CU-BSC.TTM-SEM-III-(Elective Group-B) Adventure & Wellness- Second Draft

BACHLEOR OF SCIENCE TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT SEMESTER III (ELECTIVE GROUP-B) ADVENTURE & WELLNESS BTT202

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Bawa Pro Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Gurpreet Singh Executive Director – Liberal Arts Director – IDOL © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: TeamLease Edtech Limited www.teamleaseedtech.com CONTACT NO:- 01133002345 For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY 2 F CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM) Institute of Distance and Online Learning

irst Published in 2021 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS Unit 1: Introduction To Adventure Tourism..............................................................................5 Unit 2: Adventure Sport...........................................................................................................22 Unit 3: Adventure Sports In India............................................................................................50 Unit 4: Forms Of Adventure Tourism .....................................................................................74 Unit 5: Land Based Adventure ................................................................................................87 Unit 6: Water Based Adventure...............................................................................................96 Unit 7: Aerial Based Adventure.............................................................................................109 Unit 8: Health And Wellness Tourism ..................................................................................121 Unit 9: Tools For Wellness....................................................................................................136 Unit 10: Forms Of Health Tourism........................................................................................152 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ADVENTURE TOURISM STRUCTURE 1.0 Learning Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Nature and scope of adventure tourism 1.3 Adventure travel prominence in India 1.4 History 1.4.1. World history of Adventure tourism 1.4.2. Present situation of adventure tourism in India 1.5 Summary 1.6 Keywords 1.7 Learning activity 1.8 Unit end Questions 1.9 Reference 1.0. LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this unit, the students will be able to  Explore about adventure tourism.  State the growing adventure travel prominence in India. Outline the present situation of adventure  tourism in India. 1.1 INTRODUCTION  Ministry of Tourism Defines Adventure Tourism as “Any constructive activity which tests the endurance of both a person and his equipment to its extreme limit is termed as Adventure.”  Adventure tourism is defined as the movement of the people from one to another place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic and possibly hostile areas. 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Adventure tourism is a type of tourism in which tourist do some adventures activities like as skydiving, hill climbing, and scuba diving.  Adventure tourism is very popular among young age tourists. Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing the tourists to step outside their comfort zone.  This may be from experiencing cultural shock or through the performance of acts, which required some degree of risk (real or perceived) and physical danger.  Adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, and remote or wilderness destination. It tends to be associated with high levels of activity by the participant, most of it outdoors. Adventure travellers expect to experience various levels of risk, excitement, and tranquillity and be personally tested. In particular, they are explorers of unspoiled, exotic parts of the planet and also seek personal challenges.  The main factor distinguishing adventure tourism from all other forms of tourism is the planning and preparation involved.  Most commentators concur that adventure tourism is a niche sector of the tourism industry, but there are many other niche sectors in tourism which have same characteristics that overlap with adventure tourism such as ecotourism, activity tourism or adventure travel.  As travellers seek new and different experiences, adventure tourism continues to grow in popularity. Adventure tourism, according to the Adventure Travel Trade Association, is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, a cultural exchange, or activities in nature. You don't necessarily have to go base jumping or go scuba diving with sharks to be an adventure tourist (although those activities definitely qualify).  Adventure tourism is about connecting with a new culture or a new landscape and being physically active at the same time. It is not about being risky or pushing your boundaries. In fact, it is especially important to know and respect your limits while you are in an unfamiliar area. Our list of adventure tourism activities has plenty of options if you aren't necessarily a thrill seeker.  Adventure Tourism is a term which is not easily defined. Different people have different perceptions of what might constitute “adventure”. For one person, “adventure” may be something as simple as camping outside in a tent, or walking through a wilderness area for an hour.  For another, this would be considered passive tourism, whereas adventure would mean participating in dangerous and physically (also maybe emotionally) demanding and challenging activities, such as climbing a sheer rock face or white water rafting in dangerous waters. 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Even for those tourists seeking challenging experiences, the degree of challenge desired may be quite different. Some will baulk at undertaking potentially dangerous activities like walking on a rope bridge across a deep ravine and would find a trek through the jungle at ground level sufficiently challenging. Whilst some will find another’s \"adventure\" decidedly unpleasant, disagreeable, foolishly reckless, traumatic or boring.  Therefore, the first principle of adventure tourism is catering for difference: 1. Different expectations, 2. Different physical abilities, 3. Different likes and dislikes, 4. Different psychological make-ups.  It is not a matter of making an adventure less adventurous, or more exciting, nor is it a matter of participants’ ‘inferior’ or ‘superior’ physical or psychological resilience. It is simply a matter of personal difference, and preference. Figure: 1.1 kayaking in India Definition:  According to the Adventure Travel Trade Association, “adventure tourism is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, or activities in nature.”  According to Muller and Cleaver, “Adventure tourism is characterized by its ability to provide the tourist with relatively high levels of sensory stimulation, usually achieved by including physically challenging experiential components with the tourist experience.”  According to UNWTO,” adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last longer than one year.” 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Canadian Tourism Commission in 1995 defines adventure tourism as, “an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, and remote or wilderness destination, involves some form of unconventional means of transportation, and tends to be associated with low or high levels of activity.”  According to Sung et al, “adventure tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting, and the organizer of the tourist’s experience.” Figure: 1.2 snow Hiking 1.2 NATURE AND SCOPE Nature of adventure tourism The threefold combination of activity, nature, and culture marks adventure travel as an all- round challenge. Some unique characteristics and features of adventure tourism are following as:  Physical activity, i.e. activities involving physical exertion or psychomotor skills.  Contact with nature, i.e. activities bringing contact with the natural world in general, or with specific wildlife.  Contact with different cultures, i.e. people, faith, lifestyles  Journeys, i.e. vehicle-, animal-, or human-power.  Uncertain outcomes  Danger and risk  Challenges 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Anticipated rewards  Novelty  Stimulation and excitement  Exploration and discovery  Contrasting emotions Adventure tourism is all about taking the roads less travelled. Not only does adventure travelling involve exploring remote areas and a great degree of physical activity but also some measure of controlled risk. Mountaineering expeditions, trekking, paragliding, bungee jumping, rafting, scuba diving and rock climbing are the best-known examples of adventure tourism. Figure: 1.3 White water rafting in rough waters. Scope of adventure tourism  For understanding the scope for adventure tourism in India by considering the various adventure tourism activities across the country and also knowing the impact of both international and domestic tourists. The study is to also know how these tourists foresee adventure tourism in India and to conclude at the changes which might have an impact on the growth of adventure tourism in India.  One can choose to work outdoors as an instructor or a tour leader or be a part of a managerial team. The marketing or managerial aspect of this job requires an MBA degree or a diploma in tourism. But people who are involved in the operational aspect (customer interface and all the outdoor work) require professional training in that sport. 