CU-BSC.TTM-SEM-III-(Elective Group-B) Adventure & Wellness- Second Draft

If you are curious about what your fellow countrymen are doing, then read on. Tucked away locales In 2019, more people are travelling to lesser-known destinations. Khajjiar in Himachal Pradesh, Kalimpong in West Bengal and other lesser-known destinations are on the tourist radar, not just for their pristine scenery which consists of charming brooks, meadows, and lakes, but also because they present opportunities to partake in adventure sports. The desire to visit settings untouched by civilisation is leading many to lesser-travelled destinations where tourists are almost as rare as natives. Figure: 3.1 Paragliding Adventure sports have never been more popular and the array of adventure sports available has never been wider. The reason why adventure sports is growing in popularity is that people love participating in them. Whether it is bungee jumping, ziplining or trekking, many Indians are enthusiastic about each and don’t just participate in them for just an Instagram- picture. Rishikesh has been declared as the ‘Adventure Capital of India’ by the Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India in 2019, because of the high number of adventure tourists that it attracts every year for rafting and bungee jumping. 51 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 3.2 Snow Skiing Lonely planet It’s a surprising trend that in the age of social media, when we are more connected than ever, we barely speak to people in person. Which is why, these days more about people choosing to travel alone. Unlike earlier, when most Indians were reluctant to venture out alone because they were apprehensive of boredom and concerned about safety, today’s generation seem not only comfortable and confident enough to do so, but is also seen romanticising the idea of solitude. Travelling with colleagues Corporate training has always been popular, but today this segment seems to have taken on a variety of forms, that transcend just confidence-building activities. Vacationing with colleagues is for many, a good way to mix business with pleasure. At corporate events, away from a city, friendships are forged and new bonds are cultivated which can have a long- lasting impact on productivity. Cruises are gaining popularity Cruises are growing very popular. The plethora of activities possible on a cruise ship is reason why many are going on one. When a cruise offers an opportunity to visit an appealing overseas destination, it is all the more enticing. Indians who go on cruises are likely to be close friends or work colleagues. Cruises are also popular among couples. 52 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 3.3 Water Surfing 3.2 TRENDS OF GROWING INDUSTRY IN INDIA India, with its vast landscapes, magnificent water bodies and sky kissing mountain, becomes the hot spot for the adventure sports. The country offers a variety of sports from Bungy Jumping, river rafting to Paragliding with more and more people are indulging themselves into these sports and experiencing thrill and fun. 2019 have been a successful year for the adventure sports, let us discuss the points which has favoured the sector. Figure: 3.4 Jet Skiing Awareness for fitness is taking centre stage Working in an office in a sedentary position month after month takes a toll on people’s health. This is doubly true if they get a little exercise and have poor eating habits. The awareness regarding fitness is rising among the people, and people are turning towards 53 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

adventure sports. People have realised that adventure sports are good for both mental as well as physical health. The adventure sports in India showed positive sentiments in 2019 with many new initiatives being undertaken. The number of people who have benefitted with the adventure sports has increased in 2019, compared to the people who participated in the last decade. The opportunities to indulge in these sports have improved it. Figure: 3.5 Wall Climbing Government pushing the sector Many are with the views that adventure sports are not everybody’s cup of tea; it requires zeal and enthusiasm. People who involve themselves in these sports experience thrill and positivity in their life. This leads to better performance in personal as well as professional fronts. The Government also knows the positive outcome of these sports and giving a push to the sector. Its role has been instrumental in providing a drive to the industry. The Government, along with the private organisations, have launched several destinations for the adventure sports in parts of the country. The guidelines launched by the Government of India on the Safety and Quality Norms for Adventure Tourism has been strengthened. Millennial embracing themselves in these sports Involving in adventure sports help in the overall development. It strengthens one’s skill and stamina. The globetrotting Millennial are involving in these sports and have bolstered up the demand for adventure sports here with actively taking parts in several sports such as mountain biking, giant swing, bungee jumping, scuba diving etc. 54 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2019 experienced an increase in camping; it is something that came from the western culture. The demand for the campaign is rising in rural India as a greater number of people are opting to go for campaigns during vacations. 2019 was a year which ensured better safety relating to these sports with highly experienced crew, high level of training, the use of right quality equipment, etc. For example, many companies have their Jump Masters have been trained by Experts from foreign countries. The role of technology in this sector cannot be left unmentioned as it has played an essential role in giving a new life to the sports adventure sector. Outlook for 2020 Looking at the immense potential that adventure sports hold, it is expected to witness continued growth in 2020 with a far sharper focus on customer-centricity. As the adventure sports concept continues to expand in India’s urban and economic hubs, it is gradually making its way to Tier II and III cities. Cities like Goa, Rishikesh, Delhi, Pune and a few others are likely to receive high demand in adventure sports in 2020. The safety and security relating to the adventure sports will increase with more focus on customer satisfaction. 2020 will see a far more disciplined approach to this sector; both customers and clients will play a responsible role. Given the massive potential that adventure sports have already displayed, one thing is for sure that it is here to stay! 3.3 TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ADVENTURE SPORTS According to William C. Gartner, with decreasing leisure time, those activities are likely to have more participation which require little time commitment to learn their skills and can be package for easy entry. This fact is going to set trend for future adventure activities. For example, Bungee jumping as a product is very innovative, easy to learn and require little time to experience the thrill. Thus, a product is designed and a target market is developed for it. The amount of time required to enjoy this thrill is very little and played a significant part in marketing the product. It has been observed that temporary escape is often cited as a motive for choosing to engage in these adventure-based activities, since most of these recreational activities require a natural resource base. According to Brown, related to temporary escape are the motives of relaxation, solitude, challenge, exercise and the desire to engage in these activities within an intimate or closed social group. The recreational activities require speciality tours and markets. According to 55 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Charles R. Goldner, J.R. Brent Ritchie and Robert W. McIntosh, most leisure operators are also looking to capitalise on these brand equity-based recreational activities and thus practice franchising at smaller scale, with speciality recreation opportunity. 3.4 TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ADVENTURE SPORTS IN INDIA Mankind’s past was that of a hunter, a nomad, an explorer and a discoverer. Evolution nurtured traits like perseverance to overcome challenges, intra-species competition, adapting to geographic adversities, and an unquenchable curiosity about the world. The way we perceive the world, adapt to it, depends on the existing geographic boundaries; mountains and valleys, rivers and streams, seas and oceans. Nowhere are these boundaries more challenging than on the Indian subcontinent. A 225- million-year geologic legacy, a journey of more than 6000 kilometres across hemispheres, eons of changing climate regimes has sculpted a landscape of perplexing diversity: lofty peaks to the north, vast deserts and salt pans in the north-west, over 5000 kilometres of coastline with mangroves and tidal flats, the Western Ghats escarpment, the basaltic Deccan plateau, ancient rainforests, and a sprinkling of islands. While India’s national anthem praises its geographic diversity, few have realized its potential more than the adventurous at heart. Most would say that the trappings of civilization today have blunted the edge of our raw traits, yet few would argue that the thrill is there for the taking if you crave and seek it. Adventure sports in India, Wikipedia claims, emerged during the post-colonial era, due to a need to transcend life’s routines. While India may have developed a lot during the British period, surely, we did not have to wait till they departed to be adventurous? To disprove Wikipedia’s nonsensical claims, here’s a look at research publications that surely needed some poor, underpaid researcher to venture out into the unknown: Moreover, the first adventurer may have contemplated climbing the mountains, or fording the valleys, or riding the waves more from necessity than escapism. Like children in the Himalayas who trudge across mountains and valleys to get to school, or an ill-equipped fisherman who tackles a wave to save his fishing nets, surely, they are the pioneers of adventure sports. When practical solutions led to an adrenalin rush, a hunger for danger, a drive towards recklessness, where one could challenge one’s limits and connect with the elements, perhaps adventure sports distinguished themselves from more humdrum pursuits. The adventure sports movement in India was slow to gain traction, yet during the last 5 years the internet seems to have added considerable momentum. The reluctance of holiday makers to spend their breaks exerting themselves, the lack of good, reasonably priced equipment, lax 56 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

