Coastal Circuit, Eco Circuit, Tirthankara Circuit, Wildlife Circuit, Desert Circuit, Ramayana Circuit, Spiritual Circuit, Rural Circuit, Sufi Circuit and Heritage Circuit. 8.21 KEYWORDS • Indigenous peoples: groups specially protected in international or national legislation as having a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory, and their cultural or historical distinctiveness from other populations • Indigenous tourism: a synonym for Aboriginal tourism, the more commonly used term in BC • Loss reduction: a risk control technique that reduces the severity of the impact of the risk should it occur • Marketing orientation: the learning that a company needs to engage with its markets in order to refine its products and services, and promotional efforts • Meeting Professionals International (MPI): a membership-based professional development organization formeeting and event planners 8.22 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. List out the five-tourist circuitsnear New Delhi. 2. Discuss about the Sufitourists’ circuits in India. 8.23 UNIT END QUESTIONS 143 A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Describe Krishna circuit and the golden triangle. 2. List down all sanctuaries coming under wildlife circuit. 3. Write a short note on Spiritual circuits in India. 4. List out all monuments coming under Heritage circuits. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
5. What are eco circuits? Explain. 6. Write short note on Rural & Tribal circuits. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following are initially identified circuits under SWADESH DARSHAN Scheme 1. Buddhist Circuit 2. North-East Circuit 3. Wildlife circuit 4. Spiritual Circuit a. Only 1 and 2 b. Only 1 and 4 c. Only 1, 2 and 3 d. All of these 2. Consider the following statements regarding “Swadesh Darshan Scheme”:Which of the statements given below is/are correct? 1. It has been launched by Ministry of Culture. 2. Eco-Tourism is the one of the themes of this scheme. 3. Under this scheme the Government is focusing on development of quality infrastructure in the tourism sector. 4. Country with objective of providing better experience and facilities to the visitors. a. 1 & 2 Only 144 b. 2 & 3 Only c. Only 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
d. All of these 3. India's golden triangle is a tourist circuit which connects the national capital Delhi, Agra and …………. a. Jaipur b. UP c. Lucknow d. None of these 4. Due to the wide variety of the flora and fauna it has to offer, the Indian Himalayan Region is among the Natural World Heritage Sites. a. Himalayan circuit b. Sufi circuit c. Wildlife circuit d. Rural Circuit 5. India has a vast ………. culture, which spans across several states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. a. Golden b.Tribal c. Spritual d. Sufi Answer 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 145 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
8.24 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • \"The Complete Guide To: India's Golden Triangle\". The Independent. 3 February 2007. • Swadesh Darshan - National Portal of India\". Retrieved 20 October 2019 • \"Swadesh Darshan\". Retrieved 20 October 2019. 146 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -9AIRPORT Structure 9.0. Learning objectives 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Airport in India 9.3. International and domestic airport of India 9.4. Top airport lounges in India 9.5. Summary 9.6. Keywords 9.7. Learning activity 9.8. Unit end questions 9.9. References 9.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • Explain the concept of the Airport • List the various airports in India. • Identify Domestic & International Indian Airports • Discuss the top airport lounges in India 9.1 INTRODUCTION An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. In some countries, the US in particular, airports also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, 147 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
serving general aviation. An airport solely serving helicopters is called a heliport. An airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up. An international airport has additional facilities for customs and passport control as well as incorporating all the aforementioned elements. Such airports rank among the most complex and largest of all built typologies, with 15 of the top 50 buildings by floor area being airport terminals. The terms aerodrome, airfield, and airstrip also refer to airports, and the terms heliport, seaplane base, and STOLport refer to airports dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, and short take-off and landing aircraft. In colloquial use in certain environments, the terms airport and aerodrome are often interchanged. However, in general, the term airport may imply or confer a certain stature upon the aviation facility that other aerodromes may not have achieved. In some jurisdictions, airport is a legal term of art reserved exclusively for those aerodromes certified or licensed as airports by the relevant national aviation authority after meeting specified certification criteria or regulatory requirements. That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. In jurisdictions where there is no legal distinction between aerodrome and airport, which term to use in the name of an aerodrome may be a commercial decision. In US technical/legal usage, landing area is used instead of aerodrome, and airport means \"a landing area used regularly by aircraft for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo\". 9.2 AIRPORT IN INDIA Airports in India are managed by Airports Authority of India (AAI). Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It is observed that so many questions are asked on this particular topic. So we are giving you the list of all the international airports in India. 9.3 INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC AIRPORT OF INDIA Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport is the largest airport of India spread over an area of 5,106 acres and also the busiest airport in the country in terms of passenger traffic and cargo traffic. 148 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Currently Indira Gandhi International Airport is the largest airport in India with 3 runways and also in terms of passenger traffic, followed by Mumbai Airport. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is the second busiest airport in the country and has three operating terminals spread over 750 hectares. Navi Mumbai International Airport will be the second International Airport for the Mumbai and will be the India’s first urban multi-airport system – expected to be operational in 2023. Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore Kempegowda International Airport over 4,000 acres of land is the busiest airport of Karnataka by passenger traffic and first fully solar powered airport of the state, Also a hub for AirAsia India, Alliance Air and IndiGo. Chennai International Airport, Chennai Chennai International Airport is one of the five major airports in India in terms of overall passenger traffic and international traffic with cargo capacity. The airport is also first to have a satellite terminal in India as T6 for passenger traffic. Chennai is looking for now a second city airport in Madurantakam or Gummidipoondi. The greenfield airport will come up on 3,500 acres with two runways. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport located in Dum Dum is the largest hub for air traffic to Northeast India. The airport has two parallel runways with Airlines operation includes AirAsia, Etihad Airways, Bhutan Airlines, Thai Airways and Singapore Airlines. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport located in Shamshabad that serves Hyderabad city and also serves as a hub for Cargo Blue Dart Aviation, Quikjet Cargo and Air India, GoAir. Cochin International Airport, Kochi Cochin International Airport (COK) serving the city of Kochi is situated in Nedumbassery and is the largest airport of Kerala, also the first fully solar powered airport in India. Cochin Airport is the seventh busiest airport in India by passenger traffic and fourth largest airport in India in terms of total built up area with 3 Terminals. 149 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Dabolim International Airport, Panaji Dabolim international airport is located about 30 km from Panjim city and operates as a civil enclave in military airfield of Indian Navy. Goa Airport handled over 7.6 million passengers which is a very large concentration of civilian traffic, hence a second airport at Mopa is proposed. Mopagreenfield airport is under-construction in Goa and expected to be completed in 2020, Dabolim airport is owned by the Indian Navy. SardarVallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport serving the twin cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, located in Hansol. The airport has a single runway with 3,505 metres and consists of four terminals for international passengers’ traffic and a cargo terminal as well. Dholera Airport will be the new Greenfield airport in Gujarat spread over on 1,426 hectares, about 80 kilometers from Ahmedabad city and expected to be operational by 2022. Jaipur International Airport, Jaipur Jaipur International Airport is one of best airport in India in terms of 2 million passengers’ category and 11th busiest airport in the country, granted international airport status in 2005. 9.4 TOP AIRPORT LOUNGES IN INDIA 1. American Express Lounge, Domestic Departures, Delhi Terminal 3 This lounge is located on the domestic side of Terminal 3, right across from Starbucks. It offers customized dining options so, instead of choosing from a buffet, you can order meals off the menu. It also has a bar that offers alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. You should definitely try out their Spaghetti, Chicken Biryani and Satays. Use your credit card to get access to this lounge for a day. 2. Travel Club Lounge by TFS, Domestic Departures Mumbai Terminal 2 This lounge has a quirky design and it is visually stunning to look at. It offers ample seating space and some of the seating areas also have individual lighting overhead and plug points for you to charge your devices. They also have a live kitchen that offers snacks, sandwiches, salads, fruits, fresh juices, scrumptious meals and much more. Oh, it also has a Business Centre and a spa that you can access to relax while you wait in Mumbai airport. Pay using your credit card to gain access to this lounge. 150 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
