIT.db\"); } } 12.3 FIREBASE In the technology of fast prototyping, we will get brilliant ideas, however occasionally they may be now no longer relevant in the event that they take an excessive amount of work. Often, the back-give up is the proscribing factor - many concerns in no way practice to server-aspect coding because of lack of understanding or time. Firebase is a Backend-as-a-Service(BaaS) that began out as a YC11 startup. It grew up right into a next-technology app-improvement platform on Google Cloud Platform. Firebase (a NoSQLjSON database) is a real-time database that lets in storing a listing of gadgets withinside the shape of a tree. We can synchronize records among distinctive devices.. 272 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 12.1: synchronize data between different devices Google Firebase is Google-subsidized utility improvement software program that lets in builders to broaden Android, IOS, and Web apps. For reporting and solving app crashes, monitoring analytics, developing advertising and product experiments, firebase offers numerous tools. Figure 12.2: Firebase services Firebase has three foremost offerings, i.e., a real-time database, person authentication, and hosting. We can use those offerings with the assist of the Firebase iOS SDK to create apps without writing any server code. 273 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Why use Firebase? Firebase manages real-time records withinside the database. So, it without difficulty and quick exchanges the records to and from the database. Hence, for growing cellular apps together with stay streaming, chat messaging, etc., we will use Firebase. • Firebase lets in syncing real-time records throughout all devices - iOS, Android, and Web - without fresh the screen. • Firebase offers integration to Google Advertising, AdMob, Data Studio, BigQuery DoubleClick, Play Store, and Slack to broaden our apps with green and correct control and maintenance. • Everything from databases, analytics to crash reviews are protected in Firebase. So, the app improvement group can live targeted on enhancing the person experience. • Firebase packages may be deployed over a secured connection to the firebase server. • Firebase gives an easy manage dashboard. • It gives some of beneficial offerings to select from. Pros and Cons of Firebase Firebase has quite a few execs or benefits. Apart from the benefits, it has hazards too. Let's check those benefits and hazards: Pros 1. Firebase is a real-time database. 2. It has a huge garage length potential. 3. Firebase is serverless. 4. It is especially secure. 5. It is the maximum superior hosted BaaS solution. 6. It has a minimum setup. 7. It offers 3-manner records binding thru angular fire. 8. It offers easy serialization of app state. 9. We can without difficulty get admission to records, files, auth, and more. 10. There isn't any server infrastructure required to electricity apps with records. 11. It has JSON garage, because of this that no barrier among records and gadgets. Cons 1. Firebase isn't always broadly used, or battle-examined for enterprises. 2. It has very restrained querying and indexing. 3. It offers no aggregation. 4. It has no map-lessen functionality. 5. It cannot question or listing customers or saved files. 274 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12.4 CURSOR Cursors are what consists of the end result set of a question made in opposition to a database in Android. The Cursor elegance has an API that lets in an app to study (in a type-secure manner) the columns that had been again from the question in addition to iterate over the rows of the end result set. Reading Cursor Data Once a cursor has been again from a database question, an app desires to iterate over the end result set and study the column records from the cursor. Internally, the cursor shops the rows of records again via way of means of the question together with a role that factors to the cutting-edge row of records withinside the end result set. When a cursor is again from a question() technique, its role factors to the spot earlier than the primary row of records. This way that earlier than any rows of records may be study from the cursor, the location should be moved to factor to a legitimate row of records. The Cursor elegance offers the subsequent strategies to govern its inner role: 1. booleanCursor.move(int offset): Moves the location via way of means of the given offset 2. booleanCursor.moveToFirst(): Moves the location to the primary row 3. booleanCursor.moveToLast(): Moves the location to the closing row 4. booleanCursor.moveToNext(): Moves the cursor to the subsequent row relative to the cutting-edge role 5. booleanCursor.moveToPosition(int role): Moves the cursor to the desired role 6. Cursor.moveToPrevious(): Moves the cursor to the preceding row relative to the cutting-edge role Each move() technique returns a boolean to suggest whether or not the operation turned into a success or now no longer. This flag is beneficial for iterating over the rows in a cursor. Listing indicates the code to study records from a cursor containing all of the records from the humans table. Listing Reading Cursor Data SQLiteDatabasedb = getDatabase(); String[] columns = {\"fname\", \"lname\", \"id\"}; Cursor cursor = db.query(\"people\", columns, null, 275 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