safety measures, and the high costs involved have all been blamed, yet more and more research, surveys and media articles seem to indicate that the Indian traveller is becoming more intrepid and adventurous. With an increased spending power, more travel gear, and responsible sports companies and evolving rules for adventure tourism, the old excuses are falling apart. More people are willing to try something different, to create unusual memories and add excitement to their wish lists. What’s more, India is rapidly gaining acclaim for being a global adventure sports destination. Sports like mountaineering, rock climbing, mountain biking, bungee jumping, paragliding, scuba diving, surfing, kite-surfing, sailing, kayaking, snowboarding, skiing, caving, rafting occupy different geographical niches and provide the thrill of a lifetime. The tourism industry in India is growing rapidly annually, yet the potential for adventure sports is largely untapped. As an adventure sports destination, it is imperative to fuel and sustain the emerging Indian market. Most industries that have ventured into this market have sacrificed their ethics for capital, and the nation has been flooded with mediocre quality products, handouts and rejects. To create fairer markets for the adventure tourism industry, the consumer must have access to good quality equipment and travel gear. Apart from influencing an individual to invest in better gear, brands have an additional responsibility: to sponsor athletes to hone their skills and optimize their performances. Information can also empower the consumer, and so far, content on adventure sports has only been disseminated by government bodies and commercial entities, and falls under stringent copyrights. While media (journals, travel forums and blogs) tell compelling stories, and provide titbits of descriptions, the information cannot help pave the way for someone else to follow, or help the youth carve a path for themselves. The best source for robust information on adventure sports would be from people who chart adventure in challenging environments, where the boundaries of a sport are pushed towards the unknown, where the drive to pursue, redefine and reinvent sports has become a personal goal. These personal goals fit in well with the spirit of the go-getters, and the adventure tourism industry is being forged by the entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs have moved from creating one-off, thrilling adventure checklists to making it a serious, committed career choice. 3.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF ADVENTURE SPORT Adventure tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism sector, attracting high-value customers, supporting local economies, and encouraging sustainable practices. 57 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The continued growth of this sector creates net positive impacts not only for tourism, but also for destination economies, their people, and their environment. Some importance and benefits of adventure tourism are following as: Employment Generation Adventure tourism generates the jobs. Adventure tourism generates directs jobs to accommodation, transportation sector and for travel agencies or tour operators. Adventure tourism also provides the indirect job to tourism suppliers. Adventure tourism plays an important role in the generation of employment in the economy. Foreign Exchange Adventure tourism attracts the foreign tourists at a large scale; as a result, it helps in foreign exchange generation. When tourist travel to another country, they spend a large amount of money on accommodation, transportation, and shopping. Adventure tourism generates foreign exchange and supports the economy of the host country. Economy Development Adventure tourism helps in the development of the host country’s economy. Adventure tourism activities directly support the economy in various forms. The more tourists, more economic growth. Support Local Communities Adventure tourism helps in the development of infrastructure and support local communities. Adventure tourism activities directly contributed to the local economy of the communities and increase the living standards of local people. Conservation of Natural Resources Adventure tourism activities are nature-based activities. Leaders in the adventure tourism industry are dedicated to making this tourism segment as sustainable as possible. They help in conservation of natural resources as well as cultural. Creating Business Opportunities 58 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Adventure tourism activities create new business opportunities. There are companies that specialize in helping emerging adventure tourism operators market their product. Each new adventure tourism activity creates a new business opportunity. Local and Foreign Investment Adventure tourism creates business opportunities, as a result, it attracts the local as well as international investors. Investors invest their money in the accommodation, transportation, and into travel trade organization. Mental health The sense and excitement of adventure sports release hormones within your body, which directly contribute to a good mental health. Also, taking up a challenge and completing it will make you feel positive and confident. This positive attitude and feel good factor that comes hand in hand with extreme sports contribute to a good mental health. These sports activities also tend to push you to your mental and physical limits, which make you lose your cool sometimes. When you are regularly involved in adventure activities, your ability to stay calm, stable and think clearly under stressful conditions increases. A healthy heart Studies indicate that people who actively participate in adventure sports have lesser chances of getting a heart attack. Participating in active sports helps reducing stress and anxiety, which in turn reduces blood pressure Building partnerships and friendships An adventure sport with someone really has the potential to lay the foundation for a strong friendship. Getting past challenges and supporting each other through them can truly form a lasting bond. Expands your horizons Traveling to new places and meeting new people while you are at it, expands your knowledge, awareness, and perception to a whole new level. Sometimes, it takes an intense experience to be able to appreciate the differences that we may find in places, cultures, and people in general. An adventure sport has the potential to make you feel that intensity. Finding your strength 59 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Indulging in adventure sports can make you realize your strengths and find your courage. At times, stepping out of your comfort zone and in extreme situations can bring out those traits in you that you probably didn’t know existed. Adventure sports can really help you find your true potential. Finding a stress reliever in your daily life Participating in an adventure sport can turn into a stress reliever and an escape place from your daily life. De-stressing and finding this “me” time makes you a happier, positive, and more efficient person on work as well as personal front. Managing your fear With the help of adventure sports, you learn to turn your fear into a positive experience, by handling it well and not getting cowered down by it. It is important to understand that feeling afraid is something that happens to everyone out there when doing an extreme sport for the first time. Taking a leap even then and making it into a memorable experience is how you manage your fear and get over it. 3.6 LIST OF ADVENTURE SPORTS DESTINATIONS IN INDIA Destination Activity Srinagar & Jammu, Leh Rock climbing, trekking, mountaineering, white water rafting, mountain biking, canoeing, kayaking, paragliding, yak safari, horse riding, jeep safari, heli-skiing Manali, kullu, Shimla, Kangra & Trekking, Mountaineering, Camping, Dharmashala Paragliding, Parasailing, Jeep safari, Mountain biking, skiing & Angling, kayaking, Rock climbing. Delhi Bike tours, Artificial Wall Climbing Nainital, Dehradun, Rishikesh& Haridwar Trekking, Water rafting, Bungee jumping, Cycling, Camping, Paragliding, Wildlife, Skiing, Rock climbing, Mountain Biking, Heli skiing Mountaineering, Biking, Parasailing, Horse Safari, Jeep safari &Motorbike tour Jaisalmer. Jaipur & Jodhpur Hot Air Balloons, Camel Safaris, Trekking, Cycling, Parasailing, Rock climbing, Artificial Wall Climbing, Elephant Wildlife 60 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Safari, Motorbike tour, Jeep Safaris, & Horse Safari. Agra & Lucknow Wildlife safari, Hot air ballooning & Artificial Wall Climbing Mumbai, Pune, Lonavala, Kolhapur, Trekking, Camping, Hiking, Cycling, Sindhudurg, Nasik & Aurangabad Parasailing, Paragliding, Water Rafting, Rappling, Hot air balloon, Bungee jumping, Scuba-diving, Rock climbing, Snorkelling, Artificial Wall Climbing, Bike tour, Sky driving & Hang Gliding. Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior &Mandla Bungee Jumping, Parasailing, Trekking, Water skiing, Surfing, Paragliding, Elephant safari, Wildlife, jeep safari, House boat stays, Rafting, Cycling, Camping, Biking, kayaking, Scuba diving & Snorkelling, Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot & Paragliding festival (1st Nov to 31st Jan), Jamnagar Trekking, water spots, Rock climbing & Wildlife. Raipur Trekking, wildlife & jeep safari. Hyderabad, Vizagh and Thirupathi Rock climbing, Wild life safari, Parasailing (Lumbini park) Water sports, Hiking, Camping, Water skiing, caving and boating. Cochin, Thiruvanandapuram, Mummar, Trekking, Paragliding, Parasailing, house Varkala Beach boat stays, camping, cycling, wildlife safari, wildlife safari, canoeing, sailing, water skiing, Whitewater rafting, surfing, scuba diving and motor bike tour. Bangalore, Mysore & Mangalore Trekking & Camping, Rafting, Rock Climbing, Bungee Jumping, Hiking, Hot air ballooning, Mountain biking, Angling, Diving, Snorkelling, Artificial Wall Climbing, cycling, Hang Gliding, Microlight flying, Scuba diving, Parasailing, Jet ski ride. Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem Trekking, Camping, Hang-Gliding, Hiking, &Ooty Paragliding, Angling, Canoeing, Kayaking, Rock Climbing, Artificial Wall Climbing, cycling, Water sport Port Blair Scuba-diving, Snorkelling, Trekking 61 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Kavarathi, Agatti &Camping, Sail boats, Para sailing, Water Itanagar,Bhal scooters, rowing boats, kayaks, paddle boats, Guwathi, Dibrugarh & Tezpur water skiing& boat safari. Scuba-diving, water skiing, kayaking, Surfing & Canoeing Mountaineering, Wildlife Safaris, Trekking, Camping & River Rafting Jeep safari, Angling, trekking, rafting, rock climbing, elephant safari, Motor Bike tours, Hot Air Ballooning and river cruising. Table: 3.1 Adventure Tourism Destinations in India An adventure sport pushes one to get out of their comfort zone and perform a task. It increases brain to body co-ordination and elevates concentration levels and sense of balance in athletes. The abundant exercise keeps one fit while working in teams improve team building and bonding. It also builds self-esteem and makes athletes confident. There are many institutes offering abseiling courses in Melbourne. Abseiling is an activity that requires more psychological strength and lesser physical strength. This quality makes the sport suitable for a broader range of age groups in comparison to other adventure sports. Abseiling specifically enhances eye to hand co-ordination and builds confidence in learners. It also enhances observation and social skills in an athlete. Abseiling requires rigorous training by professionals and it is important to hire a licensed professional in order to ensure complete safety. 62 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 3.6 Different types of Adventure tourism Activities. The Risk Management in Adventure Tourism All activities in adventure tourism contain a certain level of risk, and therefore the tour operators and all involved in the creation and provision of the tourist service need to take appropriate measures for managing the risks. Ignoring the fact that risks are a reality in adventure tourism, inadequate education for risk management policies, or failure to take appropriate measures to deal with, can cause serious consequences on the safety of participants in tourism activity and on the quality of the tourism product. The consequences for the destination, as well as the legal and economic consequences on operators, can be catastrophic. A systematic approach to risk management and compliance with proven work standards is necessary for successful safety management, and the creation of quality and competitive tourism products. Modern standards in adventure tourism imply quality risk management - safety in tourism operations that plays a key role in the competence and competitiveness of the tourism product. The tourism products that do not have a thorough risk management approach in their structure are unsustainable, and the consequences of incomplete, in this sense, tourism products, are long-term and affect the whole tourist destination. Therefore, the safety concept of products in adventure tourism should be seen as the necessary qualitative component with an extremely important implication on the sustainability of the product. Due to the nature of activities in adventure tourism, the risks cannot be eliminated but can be significantly reduced by taking appropriate preventive measures and limiting activities that carry a very high degree of risk, which comes out of the usual standard for the respective tourism product. The right approach to successful management of security and risks in adventure tourism is to create a safety management system (SMS). The tour operators are obliged to create an efficient safety management system and continuously upgrade it according to the actual needs of the operation and of course the standards imposed by the market in adventure tourism. The employees in the agencies, especially the guides, should be familiar with the risk management system and be trained to implement it. The design of safety management systems in adventure tourism largely depends on the nature of the activity, that is, the specific form of tourism activity, but basically each system should cover the following five segments: 63 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. Risk assessment - It aims to systematically analyze the possible risks and reasons for their occurrence. 2. Creating a system of work procedures - Procedures that are primarily aimed at preventing and minimizing risks. 3. Contingency plan - The plan should provide a set of specific guidelines for actions undertaken in case of an accident or an emergency, that is, whenever there is a deviation of the usual program or procedures. 4. Incident Report - A record-keeping form for each incident. 5. Analysis - After every situation/incident analysis of incidents or emergencies is necessary to be done. Periodic analyses should be done on all segments of the management system to evaluate and update them. The main goal of each security and risk management plan is to put the risk in a particular context. What does that mean? It means to define procedures for proper risk assessment and analysis and create a real system of procedures for dealing with emergencies. The basic rule is that the risk must be placed in some context that aims to better manage it. Ignoring the risks is the worst option for a guide or tour operator in adventure tourism. Before discussing the creation of policies, measures, and procedures for risk management, it is necessary to clarify and recognize the risks and to consider the different terms and situations that correspond to the underlying concept. Below is an overview of the basic terms that need to be known when planning risk management. Danger - Circumstances or activity that contains possible factors for violation of physical or mental health. Risk - Assessing the likelihood of an incident and how serious the consequences may be, for example, of people’s safety. Risk control The process that includes risk management in its entirety, among other things, defining the scope of risk assessment, monitoring, analysis, as well as the processes of communication and collaboration. Risk control should be explained in the safety plan. 64 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Risk assessment - a process that assesses the likelihood of a risk and the consequences thereof, taking into account the usefulness of the control procedures in force. At the same time, the assessment should identify whether the risk can be managed or not. Control procedures Measures to minimize the risks and consequences of them. The risk management system should contain clear guidelines for specific activities to be undertaken in creating the company’s policies for the operation of the current tourism products, but also the creation of new tourism products, as well as guidelines for managing situations “on the field”. The ultimate goal of the procedures that are planned and undertaken within the system is to enable tour providers to meet the requirements for the safe realization of different types of tours. The main focus of the risk analysis and placing it in a “certain context” is the prediction of the consequences for the safety of customers and staff involved in the activity, the consequences on the attractiveness of the tourism product and the consequences on the company. In that direction, the risks are always analyzed according to the probability of occurrence or occurrence of a particular situation, incident, and the character - the severity of the consequences. An important segment in analyzing practical work in adventure tourism, as well as in the professional literature on risk management is risk categorization. There are different approaches and nomenclatures for risk categorization and can be classified