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 For example, a water sport would require you to have a certain level of competence as a swimmer. For mountaineering, you should be able to handle the ropes, quite literally. A high level of physical fitness is a basic prerequisite.  Though the job is both physically demanding and risky at times, it will definitely be the most exciting job imaginable. To make a successful instructor, you need to have a passion for the outdoors, courage, the ability to stay calm in critical situations and leadership qualities.  Job positions are available with numerous small or medium adventure tourism companies, wildlife parks or holiday resorts and mountain lodges. You could also exercise your entrepreneurial abilities and start an adventure tours operating company. Get in if you have the passion. It’s a highly rewarding career. Figure: 1.4 Enthusiastic Adventure Tourist with a back bag 1.3 ADVENTURE TRAVEL IS GAINING PROMINENCE IN INDIA “Adventure tourism is $0.5 trillion, and it is growing at a rate of 18% per year.”  In a presentation during the convention, Ashish Gupta, consulting CEO of Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) explained that the travel industry today is a $3 trillion direct business globally. That makes it one-tenth of the world economy.  That also makes it bigger than the agricultural and manufacturing industries. “Out of this,” he said, “adventure tourism is $0.5 trillion, and it is growing at a rate of 18% per year.” The 2017 reports from ATTA suggest a growing trend as well. 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 In India, the adventure travel industry is gaining prominence. The ministry of tourism declared 2018 as the “year of adventure”. Adventure Travel and Trade Association (ATTA), a global body of adventure tour operators brought their annual Adventure Next event to India for the first-time last December.  The upcoming Pacific Asia Travel Association event in Uttarakhand in February has “adventure” as its theme. Needless to say, government bodies of the country are recognising the industry’s potential.  However, ironically enough, the same state government also banned camping in certain regions of Uttarakhand, citing mass tourism as the problem, and rafting camps are no longer permitted along the Ganges.  2018 also witnessed a number of deaths, right from the forests of south India to the high passes of the Indian Himalaya. At least 40 were cited during presentations. 1.4 HISTORY  Humans are travelling from ancient time for the searching for foods, and for many survival reasons. Humans have been engaging in adventurous travel for hundreds of years via exploration. People travelled in ancient time for exploration of sea roots, new destination, or even a new country.  However, commercial adventure travel is a new phenomenon, in which travellers’ hire a professional guide to provide a range of technical support and equipment, as well as cultural and nature interpretation.  In the mid-1800s, adventurers began to push the limits of mountain climbing and river rafting, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and decent of the Colorado River in 1869. Shortly thereafter, two key institutions were formed. The National Geographic Society and Explorers Club. These institutions are supporting adventures tourism continuously.  In the mid- 1950s, many first ascents and descents attracted global attention and inspired many people to attempt their own expeditions. Maurice Herzog’s ascent of Annapurna in 1950, Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzin Norgay’s ascent of Mount Everest, and other successes were hailed in the media around the world. This was the take-off of modern adventure tourism.  Today, adventure tourism is a vibrant, dynamic, and fast-changing sector with new variants routinely added into the possible experience 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The concept of adventure tourism is new for the travel industry. Due to which the definition varies from one person to the other.  As per the UNWTO, Adventure tourism can be domestic or perhaps international, and then it must include an overnight stay but not last longer than the year.  Since ancient time human have been travelling to various places for searching for food and basic reasons.  Times have changed thereby turning it into commercial tourism. In this type of tourism travellers’, hire a professional guide that offers you a range of support and lets you know the history behind the place or monument.  Today, adventure tourism is full of vibrancy that brings thrill and excitement in the traveller’s life.  Over the past couple of years, adventure tourism has really flourished with the tourists travelling to the destinations they have never been to.  During the mid of 1800’s the true adventure spirit stirred up among the traveller’s for mountain climbing and rafting. Right after those two institutions namely The National Geographic Society and Explorers Club was formed that supports the adventure tourism and its tourists. Figure: 1.5 Bungee Jumping 1.4.1. World history of Adventure Tourism  It is difficult to trace its origin but first adventure travellers were merchants. To brush up your memories a bit here are a few examples; Erickson discovered North America. Columbus discovered America and Vasco Da Gama found out India. But that was when modernization had not been a part of our daily lives.  The adventure travel as we know it today began three and held decades back when people started exploring the Nepalian Himalayan mountain ranges. The wanderers discovered all of this by accident. They travelled to Bhutan, Afghanistan, Algeria Bali, Nile and very 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

recently the Alps. In the world people have been going around but in India adventure has developed quiet recently. But the rise has been steady and India is believed to be one among the top ten destinations of the world. Figure: 1.6 Zip Line 1.4.2. Present Situation (IN INDIA)  In India tourism is the largest service industry bringing in 6.23% of the national GDP. It brings in 8.78% of the total employment of the country. Each year there is increase in number of tourists visiting India by 5 million marks. Besides foreigners, locals alone count up to 527 million. In US figures Indian tourism industry is a 100-billion-dollar affair which is predicted to increase to 275.5 billion by next decade. 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure:1.7 Statistics on Different types of Adventure in India.  All the credit can be given The Ministry of Tourism which is the main working institute behind promotion in India. To create interest in tourism, the ministry introduced an ‘Incredible India’ campaign. The punch line of this campaign is ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’ which means guest is our God.  Everything is not as rosy as it looks. India falls behind certain countries it faces serious issues in the face of inadequate number of hotel rooms. Until a year back India only had 25000 tourist hotel rooms. Other reason why tourism lags behind is that getting visa to the country is a complicated process. The Indian airports are crammed and foreigners do not take that fact too well. But despite all of it tourism is only expected to grow in the coming years. 14 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 This year saw a considerable decline in International tourism everywhere across the globe. But surprisingly the hospitality business in India was busy and flourishing. This happened as a result of service tax exemption and ending of fringe benefit tax.  This has resulted into luxurious expansive tourist destinations like the Kerala Backwaters or the Golden Triangle Tours to be affordable to foreign tourists. British have gone ahead and voted India as one of the top 10 overseas travel destinations.  Tourists that come to India are mesmerized by what they see here. The rich contrast of culture and varied topography topped with a huge diversification in weather is more than what a stranger in this land can handle. When he lands in a modern airport and when he steps out in the streets to honking horns and crammed streets with beggars on the roads and even cows sharing that space, the contrast mesmerizes. And this contrast is exactly what they come looking for. The colourful culture and vibrant helpful people, the lands, mountains and rivers, the religious places and thousand-year-old Yoga tradition, India goes on attracting. Types of Adventure Tourism: Trekking: The first type of adventure tourism is trekking. Walking on foot has been the core option for any type of traveling. Trekking is a great way to explore destinations. It gives you a chance in watching and of course, experiencing the beauty of nature. It also involves staying overnight in the camps and waking up to the serenity of Mother Nature. Spelunking: Spelunking also known as the caving. If we put it into the simple terms then it’s all about exploring the caves for adventure purpose. It is becoming one of the most favourite options in adventure tourism. It comprises of trying to squeeze and pass through the caves, tight passages, and more. For someone who is looking out for a thrilling adventure can also opt for various cave levels or perhaps even explore the underwater. Skiing: One of the best adventure types that can take place in the snow is snowboarding and snowshoeing. But our favourite is skiing. For the travellers who do not mind the cold weather should certainly check out skiing. This type of adventure activity includes almost everything. From staying in resort to backcountry skiing, snowshoe traverses, and much more. Snow adventures are famous in almost every corner of the earth. Starting from North America, Europe, to Antarctica. 