null, null, null, null); while(cursor.moveToNext()) { int index; index = cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(\"fname\"); String firstName = cursor.getString(index); index = cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(\"lname\"); String lastName = cursor.getString(index); index = cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(\"id\"); long id = cursor.getLong(index); //... do something with data } The code in Listing makes use of sometime loop to iterate over the rows withinside the cursor back from the query() approach. This sample is beneficial if the code appearing the iteration “controls” the cursor and has sole get entry to it. If different code can get entry to the cursor (for example, if the cursor is surpassed into a technique as a parameter), the cursor ought to additionally be set to a recognized function because the current function won't be the location beforehand of the primary row. Once the cursor’s function is pointing to a legitimate row, the columns of the row may be examine from the cursor. To examine the statistics, the code in Listing 5.10 makes use of techniques from the cursor magnificence: Cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow() and one in every of the kind get() techniques from the Cursor magnificence. The Cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow() approach takes a String parameter that shows which column to examine from. This String cost desires to correspond to one of the strings withinside the columns parameter that become surpassed to the question() approach. Recall that the column parameter determines what desk columns are a part of the end result set. Cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow()throws an exception if the column call does now no longer exist withinside the cursor. This typically shows that the column become now no longer a part of the column's parameter of the question(). The Cursor magnificence additionally consists of a Cursor.getColumnIndex() approach that doesn't throw an exception if the column name isn't always found. Instead, Cursor.getColumnIndex() returns a -1 value to represent an error. 276 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Once the column index is recognized, it could be surpassed to one of the cursor’s get() techniques to go back the typed statistics of the row. The get() techniques return the statistics from the column withinside the row which could then be utilized by the app. The Cursor magnificence consists of the subsequent techniques for retrieving statistics from a row: 1. byte[] Cursor.getBlob(int columnIndex): Returns the value as a byte[] 2. double Cursor.getDouble(int columnIndex): Returns the value as a double 3. float Cursor.getFloat(int columnIndex): Returns the value as a float 4. int Cursor.getInt(int columnIndex): Returns the value as an int 5. long Cursor.getLong(int columnIndex): Returns the value as a lengthy 6. short Cursor.getShort(int columnIndex): Returns the value as a brief 7. String Cursor.getString(int columnIndex): Returns the value as a String Managing the Cursor The internals of a cursor can comprise a whole lot of assets together with all of the data returned from the query in conjunction with a connection to the database. Because of this, it's far critical to deal with a cursor accurately and inform it to easy up whilst it's far not in use to save you reminiscence leaks. To carry out the cleanup, the Cursor magnificence consists of the Cursor. near() approach, which desires to be known as whilst an hobby or fragment not desires the cursor. In variations of Android earlier than 3.0, cursor upkeep become left to developers. They both needed to deal with the remaining of the cursor themselves or needed to ensure they knowledgeable an hobby that it become the usage of a cursor so the hobby could near the cursor at the ideal time. Android 3.0 added the loader framework that looks after coping with cursors for activities/fragments. To assist older variations of Android, the loader framework has additionally been backported and introduced to the assist library. When the usage of the loader framework, apps not want to fear approximately calling Cursor. near() or informing an activity/fragment of a cursor that it desires to manage. 12.5 XML AND JSON A list of differences between JSON and XML are given below. No. JSON XML 1) JSON stands for XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. JavaScript Object 277 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Notation. 2) JSON is simple to XML is less simple than JSON. read and write. 3) JSON is easy to XML is less easy than JSON. learn. 4) JSON is data- XML is document-oriented. oriented. 5) JSON doesn't XML provides the capability to display data because it is a provide display markup language. capabilities. 6) JSON supports XML doesn't support array. array. 7) JSON is less XML is more secured. secured than XML. 8) JSON files are XML files are less human readable. more human readable than XML. 9) JSON supports XML support many data types such as text, number, images, only text and charts, graphs etc. Moreover, XML offeres options for number data type. transferring the format or structure of the data with actual data. JSON Example 278 {\"employees\":[ {\"name\":\"Vimal\", \"email\":\"[email protected]\"}, {\"name\":\"Rahul\", \"email\":\"[email protected]\"}, {\"name\":\"Jai\", \"email\":\"[email protected]\"} ]} XML Example <employees> <employee> <name>Vimal</name> CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