3. Plaza Premium Lounge, Domestic Departures, Bengaluru This Premium lounge, located on the mezzanine floor is spacious and it is open 24/7. It has an appealing decor and it has a comfortable seating arrangement. Apart from the excellent food menu, this lounge has a bar and it also has a spa facility that you can access if you want to pamper yourself. Their filter coffee and the masala chai in particular, is a must try if you visit this lounge. Okay? You will need a Day Pass or you can also use your credit card to access this lounge. 4. Plaza Premium Lounge B, International Departures Terminal 3, New Delhi This lounge offers ample facilities to fliers and it is situated past the duty-free area. It comes with a separate dining area, a spa, shower facility, private rooms and much more. They also have egg stations where you can get your eggs done according to your liking. Isn't that amazing? Pay using your credit card to access this lounge. 5. Plaza Premium Lounge, International Departures, Hyderabad This lounge in Hyderabad is open 24/7 and it has an amazing airside view. It offers an extensive food menu with a good variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. It also offers separate VIP rooms and spa facilities. Their Hyderabadi Biryani is excellent so, you must give it a try if you are in this airport. Use your credit card to gain access to this lounge or buy a Day Pass. 6. Above Ground Level, International Departures, Bengaluru This lounge has everything that you'll possibly need. It has a comfortable seating area and its interior decor is attractive and swanky. They offer a variety of cuisines that you can choose from and apart from that, they also have a fully furnished Business Centre that you can gain access to if you want to work. They change their food spread three times daily and the quality is unbeatable. They also have a printing facility that can be accessed by passengers anytime they want. You'll need your credit card to gain access to this lounge. 7. Vistara Lounge, Delhi International Airport Terminal 3 This lounge is located next to boarding gate 41 and it stands out for its ambience, style and comfort seating. Their service is excellent and they offer a variety of cuisines for you to choose from. They also have a bar that serves alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, individual work stations, a reading room, a VIP room and seating for 75 passengers. This lounge can be accessed only by Business Class passengers and Club Vistara Gold passengers. But don't worry; you can also buy a Day Pass to gain access to this lounge. 151 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
9.5 SUMMARY • The Airports Authority of India or AAI is a statutory body (created through the Airports Authority of India Act, 1994) working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It provides Communication Navigation Surveillance / Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas. • AAI covers all major air-routes over Indian landmass via 29 Radar installations at 11 locations along with 700 VOR/DVOR installations co-located with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME). 52 runways are provided with Instrument landing system (ILS) installations with Night Landing Facilities at most of these airports and Automatic Message Switching System at 15 Airports. • Airports in India are managed by Airports Authority of India (AAI). Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It is observed that so many questions are asked on this particular topic. So we are giving you the list of all the international airports in India. • An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. In some countries, the US in particular, airports also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving general aviation. • An airport solely serving helicopters is called a heliport. An airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up. • An international airport has additional facilities for customs and passport control as well as incorporating all the aforementioned elements. Such airports rank among the most complex and largest of all built typologies, with 15 of the top 50 buildings by floor area being airport terminals. • The terms aerodrome, airfield, and airstrip also refer to airports, and the terms heliport, seaplane base, and STOLport refer to airports dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, and short take-off and landing aircraft 152 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
9.6 KEYWORDS • The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):It is the statutory body formed under the Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020. This directorate investigates aviation accidents and incidents. • The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS): is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (India). It is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. • The GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN): is an implementation of a regional satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) by the Government of India. • ICAO performance-based navigation (PBN): specifies that aircraft required navigation performance (RNP) and area navigation (RNAV) systems performance requirements be defined in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity, and functionality. • The Indian Space Research Organization: is the space agency of the Government of India and has its headquarters in the city of Bangalore. 9.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss the role of Aviation industry role in Economy 2. Discuss the role of tourism in aviation growth. 9.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS 153 A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. What is AAI? Explain its working. 2. List down the various airports operating in India. 3. What is the role of tourism in in aviation? Comment. 4. Identify the biggest airport in India and state the reasons. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
5. Write a short note on top airport lounges in India. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Jaipur International Airport is one of best airport in India in terms of 2 million passengers category and 11th busiest airport in the country, granted international airport status in……. . a. 2005 b. 2006 c. 2004 d. 2003 2. Dabolim international airport is located about 30 km from Panjim city and operates as a civil enclave in military airfield of Indian ………. a. Army b. Navy c. Airforce d. CBI 3. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport located in …….is the largest hub for air traffic to Northeast India. a. Kolkata b. Dum Dum c. Howrah d. Hubli 4. …….. is responsible for maintaining and managing the civil aviation locations in India. 154 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
a. Railways authority b. Traffic Authority c. Airports Authority of India d. None of these 5. First fully solar powered airport in India. a. Dabolim b. SardarVallabhbhai c. COK d. IGI Answer 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c 9.9 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • \"Airports Authority of India\". Aai.aero. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016. • \"AAI Program to Upgrade Airport Infrastructure Facilities Forging Ahead with Full Speed; Strategic Planning Puts India on Global Aviation Map\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2015. • \"PIB English Features\". Aai.aero. Retrieved 14 August 2018. • \"Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India\" (PDF). Aera.gov. • Executive Director, Training IAA (14 May 2019). \"Indian Aviation Academy\". Official website of Indian Aviation Academy. 155 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -10TOURIST ATTRACTIONS (NORTH) STRUCTURE 10.0.Learning objectives 10.1.Introduction 10.2. Government of India definitions 10.2.1 Indian press definition 10.2.2 Latitude-based definition 10.2.3 Anecdotal usage 10.3.North India Tourism 10.4.Tourists attractions 10.5.Summary 10.6.Keywords 10.7.Learning activity 10.8.Unit end questions 10.9.References 10.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • State the North Indian tourist attractions • Define tourism of North India • State the role of Government of India • Discuss the role of the Indian press in tourist attractions • Explain the Anecdotal usage 156 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
10.1 INTRODUCTION North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia. The term North India has varying definitions—the Ministry of Home Affairs in its Northern Zonal Council Administrative division included the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab and Rajasthan and Union Territories of Delhi, Chandigarh. while the Ministry of Culture in its North Culture Zone includes the state of Uttarakhand but excludes Delhi whereas the Geological Survey of India includes Uttar Pradesh and Delhi but excludes Rajasthan and Chandigarh. Other states sometimes included are Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. North India has been the historical centre of the Mughal Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the British Indian Empire. It has a diverse culture, and includes the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Char Dham, Haridwar, Varanasi, Ayodhya, Mathura, Allahabad, Vaishno Devi and Pushkar, the Buddhist pilgrimage centres of Sarnath and Kushinagar, the Sikh Golden Temple as well as world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Khajuraho temples, Hill Forts of Rajasthan, Jantar Mantar (Jaipur), Bhimbetka Caves, Sanchi monuments, Qutb Minar, Red Fort, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal. The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi and English 10.2 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEFINITIONS The Northern Zonal Council is one of the advisory councils, created in 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act to foster interstate co-operation under the Ministry of Home Affairs, which included the states of Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab and Rajasthan. The Ministry of Culture established the North Culture Zone in Patiala, Punjab on 23 March 1985. It differs from the North Zonal Council in its inclusion of Uttarakhand and the omission of Delhi. In contrast, the Geological Survey of India (part of the Ministry of Mines) included Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in its Northern Region, but excluded Rajasthan and Chandigarh, with a regional headquarters in Lucknow. 10.2.1 Indian press definition 157 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