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Free Falling: Every time the word free falling pops up, there’s an image forming in our head and that is bungee jumping and skydiving. Both of them are a part of adventure tourism. Free Falling is similar to bungee jumping and skydiving, but it is designed with fewer risks. Sailing: For the adventure travellers, the sailing might not be considered as the greatest adventure. However, the small ship cruises to Antarctica, Alaska, and the Falklands can be definitely exhilarating. This type of adventure tourism includes small cruises which are intimate and of course, allow the fellow travellers to know each other better. Unlike the huge cruises, which carry many tourists, the smaller ones help you in discover the rewarding places. Zip Lining: Zip Lining is a popular adventure tourism activity that means it is available in any part of the world. For the explorers who are consistently seeking excitement without going overboard should go for zip lining. It comprises of one or many cables that are suspended between the trees and manmade construction. The zip lining is designed to bring the adrenaline rush and enjoy the natural surroundings of the forest and waterfalls. Rafting: A famous but common adventure tourism activity is rafting. It can be considered as soft adventure spot as well as the hard adventure depending upon the type of location. To assure your inner thirst for the traveling, go for the big rafting experience. And if you are thinking for a calming adventure experience then visit at the low water levels. Cycling: Last but not least comes the cycling which is another way of transportation. Some of the travellers prefer to explore the destination on the bike rather than going on foot. It gives you a faster pace and an amazing landscape to check out. Mountain biking is also a similar experience which is challenging but electrifying. Adventure Tourism Supplier A tourism supply chain is the system of people, products, activities, and materials that get a product or service from its raw state through production and distribution to the consumer. 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

As with any sector, volume discounts drive the mass price point, so major retailers primarily market select trips that sell in high volume. The supply chain for these mass tourism products is often very simple, comprising only transportation and accommodation elements. The adventure tourism supply chain is more complex. Niche products often require specializes in knowledge and operations. Adventure tourism’s supply chain linkages go very deep, and this is one of the key reasons that adventure tourism delivers greater benefits at the local level. Supply chains vary from destination to destination. The makeup of the most involved adventure supply chain is typical as follows: Local Suppliers Inbound Tour Operator Outbound Tour Operator Customer Located Operator Travel Agent Wholesaler Without a proper supply chain, the tourism sector cannot survive. Tourism suppliers are the backbone of the tourism industry. Adventure tourism suppliers work at a different, different level like as domestic as well international level. 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 1.8 Trekking 1.5. SUMMARY  Adventure tourism is full of vibrancy that brings thrill and excitement in the traveller’s life.  Job positions are available with numerous small or medium adventure tourism companies, wildlife parks or holiday resorts and mountain lodges.  It is one-tenth of the world economy  The main factor distinguishing adventure tourism from all other forms of tourism is the planning and preparation involved.  The ministry of India introduced an ‘Incredible India’ campaign. The punch line of this campaign is ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’ which means guest is our God. 1.6 KEYWORDS  Adventure Tourism – is a physically challenging outdoor activity involving travel to remote or exotic locations with certain degree of risk for exploration, which require special skills.  Canoeing/ Kayaking – a recreational activity which involves paddling a narrow shaped boat using a single- bladed paddle.  Eco-tourism- Traveling to experience the natural environment without disturbing its original habitat is called as eco-tourism.  Fishing – is a part of outdoor recreational activity of catching fish using net, spear and trap.  Hiking- is a recreational physical activity which involves walking in nature/ country side.  Horseback riding – is a sports activity of riding horses which includes disciplines of racing, driving, riding and vaulting with horses. 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 White water rafting- is a recreational activity which involves riding on a rubber raft filled with air, over rough a river.  Orienteering- a recreational activity which involves reaching a way or targeted point using map and compass.  Safaris - a recreational activity which involves watching or observing the wild life in their natural environment/habitat.  Snowboarding–A competitive sports activity descending on a snow covered slope while standing on a board attached to the riders feet.  Surfing- individual water sport activity riding on waves using surfing boards. 1.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 Learn about famous historical Monuments in India and the Size of revenue generated from such tourist spot ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Know in detail about Tourist spot ‘Statue of Unity’ ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 1.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS 19 A. Descriptive questions Short Questions 1. Write about incredible India. 2. Define Adventure tourism. 3. State examples of Adventure tourism. 4. What makes adventure an all-round challenge? 5. Name the institutions formed to support the adventure tourism. Long Questions 1. What is Adventure tourism? What do travellers gain from it? 2. State the characteristics and features of Adventure tourism. 3. Explain the scope of adventure tourism. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Compare the exploration in adventurous travel from ancient time to now. 5. Outline the current situation of tourism in India. B. Multiple choice Questions 1. Which one of the following is a part of adventure tourism? a. Swimming b. Bowling c. Bungee Jumping d. Chess 2. The Marketing Campaign of Ministry of tourism in India is ________ a. Incredible India b. Fun with India c. Traditional India d. Cultural India 3. “Athithi devo Bhava” Means a. Guest is Stranger b. Guest is God c. Guest is Enemy d. None of these 4. Adventure Tourism is a a. Recreational Activity b. Gives us thrill c. gives us excitement d. All of these 5. Ministry of Tourism has announced this year as “Year of Adventure Tourism” in India. 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. 2018 b. 2019 c.2017 d. 2020 Answers 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d, 5-a 1.9 REFERENCE Reference books/material:  Atkinson, E.T. Himalayan Gazetter, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi, 1993.  Gupta. S.K. (2102) Tourism and Heritage Resources of Garhwal, Kaveri Books, New Delhi.  Bisht, D.S. Garhwal and Kamaon Hills, Trishul Publication, Dehradun,1982.  Bose,S.C.GeographyoftheHimalaya,NationalBookTrust,1976.Kaur, J, Himalayan Pilgrimages and the New Tourism, Himalayan Books,NewDelhi,1985  M. Smith and L. Puczko, Health and wellness tourism, B. Heinemann (2109)  Sonali Kulkarni, Spa and Health Tourism, Book Enclave, Jaipur (2108) 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 2: ADVENTURE SPORT STRUCTURE 2.0. Learning objective 2.1. Adventure sports expeditions and Discoveries 2.2. Adventure Activities 2.2.1. Hard adventure activities 2.2.2. Soft adventure activities 2.3. Characteristics and features of adventure tourism 2.4. Summary 2.5. Keywords 2.6 Learning activity 2.7 Unit end Questions 2.8 Reference 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this unit, the students will be able to  State the adventure tourism types  List the adventure activities according to its type. 2.1 ADVENTURE TOURISM EXPEDITIONS AND DISCOVERIES  Adventure Expedition is a journey especially by a group of people for a specific purpose such as to explore a distant place or to do research.  Expedition travel can involve “soft” adventure activities such as hiking or kayaking, but it tends to focus more on the details that make each place unique, including the local animals, ecosystems, and people. Mountaineering Expeditions in India. The Indian Himalayas spanning across 7 states has been attracting ambitious climbers from all corners of the world for ages. Presenting some of the toughest and imposing peaks in the world, there are plenty of peaks that are popular and otherwise. For any adventure aficionado and aspiring mountaineer, undertaking a mountaineering expedition with a goal of summiting a peak is easily considered as the ultimate achievement in life. 