<email>[email protected]</email> </employee> <employee> <name>Rahul</name> <email>[email protected]</email> </employee> <employee> <name>Jai</name> <email>[email protected]</email> </employee> </employees> Similarities among JSON and XML o Both are easy and open. o Both helps Unicode. So internationalization is supported through JSON and XML. o Both constitute self-describing data. o Both are interoperable or language-independent.XML parsing SAX Android presents the ability to parse the XML report the usage of SAX, DOM, etc. parsers. The SAX parser can't be used to create the XML report, It may be used to parse the XML report only. Advantage of SAX Parser over DOM It consumes much less reminiscence than DOM. Example of android SAX XML parsing activity_main.xml File: activity_main.xml 279 <RelativeLayout xmlns:androclass=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tools:context=\".MainActivity\" > 280 <TextView android:id=\"@+id/textView1\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignParentLeft=\"true\" android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\" android:layout_marginLeft=\"75dp\" android:layout_marginTop=\"46dp\" android:text=\"TextView\" /> </RelativeLayout> xml document Create an xml file named file.xml File: file.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\"?> <records> <employee> <name> Kumar</name> <salary>50000</salary> </employee> <employee> <name>Rahul Kumar</name> <salary>60000</salary> </employee> <employee> <name> Mike</name> <salary>70000</salary> </employee> CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

</records> 281 Activity class Now write the code to parse the xml using sax parser. File: MainActivity.java package com.jst.saxxmlparsing; import java.io.InputStream; import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser; import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory; import org.xml.sax.Attributes; import org.xml.sax.SAXException; import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.TextView; public class MainActivity extends Activity { TextView tv; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); tv=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView1); try { SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance(); SAXParser saxParser = factory.newSAXParser(); DefaultHandler handler = new DefaultHandler() { boolean name = false; boolean salary = false; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

public void startElement(String uri, String localName,String qName, 282 Attributes attributes) throws SAXException { if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase(\"name\")) { name = true; } if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase(\"salary\")) { salary = true; } }//end of startElement method public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName) throws SAXException { } public void characters(char ch[], int start, int length) throws SAXException { if (name) { tv.setText(tv.getText()+\"\\n\\n Name : \" + new String(ch, start, length)); name = false; } if (salary) { tv.setText(tv.getText()+\"\\n Salary : \" + new String(ch, start, length)); salary = false; } }//end of characters method };//end of DefaultHandler object InputStream is = getAssets().open(\"file.xml\"); saxParser.parse(is, handler); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} } } 1. XML parsing DOM We can parse the XML file with the aid of using dom parser also. It may be used to create and parse the XML record. Advantage of DOM Parser over SAX It may be used to create and parse the XML file each however the SAX parser can best be used to parse the XML record. The drawback of DOM Parser over SAX It consumes extra reminiscence than SAX. Example of android DOM Xml parsing activity_main.xml Drag the one textview from the pallete. Now the activity_main.xml file will look like this: File: activity_main.xml <RelativeLayout xmlns:androclass=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" tools:context=\".MainActivity\" > <TextView 283 android:id=\"@+id/textView1\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignParentLeft=\"true\" android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\" CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