The Hindu newspaper puts Bihar, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh related articles on its North pages. Articles in the Indian press have included the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal in North India as well. 10.2.2 Latitude-based definition The Tropic of Cancer, which divides the temperate zone from the tropical zone in the Northern Hemisphere, runs through India, and could theoretically be regarded as a geographical dividing line in the country. Indian states that are entirely above the Tropic of Cancer are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and most of North East Indian states. However that definition would also include major parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal and minor regions of Chhattisgarh and Gujarat. 10.2.3 Anecdotal usage In Mumbai, the term \"North Indian\" is sometimes used to describe migrants from eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term bhaiya (which literally means 'elder brother') along with it in a derogatory sense, however these very people are not considered North Indian by the inhabitants of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Rajasthan. In Punjab, people from the same region (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) are often referred to as Purabias, or Easterners. The Government of Bihar official site places the state in the eastern part of India. Within Uttar Pradesh itself, \"the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the purabiyas (easterners) often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners.\" 10.3 NORTH INDIA TOURISM North India is a destination pulsating with extraordinary attractions. Endowed with sheer natural beauty and a rich cultural heritage, North India beckons you for a travel experience of a lifetime. North India Tour will take you to its historic, majestic and celestial destinations such as Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal, which overflow with attractions. North India Tourism presents you fascinating attractions like world famous Heritage sites, hill stations, adventure sports, scenic beauty, cruises, wildlife and pilgrimage sites. North India is a big hit with honeymooners, adventure enthusiasts and nature lovers. Accommodation takes a whole new meaning in North India as here the options are mind- blowing. Offering a variety of choices in terms of accommodation, North India is the place where you can stay in royal palaces and experience the lifestyles of the raja-maharajas of the bygone era. 158 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
10.4 TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS Delhi-A perfect blend of culture and traditional heritage Qutub Minar Delhi is an adequately vibrant capital city that treasures age-old ruins oozing a strong history of the medieval past. The city is often considered the first destination to visit in India because of their collection of iconic gems like the Qutab Minar, the Red Fort and a medley of other beautiful mausoleums. The bustling market of Chandni Chowk strangely captivates travellers to delve into the old Delhi city life and savour appetizing north Indian cuisine. It captures ones attention to be in the moment and awe at one of the largest mosques in India, Jama Masjid. This cosmopolitan city is also dotted with posh landscaped gardens around every corner. Basing on all of these things, you will pretty sure want to come back to Delhi more. Shimla-Queen of Hill Stations If you want to find solace, then Shimla can’t be a better place to start with. This hill station was one of the most popular summer vacation destinations in India during the British rule. And due to its immense popularity back in those days, this lovely hill town emerged as an ideal hill resort where you can rendezvous with nature. Shimla is Himachal’s capital, and it is buzzing with tourists all year round. The British influence architecture in schools and churches beautify the town even more. You can leisurely walk up and down the hills and get a different view from every corner. During winters, the snow covers the mountains, creating a heavenly feel. You can also chug along the lovely forested parts of Shimla in the stream toy train from Kalka which drops you in the central hub of Shimla. Manali-A Gateway to Heaven While Shimla is given the bona fide tag as a hill resort destination, Manali, on the other hand, is a fabulous ski destination. The hill town during winter is blanketed with white fluffy snow; you will be pampered with exciting ski activities that every resort provides. If winter does not fit with your ideal vacation plan, well the summer months in Manali is something out from a fairy tale. The lush emerald forest takes over the area, and lovely scented floras bloom making the hiking trails worth exploring. Even the gentle Beas River tend to get a little excited during summer when heart-pounding activities like rafting start to call the adrenaline lovers. The high-altitude town is also an ideal backpacking destination 159 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
with copious hostels to check in. The charm of the hill station is enhanced in the season of snow, making it among the top winter vacation destinations in India. Dharamshala-Tibetan Charisma When an opportunity strikes to travel to a spiritual destination on the Himalayan range, you grab it. And considering Dharamshala is the homeland of the Tibetan spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, an opportunity to visit here couldn’t get any better. This hill town is one of the best tourist places in north India for a summer escape, it is shrouded with lush deodar cedar forest and a nature walk early in the morning is always calming. This picturesque hamlet is located near one of India’s most popular and a plausible hiking route for all age groups, the Triund. This sole activity gives a magnetic pull to hikers and adventure fanatic. The hike starts from a small suburb above Dharamshala, McLeod Ganj. Though Dharamshala is not only famous for Triund, you can explore Tibetan culture by visiting different monasteries and also visit nearby nature spots, forts, and museums. Nainital-An Enchanting Hill Station Nainital is one of the beloved resort towns located in the Kumaon region of the Himalayas. Its charm tends to give a magnetic pull to the rejuvenating seeking vacationers. The massive Nainital Lake is seen packed with hundreds of tourists daily waiting impatiently to take a calming boat ride amid the calm waters. Surrounding the town are historical buildings that have been built in classic British architectural style. The heritage schools, hospitals, churches all ooze a spellbinding charm. It can be hard to resist not wanting to explore more. Since Nainital is a resort town, you can find grand spa resorts a few minutes away from the town and in the midst of an emerald forest. There are also a number of adventure attractions and cable cars just waiting for you to venture on them. Rishikesh-Yoga Capital of India One of the holiest cities in India and the birthplace of yoga Rishikesh is jam-packed with pilgrims and backpackers, but despite its rush lifestyle, the city will gently cradle you day by day making you love the city more. This northern city sits on the foothills of the Himalaya and is often the go-to place for the north Indian city dweller for a quick summer escape. While the city worships the Ganga River during the sundown, it turns into an adventure packed venue during the day. On the upper parts of the region, several camps gather adventure enthusiasts for rafting and bungee jumping. But if you are a spiritual being looking for solace, Rishikesh offers many ashrams for you to study meditation, practice yoga and live 160 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
in the moment. Explore tour packages for Rishikesh Corbett National Park-An Abode of Exotic Wildlife Species Famous for the ferocious tigers and other wildlife adventure, Corbett can either have you hooked to the place for a safari adventure, or it can give you an urge to spend a calming time at some of the lavish wildlife resorts. This destination is not just teeming with wild animals but also rare and amazing floras. You can come to this tiger reserve during the peak summer season and find yourself sited at the corner of your car seat trying to capture the perfect photo of the beautiful stripped beast. And you can be assured; you will get plenty of great shots. The national park gives you an opportunity to select your convenient means to tour the reserve via elephant safari, jeep safari, and canter safari. The park has many zones like Bijrani, Dhikala, and Gairal each offering splendid wildlife viewing opportunities. Enjoy wildlife safari in this national park with these customized packages. 10.5 SUMMARY • North India includes some highly regarded historical, architectural and archaeological treasures of India. The Taj Mahal, an immense mausoleum of white marble in Agra, is one of the universally admired buildings of world heritage. Besides Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Delhi also carry some great exhibits from the Mughal architecture. In Punjab, Patiala is known for being the city of royalty while Amritsar is a city known for its Sikh architecture and the Golden Temple. • Lucknow has the famous Awadhi Nawab culture while Kanpur reflects excellent British architecture with monuments like Edward Hall, Police Quarters, Cutchery Cemetery etc. Khajuraho temples constitute another famous world heritage site. The state of Rajasthan is known for exquisite palaces and forts of the Rajput clans. Historical sites and architecture from the ancient and medieval Hindu and Buddhist periods of Indian history, such as Jageshwar, Deogarh and Sanchi, as well as sites from the bronze age Indus Valley Civilization, such as Manda and Alamgirpur, can be found scattered throughout northern India. • Varanasi, on the banks of the River Ganga, is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the second oldest in India after Nalanda. Bhimbetka is an archaeological site of the Paleolithic era, exhibiting the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent. • The Northern Zonal Council is one of the advisory councils, created in 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act to foster interstate co-operation under the Ministry of Home Affairs, which included the states of Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal 161 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab and Rajasthan. • The Ministry of Culture established the North Culture Zone in Patiala, Punjab on 23 March 1985. It differs from the North Zonal Council in its inclusion of Uttarakhand and the omission of Delhi. 