into the Following three categories: Category Explanation Small Risk Everyday risks that are present in usual activities Moderate Risk Risks arising from insufficient experience or customer unwillingness. Risks that arise as a consequence of unusual circumstances. High Risk Activities in which risks are probable. Activities where participants are at risk in case of non-compliance with safety standards and operator recommendations. Risk assessment 65 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Risk assessment involves simply identifying what events, actions, or circumstances could have serious consequences, assessing severity and likelihood of actions and consequences, and finally assessing whether the result - the consequence (the outcome of the risk) is within acceptable boundaries. For the risk assessment to achieve its goal it must have a clear framework: - Recognizing actions and circumstances which could be a possible cause of danger (risk identification). - Defining the criteria used to assess whether the risk is acceptable. - Analyzing risks by assessing the likelihood and consequences of actions (risk analysis). - Assessing the risk according to defined criteria (risk evaluation). - Management of unacceptable risks (risk management), for example by compiling an appropriate response procedure, monitoring its efficiency and regular analysis. - Following up with additional actions. - Ensuring the flow of information by defining paths of communication and consultation between company employees and stakeholders. Preparation of Risk Management Risk analysis Probability analysis Analysis of the consequences 66 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Prevention plan Action plan in case of an accident When analyzing tourism programs, the following should be considered: 1. The market for which the programs are intended. 2. The legal framework under which the agency operates. 3. The legal framework for regulating the work of guides in adventurous activities. 4. The type of company’s products. 5. Who are the clients? 6. What are the main aspects of the company’s infrastructure and the corresponding product? 7. Who prepares the risk analysis plan, i.e. what are the qualifications of the person responsible for this segment? In the analysis of risk factors, “historical data”, i.e. information on past events, incidents and accidents, in the implementation of the same or similar programs, play an important role. In this regard, the existence of a collective database at the level of the tourism sector (association of income agencies, tourist chambers, local self-government ...) is of particular importance. If risk analysis in tourist programs shows that the risks are small, two directions should be considered: 1. The people who make that analysis do not have enough experience in risk assessment and risk management at all. 2. The activity itself contains a very low degree of risk. The purpose of risk assessment is to increase the understanding of the risks that are relevant to the operation of the company. In this context, it is not useful to examine risks that are unrealistic or beyond the boundaries of the service, for example, earthquakes, meteors, epidemics, or terrorist attacks. Different types of activities in nature carry with them different types of risks and potential accidents. When analyzing the activities, answers should be sought on the following questions:  What factors should be subject to analysis in terms of security and risk management?  What factors can be controlled and who cannot?  Which competencies should the guides possess?  What competencies should customers have?  What equipment is needed to safely perform the activity. 67 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Several factors relate to customers and should be considered when developing a safety and risk management plan. They are: Customers Age  Medical history (eventual health problems, allergies, dietary habits or needs, etc.).  Previous experience in the given area, individually, and assessment of the experience of the group as a whole.  Physical fitness - customer readiness.  The mental and emotional state of the clients.  Preparedness for teamwork and co-operativity in the activities of the collective.  Other information such as an address, insurance, contact person in case of an accident, etc. Screening of customers before the start of the tour is necessary to ensure the safety of individuals and the whole group. When a member of the group has a problem it means that the whole group has a problem and can affect the realization of the whole tour. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the clients before the start of the tour. It is particularly important to carry out the abovementioned analyzes to obtain a complete picture of the characteristics of the group as a whole and the capacity of the group to deal with and overcome unusual situations. In addition to the analysis before the tour starts, the guide is obliged during the tour to monitor the situation in the group, paying particular attention to the level of fatigue and the emotional state of the clients. Location Analysis The locations where activities are carried out in nature also play an important role in the overall security of the program. In the context of the location, the following should be considered: • How much time (travel) is needed to reach the location. • What type of transport is used and the analysis of the risks that it brings. • What is the accessibility to the place where the activities are carried out (this is important for the proper organization of the rescue operations and assisting) Analysis of the weather information 68 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The weather conditions are of great importance for the successful and safe performance of outdoor activities. An analysis of the weather forecast is necessary as well as training for the correct interpretation of the weather information available on a large number of internet sites. Nowadays, there is almost no place in the country that is not covered by weather forecast data, but the correct interpretation of the data in the context of the planned activity has a decisive significance for the safety of the tour. All analyses that are made about the abilities of individuals or for the group as a whole, should be made in relation to the weather. Thus, for example, the physical ability to master a certain physical effort should be observed in the context of the weather conditions that require that effort. Or, certain physical parameters in nature should be analyzed in the context of the conditions that rule the performance of the activity. Analysis of the guide’s competencies Guides have a central place in implementing adventure tourism programs. The guide is at the same time a tourist worker, an expert on the given activity, a group manager, a trainer, etc. The competencies of the guide have a central place in setting up a safe system for the realization of programs in adventure tourism and are extremely important for creating safe tours and quality tourism programs. Proper training with the application of international standards and experience in working with clients in tourism is an uncompromising requirement for quality and safety. The consequences of inadequate guide’s competences have a detrimental effect on the whole destination. Versus that, quality trained and competent guides are strong promoters of adventure tourism and a positive image for a particular destination. In this regard, three things are important: 2. How was the guide trained, according to which standard? Has the training been conducted according to the international standard for professional guides for the given activity or according to a local standard with many improvisations? 3. Who and how controls the work of the guide, or whether internationally accepted standards of work in the relevant area are applied? 4. Are there security procedures at the level of the travel agency and are these procedures applicable? Manual for risk management in adventure tourism. Several guiding competencies can be highlighted:  Expert knowledge of sports activity  High level of first aid training and rescue  Ability to lead and manage group dynamics 69 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Knowledge of the dynamics of incidents and knowledge of safety and risk management in tourism  Understanding the philosophy of adventure tourism For the guide to be able to perform a quality role in adventure tourism, an active role of several subjects is needed. They are:  The travel agency  State institutions.  The organization/organizations that is/are responsible for training or the operation of the guides from a particular activity. Guides organizations have a particularly important role to play. They together with travel agencies should take care of: • To keep a regular record of the activity of the guides. • To make a constant assessments of their competences and to detect the needs for certain additional training. • Take care of carrying out training and additional training for guides. • To contribute to the issuing of manuals and other professional and reference literature that is of particular benefit to the guides. In addition to performing the above analyzes, it is necessary to undertake the following activities: • To provide all the necessary information about the tour and to be delivered to the clients. • The tour should be planned in detail and the clients should be familiar with the tour plan. • To make proper education to the clients about the activities that will be undertaken, as well as their acquaintance with the most important procedures and procedures for emergencies. • Keeping regular records of the trips. 