android:layout_marginLeft=\"75dp\" 284 android:layout_marginTop=\"46dp\" android:text=\"TextView\" /> </RelativeLayout> xml document Create an xml file named file.xml File: file.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\"?> <records> <employee> <name>Sachin Kumar</name> <salary>50000</salary> </employee> <employee> <name>Rahul Kumar</name> <salary>60000</salary> </employee> <employee> <name>John Mike</name> <salary>70000</salary> </employee> </records> Activity class Code to parse the xml using dom parser. File: MainActivity.java package com.jst.domxmlparsing; import java.io.InputStream; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder; 285 import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory; import org.w3c.dom.Document; import org.w3c.dom.Element; import org.w3c.dom.Node; import org.w3c.dom.NodeList; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.TextView; public class MainActivity extends Activity { TextView tv1; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); tv1=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView1); try { InputStream is = getAssets().open(\"file.xml\"); DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance(); DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder(); Document doc = dBuilder.parse(is); Element element=doc.getDocumentElement(); element.normalize(); NodeList nList = doc.getElementsByTagName(\"employee\"); for (int i=0; i<nList.getLength(); i++) { CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Node node = nList.item(i); if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) { Element element2 = (Element) node; tv1.setText(tv1.getText()+\"\\nName : \" + getValue(\"name\", element2)+\"\\n\"); tv1.setText(tv1.getText()+\"Salary : \" + getValue(\"salary\", element2)+\"\\n\"); tv1.setText(tv1.getText()+\"-----------------------\"); } }//end of for loop } catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} } private static String getValue(String tag, Element element) { NodeList nodeList = element.getElementsByTagName(tag).item(0).getChildNodes(); Node node = (Node) nodeList.item(0); return node.getNodeValue(); } } XML pull Parser Android recommends the usage of XMLPullParser to parse the XML file than SAX and DOM due to the fact it's miles fast. The org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser interface affords the capability to parse the XML file the usage of XMLPullParser. Events of XmlPullParser The next() technique of XMLPullParser movements the cursor pointer to the following event. Generally, we use four constants (works because the event) described withinside the XMLPullParser interface. START_TAG: An XML start tag become read. TEXT: Text content material become read; the textual content material may be retrieved the usage of the getText() technique. END_TAG: An stop tag become read. END_DOCUMENT: No extra occasions are available 286 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Example of android XMLPullParser 287 activity_main.xml File: activity_main.xml <RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" tools:context=\".MainActivity\" > <ListView android:id=\"@+id/listView1\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" > </ListView> </RelativeLayout> xml document Create an xml file named employees.xml. File: employees.xml <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <employees> <employee> <id>1</id> <name>Sachin</name> <salary>50000</salary> </employee> <employee> <id>2</id> <name>Nikhil</name> CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

<salary>60000</salary> 288 </employee> </employees> Employee class Create the Employee class that corresponds to the xml file. File: Employee.java package com.example1.xmlpullparsing; public class Employee { private int id; private String name; private float salary; public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public float getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary(float salary) { this.salary = salary; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} 289 @Override public String toString() { return \" Id= \"+id + \"\\n Name= \" + name + \"\\n Salary= \" + salary; } } XMLPullParserHandler class Here, we are returning all the employee in list. File: XMLPullParserHandler.java package com.example1.xmlpullparsing; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser; import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException; import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserFactory; public class XmlPullParserHandler { private List<Employee> employees= new ArrayList<Employee>(); private Employee employee; private String text; public List<Employee> getEmployees() { return employees; } public List<Employee> parse(InputStream is) { try { XmlPullParserFactory factory = XmlPullParserFactory.newInstance(); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

factory.setNamespaceAware(true); 290 XmlPullParser parser = factory.newPullParser(); parser.setInput(is, null); int eventType = parser.getEventType(); while (eventType != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) { String tagname = parser.getName(); switch (eventType) { case XmlPullParser.START_TAG: if (tagname.equalsIgnoreCase(\"employee\")) { // create a new instance of employee employee = new Employee(); } break; case XmlPullParser.TEXT: text = parser.getText(); break; case XmlPullParser.END_TAG: if (tagname.equalsIgnoreCase(\"employee\")) { // add employee object to list employees.add(employee); }else if (tagname.equalsIgnoreCase(\"id\")) { employee.setId(Integer.parseInt(text)); } else if (tagname.equalsIgnoreCase(\"name\")) { employee.setName(text); } else if (tagname.equalsIgnoreCase(\"salary\")) { employee.setSalary(Float.parseFloat(text)); CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} 291 break; default: break; } eventType = parser.next(); } } catch (XmlPullParserException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} return employees; } } MainActivity class Now, write the code to display the list data in the ListView. File: MainActivity.java package com.example1.xmlpullparsing; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import java.util.List; import android.os.Bundle; import android.app.Activity; import android.view.Menu; import android.widget.ArrayAdapter; import android.widget.ListView; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