10.6 KEYWORDS • Accreditation: A procedure to establish if a tourism business meets certain standards of management and operation. • All-inclusive: A form of package holiday where the majority of services offered at the destination are included in the price paid prior to departure (e.g. refreshments, excursions, amenities, gratuities, etc.). • Allocentric: Of a minority of tourists: adventurous, outgoing, self-confident, independent, needing little tourist infrastructure. Enjoys high contact with locals. • Deregulation: the act of removing regulations from the travel industry. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, which amended the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, provided for the end of the Civil Aeronautics Board s regulating authority over domestic airlines on January 1, 1985, for removing travel agent exclusivity, thus paving the way for carriers to appoint and pay commissions to non-travel agents, and for the removal of antitrust immunity for travel agents. The motorcoach industry was deregulated in 1982. • Designation: The act of conferring a legal status on a building which requires compliance with specific legislation on conservation and preservation. 10.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Explain with statistics tourism fall in North India. 2. Identify & list the tourism attractions in North India. 10.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS 162 A. Descriptive Types Questions CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
1. State definition of North India according to Indian government. 2. Discuss the other definitions of North India? 3. Explain North India tourism. 4. What is the anecdotal usage? Comment 5. “A blend of culture and tradition -North India”, Justify. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The act of conferring a legal status on a building which requires compliance with specific legislation on conservation and preservation a. Designation b. Accent c. Local d. Tourists 2. is Himachal’s capital, and it is buzzing with tourists all year round. The British influence architecture in schools and churches beautify the town even more a. Shimla b. Manali c. Nainital d. Dharamshala 3. is one of the beloved resort towns located in the Kumaon region of the Himalayas. a. Shimla b. Dharmshala c. Manali. 163 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
d. Nainital 4. On the upper parts of the region, several camps gather adventure enthusiasts for rafting and bungee jumping. a. Manali b. Rishikesh c. Delhi d. Kanpur 5. can either have you hooked to the place for a safari adventure, or it can give you an urge to spend a calming time at some of the lavish wildlife resorts a. Corbett b. Manali c. Nainital d. Rishikesh Answer 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a 10.9 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers 164 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
• Mohamad Riad El Ghonemy, \"The Dynamics of Rural Poverty\", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ... • V. G. Rastyannikov, \"Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India\", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, ISBN 0-7100- 0755-8. • B. M. Bhatia, \"Food Security in South Asia\", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985. • Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, \"The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects\", Westview Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8133-7505-3. 165 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -11TOURIST ATTRACTIONS (SOUTH) STRUCTURE 11.0. Learning objectives 11.1. Introduction 11.2. History 11.3. South India Tourism 11.4. Summary 11.5. Keywords 11.6. Learning activity 11.7. Unit end questions 11.8. References 11.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • Explain concept of South India • Discuss thehistory of South • Identify thetourist’s places of South India • List famoustourist places to visit in South • Describe the Tourism in South 11.1 INTRODUCTION South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area (635,780 km2 or 245,480 sq. mi). Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges - the Western and 166 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. The majority of the people in South India speak one of the four major Dravidian languages: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. Some states/UTs also recognise minority language as Urdu in Telangana, French in Puducherry, and Bengali in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Besides these languages, English is used by both central and state Governments for communication purpose and can be found in all public sign boards. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India and the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent across southern and south eastern Asia impacted the history and culture in those regions. Major dynasties that were established in South India include the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, Pallavas, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Madurai, Bahmani, Deccan Sultanates, Vijayanagara, Maratha Empire and Mysore. European powers entered India through Kerala. South India witnessed sustained growth in per capita income and population, structural change in the economy, and increased pace of technological innovation, and reached the height of its economic and military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. South India was under the rule of Portuguese India and British Raj. The Hyderabad State ruled by the Nizams was the last princely state of India. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the economies of South Indian states have registered higher than national average growth over the past three decades. While South Indian states have improved in some socio-economic metrics, poverty continues to affect the region much like the rest of the country, although it has considerably decreased over the years. HDI in the southern states is high and the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than most northern states. Literacy rates in the southern states are higher than the national average with approximately 81% of the population capable of reading and writing. The fertility rate in South India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India. 11.2 HISTORY The Chola Empire during RajendraChola I, c. 1030 Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE. Artifacts such as ground stone axes, and minor copper objects have been found in the Odishaegion. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through the region; however, there does not appear to be a fully developed Bronze Age preceding the Iron Age in South India. The region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean and East Asia. Trade with Phoenicians, Romans, 167 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Greeks, Arabs, Syrians, Jews and Chinese began from the Sangam period (c. 3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD). The region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting the Asian continent in the East and the West. Several dynasties such as the Cheras of Karuvur, the Pandyas of Madurai, the Cholas of Thanjavur, the Satavahanas of Amaravati, the Pallavas of Kanchi, the Kadambas of Banavasi, the Western Gangas of Kolar, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, the Chalukyas of Badami, the Hoysalas of Belur and the Kakatiyas of Orugallu ruled over the region from the 6th century B.C. to the 14th century A.D. The Vijayanagara Empire, founded in the 14th century A.D. was the last Indian dynasty that ruled over the region. After repeated invasions from the Sultanate of Delhi and the fall of Vijayanagaraempire in 1646, the region was ruled by Deccan Sultanates, Maratha Empire, polygars and Nayak governors of Vijayanagara empire who declared independence. Colonial era The Europeans arrived in the 15th century and by the middle of the 18th century, the French and the British were involved in a protracted struggle for military control over the South India. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799 and the end of the Vellore Mutiny in 1806, the British consolidated their power over much of present-day South India with the exception of French Pondicherry. The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857. During the British colonial rule, the region was divided into the Madras Presidency, Hyderabad State, Mysore, Travancore, Kochi, Jeypore and a number of other minor princely states. The region played a major role in the Indian independence movement; of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885, 22 hailed from South India. Post-independence Map of South India (1953–1956) before the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 After the independence of India in 1947, the region was organised into four states: Madras State, Mysore State, Hyderabad State and Travancore-Cochin. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. As a result of this Act, Madras State retained its name and Kanyakumari district was added to it from the state of Travancore- Cochin. The state was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. Andhra Pradesh was created through the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of the Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala emerged from the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of the Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. 168 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Mysore State was re-organised with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from the Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from the Hyderabad State and the province of Coorg. Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. The Union territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahé. The Laccadive Islands, which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh and it comprises ten districts of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh. 11.3 SOUTH INDIA TOURISM South India (comprised of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu) really has a distinct culture that sets it apart from the rest of the country. Not only that, each state has managed to retain its own distinct identity. Intricate temple architecture, historical ruins, palm-fringed canals, spirituality, and beach will provide you with a varied and interesting trip. This article highlights the top tourist places to visit in South India. There are so many great destinations that it's difficult to select only a few! Hampi, Karnataka One of India's top historical destinations, the laid-back village of Hampi was once the last capital of Vijayanagar, one of the greatest Hindu empires in India's history. It has some extremely captivating ruins, intriguingly intermingled with large boulders that rear up all over the landscape. The ruins, which date back to the 14th century, stretch for just over 4187 hectares (16 square miles) and comprise more than 1600 monumental remains. An incredible energy can be felt at this ancient place. Hampi is commonly visited from Goa, as there are a number of transport options from there. Plan your trip with this Hampi travel guide. Mallikarjuna Temple The heritage sites of Badami (formerly Vatapi), Aihole and Pattadakal are a worthwhile side trip from Hampi. They're rich in monuments, temples and ruins from the Chalukya empire, which ruled there between the 6th to 12th centuries. The renowned Chalukya style of architecture originated in Aihole and the village is filled with around 125 stone temples, which unfortunately don't get the attention they deserve. Badami is one of the top places to see caves in India, with four sets of magnificent ancient rock-cut cave temples. Pattadakal is smaller but has one impressive temple complex that's also a UNESCO Heritage Site. Kerala Backwaters 169 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Cruising along the palm-fringed canals, known as the backwaters, is one of the best things to do in Kerala. Time truly seems to stand still. Indian food cooked by a chef and chilled beer on-board the boat makes it even more enjoyable. You can spend the night on the boat, out in the middle of the water, surrounded by serenity. Bliss! And while you're in the area, why not stay a night or two at a resort or homestay on the backwaters? You'll be able to feast on freshly caught and prepared seafood, according to traditional recipes. Plan your trip with this guide to the Kerala Backwaters and how to best visit them. Or check out these top homestays in and around Alleppey (Alappuzha) and top Kumarakom hotels and resorts for all budgets. Varkala, Kerala The fairy-tale setting of Varkala Beach is enough to take your breath away, with a long winding stretch of cliff and views that extend over the Arabian Sea. A paved footpath runs along the length of the cliff, bordered by coconut palms, quaint shops, beach shacks, hotels, and guest houses. Nestled at the bottom of the cliff is a sparkling beach, reached by steps leading down from the cliff top. It's not surprising that Varkala is one of India's best beaches. It sure is picturesque! This Varkala travel guide will help you plan your trip. Love the beach? Here are some more top beaches in Kerala to enjoy. Fort Kochi, Kerala Known as the \"Gateway to Kerala\", Kochi is an enchanting city that's had an eclectic influence. The Arabs, British, Dutch, Chinese, and Portuguese have all left their mark on the city. Most people recognize Kochi from pictures of the famous Chinese fishing nets that line the waterfront. Fort Kochi is full of architecture and historical sites, and is a marvellous place to stroll around and explore on foot. Check out these 10 top things to do in Fort Kochi and 15 Fort Kochi boutique hotels and homestays. Madurai, Tamil Nadu Ancient Madurai is home to the most impressive and important temple in South India, the Meenakshi Temple. If you only see one south Indian temple, this temple should be it! The city of Madurai is more than 4,000 years old, and has remained a major centre for Tamil culture and learning. The old traditional part of the city is fascinating to explore on foot. These days, Madurai attracts pilgrims and tourists in equal numbers. Don't miss these 10 top Madurai attractions and places to visit. The two-week long Chithirai Festival, featuring a re- enacted celestial wedding of God and Goddess, is also held in Madurai during April and May each year. If you have time, it's worth visiting some of these magnificent temples in South India too. Pondicherry 170 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Pondicherry (also known as Puducherry) was a former 18th century French colony and remains a separate union territory on the east cost of Tamil Nadu. It retains a distinctly French flavour and provides a delightful break. Wander around the atmospheric French Quarter and along the Promenade, soak up the peaceful atmosphere, dine in delicious restaurants, and browse the boutiques. Here are 11 cultural things to do in Pondicherry. Sri Aurobindo Ashram attracts plenty of spiritual seekers. Auroville is a popular day trip. Want to stay by the beach? Choose from these 12 Pondicherry hotels for all budgets. Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), Tamil Nadu Mahabalipuram (also known as Mamallapuram) is a beach town with a thriving backpacker and surfing scene, an hour or so south of Chennai. It's also renowned for its stone sculpture industry, so set some money aside to shop! Other attractions are the Shore Temple, PanchaRathas (temples sculptured in the shape of chariots), and Arjuna's Penance (a huge carving on the face of a rock depicting scenes from the Mahabharata). A classical dance festival happens there every year from late December to late January. Plan your trip with this Mahabalipuram beach travel guide. The many beach resorts in the area make Mahabalipuram a popular getaway from Chennai. Rameshwaram and Dhanushkodi, Tamil Nadu Rameshwaram is a peaceful little pilgrim town in southern Tamil Nadu, brought to life by the constant stream of pious devotees that come to bathe in its holy water, get a puja done to purify their karma, and visit Ramanathaswamy Temple. The town and temple are tied to the great Hindu epic The Ramayana. This is where Lord Ram got Lord Hanuman to build a bridge across the ocean to rescue Sita from her abductor, Ravana. Adam's Bridge (also referred to as Ram Setu), a chain of reefs and sandbanks, is said to be the place where the bridge was located. In this area, not far from Rameshwaram, are the eerily crumbled and windswept remnants of Dhanuskodi, a town destroyed by cyclone in 1964. The approach to Rameshwaram is dramatic, with two long bridges (one for trains and one for other vehicles) linking it to the mainland. Mysore Palace at dusk. Mysore has an impressive royal heritage, with the city's main tourist attraction being the imposing Mysore Palace. There are many other interesting buildings, palaces, and temples to see. The zoo is notably one of the best in India. Mysore is also an excellent place to shop for sandalwood, and study Ashtanga yoga. The annual 10-day Mysore Dasara festival is another attraction. Here are some recommended places to stay in Mysore for all budgets. 171 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
11.4 SUMMARY • South India, also known as Peninsular India, has been known by several other names. The term \"Deccan\", referring to the area covered by the Deccan Plateau that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas, is an anglicized form of the Prakrit word dakkhin derived from the Sanskrit word dakshina meaning south. Carnatic, derived from \"Karnād\" or \"Karunād\" meaning high country, has also been associated with South India. • South India (comprised of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu) really has a distinct culture that sets it apart from the rest of the country. Not only that, each state has managed to retain its own distinct identity. Intricate temple architecture, historical ruins, palm-fringed canals, spirituality, and beach will provide you with a varied and interesting trip. This article highlights the top tourist places to visit in South India. There are so many great destinations that it's difficult to select only a few! • One of India's top historical destinations, the laid-back village of Hampi was once the last capital of Vijayanagar, one of the greatest Hindu empires in India's history. • The heritage sites of Badami (formerly Vatapi), Aihole and Pattadakal are a worthwhile side trip from Hampi. 11.5 KEYWORDS • Demographic Profile: Characteristics used in research such as age, gender, occupation, income, marital status, place of residence, etc. • All-inclusive: A form of package holiday where the majority of services offered at the destination are included in the price paid prior to departure (e.g. refreshments, excursions, amenities, gratuities, etc.). • Distribution: The process employed to provide customers access to the product. • Dwell time: Length of time a visitor spends at an attraction or destination. • Designation: The act of conferring a legal status on a building which requires compliance with specific legislation on conservation and preservation. 11.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. State with help of statistics tourism fall in South India. 172 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
2. List out the tourism attractions in South India. 11.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. State the definition of South India according to Indian government? 2. Discuss the history of South India 3. Explain South India tourism in detail. 4. Identify and list the states comprising of tourist circuits in South India. 5. Write a short note on Kerala back waters. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. is a peaceful little pilgrim town in southern Tamil Nadu, brought to life by the constant stream of pious devotees that come to bathe in its holy water, get a puja done to purify their karma, and visit Ramanathaswamy Temple a. Mamallapuram b. Pondicherry c. Madurai d. Rameshwaram 2. South India is a peninsula in the shape of an inverted triangle bound by the Arabian Sea on the west, by the on the east and Vindhya and Satpura ranges on the north Shimla a. Indian ocean 173 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