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Indian Mountaineering Foundation (IMF), the national body for mountaineering in India, has long been encouraging, supporting and organizing expeditions in the Indian Himalayas. This apex organization has set forth some expedition rules that have made climbing peaks in India much more sophisticated and environment-friendly. Every climbing expedition requires a permit fee from IMF pertaining to that particular peak that you wish to climb. However, for foreign nationals who come to India for a mountaineering expedition, there is a specific set of rules and regulations that apply to them.  Himalayan Adventure Institute, Kempty Falls, Mussoorie was established in June 1994 as a registered society with the aim to take all possible steps to encourage the youth and develop their interests to outward bound educational activities like Rock- Climbing, exploration treks, forest exploration, mountain expeditions, wilderness, survival, nature and environment camps, rescue operations, map reading, navigation, jungle craft, river crossing, study of Himalayan environment and ecology, flora and fauna, studies of mountain village life, cultures etc. These adventure programs would not only help in developing all round personality but also will also increase initiative and risk taking capacity.  The Institute is affiliated to and has conducted several programs for the Outward Bound Centre of India. The Institute is affiliated to the Indian Mountaineering Foundation and the National Adventure Foundation the apex bodies recognized by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Govt. of India for conduct of mountaineering and adventure programs in the country. The Institute is located in the midst of the Himalayan grandeur overlooking cascading waterfalls of Kempty, surrounded by rich flora and fauna and gives wilderness experience combined with all comforts and pleasure of mountain resorts. The Objectives To initiate the spirit of adventure in our youth, utilize their holidays gainfully and inculcate self-confidence and courage, so very essential for their overall personality development. To help develop communication, co-operation and teamwork, which can be transferred back to the work place thus engendering a sense of trust and camaraderie within a group. To actively encourage the conservation of the natural environment and evolve a code of conduct and ethics to be followed by all participants as part of a continuing effort to maintain land sustain the wellbeing of the Himalayan environment. To help develop human potential and environmental awareness through challenges facilitated in a fun and supportive manner. For healthy corporate environment, help develop communication skills, co-operation and team work which can be transferred back to the work place. Thus, imbibing a sense of trust 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and camaraderie with in a group. To create awareness for the conservation of rich Himalayan Heritage, Cultures, Traditions, its flora and fauna. To take-up activities for the promotion of adventure tourism in Himalayas by conducting Short Training Programmes in adventure sports like rock climbing, artificial climbing, river rafting, skiing, glacial study tours and high altitude treks, Mountain Expeditions etc. To help develop human potential through challenges, facilitated in a fun filled environment in a supportive manner and also creating awareness for its protection. Our short courses will initiate them in the world of adventure to explore the Himalayan grandeur and prepare them to launch mountaineering, rafting, skiing and environmental expeditions. Best Mountaineering Expeditions in India Mt. Deo Tibba Expedition Located near Manali, Mt. Deo Tibba, meaning “the assembly site of the gods and devtas”, is the second-highest peak of the PirPanjal range. Even though the peak requires a technical approach it is one of the easier peaks to climb when compared to the rest of the list. However, do not underestimate the difficulty of this expedition as the peak has a 55-degree icy pass at Duhagan Col. a considerable ice cap at the peak and one has to climb over a huge snow hump perched at the edge of an icy plateau to reach the summit. Thus, Mt. Deo Tibba is the perfect climbing expedition to prepare for any significantly more technical peaks. Figure: 2.1 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition Himachal Pradesh 24 Region: Himachal Pradesh Range: PirPanjal Range Max. Alt.: 6001 M (19,688 FT) Coordinates: 32°11’43” N, 77°22’57” E CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Base Camp: Tainta Duration: 15 Days Best Time: May, June, September, October Black Peak Expedition Located near the Ruinsara Valley of Garhwal Himalayas, Black Peak is the highest peak in the Saraswati mountain range. It is more famously known as “Kalanag” since the peak resembles that shape of a Black Cobra. It is the most dominating peak of the entire Bandarpunch massif. The expedition to Black Peak is quite technical with a 70-degree incline and a near-vertical ice wall before the summit climb which will test the best of the best climber. Due to the presence of endless crevasses between Camp 1 and the Summit camp it is imperative to use the ice axe to probe the glacier at every step. Black Peak is one of the finest climbing expeditions suited for those aspiring mountaineers who are looking for a unique experience and challenge. Figure: 2.2 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition in Uttarakhand Region: Uttarakhand Range: Saraswati Range Max. Alt.: 6387 M (20,955 FT) Coordinates: 31°01’12” N, 78°34’12” E Base Camp: Kyarkoti Duration: 16 Days Best Time: May, June, September, October 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Mt. Hanuman Tibba Expedition Hanuman Tibba located near Manali is the last peak of the Dhauladhar range as it joins the PirPanjal range. This pyramid-shaped summit, even though is not as high as the other peaks in the list, has a very challenging and technical approach. The 45-degree sharp climb to the summit, the extremely steep and arduous Tentu pass which is avalanche prone as well as the massive hanging glacier en route will test your skills and strength. If you are an adventure junkie looking to train for substantially difficult expeditions, then Mt. Hanuman Tibba is best suited for you. Figure: 2.3 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition at Himachal Pradesh Region: Himachal Pradesh Range: PirPanjal Range Max. Alt.: 5932 M (19,462 FT) Coordinates: 32°20’30” N, 77°02’25” E Base Camp: Beas Kund area at the base of Tentu Pass Duration: 13 Days Best Time: May, June, September, October Mt. CB 13 & Mt. CB 14 Expedition The CB (Chandra Bhaga) group of peaks in the Lahaul massif has two massive peaks namely CB 13 and CB 14 overlooking the stunning Chandratal Lake. The expedition to CB 13 and CB 14 peaks are not to be taken lightly as the climb requires significant mountaineering experience. 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Crossing the massive Dhaka glacier one will reach a humongous snowfield with a grand view but hides endless crevasses that are unpredictably long with frequent rockfalls and avalanche- prone zones. The col is at a 65-degree steep incline and a 75 ft near-vertical ice wall which requires prior knowledge of rock and ice climbing techniques. Jumar and roping up procedures are a must in this intimidating expedition to CB 13. The CB 14 expedition has a relatively easier approach with the Advanced Base Camp of both CB 13 and CB 14 being the same. Also, between Camp 1 and Camp 2 lies a huge glacier at a height of 16500 FT with scattered debris of an Indian Army airplane crash that occurred in 1968. Figure: 2.4 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition Region: Himachal Pradesh Range: Chandra Bhaga Range Max. Alt.: 6264 M (20,552 FT) Coordinates: 32°21’06” N, 77°33’21” E Base Camp: Batal Duration: 16 Days Best Time: July to October Mt. Gangotri 3 Expedition Being one of the toughest peaks to climb among the Gangotri massif, Gangotri 3 peak rises from the Rudragaira Bamak glacier with Mt. Rudragaira to its right and the mighty Auden’s Col to the left. 27 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Gangotri 3 peak has its fair share of challenges with the summit camp located at the base of an avalanche-prone slope. Hence, during the summit push, no steps are cut in the steep snow to ensure that an avalanche is not triggered. There is a near 80-degree steep slope after a crevassed glacier crossing that one needs to climb before summiting the peak. Mt. Gangotri 3 serves as a preparatory peak for those aiming for 7000+ meters expeditions. Figure: 2.5Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition at Gangotri Range. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Gangotri Range Max. Alt.: 6577 M (21,578 FT) Coordinates: 30°52’57” N, 78°52’05” E Base Camp: Rudragaira Nallah Duration: 15 Days Best Time: May, June, September Mt. Bhagirathi 2 Expedition Lying in the Gangotri range of mountains, Mt. Bhagirathi 2 is the second highest peak of the Bhagirathi massif. Rising high above the Gangotri glacier and the river Bhagirathi which later forms Ganga, Mt. Bhagirathi 2 expedition is that of a spiritual one combined with extreme technicalities. This challenging peak has a 1000 meters upright granite wall that requires hanging down the wall, about 250 meters of vertical mixed rock and ice, and a near-vertical icy slope en route 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