70 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3.7 SUMMARY  Adventure tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism sector, attracting high-value customers, supporting local economies, and encouraging sustainable practices.  As the adventure sports concept continues to expand in India’s urban and economic hubs, it is gradually making its way to Tier II and III cities.  Rishikesh has been declared as the ‘Adventure Capital of India’ by the Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India  Adventure tourism generates directs jobs to accommodation, transportation sector and for travel agencies or tour operators. Adventure tourism also provides the indirect job to tourism suppliers.  Adventure tourism activities directly support the economy in various forms. 3.8 KEYWORDS  Hot Air ballooning – A recreational activity with involves flying in a hot aired balloon, with a basket underneath in which people can travel.  River cruising- A recreational activity involving voyage in an inland water way with multiple stopovers in all ports on the way.  Angling– Fishing with a hook and angle.  Micro light flying – A sports activity which involves flying in a two-seater flight meant for trainees and pilots.  Artificial wall climbing -Is a sports activity of climbing artificial walls with grips for hand and feet. 3.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Learn about Leh cycling experience and Scuba diving in Goa ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS 71 A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Mountaineering in Rishikesh. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Trekking in Manali 3. Water sports in Goa 4. Paragliding in Kerala 5. Snorkelling in Andaman. Long Questions 1. State the significance of adventure sports in India 2. Explain the trends and prospects of adventure sports in India 3. Discuss the Adventure tourism destinations for trekking in India. 4. List out the Mountaineering destinations in North India. 5. Water sports activity destinations in south India. B. Multiple choice Questions 1. Which place is declared as the ‘Adventure Capital of India’ by the Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India? a. Rishikesh b. Cochin c. Goa d. Manali 2. Which one of the following is not an adventure sport a. Bungee jumping b. Carom board c. Rafting d. Trekking 3. One of the Trekking destinations in India 72 a. Srinagar b. Delhi c. Chennai d. Hyderabad 4. Camel safari destination a. Kerala b. Rajasthan c. Chennai CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Bihar 5. Scuba Diving destination a. Port Blair b. Chennai c. Andhra d. Munnar Answers 1-a, 2-b, 3-a, 4-b, 5-a 3.11 REFERENCE Reference books/material:  Atkinson, E.T. Himalayan Gazetter, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi, 1993.  Gupta. S.K. (2102) Tourism and Heritage Resources of Garhwal, Kaveri Books, New Delhi.  Bisht, D.S. Garhwal and Kamaon Hills, Trishul Publication, Dehradun,1982.  Bose,S.C.GeographyoftheHimalaya,NationalBookTrust,1976.Kaur, J, Himalayan Pilgrimages and the New Tourism, Himalayan Books,NewDelhi,1985  M. Smith and L. Puczko, Health and wellness tourism, B. Heinemann (2109)  Sonali Kulkarni, Spa and Health Tourism, Book Enclave, Jaipur (2108) 73 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 4: FORMS OF ADVENTURE TOURISM STRUCTURE 4.0. Learning objective 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Adventurous Tourism Experience 4.3. Adventurous activities covered 4.4. Summary 4.5. Keywords 4.6. Learning activity 4.7. Unit end Questions 4.8. Reference 4.0. LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this unit, the student will be able to  Identify the concept of forms of adventure Tourism  Analyse the important of adventure Tourism  Recognise the places of various adventurous places in India  List out the land water and air-based Sports  Explain about the adventurous in in India 4.1 INTRODUCTION Tourism is a term which is not easily defined. Different people have different perceptions of what might constitute “adventure”. For one person, “adventure” may be something as simple as camping outside in a tent, or walking through a wilderness area for an hour. For another, this would be considered passive tourism, whereas adventure would mean participating in dangerous and physically (also maybe emotionally) demanding and challenging activities, such as climbing a sheer rock face or white water rafting in dangerous waters. Even for those tourists seeking challenging experiences, the degree of challenge desired may be quite different. Some will baulk at undertaking potentially dangerous activities like walking on a rope bridge across a deep ravine, and would find a trek through the jungle at ground level sufficiently challenging. Whilst some will find another’s \"adventure\" decidedly unpleasant, disagreeable, foolishly reckless, traumatic or boring. Therefore, the first principle of adventure tourism is catering for difference: 74 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 different expectations,  different physical abilities,  different likes and dislikes,  different psychological make-ups. It is not a matter of making an adventure less adventurous, or more exciting, nor is it a matter of participants’ ‘inferior’ or ‘superior’ physical or psychological resilience. It is simply a matter of personal difference, and preference. 4.2 ADVENTURE TOURISM EXPERIENCES The stimulation and intensity associated with adventure contributes to removing the experience from the routine of everyday life. Exotic surroundings, new activities, experiences beyond anything one has ever experienced contributes to a sense of escapism. Adventure is a chance to escape the everyday concerns of life. Imagine being on top of Mount Everest. Would you be thinking of anything else but just being there? Enjoying the rapture of having achieved such a feat, the wondrous view and the elation of breaking your boundaries? No wonder adventure is so popular. The term ‘Adventure Tourism’ can represent many kinds of experience, and an almost infinite range of tourism situations. What they all share is a participant’s sense of excitement and adventure, and of entering an experience or series of experiences that will take them out of urban areas into more natural and less obviously regulated environments. Motivating Factors for Adventure Tourism People are motivated to undertake adventure tourism activities for different reasons. Some may enjoy the anticipation of an unknown or uncertain outcome. This could be undertaking something new and unfamiliar or the presence of a perceived danger in the activity. This element of risk involved in an activity might be relished by some and feared by others. There needs to be a degree of challenge in an activity for it to be considered adventurous. A challenging event might have an element of danger, unknown outcomes and degree of difficulty. This will attract different participants to the activity based upon their expectations and their willingness to cope with challenges. There also needs to be a perceived reward on completion of the activity. This is usually the sense of meeting a challenge and pushing themselves beyond their usual comfort zone. This is referred to as an intrinsic reward, as it comes from within. There may also be extrinsic 75 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

awards such as a trophy. An example would be gaining a place in a white-water kayaking race. A sense of escapism is also important for an activity to be considered adventurous. This is why most adventure tourism operations occur in natural areas. In this way people can feel that they are really escaping from their normal lives. A person might experience heightened senses, an adrenalin rush or a sense of calm following the experience. Again, it is important to remember that adventure can mean different things to different people. Sailing a boat around the Greek Islands may seem adventurous to some but not to others. Adventure Activities Activities associated with adventure can be categorized into the following:  Physical – e.g. hiking, mountain-biking and hang gliding.  Nature-based – e.g. bushwalking, birdwatching.  Cultural – e.g. pilgrimages.  Travel/Exploration – e.g. long-distance sailing, Silk Road treks. These activities form niche markets within the tourism industry based on the activity undertaken and their setting. They can vary in their “adventure” rating. Guided garden tours would be considered not to be very adventurous, whereas camping in the Andes would be considered extremely adventurous. Nature-based tourism can fall into both categories of “ecotourism” and “adventure tourism”. However, nature-based tourism would not necessarily be classed as \"ecotourism\". Ecotourism embraces the principles of sustainable tourism, concerning the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, and as such is more specifically determined than simply being nature-based tourism. The type of tourism will depend upon the location of the activity, remoteness and degree of difficulty. 4.3 ADVENTUROUS ACTIVITIES COVERED Adventure Tourism Activities based on land, Air and water. Land Based Activities Air Based Activities Water based Activities Trips to exotic Places Sky-diving Boating Camping Hang gliding Kayaking/ canoeing 76 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Safaris Paragliding Sailing Mountaineering Bungee jumping Rock climbing Parasailing Fishing Skiing Para jumping Wind Surfing/ paddle Bungee jumping Ballooning Mountain Biking boarding-water skiing Scuba diving White water Rafting Yachting Knee boarding/wake boarding Table: 4.1 Adventure Activities based on Land, Air and Water Land based Adventure Tourism (15) comprises, All Terrain Vehicle Tours (ATV), Bungee Jumping, Cycling Tours, Camel Safaris, Horse Safaris, Jeep Safaris, Motorcycle Tours, Mountaineering, Nature Walks / Bird Watching, Rock Climbing / Artificial Wall Climbing &Abseiling, Personal Light Electric Vehicle Tours, Skiing / Snow Boarding, Trekking, Wildlife Safaris, Zip Wires and High Ropes Courses. Figure: 4.1 Trekking Adventure Tourism activities based on Mountain, Wildlife and Beach are- Mountain Based Water Based Adventure Wild life based Adventure Adventure activity activity activity Mountaineering Sailing Jeep safari Trekking Fishing Camel safari Rock climbing Surfing/ paddle boarding- Camping 77 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