public class MainActivity extends Activity { 292 @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); ListView listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listView1); List<Employee> employees = null; try { XmlPullParserHandler parser = new XmlPullParserHandler(); InputStream is=getAssets().open(\"employees.xml\"); employees = parser.parse(is); ArrayAdapter<Employee> adapter =new ArrayAdapter<Employee> (this,android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, employees); listView.setAdapter(adapter); } catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present. getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.activity_main, menu); return true; } CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} 2. JSON parsing JSON (Javascript Object Notation) is a programming language. It is minimal, textual, and a subset of JavaScript. It is an opportunity to XML. Android affords guide to parse the JSON item and array. Advantage of JSON over XML 1) JSON is quicker and simpler than XML for AJAX applications. 2) Unlike XML, it's miles shorter and faster to study and write. 3) It makes use of an array. JSON object A JSON object incorporates key/value pairs like a map. The keys are strings and the values are the JSON types. Keys and values are separated with the aid of using commas. The { (curly brace) represents the JSON item. { \"employee\": { \"name\": \"sachin\", \"salary\": 56000, \"married\": true } } JSON array The [ (square bracket) represents the JSON array. [\"Sunday\", \"Monday\", \"Tuesday\", \"Wednesday\", \"Thursday\", \"Friday\", \"Saturday\"] Let's take another example of a JSON array. { \"Employee\" : [ {\"id\":\"101\",\"name\":\"Sonoo \",\"salary\":\"50000\"}, {\"id\":\"102\",\"name\":\"Jaiswal\",\"salary\":\"60000\"} ] } Example of android JSON parsing activity_main.xml 293 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

File: activity_main.xml <RelativeLayout xmlns:androclass=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\" xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\" android:layout_width=\"match_parent\" android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" tools:context=\".MainActivity\" > <TextView android:id=\"@+id/textView1\" android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:layout_alignParentLeft=\"true\" android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\" android:layout_marginLeft=\"75dp\" android:layout_marginTop=\"46dp\" android:text=\"TextView\" /> </RelativeLayout> ________________________________________ Activity class Code to parse the xml using dom parser. File: MainActivity.java package com.jst.jsonparsing; import org.json.JSONException; import org.json.JSONObject; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.TextView; public class MainActivity extends Activity { 294 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

public static final String JSON_STRING=\"{\\\"employee\\\":{\\\"name\\\":\\\"Sachin\\\",\\\"salary\\\":56000}}\"; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); TextView textView1=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textView1); try{ JSONObject emp=(new JSONObject(JSON_STRING)).getJSONObject(\"employee\"); String empname=emp.getString(\"name\"); int empsalary=emp.getInt(\"salary\"); String str=\"Employee Name:\"+empname+\"\\n\"+\"Employee Salary:\"+empsalary; textView1.setText(str); }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} } } Output: 295 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure 12.3: Output JsonParsing Parsing JSONArray in Android With the assist of JSONArray class, you could parse the JSONArray containing the JSON Objects. Let's see the easy instance to parse the JSON array.File: MainActivity.java package com.example1.jsonparsing2; import org.json.JSONArray; import org.json.JSONException; import org.json.JSONObject; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.TextView; public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); TextView output = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView1); 296 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