to the summit. These technical aspects will bring out the adventure junkie in you and test your strength and endurance. With terrifying overhanging walls, the Mt. Bhagirathi 2 expedition is ideal for those aspiring mountaineers who wish to push their limits. Figure: 2.6 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition at Mt. Bhagirathi. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Gangotri Range Max. Alt.: 6512 M (21,365 FT) Coordinates: 30°52’55” N, 79°08’57” E Base Camp: Nandanvan Duration: 20 Days Best Time: May, June, September Mt. Kedar Dome Expedition Mt. Kedar Dome is the third highest peak located on the south side of the Gangotri glacier and is a subpeak of the main peak Mt. Kedarnath (6940 M) which is the highest peak of that region. Mt. Kedar Dome has a relatively easy route on its northwest flank which is the standard flank as opposed to the highly technical east face which requires a staggering “sixty pitches of insanely hard climbing”. The base camp of Mt. Kedar Dome is just below the steep wall of Mt. Shivling which makes for an exceptional start to this moderately challenging expedition. The spring season is when 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

some of the experienced climbers do a ski ascent and descent of Mt. Kedar Dome which is a stunning highlight of this expedition. There is a steep 70-degree snow wall straight to the summit that one has to cross in a zig-zag fashion in order to avoid hidden crevasses. Being a little short of 7000 meters in height, the Mt. Kedar Dome expedition is for those looking to gain significant altitude with fewer technical challenges. Figure: 2.7 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition at Kedar Dome. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Gangotri Range Max. Alt.: 6832 M (22,415 FT) Coordinates: 30°48’34” N, 79°04’37” E Base Camp: Kirti Glacier Duration: 20 Days Best Time: June, September, October Mt. Nanda Ghunti Expedition Known as the “Veil of Goddess Nanda Devi”, Mt. Nanda Ghunti is a prominent peak of the Nanda Devi National Park in the Garhwal Himalayas near the famous Roop kund Lake. Though not technically difficult, Mt Nanda Ghunti is infamous for its crevasses between the summit camp and the summit along with its notorious and unpredictable weather conditions and extremely windy summit camp due to its location on the ridge and owing to its close proximity to the mighty Nanda Devi Peak which creates its own weather systems. Due to these factors, the expedition has a very short summit window. 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

This exciting mountaineering expedition is a hardcore climbing experience. Figure: 2.8 Trekking &Mountaineering Expedition at Mt. Nandha. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Nanda Devi Sanctuary Max. Alt.: 6309 M (20,699 FT) Coordinates: 30°20’54” N, 79°43’06” E Base Camp: Homkund Duration: 16 Days Best Time: June, September, October Bandar punch Peak Expedition Located in the Sankri range of Garhwali Himalayas, Banda punch Peak meaning “Lord Hanuman’s Tail” is a staggering peak of the Banda punch massif. Also sometimes referred to as “White Peak”, Banda punch along with Kalang which is known as “Black Peak” dominates the skyline rising high? The Bandar punch glacier is the source of the holy river of Yamuna. Bandarpunch peak expedition is technical in nature because of the steep snow slopes and its infamous snowfield which is absolutely humongous full of deep hidden crevasses that require proper probing every step of the way. Bandarpunch Peak is a perfect training ground for Himalayan mountaineering expeditions. 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 2.9 Himalayan Mountaineering at Bandar Punch Peak. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Saraswati Range Max. Alt.: 6316 M (20,722 FT) Coordinates: 31°01’36” N, 78°34’19” E Base Camp: Osala Base Camp Duration: 17 Days Best Time: May, June, September, October Kang Yatse 1 Expedition The twin peaks of Kang Yatse 1 and Kang Yatse 2 are located in the heart of Ladakh’s Markha Valley. While Kang Yatse 2 is a trek able peak and a crowd favourite, Kang Yatse 1 is a whole different story with its technical difficulties and very few summit attempts. The technical expedition to Kang Yatse 1 is not for the faint-hearted as it involves a straight upright ascent of a 600-meter ice wall en route to the advance base camp that involves 4 point climbing which is the use to all 4 limbs and two ice axes to scale the massive chuck of sheer ice. The route towards the summit is infested with crevasses which involve a lot of technical expertise to manoeuvres successfully. Kang Yatse 1 expedition is meant only for experienced climbers who wish to prepare for technically challenging 7000m+ peaks. 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 2.10 Mountaineering at Markha Valley, Ladakh. Region: Ladakh Range: Markha Valley Max. Alt.: 6401 M (21,001 FT) Coordinates: 33°43’53” N, 77°33’30” E Base Camp: Nimaling Base Camp Duration: 14 Days Best Time: July to October Mt. Kun Expedition Dominating the skyline near the Indian side of LOC lie the twin peaks of Mt. Nun and Mt. Kun. Mt. Kun is the second highest peak of the eastern Himalayan range and separates itself from Mt. Nun by a 4 km long snowy plateau. Expedition to Mt. Kun is meant for experienced climbers only who have the knowledge and expertise to navigate across the highly crevassed area on a glacier en route to camp 1 followed by a steep vertical ascent of the infamous 700 meters ice wall before camp 2 that needs almost 1500 meters of fixed rope and the heavily corniced west ridge that takes you to the summit. You need significant strength and endurance to conquer this 7000m beast. Mt. Kun is perfect for those aiming to prepare for expeditions of 8000m peaks. 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 2.11 Mountaineering and Trekking at Mt.Kun Region: Ladakh Range: Zanskar Max. Alt.: 7077 M (23,219 FT) Coordinates: 34°00’46” N, 76°03’24” E Base Camp: Gulmotongas Duration: 23 Days Mt. Nun Expedition Being the highest peak on the Indian side of LOC, Mt. Nun dominates the Zanskar and Suru Valley along with its twin peak of Mt. Kun. Mt. Nun is a highly technical peak that must be attempted by experienced climbers and aspiring mountaineers who are physically fit and have experience in using technical equipment. The steep and crevassed icefall en route to camp 1, the near-vertical climb to camp 2 which is perched at the edge of a narrow ridge with barely enough space to pitch 2-3 tents and the hidden crevassed area en route to the summit over a steep ice wall pose countless challenges to climbers. The most fascinating part of the Mt. Nun expedition is the fact that nearly 3000 meters of rope fixing are involved during the expedition, simply jaw-dropping. Mt. Nun expedition is what one needs to undertake to prepare for any eight-thousanders. 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 2.12 Trekking camping at Mt. Nun. Region: Ladakh Range: Zanskar Max. Alt.: 7135 M (23,409 FT) Coordinates: 33°58′48″N, 76°01′18″E Base Camp: Unnamed Base Camp beyond Tangol Duration: 20 Days Best Time: July to September Mt. Satopanth Expedition Mt. Satopanth meaning the “True Path” is one of the most daunting mountaineering expeditions in India. Being the second highest in the Gangotri group of Mountains, Mt. Satopanth serves as a preparatory expedition for those who wish to conquer Mt. Everest. Located deep in the Garhwal Himalayan range, Mt. Satopanth literally separates the Gangotri and Chaturangi glaciers. This expedition is quite formidable even for the most seasoned mountaineer due to one of the most complex glacier crossings, near-vertical climb of mixed rock and ice, a terrifying 800 meters of the infamous “Knife ridge” traverse at a height of 6300 meters between Camp 2 and the summit camp and a giant hanging glacier just before the summit. If you are looking for the ultimate challenge and want to push yourself to the extreme then Mt. Satopanth Expedition is the one. 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Figure: 2.13 Mountaineering at Mt.Satopanth. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Gangotri Range Max. Alt.: 7075 M (23,212 FT) Coordinates: 30°50’46” N, 79°12’48” E Base Camp: Vasuki Tal Duration: 20 Days Best Time: June, August, September Mt. Shivling Expedition Unarguably one of the most difficult and taxing expeditions in the Indian Himalayas, Mt. Shivling is a towering peak in the Gangotri range of mountains near the snout of Gangotri glacier. Its name refers to the sacred symbol – Shiva Linga due to the peak’s resemblance of the same. Even though Mt. Shivling is about 500 meters short of being a 7000m peak when compared to the other giants in this list, the expedition to this mountain is one of the most challenging in the world. The technical approach of the climbing route is so complex and difficult that the climb of this peak has resulted in awarding of the prestigious and coveted Piolet d’Or, the climbing award. Mt. Shivling peak is pyramid-shaped, but actually it is a twin summited mountain with its northeast summit being slightly higher than the southwest summit. Mt. Shivling has a unique characteristic with the mountain being well guarded by steep granite-like rock faces from all sides. These rock faces are so steep that even snow cannot 36 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