water skiing Paragliding Scuba diving Bird watching Skiing Wild life viewing Bungee jumping White water Rafting Star grazing Mountain Biking Tiger safari Yachting Knee boarding/wake boarding Parasailing Air Based Adventure Tourism comprises, Hot Air Ballooning, Paragliding / Hand Gliding, Para Motoring, Parasailing, Ski Diving, Air Safaris, Kite Boarding. Figure: 4.2 Parachuting Water Based Adventure Tourism Water based sports comprises, Kayaking / Sea Kayaking, Rafting, River Cruising, Scuba Diving, Snorkelling, Water Sports Centres, 78 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 4.3 Water Based Activities in India. Best places to go Mountain Biking in India:  Munnar  Manali –Leh Dirt biking That’s when dirt stain is good for you! Enough of riding on smooth and paved roads. Get on your dirt bikes and own the off roads on your name. Dirt biking is an extreme activity. Dirt bikes are motorcycles made for running on streets and rough paths. You have to grab the helmet and plunge your bike tires through the dirt, may be hard, and race to the world of fantasy. Make sure the instructions are followed with all the safety measures Best locations for Dirt Biking in India;  Coorg – Karnataka  Munnar – Kerala. 79 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 4.4 biking HIKING when it comes to hiking, India opens up its ethereal geography for us to enjoy and learn. hiking trails are usually difficult consisting of hard rock surfaces, off roads and terrace. It is a soft adventure sport and can be done devoid of age and gender. venture mountains and plains with your hiking shoes, poles and backpacks. explore the nature to its core by paving your paths on ways. Hiking Destinations in India  Tiger hill  Darjeeling  Nagalapuram trek  Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh  Manali, Himachalpradresh Figure: 4.5 Hiking 80 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CAVING Caving being one of the best adventure sports in India, Meghalaya, with its captivating caves is the go-to spot. Nestled among the waterfalls and green forests, these caves will definitely enthral you. So, pack your bags as you may be needing a lot of stuff along with some food in these remote caves. Don’t forget to pack some safety gear, you never know which wild friend you may meet on the way. Figure: 4.6 Caving and Exploring 1. Base jumping BASE jumping is a type of adventure activity that allows individuals to jump off any one of these locations- Buildings, Antennas, Span, and the Earth (cliff). Base jumping might involve activities such as jumping out of a speeding aeroplane at 15000 feet and free falling at over 100 mph. Figure: 4.7 Base Jumping 2. Rafting This is one of the most common, yet extremely popular, type of Adventure tourism. Rafting can be both a soft adventure and a hard one depending on the location that you are doing it in. If you are looking for a hard adventure, you can satisfy your craving for adventure by battling big rapids. However, if you are looking for a calmer adventure, then rafting later on in the season when the water levels are low might be more suitable. 81 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 4.8 Rafting 3. Parasailing Parasailing is an activity in which you are suspended mid-air, attached to a parachute, and pulled by a boat. The result? You are floating with the wind, above the deep blue sea. Parasailing gives you an aerial view of the surroundings, lending an entirely new perspective on how you view the place. The adrenaline rush will surely excite the adventure junkie in you. You can indulge in parasailing activities in Goa, Mumbai and other coastal towns. Figure: 4.9 Parasailing 4. Flyboarding Flyboarding is a water-based adventure activity that is relatively new in India. It essentially consists of a skateboard-like structure that is powered by a machine that thrusts water at it 82 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

with massive force. The force propels you into the air and you are literally floating, powered by the water’s thrust. Places such as Goa and Goanna offer fly boarding activities. Figure: 4.10 Fly Boating 5. Skydiving Skydiving is a sport that doesn’t require any introduction. Do you have dreams of flying like a bird? Skydiving is your go-to sport. Beginners can skydive along with an instructor, who guides you through the entire freefall. Go skydiving to feel an ultimate adrenaline rush. You can skydive at places like Mysore, surrounded by greenery, or at Dhana in Madhya Pradesh, amidst palaces. Fig 10.11 Skydiving 83 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.4. SUMMARY  There are 3 forms of adventure tourism: air, water and land.  Base jumping might involve activities such as jumping out of a speeding aeroplane at 15000 feet and free falling at over 100 mph.  Flyboarding is a water-based adventure activity that is relatively new in India.  Parasailing is an activity in which you are suspended mid-air, attached to a parachute, and pulled by a boa. 4.5. KEYWORDS  Sky Diving- Activity involving jumping from aircraft and reaching the ground safely with the help of a parachute.  Base Jumping- Sport activity involving jumping from a fixed point/base and reaching the ground safely using parachute.  Caving- recreational activity which involves walking and climbing into caves and exploring.  Dirt Biking- A motor bike used on rough ground, especially as recreational/ sports activity.  Sky diving- parachuting from an airplane as a part of recreational activity similar to paragliding. 4.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Learn about tourist destinations in India which provides parasailing experience, Know about the cost involved for one such experience? ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS 84 A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is Bungee jumping? 2. Define Scuba Diving. 3. What is Trekking? CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. List few Hiking spots in South India. 5. What is Roping? Long Questions 1. What are the different forms of adventure tourism activities. 2. List the wildlife Adventure activities in North India 3. Discuss the mountain-based adventure activities in India. 4. List the water based recreational activities. 5. What is snorkelling and scuba diving. What is the prime destination for these activities? B. Multiple choice Questions 85 1. Activity involving Jumping from an aeroplane a. Base jumping b. sky diving c. fly boarding d. None of these 2. Fly boarding is a _______based adventure activity. a. water b. air c. land d. snow 3. Driving on a rough surface a. Dirt Biking b. Hiking c. Ballooning d. None of these CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Walking and exploring caves is called as a. Exploring b. Caving c. Thrilling d. Hiking 5. Jeep Safari is a _______recreational activity a. Mountain Based b. Land Based c. wild life Based. d. None of these Answers 1-a, 2-a, 3-a, 4-b, 5-c 4.8 REFERENCE Reference books/material:  Atkinson, E.T. Himalayan Gazetter, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi, 1993.  Gupta. S.K. (2102) Tourism and Heritage Resources of Garhwal, Kaveri Books, New Delhi.  Bisht, D.S. Garhwal and Kamaon Hills, Trishul Publication, Dehradun,1982.  Bose,S.C.GeographyoftheHimalaya,NationalBookTrust,1976.Kaur, J, Himalayan Pilgrimages and the New Tourism, Himalayan Books,NewDelhi,1985  M. Smith and L. Puczko, Health and wellness tourism, B. Heinemann (2109)  Sonali Kulkarni, Spa and Health Tourism, Book Enclave, Jaipur (2108) 86 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 5: LAND BASED ADVENTURE STRUCTURE 5.0. Learning objective 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Land adventure 5.3. Mountaineering in India 5.4. Trekking in India 5.5. Skiing in India 5.6. Wildlife safari 5.7. Summary 5.8. Keywords 5.9. Learning Activity 5.10. Unit end Questions 5.11. Reference 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the student will be able to  Identify the forms of Land based adventure Tourism  Analyse and explore the thrill in Mountaineering in India.  Recognise the places of various land based adventurous places in India  List out the trekking, skiing and wild life safari in India.  