b. Bay of Bengal c. Pacific ocean d. None of these 3. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of and the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history and culture in those regions. a. North India b. South India c. East India d. West India 4. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the economies of states have registered higher than national average growth over the past three decades. a. South India b. North India c. East India d. West India 5. The fertility rate in South India is , the lowest of all regions in India. a. 1.9 b. 1.10 c. 1.14 d. 1.13 174 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Answer 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a 11.8 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • Ralhan, O.P. (2002). Encyclopedia of Political Parties. Print House. pp. 180–199. ISBN 978-81-7488-287-5. • Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non- Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929 (PDF). University of California Press. OCLC 249254802. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. • Wyatt, A.K.J. (2002). \"New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu\". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 42 (5): 733–753. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733. hdl:1983/1811. • Hasan, Zoya (2 February 2003). \"The democratisation of politics\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008. 175 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -12TOURIST ATTRACTIONS (NORTH EAST) STRUCTURE 12.0. Learning objectives 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Brief History 12.3. Tourists places in North East India 12.4. Summary 12.5. Keywords 12.6. Learning activity 12.7. Unit end questions 12.8. References 12.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • DescribeNorth East tourist circuits • Explain the history of North East • Identify different North East states • Discuss North East tourism. 12.1 INTRODUCTION Northeast India (officially North Eastern Region, NER) is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political administrative division of the country. It comprises eight states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. The region shares an international border of 5,182 kilometres (3,220 mi) (about 99 percent of its total geographical boundary) with several neighbouring countries – 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) with Tibet Autonomous Region, China in the north, 1,640 kilometres (1,020 mi) with Myanmar in the east, 1,596 kilometres (992 mi) with Bangladesh in the south-west, 97 kilometres (60 mi) with Nepal in the west, and 455 176 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
kilometres (283 mi) with Bhutan in the north-west. It comprises an area of 262,230 square kilometres (101,250 sq. mi), almost 8 percent of that of India, and is one of the largest salient (panhandles) in the world. The states of North Eastern Region are officially recognised under the North Eastern Council (NEC),[3] constituted in 1971 as the acting agency for the development of the north eastern states. Long after induction of NEC, Sikkim formed part of the North Eastern Region as the eighth state in 2002.[4][5] India's Look-East connectivity projects connect Northeast India to East Asia and ASEAN. Guwahati city in Assam is called the Gateway to the North East and is the largest metropolis in North East India. 12.2 BRIEF HISTORY The earliest settlers may have been Austroasiatic languages speakers from Southeast Asia, followed by Tibeto-Burmese from China and by 500 B.C. Indo-Aryans speakers from Gangetic Plains. Due to the bio- and crop diversity of the region, archaeological researchers believe that early settlers of Northeast India had domesticated several important plants. Writers believe that the 100 BC writings of Chinese explorer, Zhang Qian indicate an early trade route via Northeast India. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention a people called Sêsatai in the region, who produced malabathron, so prized in the old world. In the early historical period (most of first millennium), Kamarupa straddled most of present- day Northeast India, besides Bhutan and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Xuanzang, a travelling Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Kamarupa in the 7th century. He described the people as \"short in stature and black-looking\", whose speech differed a little from mid-India and who were of simple but violent disposition. He wrote that the people in Kamarupa knew of Sichuan, which lay to the kingdom's east beyond a treacherous mountain. The north-eastern states were established during the British Raj of the 19th and early 20th centuries, when they became relatively isolated from traditional trading partners such as Bhutan and Myanmar. Many of the peoples in present-day Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland converted to Christianity under the influence of British (Welsh) missionaries. 12.3 TOURISTS PLACES IN NORTH EAST INDIA Kaziranga National Park One of the best places to visit in north east India is Kaziranga National Park. Declared a UNESCO Heritage Site, the National Park is home to the one horned rhinos which attract tourists from all over the world. Spotting a one-horned rhinoceros in its stomping yard is an experience that you can live to tell your grandchildren. It will be unlike any lore ever told. 177 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
While you’re out and about in this scenic land, don’t forget to spot the various other species around for a unique wildlife experience! Tawang Monastery One of the best places to visit when travelling to North East is Tawang Monastery. Situated at a height of 10,000 feet in Arunachal Pradesh, Tawang Monastery gives a breathtaking view of the valley. Home to 450 monks, this is the perfect place to visit for a surreal experience. You can also sit and just admire the captivating view of the Tawand River in the evening. Ziro Valley The Ziro Valley is one of the best places to see in North East as it presents you with some memorable views that are going to be etched in your memory forever. Though, the valley is most famous for its three day and night rock concert, which is held annually towards the end of September. Being a part of the event will give you an experience of your lifetime. This surely tops the list of best north east tourist places! Nathu La Pass The name of the pass translates to “listening ears”. The trek on the Nathu La pass is one of the major highlights of the North East tourism as it gives an invigorating feeling to every traveler who experiences it. During the trek, you are treated to the views that remain ingrained in your memory for a lifetime, and you get to spot some beautiful lakes on the way. This is one of the most popular tourist places in north east India that you ought to include to your itinerary. Siang River – River Rafting A tributary of the Brahmaputra River, it has inherited its ferocity from its mother as well. It serves as a home to the Adi Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh and is the best place to visit in North East. River rafting in the Siang River is a major attraction. It is certainly one adventure that you should undertake with your friends. The thrill of the Grade III and Grade IV rivers make it worth it. Gorichen Peak The Gorichen Peak is located at 6,500 meters above sea level, and is best tourist place in north east to visit in February. It is still considered to be one of the more climbable peaks for a thrilling experience. The beauty of the scenes and the ecstasy you feel when you’ve scaled this huge mountain is absolutely worth imagining until you actually climb it. Nuranang Falls 178 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Also known as the Bong Bong falls, these are 100 meters in height. The serenity of this place is best enjoyed with someone by your side. So, if you’re planning a romantic trip to the North East, make sure you add this place to your itinerary. The falls are renowned for giving a feeling of serendipity to any couple that heads there. So, don’t miss out on one of the most charming places to visit in north east India for honeymoon! Cherrapunji The wettest place in the world finds its home in Meghalaya. While Cherrapunji is famous for its living root bridges, formed due to incessant rain, it is also popular for being one of the best Northeast India destinations for a holiday. You can also set up a camp underneath these bridges and live close to nature like never before! What else would you want to call this the best city in north east India? You will find a number of homestays in Cherrapunji if you wish to stay here for longer. Jaintia Hills Located in the heart of Meghalaya, Jaintia Hills are stuffed with limestone deposits and are one of the top north east tourist attractions. The hills have a number of caves for the explorer in you to enjoy and soothe your mind. Spelunking in these caves can lead you to a number of shallow and some long caves, making it an adventurous attraction in the region. Though, it’s best to have company during this adventure for a memorable experience. Madhuri Lake Named after the famous Indian actress, Madhuri Dixit, the lake is one of the best places to see in the North East. Though, it was erstwhile known as Shungaster Lake. A little army cafeteria near the lake serves up some delicious momos, which you can enjoy while soaking the peace around. And believe us, with the calming view of the lake providing respite, the momos will taste a tad better. 12.4 SUMMARY • The north-east (NE) region of India lags behind the rest of the country in several development indicators. Although infrastructure has developed over the years, the region has to go a long way to level up the national standard. The total road network of about 377 thousand km of NE contributes about 9.94 per cent of the total roads in the country. Road density in terms of road length per thousand km2. area is very poor in hilly state of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Sikkim, while it is significantly high in Tripura and Assam. The road length per 100 km2 area in NE districts varies from as less as below 10 km (in Arunachal Pradesh) to more than 200 179 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