accumulate here except for the west flank of the mountain that has a decent enough slope for the accumulation of snow. With frequent vertical walls and rock traverses, the west ridge of Mt. Shivling involves major vertical pitches scattered with 70-degree climbing. Mountaineering expedition to Mt. Shivling, also known as “Matterhorn of India” is the ultimate thrill for the best. Figure: 2.14 Mt. Shivling Expeditions. Region: Uttarakhand Range: Gangotri Range Max. Alt.: 6543 M (21,467 FT) Coordinates: 30°52’49” N, 79°03’48” E Base Camp: Tapovan Duration: 21 Days Best Time: May, June, September Adventure Tour Operators of India (ATOAI) The Adventure Tour Operators Association of India (ATOAI) was conceptualized by seven dynamic founder members from the adventure travel trade, who envisioned ATOAI to be a strong support group that led to both group and individual profits by establishing adventure as one of the main tourist attractions to India. The association was founded with an aim to create awareness about the immense potential for adventure tourism in India and to harness this potential in a safe, sensitive and environment-friendly manner. The association has all along been working for the promotion of adventure tourism in India and to create awareness overseas about the potential of adventure tourism in India. 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

India is one of the very few countries in the world that boasts natural and cultural attractions so diverse and complex, which promises ample opportunities to explore every kind of landscape imaginable. From the eternal snow-clad peaks of the Himalayas to meandering rivers and gushing waterfalls, dense forests rich in wildlife, beautiful valleys, long coastlines and magical moonscapes, vast deserts of the west, to the ancient traditions and festivities of its colorful culture, offering unique adventures to all travelers. ATOAI today is a strong body of over 500 adventure travel professionals who are not only passionate adventurers themselves but also promote adventure tourism with the same passion. The association has the noble objectives at heart to promote national integration, international welfare and goodwill, to take all steps which may be necessary for promoting, encouraging and assisting in the development of Adventure Tourism throughout the country and to take initiative to secure the welfare of the Adventure Tourism Trade, to encourage and promote interaction within the adventure tour operators fraternity and with other travel agents on all subjects involving their common good and benefit, to promote equal opportunity for all visitors to enjoy the adventure tourism and travel facilities without distinction of race, colour, creed or nationality, to set up and maintain high ethical mores in the industry and to encourage and motivate the young population to get involved in the healthy adventure activities utilizing their energy in much desired direction of finding solution to difficult situations and roadblocks in constructive and determined manner. Thus the association has directed its attention to assist students with a scholarship to pursue higher education, study and research in the field of Development of Adventure Tourism in India. ATOAI is committed to strictly follow environmental practices, employment of the local community, social responsibility of helping the community where ever possible in integrity, learning and employment with the help of adventure tours activities and also to bring professionalism in the adventure tourism industry and foster fellowship and friendship among the professionals.  Co-ordinate: within the industry and with Governments.  Collect: Data to strengthen our projections.  Create: Opportunities for members –Provide: A platform to network.  Delivery: Through workshops, road shows, conventions.  Formulate: Policies, Minimum Standard Guidelines and vision statements for destinations.  Identify and remove: Hurdles that are holding back our industry. WWW.ATOAI.ORG 38 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The official website of ATOAI! Adventure Tour Operators' Association of India (ATOAI) lists all the Adventure Destinations in India. On the website, you can find destinations specific to your adventure interests. ATOAI works on a mission to promote adventure tourism in India. Its prime objective is to create awareness overseas about the vast potential of adventure tourism in India. The website also features a complete list of members & affiliates and has a link for Travel Agents and Tour to apply for the membership of ATOAI through this site. We thank you for visiting our site. Happy Surfing! Aims & Objectives  To promote national integration, international welfare and goodwill.  To institute chairs and fellowship in India.  To conduct, seminars, group discussions, a course of studies, cultural meetings, to promote adventure tourism in India.  To take all steps which may be necessary for promoting, encouraging and assisting in the development of Adventure Tourism throughout the country and to take initiative to secure the welfare of the Adventure Tourism Trade.  To encourage and promote interaction within the adventure tour operators fraternity and with other travel agents on all subjects involving their common good and benefit.  To promote equal opportunity for all visitors to enjoy the adventure tourism and travel facilities without distinction of race, colour, creed or nationality.  To set up and maintain high ethical mores in the industry.  To undertake such welfare activities as the members cannot take individually.  To communicate with Chambers of Commerce, other Mercantile and public Bodies in India, Government Departments or Committees, Department of Tourism and various foreign and local associations and corporations, companies and concerns and promote measures in the interests of the and nominate members to act on them.  To set up and maintain high ethical mores in the industry.  To undertake such welfare activities as the members cannot take individually. 2.2 ADVENTURE TOURISM ACTIVITIES Adventure tourism has grown exponentially all over the world in recent years with tourist visiting destinations previously undiscovered. This allows for a new destination to market themselves as truly unique, appealing to those travellers looking for rare, incomparable experience. 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Adventure tourism includes various activities like caving, hiking, sailing, trekking etc. Adventure tourism categorized into two categories. These are following as: 1. Hard Adventure 2. Soft Adventure 2.2.1 Hard Adventure Hard adventure refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring intense commitment and advanced skills. Hard tourism includes the activities like climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving etc. Hard adventure activities are highly risked in nature. Professional guide, advance level skills are required to perform these activities. Many tourists died during climbing mountains, caving every day. There is an interesting fact that is for K2, world 2nd highest mountain, for every two people who submit one dies. Figure- 2.15 Mountaineering 2.2.2 Soft Adventure Soft adventure refers to activities with a perceived risk but low levels of risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginning skills; most of these activities are led by experienced guides. Soft tourism includes the activities like backpacking, camping, hiking, kayaking etc. Soft adventure activities are low risk in nature. These activities are led by professional guides. Soft adventure is a popular category in adventure tourism. On average, 25% trips taken from North America and Europe are soft adventure trips. Adventure travellers are early adopters by nature, meaning they are generally more willing to try new destinations, activities, and travel products. Popular activities change rapidly, and it seems there is a new twist on an existing sport evert years. 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Some activities have low risk and some have high. Adventure tourism activities are classified into two types: Hard Core Adventure Activities Soft Core Adventure Activities Mountaineering Boating Mountain Biking Yachting Ice Climbing Nature walk Para gliding Camping Bungee jumping Jungle safari Alpine trekking Hiking Scuba Diving Trekking River rafting Star grazing Bird Watching Table: 2.1 Different types of Adventure Activities. 2.3 CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF ADVENTURE TOURISM The threefold combination of activity, nature, and culture marks adventure travel as an all- round challenge. Some unique characteristics and features of adventure tourism are following as:  Physical activity, i.e. activities involving physical exertion or psychomotor skills.  Contact with nature, i.e. activities bringing contact with the natural world in general, or with specific wildlife.  Contact with different cultures, i.e. people, faith, lifestyles  Journeys, i.e. vehicle-, animal-, or human-power.  