String strJson=\"{ \\\"Employee\\\" :[{\\\"id\\\":\\\"101\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Sonoo Jaiswal\\\",\\\"salary\\\":\\\"50000\\\"},{\\\"id\\\":\\\"102\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Jaiswal\\\",\\\"salary\\\":\\\"60000\\\"}] }\"; String data = \"\"; try { // Create the root JSONObject from the JSON string. JSONObject jsonRootObject = new JSONObject(strJson); //Get the instance of JSONArray that contains JSONObjects JSONArray jsonArray = jsonRootObject.optJSONArray(\"Employee\"); //Iterate the jsonArray and print the info of JSONObjects for(int i=0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++){ JSONObject jsonObject = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i); int id = Integer.parseInt(jsonObject.optString(\"id\").toString()); String name = jsonObject.optString(\"name\").toString(); float salary = Float.parseFloat(jsonObject.optString(\"salary\").toString()); data += \"Node\"+i+\" : \\n id= \"+ id +\" \\n Name= \"+ name +\" \\n Salary= \"+ salary +\" \\n \"; } output.setText(data); } catch (JSONException e) {e.printStackTrace();} } 297 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

} Output: Figure 12.4: Output JsonParsing2 12.6 SUMMARY • SQLite is an embedded SQL database engine. It is utilized by distinguished names which includes Adobe in Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR); Airbus, of their flight software; Python ships with SQLite; PHP; and lots of extra. In the cell domain, SQLite is a completely famous preference throughout diverse systems due to its light- weight nature. Apple makes use of it withinside the iPhone and Google withinside the Android working machine. • It is used as an utility record layout, a database for digital gadgets, a database for websites, and as an organization RDBMS. What makes SQLite such an thrilling preference for those and lots of different companies? Let's take a better examine the capabilities of SQLite that make it so famous: • Zero-configuration: SQLite is designed in one of these way that it calls for no configuration record. It calls for no set up steps or preliminary setup; it has no server process running and no recovery steps to take despite the fact that it crashes. There isn't anyt any server and it's miles without delay embedded in our utility. Furthermore, no administrator is needed to create or preserve a DB example or set permissions for users. In short, that is a real DBA-much less database. 298 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• No-copyright: SQLite, in place of a license, comes with a blessing. The source code of SQLite is withinside the public domain; you're loose to modify, distribute, or even promote the code. Even the individuals are requested to signal a sworn statement to defend them from any copyright conflict which can arise withinside the future. • Cross-platform: Database documents from one machine may be moved to a machine strolling a distinct structure with none hassle. This is feasible due to the fact the database record layout is binary and all of the machines use the identical layout. In the subsequent chapters, we are able to be pulling out a database from an Android emulator to Windows. • Compact: An SQLite database is a single regular disk file; it comes without a server and is designed to be light-weight and easy. These attributes cause a completely light- weight database engine. SQLite Version 3.7.eight has a footprint of much less than 350 KiB (kibibyte) as compared to its different SQL database engines, which might be lots larger. • Ooflproof: The codebase is properly commented, clean to understand, and modular. The take a look at cases and take a look at scripts in SQLite have about 1084 instances extra code than the supply code of the SQLite library and that they declare a hundred percentage branch take a look at coverage. This stage of trying out reaffirms the religion instilled in SQLite with the aid of using developers.. 12.7 KEYWORDS • SQLite Database- SQLite is a opensource SQL database that stores data to a text file on a device. • Firebase- is a mobile platform that helps you quickly develop high-quality apps, grow your user base, and earn more money. • Cursor - are what contain the result set of a query made against a database in Android. • Xml - XML is a markup language much like HTML. • JSON- stands for JavaScript Object Notation 12.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Create a desk or insert information right into a desk the usage of exec SQL technique described in SQLiteDatabase class. ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Write JSON code that offers us a listing of contacts in which every node incorporates contact statistics like name, email, address, gender, and speak to numbers. 299 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 12.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Explain how Boolean values in SQLite are stored? 2. Explain what's using SQLite institution via way of means of clause? 3. Mention what's .unload command is used for? 4. Mention what's the most length of a VARCHAR in SQLite? Long Questions 1. What is SQLite in Android? 2. What is SQLite helper? 3. How to create a database in SQLite? 4. What is a cursor in SQLite? 5. Explain extraordinary sorts of XML parsing for example. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is JSON in android? a. Java Script Object Native b. Java Script Oriented Notation c. Java Script Object Notation d. None of these 2. What are the JSON elements in android? a. integer, boolean b. boolean c. null d. Number, string, boolean, null, array, and object 300 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)