Explain about the various Mountain adventurous in India 5.1 INTRODUCTION Adventure, outdoor recreation and sports are the most rapidly growing components of modern tourism. Adventure tourism is mainly seen as thrilling activities tourism and activity- based tourism, such as, mountaineering, trekking, sailing, white water rafting, angling, ballooning, parachuting, and so on. Adventure tourism is becoming quite a rage with the younger generation, who wants to venture into and experience the unknown adventure world. Although lot many adventure activities and sports exist, yet it is up to you, the tourism professionals to design and develop adventure products/services to suit the need of the market and in some cases even create markets for the product that you have developed. 87 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.2. LAND ADVENTURE Adventure on land can be a safari, which does not necessarily mean wildlife excursion. Modern day safari primarily has a tourist group travelling caravan style over a long-specified distance. Safari could be desert jeep safari or wild life excursion or travelling the amazon jungle where the element of adventure exists. Motor rally also constitutes an adventure sport. It tests the endurance of man and machine along with the navigation skills of a person. Popular land base adventure revolves around mountain or concept of mountain such as wall climbing, which h also has international competitions. Trekking and camping is the most basic forum of mountaineering. Mountaineering basically is tougher than trekking, as it requires specialised skills which can only be acquired by training. For this mountaineering institute has been established by Govt. of India to promote and provide trained trainers. Rock climbing is a part of mountaineering but many at times it is performed as a separate sport. Latest fad is to go for mountain biking along with a camping trip. Skiing is a popular activity with both – international and domestic tourists. In Asia, India was the first country offering heli-skiing, a relatively new sport. India as a country has a lot to offer to the adventure tourists. Professionalism on the part of tour operators and government agencies, is required while designing and developing the correct mixture of adventure tour product/service for tourists belonging to all classes and budgets. So far, the notion prevails that adventure tourism is a very costly affair and a budget class tourist cannot afford it. This notion stands contradicting to the belief that youth is the target market segment and youth is and will never be a high spender. If notion is correct then you cannot sell your product to your target markets. Figure: 5.1 Mountaineering 88 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.3 MOUNTAINEERING IN INDIA In the past few years, India has emerged as a popular destination among adventure lovers. While some adventure sports like scuba diving, snorkelling and paragliding are new, others like trekking and skiing have had quite a history in the country. A large part of North India has mountainous terrain and also houses some of the highest peaks of the world, which make it ideal for on-foot excursions. Mountaineering in India allows you to enjoy the sport while you explore the mesmerising beauty of the region. The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Uttarakhand are among the most popular places where mountaineering adventures in India can be experienced. These places are filled with verdant mountains that seem painted white with snow all through the year. Mountaineering India also lets you try climbing the mountains, considered as tough to be scaled. These jaunts take you to a height of thousands of feet and treat you to some enchanting natural views. Figure: 5.2 Mountaineering in Snow. The Indian culture and traditions have always fascinated tourists and drawn hordes to the country. Mountaineering expeditions in India are also preferred by tourists as they provide insight into the vibrant culture of the locals. These treks take you across various villages, allowing you to communicate with the inhabitants and learn about their lives 5.4 TREKKING IN INDIA Trekking in India gives you innumerable opportunities to stay close to nature and explore the charm of the geographical diversities of the country. Among the regions in India containing the most varied topography are the mighty Himalayan mountains. You may start hiking on 89 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the vast Northern Plains below the Shivalik foothills and travel all the way to the highest points of the ranges. Trails through the foothills are generally easy, and not much elevation gain will be experienced by you. On ascending higher, the paths will start becoming tougher and more challenging. With the passage of time, many new paths and destinations are being discovered and utilised for hiking. In present times, there are many admired and famous treks, which you can easily undertake with the help of such travel companies Rock climbing is the sport or activity of climbing rock faces, especially with the aid of ropes and special equipment. The concept is to reach an end point, or a summit, of a rock face or structure. This can be done with specific equipment, depending on the difficulty and severity of the climb. Figure: 5.3 Snow Climbing It is a physically demanding sport that combines fitness and agility with the mental fortitude required to conquer an ascension or traverse. It can be perilous, but that is often considered a positive aspect of the adventure. There are many types of rock found all over the world, from igneous (granite) to sedimentary (limestone and sandstone) to metamorphic (gneiss). Some courses and routes are built on artificial walls, as well. There are many types of rock climbing, each with their own equipment, setting, and surface(s). Types of Rock Climbing Bouldering Bouldering is a basic form of climbing that can be done indoors and outdoors. Using short movements without harnesses or ropes, the climber moves over small rocks or boulders. It 90 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

normally features routes with a shorter height, but still has many complex and challenging routes. Often the only equipment is a cushion or pad placed below the climb in case of a fall, and chalk and climbing shoes will aid in gripping the wall. It can be done solo or with a spotter. Sport Climbing Sport climbing, while possible to do indoors, is mostly enjoyed outside. With the assistance of a partner (or belayer) holding a rope, the climber ascends a bolted and established rock face using a harness, ropes, and a belay system. The routes in this type of climb are higher, and therefore require more safety equipment. Along with the belay, rope, and harness, the equipment also includes a helmet, chalk, climbing shoes, slings, and quick draws. 5.5 SKIING IN INDIA If during vacations you would love to explore snow-clad mountains then skiing in India will offer you a golden chance to indulge in such expeditions. With fresh-fallen ice flakes, biting cool breeze and sky-touching mountains, the various destinations in India are sufficient enough to give you an adrenaline rush. About Skiing This activity involves the action of gliding on snow with the use of ski, which is a pair of long and narrow strips of flexible material fastened under the feet. It falls into three different categories.  Nordic Skiing: In this, the binding is attached to the toes of the boots instead of heels.  Alpine Skiing: This technique uses fixed-heel bindings, attached both to the toes and heels of the boot.  Telemark Skiing: It is the oldest and original form of this activity, and combines the elements of both Nordic and Alpine skiing 5.6 WILD LIFE SAFARI Corbett National Park, originally known as Hailey National Park, was established in 1936 and is India’s first national park. Visitors flock to this park to witness the tiger in all its majestic beauty. This park is also renowned for being home to various rare species of mammals, reptiles and birds. One can spot the barking deer, spotted deer, sambar and 91 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

chinkara on jungle safari to this national park. Crocodiles are another major attraction in Jim Corbett. But, it’s definitely the Royal Bengal Tigers in their natural habitat that lure for safari holidays in India. Figure: 5.4 Wildlife safari One of the best places to experience a wildlife safari in India is Ranthambore Tiger Reserve. Although tiger spotting is the prime attraction here, one can also spot jackal, fox, leopard and mongoose. Embarking on a jungle safari to this tiger reserve lets you witness the nilgai, blue bull antelope, chital and sambar deer. Apart from the fauna, the flora too, is worth admiring here. The landscape is defined by rolling hills and crags, lakes and rivulets. 5.7 SUMMARY  There are many land-based adventures tourism like trekking, skiing etc.  Nordic Skiing: In this, the binding is attached to the toes of the boots instead of heels.  Alpine Skiing: This technique uses fixed-heel bindings, attached both to the toes and heels of the boot.  Telemark Skiing: It is the oldest and original form of this activity, and combines the elements of both Nordic and Alpine skiing  Corbett National Park, originally known as Hailey National Park, was established in 1936 and is India’s first national park.  Rock climbing is the sport or activity of climbing rock faces, especially with the aid of ropes and special equipment. 92 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.8 KEYWORDS  Southern cone – The region of south America comprising of Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Southern Brazil.  Aboriginal – It is a member of Tribes living in Australia when Europeans arrived there.  Quechua – Member of a South American people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile.  Moai Statue - Moai &Argentina, in Rapa Nui), are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island.  Citadel - a strong castle in or near a city, where people can shelter from danger, especially during a war: 5.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Learning about Trekking experience and hut stay at parambikulam Tiger reserve in Kerala which gives an Adventures experience. ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1.What is Rock climbing? 2.List the Skiing destinations in Himachal. 3.What is Trekking? 4.What is Wild life Safari? 5.Define Caving. Long Questions 1. Discuss the different kinds of land-based adventure tourism. 2. Explain skiing in detail. 3. What are Boulders? Explain in detail. 4. Discuss, the wild life safari destinations in India. 5. Discuss on India’s first national park in India. 93 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