Uncertain outcomes  Danger and risk  Challenges  Anticipated rewards  Novelty  Stimulation and excitement  Exploration and discovery 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Contrasting emotions Adventure Tourism Opportunities and Challenges Despite having 70 per cent of the Himalayas, around 7000 kms of coastline, India being among the one of the three countries in the world with both hot and cold deserts, ranks 10th in total area under forest cover and 6th in terms of number of recognized UNESCO Natural Heritage sites, a varied flora and fauna, Indian adventure tourism is yet at a nascent stage but charting its own growth path. The latest emphasis of the Ministry of Tourism to make adventure tourism as the next engine of tourism growth by opening of 124 new peaks definitely augurs well for global adventure market. Of late, adventure tourism is emerging as one of the fastest growing segments in India with more and more travellers are opting for experiential tourism. As per industry guestimates, inbound adventure tourism in India is growing 5-7 per cent annually and domestic adventure tourism is growing by 20-25 per cent. According to market research expert Nielsen, over one billion travellers experienced adventure tourism globally and India attracted just over 3.4m adventure tourist visits in 2015. Of this number, about 15 per cent are foreign adventure tourists. Meanwhile, revenue generated from domestic adventure tourist visits to India amounted to approx. US$ 190 mn in 2015, according to Nielsen, while foreign adventure tourist visits to India generated about US$ 70 mn. Adventure tourism is resilient, supports local economies, attracts high value customers and encourages sustainable practices. However, adventure tourism remains a relatively small market in India as compared to the West. The main reason for the slow growth is the lack of clear cut policy and regulations as well as infrastructure. Historically, India has also suffered from an image problem - in particular relating to safety standards. Hence, the facility and support staffs need to be developed to the global standards. Also, one of the contributors to the accelerated growth of this niche segment is the growing number of operators across different adventure beats. While there is an increase in the number of service providers, the larger question about their regulation needs to be dealt with. The adventure tourism industry still includes an unorganized sector that needs to come under immediate scrutiny. Current status According to Akshay Kumar, CEO, Mercury Himalayan Explorations and Former President of Adventure Tour Operators Association of India (ATOAI), adventure travel in India is estimated to be above Rs 2000 crores. “However, this is only a guesstimate as no official statistics are available. Globally the adventure travel market is valued at US$ 683billion (ATTA figures) and 41 per cent of all global travellers have been known to devote a part of 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

their holiday itinerary to active and adventure tourism. The segment has been witnessing an average annual growth of 21 per cent. However, all these figures do not take the Indian and Chinese market into consideration but the study suggests that the next decade of growth in the industry will be driven by India and China,” Kumar says adding that India is primarily and un-organized adventure market and we still need to work hard to realize our true potential. Tejbir Singh Anand, MD, Holiday Moods Adventures and Vice President, ATOAI, states that the domestic market is booming and it is one of the few segments of the travel trade where the business is hands full and operators and camps are busy throughout the year. “There was a time when only in summers we used to operate adventure trips but now we are busy throughout the year because of the demand. The Gen \"X\" and the millennials are keeping us hands full. The segment is growing at 15-20 per cent CAGR. The corporates are using adventure activities and trips big time for their offsites and training programs. The school and educational institutions have finally realized the great potential of being outdoors and the real time learning that a child inculcates from adventure and nature-based travel,” Anand opines. Daniel D’Souza, President and Country Head Leisure, SOTC Travel, says that while India is evolving in adventure tourism, there is still a long way to go. “The SOTC India Holiday Report 2019 revealed that exploration and adventure are major reasons for holidays in the country. 59 per cent of Gen Z travellers choose to travel to experience adventure sports and activities, 42 per cent of Gen X travellers also choose to explore adventure tourism with their families,” he reveals. Policy issues The Union Ministry of Tourism has come out with Guidelines for Adventure Tourism in 2018. However, it has not received desired support from the states. While few states are more proactive, others have not paid heed to the guidelines. “States like Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh have already adopted the Guidelines. Many other state governments are in the final stages of adoption. Kerala have gone a step further by making regulations around adventure activities which will soon be passed by the state cabinet. This will make Kerala the first state in the country to do so,” Kumar informs. Echoing the similar sentiment, Anand says that the Ministry has requested all states to implement these guidelines. “Few states have been very forthcoming but majority are still yet to adopt and promote them. Not only the safety guidelines, but all states need to immediately adopt the registration and licensing process of recognizing an operator as an \"Adventure Tour Operator\". I feel that these guidelines should be made mandatory for practicing safe adventure travel,” Anand adds. 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Prahalad Singh Patel, Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (IC), also emphasized at various forums on the need for ensuring safety of those travellers going for adventure tourism. He urged the states to exercise utmost caution while registering adventure tourism operators and also to ensure that the adventure tourism guidelines are followed by the states. Giving a major boost, the Ministry recently opened 124 peaks to foreigners for mountaineering and trekking. While this is a welcome move by the industry, there is a rider here as well. “This is a very positive and welcome step. However, mountaineering expeditions now require an 'X\" climbing visa to come to India and this further complicates the matter. Ministry of Tourism has promised all possible help to remove this stipulation and also to try and get many other peaks opened. India has 1000s of mountains even in open areas that remain inaccessible to adventurers. We look forward to all our mountains being thrown open in the near future,” Kumar says. According to Anand, there is no doubt that this is a game changer. “However like all good things, this news also has a rider. A person coming in to India for climbing a peak has to apply for an \"X\" visa, which sadly takes almost six months to process making it a very frustrating experience. We have been requesting MOT & MHA to kindly consider removing this and letting adventure enthusiasts use the Tourist Visa. Once this is implemented, there would be a surge of adventurers thronging India and promoting inbound adventure tourism,” Anand says. Challenges The segment faces hurdles of centralizing safety standards and streamlining practices. There is no framework that adventure tour operators must adhere to which means nearly anyone can begin to conduct adventure sports activities without adequate regard to safety. Outlining the challenges, Kumar says that Indian adventure travel market is primarily unorganized as only a handful of operators even bother to take the voluntary recognition. “Most of our prime adventure locations either fall in forest or restricted areas limiting the choices for the adventurers. The new market is focusing on cheap and mass adventure travel. This not only devalues the product but also compromises on safety and ends up ruining pristine natural heritage with no checks on numbers,” he says and adds that there are no set procedures to provide rescue and medical assistance in remote regions. “Communications are a challenge as Sat phones are not allowed in Ladakh, Kashmir and North East regions which are the hot bed for adventure travel. Also, an absence of a national adventure travel policy remains a challenge for growth. We also do not have proper training facilities,” Kumar reveals. Anand feels that there is a need to have focused strategy. “India has all the ingredients to be the best seller, but what is holding back? There is no dearth of vision, skill set, talent or 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