km (in Tripura). • Other means of transport such as rail, air and water is insignificant in NE (except Assam); however, a few cities of these states having direct air connectivity in the region. The total railway network in the NE is 2602 km (as on 2011), which is only about 4 per cent of the total rail network of the country. Constructions of roads build the road map for development and road is the only means of mass transport for the entire NE of India. Due to hilly terrain and varied altitudes, rail transport is mainly confined to Assam and water transport is almost non-existent. India's road network has benefited greatly from the articulation of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP). • The Ministry has formulated the Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North East (SARDP-NE) for the development/improvement of more than 10,000 km roads in the NE states 12.5 KEYWORDS • Sikkim: is a state in northeastern India. It borders Tibet in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. • A sobriquet or soubriquet: is a nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another and being descriptive in nature. • Mean sea level (MSL): is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. • Imphal: is the capital city of the Indian state of Manipur. The metropolitan centre of the city contains the ruins of Kangla Palace, the royal seat of the former Kingdom of Manipur, • Montane ecosystems: are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affect the ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. 12.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. State the tourism foot fall in India with help of available statistics. 2. List out the tourism attractions in North East India. 180 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
12.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Question 1. State the definition of North East India according to Indian government? 2. Discuss the brief history of NER. 3. Explain the North East India tourism in detail. 4. Describe the significance of Ziro valley. 5. State the significance of cherrapunji as a tourist destination. B. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1. The Gorichen Peak is located at ……………. meters above sea level, and is best tourist place in north east to visit in February. a. 6565 b. 7500 c. 1200 d. 6500 2. The wettest place in the world finds its home in Meghalaya. a. Cherrapunji b. Jaintain Hills c. Madhurai d. Nuranang 181 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
3. Declared a UNESCO Heritage Site, the National Park is home to the one horned rhinos which attract tourists from all over the world. a. Kaziranga National Park b. Corbet national park c. Tawang monastery d. Ziro valley 4. The name of the pass translates to “listening ears”. a. Siang river b. Gorichen peak c. Nathu la pass d. Kaziranga 5. Named after the famous Indian actress, Madhuri Dixit, the lake is one of the best places to see in the North East. a. Madhurai b. Madhuri c. Madhu d. None of these Answer 1. d 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. b 12.8 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism 182 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • Mohamad Riad El Ghonemy, \"The Dynamics of Rural Poverty\", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ... • V. G. Rastyannikov, \"Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India\", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, ISBN 0-7100- 0755-8. • B. M. Bhatia, \"Food Security in South Asia\", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985. • Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, \"The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects\", Westview Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8133-7505-3. 183 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -13TOURIST ATTRACTIONS (WEST) STRUCTURE 13.0. Learning objectives 13.1. Introduction 13.2. History 13.3. Culture 13.4. West India Tourism 13.5. Tourism Attractions In West India 13.6. Central India Tourism 13.7. Tourism Attractions In Central India 13.8. Summary 13.9. Keywords 13.10. Learning activity 13.11. Unit end questions 13.12. References 13.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • Explain tourism in West India. • Discuss the history and culture of West India • Identify the tourist circuits of West India • Describe tourism in Central India • List the tourist attractions in Central India 13.1 INTRODUCTION Western India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of its western part. The Ministry of Home Affairs in its Western Zonal Council Administrative division includes the states of Goa, Gujarat, and Maharashtra along with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, while the Ministry of Culture and some historians also include the state of Rajasthan. The Geological Survey of India includes Maharashtra but excludes Rajasthan whereas Ministry of Minority Affairs includes Karnataka but excludes Rajasthan. Madhya Pradesh is also often included and Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and southern 184 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Punjab are sometimes included. Western India may also refer to the western half of India, i.e. all the states west of Delhi and Chennai, thus also including Punjab, Kerala and surrounding states. The region is highly industrialised, with a large urban population. Roughly, western India is bounded by the Thar Desert in the north, the Vindhya Range in the east and north and the Arabian Sea in the west. A major portion of Western India shares the Thar Desert with North India and Pakistan and the Deccan Plateau with South and Central India. In ancient history, Western India was divided into three great states according to HwenThsang, namely Sindh (which comprised the whole valley of the Indus from the Punjab to the sea, including the Delta and the island of Kutch), Gurjara (which comprised Western Rajputana and the Indian Desert), and Balabhi (which comprised the peninsula of Gujarat, with a small portion of the adjacent coast). Before the partition of India, the now-Pakistani territories of Sindh and Balochistan were also included in this region. In art history, the term normally covers just Gujarat and Rajasthan, which tend to move together in terms of style. 13.2 HISTORY Parts of Gujarat were the site of Indus Valley Civilization. Places have been uncovered in Gujarat at Lothal, Surkotada, and around Ghaggarriver in Rajasthan. The Western Indian region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta Empire, the Maurya Empire, the Gupta Empire, Gurjars, Rajputs, Satavahanas, Western Satraps, Indo Greeks, Kadambas etc. in the ancient’s times. During the medieval age, the area was under the rule of the Vaghela dynasty, the Gujarat Sultanate, and the Delhi Sultanate. Thereafter, the area was under Mughal rule. Later, the Maratha Empire which arose in western Maharashtra came to dominate a major portion of the Indian sub-continent. However its defeat by the British in the Anglo-Maratha wars left most of India under colonial rule. The region then experienced great upheavals during the struggle for Indian Independence. Gandhi's Dandi March took place in Gujarat. The region became part of independent India in 1947, and the present state boundaries were drawn based on linguistic considerations in 1956. 13.3 CULTURE Maharashtrian culture derives from the ancient Hindu Vedic culture influenced deeply by the Maratha Empire. Maharashtrians take great pride in the Maratha Empire, and many places in Maharashtra are named after the founder of the Empire, Shivaji. Marathi literature and cinema are popular in the state as well as across India. Bollywood has had a huge impact on the lifestyle and culture of this part of India as the industry is primarily located in Mumbai. Gujarati culture is a blend of Indian culture and foreign influence. It has been influenced by the Parsis, who migrated to Gujarat from Persia about a 1000 years ago. Gujarat also saw Turkic and Mughal conquests, as well as a constant stream of back and forth migrations to 185 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
and from Sindh and Rajasthan, which helped shape the unique cultural landscape of the state. Cultural Events like RannUtsav, International Kite Festival and Global Garba festivals have been started in Gujarat to showcase its culture internationally. Goa's culture is a unique blend of Indian and Portuguese cultures, as a result of it formerly being part of Portuguese India for 450 years. The state is popular amongst tourists for its beaches, Goan cuisine, temples, churches and architecture. The Churches and Convents of Goa have been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. 13.4 WEST INDIA TOURISM Western India comprises of the states of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and the union territoryof Daman and Diu. It is primarily famous for places like Mumbai, Goa, Rann of Kutch, the cave temples ofAjanta and Ellora and the Wildlife Sanctuaries in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Boasting of a rich cultural heritage, this part of the country houses some exemplary tourist sites including magnificent monuments,which are embodiments of the glorious architectural heritage of ancient India. Besides, the temperate climate in west India supports the growth of uniquely varied flora and fauna. Hence, some of the finest and bestknown wildlife sanctuaries are located in West India. The third largest state in India, Maharashtra overlooks the Arabian Sea and forms an integral part of West India. This coastal state presents a fine blend of tradition and modernity, and is home to several enchanting tourist attractions. Prominent monuments include the Gateway of India, Mumbai; Elephanta Caves, Mumbai,Aga Khan Palace, Pune; Aurangabad Caves; and the rock cut caves at Ajanta and Ellora. This World Heritage Site is renowned for its monumental caves built by the Rashtrakutas and other ruling dynasties of ancientSouth India. Lying on the western coast of India, Goa is an endearing abode of scenic charm and beauty. A vacationer’s paradise, Goa presents an exhilarating combination of an unending expanse of spectacular beaches, sensuous golden sands, rich cultural heritage, varied flora and fauna, beautiful churches and magnificent temples. You simply don't need to look beyond the magical land of Goa for the perfect holiday, be it fun, adventure, sunshine, spirituality or just relaxation. Madhya Pradesh is often called the heart of India with a landscape of plateaus, river valleys, hills, and forests. For the visitor, the highlight of Madhya Pradesh is the three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the 9th-10th century temples at Khajuraho known for their erotic carvings, remains of the 3rd century BC - 7th century AD Buddhist settlement at Sanchi and the cavepaintings dating to 8000 BC at Bhimbetka. No West India tour can be complete without a visit to the coastal state of Gujarat which flaunts the longest coastline (1290 km) in India. Home to some of the foremost tourist places in West India, Gujarat is known for its ancient temples, spectacular beaches, colorful people and the rich cultural heritage. The home state of Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the nation, Gujarat boasts of 186 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