B. Multiple Choice Questions 94 1. India’s first national park was established in the year a. 1936 b. 1980 c. 1950 d. 1976 2. ----is the oldest and original form of skiing a. Telemark Skiing b. Nordic Skiing c. Alpine Skiing d. normal skiing 3. India’s first National Park a. Corbett National Park b. Mudhumalai National Park c. Ranthombore National Park d. Nagar hole National Park 1. Royal Bengal Tiger wild life safari can be done in a. Kerala b. West Bengal c. Delhi d. Mumbai. 2. Popular destinations of Mountaineering includes a. Uttarakhand b. Sikkim c. Himachal d. All of the above CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Answers 1-a, 2-a, 3-a, 4-b, 5-d 5.11 REFERENCE Reference books/material:  Atkinson, E.T. Himalayan Gazetter, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi, 1993.  Gupta. S.K. (2102) Tourism and Heritage Resources of Garhwal, Kaveri Books, New Delhi.  Bisht, D.S. Garhwal and Kamaon Hills, Trishul Publication, Dehradun,1982.  Bose,S.C.GeographyoftheHimalaya,NationalBookTrust,1976.Kaur, J, Himalayan Pilgrimages and the New Tourism, Himalayan Books,NewDelhi,1985  M. Smith and L. Puczko, Health and wellness tourism, B. Heinemann (2109)  Sonali Kulkarni, Spa and Health Tourism, Book Enclave, Jaipur (2108) 95 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 6: WATER BASED ADVENTURE STRUCTURE 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 White water rafting 6.3 Body surfing 6.4 Scuba diving 6.5 Canoeing 6.6 Angling 6.7 Sailing 6.8 Motor biking 6.9 Summery 6.10. Keywords 6.11. Learning activity 6.12. Unit end questions 6.13 Reference 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the student will be able to  Identify the concept of water baaed sports,  state the various aspects of adventure.  Recognises about rafting, body surfing.  Outline about the surfing, the diving & riding  Explain about the water adventurous sport in India.  Describe the experience he gained from this. 6.1 INTRODUCTION Crossing the rapids, steering through the unstoppable water, and finally reaching the target point; it gives the adventure aficionados one of the best thrills possible. Water sport over the years has gained tremendous popularity in India. Now there are many famous river rafting 96 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

places in India where one can go and indulge in the sport till your heart’s content. Even for large groups and office outings with team bonding experience, it makes for the ideal activity owing to the shared sense of adventure. If you too are planning to take a trip to the destinations for river rafting, here are some of the places that you can explore. Places for River Rafting in India 1.Rishikesh 2.Kullu- Manali 3.Indus river 4.Yamuna river 5.Tonus river 6.Teertha river 7.Brahmaputra river 8.Logit river 9.Kameng river 10. Barapole 11. Kundalika river 6.2 WHITE WATER RAFTING Figure: 6.1 White water Rafting 97 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rishikesh is the hub of river rafting and there is no doubt in it. You will find River Ganga flowing at its fast pace and surrounded by Garhwal Himalayas; making the river rafting here a fun-filled yet thrilling experience. The stretches are divided into four parts, which include Brahmapuri to Rishikesh that covers 9km, Shivpuri to Rishikesh covering 16km, Marine drive to Rishikesh covering an area of 24km and Kaudiyala to Rishikesh that covers 36km. It is up to you whether you want to opt for a half-day trip or a full day. Kul River rafting in Manali is the best thing you can do there. Popular for white water rafting, you can enjoy your time with the rapids in River Beas which is suitable for novice to expert rafters. There are many professional guides, who can provide a great rafting experience. Starting from Pirdi, the rafting route covers places such as Bajaura, Bhuntar, Mohal, and Katrain. 6.3 BODY SURFING There is not much known about the history of bodysurfing, at least in comparison to that of board-surfing, which was first recorded by crewmembers of Captain Cook’s 1778 expedition through the Pacific Islands of Tahiti and Hawaii (although surfing was likely established long before recorded history, maybe even as early as 2000 BC). According to Matt Warsaw, author of the Encyclopaedia of Surfing, “Nothing factual is known about the origins of bodysurfing, but it’s possible that humans were inspired to emulate wave-riding sea animals such as dolphins and seals,” and that “bodysurfing certainly predates board-surfing.” Figure: 6.2 Water surfing Considering the surf leash wasn’t invented until the early 1970s, it is fair to assume that anyone who surfed before that time must have also known how to bodysurf, or at least known how to swim sufficiently through the surf zone to retrieve a lost board. 98 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Art of Wave Riding One of the earliest attempts to legitimize bodysurfing came from California lifeguard Ron Drummond, who published the first ever book on bodysurfing (and surfing in general) in 1931. Drummond’s intention for writing The Art of Wave Riding was to bring about a bodysurfing renaissance. “Wave riding — without a surfboard — is a sport with which few people are familiar, and it is undoubtedly in its initial stages of development,” Drummond wrote. “There are no books of instruction on the subject, and at present only a few of the more athletically inclined have become proficient wave riders.” Drummond goes on to comment on the necessity for such an instructional book: The biggest leap forward in the sport of bodysurfing, however, came not from Drummond’s how-to manual, but from the invention of “Duck Feet” swim fins by California surfer Owen Churchill in 1940. Churchill came up with the idea for swim fins after observing Tahitian bodysurfers use “soft rubber and metal bands shaped like a fish tail” to generate more power when kicking into waves. It was around this time that bodysurfers began lengthening their rides by surfing horizontally (angling right or left) across the breaking wave face, as opposed to riding already-broken Whitewater waves straight to shore. 6.4 SCUBA DIVING Scuba diving is mainly done for the attraction of the unattainable undersea world. It is one area of nature that mankind has not been able to fully control, we simply are not able to breathe underwater. Hence, scuba diving gives us an opportunity to be in that underwater world, even if it is just for a limited amount of time. Of course, the underwater world is beautiful as well, with many people opting for scuba diving in Asia or scuba diving in the Red Sea or the Great Barrier Reef, said to be some of the world’s best scuba diving locations. The different colours and marine wildlife are so impressive in all these locations that people find themselves returning over and over again. Diving underwater is something that has attracted mankind since they figured out that there was a living world under the seas. SCUBA is an abbreviation for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, in other words, equipment to allow us to breathe underwater. 99 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 6.3 Scuba Diving The air that is in the tanks is compressed air as we know it outside, so parts nitrogen, parts oxygen, and some other gases as well. Many people mistakenly believe that the air is pure oxygen, but that would actually poison the divers! Because of the nitrogen in the compressed air, divers need to be very careful when diving to greater depths, as nitrogen narcosis can occur, which has the same effect as excessive alcohol. This is easily solved by going back up to shallower waters. A more serious effect of nitrogen is known as Caisson’s Disease also known as decompression sickness, which is when nitrogen starts to form bubbles in the diver’s body. This becomes an issue when the diver returns to the surface and normal air pressure and can lead to death. This is why one of the most important things to remember for divers is to never go too deep too quickly and never to go back to the surface too quickly. 6.5 CANOEING The modern kayak has evolved from a designed developed by the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples over 4,000 years ago. Originally designed for hunting and fishing in the cold Arctic waters — inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, North Atlantic, and the North Pacific oceans — you are more likely to find the modern kayak in tropical and temperate waters. While human-powered, many kayaking enthusiasts still use them for hunting and fishing. The sport of kayaking has many other supporters, using them for recreation and exploring remote natural areas. 100 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)