leadership. Geographically, we are endowed which no other country can boast of. Perhaps a focused strategy with a very strong intent is what is lacking. Globally, people don't even know that 73 per cent of the Himalaya lie in India. We need to launch a persistent campaign of creating awareness globally,” Anand says. Kumar agrees that there is a need to have a dedicated promotional campaign for positioning India as an adventure tourism destination. “The time has come for India to realize its potential through utilizing our natural heritage. We have to move away from selling only monuments and culture and focus big on selling our mountains, rivers, forests and deserts,” he says. Anand also feels the same when he says that it is high time Incredible India wakes up and focuses on the ‘Incredible Indian Himalaya’ as everyone now knows where the Taj Mahal, Rajasthan, Goa and Kerala is. According to D’Souza, lack of basic infrastructure facilities, appropriate tented accommodation sites, scarcity of skilled and professional trained instructors, lack of financial support from government or private entities for procuring and maintaining equipment, establishing high standard of safety and need of up-scaling the marketing and awareness campaigns to promote adventure destination are some of the challenges that this niche segment has been facing. Trends Replying to a question on quality and standards, Anand says that our safety standards in the organized sector are comparable to the best in the world. “In service standards, we leave the world behind. Nowhere in the world, a client gets so much attention and personalized services as in India. The \"Athiti Devo Bhavo\" is very true sentiment in every tourism stakeholder.” Kumar also shares the same thing. “A few operators are as good and even surpass international standards. However, most adventure travel operators in India are still way below par,” Kumar adds. Commenting on the trends, Kumar says that soft adventure still remains the most selling product. “However, more and more Indian travellers are now looking at harder and more active holidays. Amateur Mountaineering, long multi day treks, scuba diving, off roading, motor bike trips, cycling holidays, Ziplines are all growing exponentially,” Kumar informs. Anand says that cycling and motorcycling, marathon, travelling with family, health and wellness travel, school groups and honeymooners are the emerging segments. They are of the opinion that it is the domestic market that is and will drive the adventure segment. “A majority of adventure travellers in India are domestic. However they remain a budget market. There has been a subtle shift towards high paying adventure holidays picking up for domestic tourism,” Kumar says. Anand feels that Indians are trailblazing new destinations across the globe. “The future of an Indian traveler is not in sedentary travel for sure. It is the bucket list driving the business. Indians are seeking some of the latest aspirational destinations such as 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Trans-Siberian train journeys from Moscow to Beijing across Mongolia and Siberia, train travel in South African covering lesser visited wildlife national parks, experience Gorilla's in Rwanda, experiencing Northern Lights and exploratory cruises to Antarctica, North pole, Amazon River, Nile River, Mekong River and Yellow River where ancient civilizations flourished. The issue of sustainability does come on the fore with the growth of this segment. “Sustainability and responsible tourism is now the main objective of our business now. We have even gone to the extent of removing itineraries that do not support the ethos of sustainable tourism. We firmly believe in conservation. Our trips have minimal impact on the physical, cultural and social environment of the area,” he says. Mercury Himalayan Explorations takes pride in its SOPs that focus on responsible and sustainable practices. “Our maximum group size is 12-15 pax. Our instructor to client ratio is 1:5. We follow no single use plastic on treks, lodges and camp sites we operate. We ensure to bring back all non-bio degradable waste to nearest town. And, we leave the maximum profits with local communities,” Kumar adds. In conclusion, there is an immense potential for development of adventure tourism in India since India has all the requirements for developing all kinds of adventure tourism activities possible. Globally, people are looking for experiential tourism and are not satisfied with just looking at monuments. Adventure Tourism is a low-hanging fruit for India and with a little bit of investment and focus the country can become a preferred adventure travel destination. Adventure tourism is a space that needs to be looked upon in more depth as it does not only contribute to the overall growth of the industry but ensures the ecology, mountains and the forests are safe. 2.4 SUMMARY  Hard adventure refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring intense commitment and advanced skills.  Hard tourism includes the activities like climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving etc.  Soft adventure refers to activities with a perceived risk but low levels of risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginning skills  Soft tourism includes the activities like backpacking, camping, hiking, kayaking etc.  The threefold combination of activity, nature, and culture marks adventure travel as an all-round challenge. Basic Adventure Activity Safety Tips.  Trekking- Carry trekking Shoes, sleeping bag and trekking rope of 50 meters for safe climbing 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 White water rafting- Comfort fit life jacket is a must for water rafting. Carry rafts, paddles and wetsuits for safe travel.  Snorkelling- Never go for snorkelling amidst water currents. Wear snorkelling gadgets (Mask, fins and snorkel)  While skiing- Use skiing gadgets or poles to balance. Do not stop at blind curve or below a hill crest.  Wild life adventure safari – do not stop your vehicle too close to the animals and take picture.  Mountain Climbing- Check for safety knots before starting. Check if the ropes are properly ties to the buckles and loops. 2.5 KEYWORDS  Hard adventure- Adventure tourism activities which involves risk& thrill is called as Hard adventure. This adventure requires certain level of skills and experience depending on the activity. E.g., Bungee jumping, white water rafting, Para gliding, Mountaineering etc  White water rafting- is a recreational activity which involves riding on a rubber raft filled with air, over rough a river.  Scuba Diving – underwater diving with breathing apparatus called scuba  Snorkeling - swimming in shallow waters with the help of mask and breathing tube.  Skiing – a sport activity involving jumping and skating on snow  Snowboarding – A competitive sports activity descending on a snow-covered slope while standing on a board attached to the riders feet.  Surfing - individual water sport activity riding on waves using surfing boards.  Soft adventure: Adventure trip that is relatively safe and do not require skills and experience is called as soft adventure e.g., Bird watching, fishing, camping, hiking etc  Camping - a recreational activity involving outdoor stay overnight in tenor in any temporary shelter.  Orienteering- a recreational activity which involves reaching a way or targeted point using map and compass.  Safaris - a recreational activity which involves watching or observing the wild life in their natural environment/habitat. 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Bird watching - a recreational activity involving observation of birds with naked eyes or through devices like binoculars and telescopes. 2.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Learn about the top 20 hiking and trekking destinations in India and the preparations and durations for these trips ___________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Give examples for the types of adventures 2. List few water based adventure activities. 3. Hard Adventure Tourism Activities 4. Soft Adventure Tourism Activities. 5. List few land-based tourisms activities. Long Questions 1. List the characteristics and feature of adventure tourism 2. Explain the types of adventures Tourism Activities. 3. List the Adventure tourism institutes in India. 4. Discuss the role of IMF in mountain expeditions in India. 5. Discuss the objectives of ITOAI. B. Multiple choice Questions 1. Star Grazing is a a. soft Core b. Hard Core c. Both d. None of these 2. Which one of the following is an adventure sport. 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Cricket b.Snorkelling c. Chess d.None of these 3. Hard core adventure tourism activities are... a. Paragliding b. Bungee Jumping c. Ice Climbing d. All of these 4. Soft core adventure tourism activity a. Boating b. Trekking c. Parachuting d. Skiing. 5. Water surfing is a a. Land based b. water based c. Air based d. None of these Answers 1-a, 2-b, 3-b, 4-a, 5-b 2.8 REFERENCE Reference books/material:  Atkinson, E.T. Himalayan Gazetter, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi, 1993.  Gupta. S.K. (2102) Tourism and Heritage Resources of Garhwal, Kaveri Books, New Delhi.  Bisht, D.S. Garhwal and Kamaon Hills, Trishul Publication, Dehradun,1982.  Bose,S.C.GeographyoftheHimalaya,NationalBookTrust,1976.Kaur, J, Himalayan Pilgrimages and the New Tourism, Himalayan Books,NewDelhi,1985  M. Smith and L. Puczko, Health and wellness tourism, B. Heinemann (2109)  Sonali Kulkarni, Spa and Health Tourism, Book Enclave, Jaipur (2108) 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 3: ADVENTURE SPORTS IN INDIA STRUCTURE 3.0. Learning Objective 3.1. Trends of adventure sports 3.2. Trends of Growing industry in India 3.3. Trends and prospects of adventure sports 3.4. Trends of adventure sports in India 3.5. Significance of adventure sports 3.6. List of adventure sports in India and Risk Management 3.7. Summary 3.8. Keywords 3.9. Learning activity 3.10. Unit end Questions 3.11. Reference 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this unit, the students will be able to  Describe the trends of adventure tourism  List the prospects of adventure sports  State the significance of adventure 3.1 TRENDS OF ADVENTURE SPORTS Lesser-known destinations are on the tourist radar, not just for their pristine scenery which consists of charming brooks, meadows, and lakes, but also because they present opportunities to partake in adventure sports. More than ever, Indians are now open to the idea of experimenting while travelling. While New York, London, Dubai, Bangkok, Sydney, and Paris remain popular international travel destinations, offbeat travel destinations like Lonar Crater, Majuli, Gurez Valley, and Khajjiar are capturing Indians’ fancy as well, says Niharika Nigam, Director, Business Development, Jumping Heights. 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)