beautiful temples, sunny beaches, the Rann ofKutch, several historic sites, well planned cities, national parks and sanctuaries. 13.5 TOURISM ATTRACTIONS IN WEST INDIA Ahmedabad To experience the world-famous Gujarati hospitality, choose Ahmedabad which is known as ‘the Manchester of the East’ for its well-established textile industry. Architectural spectacles like Hathi Singh Jain Temple, Akshardham Temple and Jama Masjid shall leave you spellbound, while Gandhi Ashram allows you to soak in extraordinary peace. Kankaria Lake, Sabarmati Riverfront and Kamla Nehru Zoo are some great spots for recreation and Calico Textile Museum and Auto World Vintage Car Museum promise unique expeditions. Don’t miss the hand-embroidered and tied and dyed clothes and pottery items and scrumptious Gujarati thali. Visiting during Navratri (October) would introduce you to the grand scale festive celebrations. Ajanta and Ellora The World Heritage Sites of Ajanta and Ellora Caves in Maharashtra flaunt the unmatched rock-cut architecture at its best. While the former boasts of nearly 30 caves (built between 2nd century BCE and 7th century CE) displaying Buddhist religious art, the latter is a group of 34 Hindu, Buddhist and Jain caves (built between 6th and 9th centuries). The magnificent carvings illustrate the unparalleled craftsmanship of the highest degree. Lush green forests surrounding the caves add to the overall grandeur of these sites. Amboli Hidden in the Sahyadri Hills of Western Ghats, Amboli is a relatively less explored hill station of West India. Keeping away from a crowd, urbanisation and pollution, it is designated as one of the world’s Eco Hotspots due to soothing weather, comforting environs and adequate greenery spread all around. Waterfalls and vantage points are in plenty and one can also enjoy moderate-level trekking here. Don’t miss buying the attractive wooden toys that are handmade in the region. Dandeli National Park Though located in the state of Karnataka, this amazing tourist attraction can be easily counted in the list of West India tourist places for being close to the Maharashtra state border. Why not? Won’t you like to visit this paradise fed by River Kali which also arranges for activities like coracle riding, crocodile sighting, rafting, canoeing and kayaking. The exotic wildlife, including elephants, black panthers, giant Malabar squirrels and some splendid varieties of 187 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
hornbills, too is an irresistible reason to be there. Trekking, rock climbing and mountain biking are other inspirations especially if you are an adventurer. Diu Despite being a small island, Diu offers entertainment big size. It allows holidaymakers to take a pleasant break from the neighbouring dry state of Gujarat and indulge into boozing and partying at the seafront. As it served as a Portuguese colony for more than 400 years, it is not surprising to find the place bearing European influence. Portuguese forts, churches and buildings continue to dominate the island while the lively beaches of Jalandhar, Ghoghla and Nagoa arrange some invigorating fun and moments. Don’t miss the mouth-watering seafood and visiting the Sea Shell Museum. Dwarka What could be better than visiting the kingdom of Lord Krishna? Dwarka, counted among the four most sacred Hindu pilgrimage destinations collectively called Char Dham, hosts Dwarkadheesh Temple. Apart from being an architectural masterpiece, the temple is an epitome of immeasurable serenity. The holy town on the bank of River Gomti is also famous for Bet Dwarka (an island where Krishna resided), Rukmani Temple, Gopi Pond and NageshwarMahadev Temple. Take a holy dip in Gomti and attend the hypnotic morning prayers to connect with the almighty. Gir National Park The powerful and royal Asiatic Lions that once ruled the Indian jungles are now sadly confined to Gir National Park, the last abode of the species on the planet. However, the experience of encountering this gorgeous specie in natural habitat is something beyond any description. Leopards, golden jackals, desert cats, sambar, four-horned antelope and many other animals, as well as more than 300 species of birds, add to the park’s treasures. You would be thrilled to the core during the open-jeep safari inside the park. Goa The Party Capital of India gives tough competition to the most celebrated beach resorts in the world. Thanks to the arrays of beaches, world-class beach resorts and seafood restaurants, the place parties hard day and night. Open-air night beach parties, exhilarating water sports and flea markets selling trendy clothes and fashion items would keep you excited throughout your stay at Goa. Wonders like Dudhasagar Falls and numerous wildlife sanctuaries with riches of flora, fauna and avifauna on one hand and forts, churches and cathedrals of Old Goa on the other, you actually have a lot to explore. Goa Carnival in February takes entertainment to another level altogether. 188 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Junagadh The former princely state of Junagadh in Gujarat continues to preserve its stateliness with its old forts, palaces and monuments retaining their eternal charm. The city is also famous for attractions like Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups, Ashoka’s Rock Edicts and a number of step-wells and tombs. Girnar Hills host hundreds of Jain Temples that are enthrallingly carved and are accessible by an exciting trek route. Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden is home to many endangered species that are worth exploring. Khandala-Lonavala The twin hill stations of Khandala-Lonavala (separated by 7 km.) are the popular places in West India to spend some unforgettable days close to the nature. Lavishly green hills and valleys and salubrious weather would tempt you to stay here for longer. In addition, the adventures like trekking and hiking disclose the stupendous beauty of Western Ghats. Tiger’s Leap and Duke’s Nose are the famous spots to be at while the rock-cut Bhaja and Karla Caves leave one awe-stuck. A number of forts like Tungi and Lohagad in the vicinity are the added highlights. Kutch The miraculous land of Kutch switches from limitless salt marshes to a white desert during winters, creating the opportunity for the grand-scale celebrations of RannMahotsav (December-February).Waytoindia.com organises Rann of Kutch Tour Packages from Bhuj each year which you may book by sending us an enquiry on [email protected]. As a spectator, you have all the chances to get astonished by the exhibition of never-seen- before handicrafts and dance and music performances. Stay inside a desert camp, enjoy night camel safari and hot air ballooning and visit the lakes, palaces, wild ass sanctuary and avian sanctuaries of Bhuj, Kutch’s capital. Don’t miss the delicious local specialities like dabeli, Kharibhat and ChakrdaPakwan among others. Mahabaleshwar Any mention about tourism in West India is incomplete without specifying the striking beauty of the Western Ghats and its hill stations. Mahabaleshwar, with its cool climate and pleasant walking trails as well as spectacular valley and forest views, is indeed among the most visited hill stations in the region. Top attractions include Wilson Point, Kate’s Point, 3 Monkey Point, Arthur’s Seat, Pratapgad Fort, Venna Lake and Lingmala Falls while the top activities are boating, horse riding and trekking. Don’t miss the marvellous sunrise and sunset views and eating the roasted chickpea nuts. 189 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Matheran Matheran is India’s smallest hill station, but that’s not its only claim to fame. It is also the only automobile-free hill station in Asia. Another highlight of Matheran is the toy train ride which was started by the British way back in 1907 and reveals the unadulterated natural beauty on a memorable journey. The top attractions here include Charlotte Lake, Honeymoon Hill, Panorama Point, Luisa Point, Heart Point, Alexander Point, One Tree Hill and many more. Horse riding, valley crossing and nature walking are the best things to do here. 13.6 CENTRAL INDIA TOURISM Central India is simply the heart of the country, a soft and mystical land peppered with ancient temples and majestic forts, whose forests and jungle teem with wildlife and punctuated by some of her most vibrant and historical cities. Although one of the least explored regions of the country, Central India has a huge amount to offer the modern traveller. Jumping off the busier tourist trails of Rajasthan and the Ganges River plain, here you will find many stunning historical monuments, a plethora of national parks and a rural life-style that will take you back to the Kipling-esque India of our childhood. 13.7 TOURISM ATTRACTIONS IN CENTRAL INDIA Here we are discussing about Top 10 Places to Visit in Central India are:- Khajuraho 190 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Best time to visit Khajuraho – July to March Top attractions in Khajuraho – temple complex, dance festival, light and sound show Location of Khajuraho – 175 km away from Jhansi Nearest airport in Khajuraho – Khajuraho Khajuraho is famous around the world for one-of-its-kind. It holds a group of temples and monuments with unparallel architectural beauty, sculptures and erotic carvings. It is a heritage site for holding nagara styled architecture. Most of the temples in this complex were built between 900 AD and 1050 AD. There were 85 temples in 12th century and now, there are only 25 temples that stand as one. An annual dance festival is also conducted in February or March. Orchha 191 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Best time to visit Orchha – October to March Top attractions in Orchha – Betwa River, Chhatris, temples, Jahangir Mahal, Raja Mahal and others Location of Orchha – 15 km away from Jhansi Nearest airport in Orchha – Khajuraho Orchha is a historic place located in Madhya Pradesh. The city is famous for medieval architecture, temples and mural temples. Apart from these architectural marvels, the river is an important attraction. Rafting and boating are two main activities to enjoy in the river. There is a boat club on the river shore and you can buy tickets for required activities. A single raft would take up to 6 people on aone-hour rafting session. If you love shopping, explore shopping in Orchha, you can find exotic items like accessories made of beads, gemstone articles, handicrafts and others. Trailing, trekking and swimming are other activities to enjoy here. It is also a good spot to try ayurvedic massages. Gwalior 192 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
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