Climates andVegetation Three distinct seasons are observed in the area, summer, which is generally dry and windy (Mid- February to May), reaching a high of 37 °C. The monsoon conditions are warm and humid (May to September) with an annual rainfall of 2,220 mm and winter (November to Mid-February) when the climate is dry with a mean high of 25°C and low of 5°C. There is a difference in altitude between the eastern and western areas of the park (80 m to 40 m). The western region of the park is dominated by grasslands. Tall grasses, known as elephant grassare found on higher lands, while short grasses cover the lower lands. The vegetation types according to the climate are broadly classified into 3 categories i.e., Alluvial Grasslands, Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests and Tropical Semi-evergreen forests. Besides, the park is predominantly covered by evergreen as well as deciduous trees such as Aphanamixis polystachya, Talauma hodgonii, Dillenia indica, Garcinia tinctoria, ficus rumphii, Cinnamomum bejolghota, Albizia procera, Daubanga grandiflora, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Crtateva unilocularis, Sterculia urens, Grewia serrulate, Mallotus phiippensis, Bridelia retusa, Aphania rubra, Leea indica, L. umbraculifera and species of Syzygium. Wetlands in Kaziranga NationalPark Kaziranga has expanses of fertile alluvial soil, made by silt deposition of the Brahmaputra River. The park contains scattered lakes known as, beels, formed through floods and elevated regions known as, chapories. The freshwater lake or beel of this park covers 5% of the surface area. The wetlands of this park are the habitats of diverse varieties of mammals, including one-horned rhinoceros and breeding places of migratory birds. Biodiversity of Kaziranga NationalPark Kaziranga National Park harbors more than 35 mammalian species out of which 15 falls in the IUCN threatened category [6-11]. The park is home to the largest population of the One- Horned Rhino, Wild Asiatic water buffalo, Eastern swamp deer, and includes large numbers of Elephants, Gaur, and Sambar. It is one of the breeding areas large cats, such as Bengal tigers and leopards. It is a habitat for Royal Bengal Tiger and endangered Ganges dolphin. Around 42 species of reptiles including the endangered Gharial and the rare Assam Roofed Turtle are recorded in the park. Numerous water bodies constitute a rich reservoir of food and thousands over a hundred species of migratory birds visit the parks seasonally. Kaziranga’s magnificent birds have been luring bird watchers from all over the world. A total of 478 species including 25 globally threatened species and 21 near-threatened species, along with more than 40 species of fishes, 7 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibian are documented in Kaziranga National Park (Table2). 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Methodologies The present study is confined to the biodiversity hot spot tourist destination Kaziranga National park. The data for the present study has been collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary data are collected through discussion and interviews with both domestic and foreign tourists and entrepreneurs of the study area. A questionnaire was also administered to the tourists selected on a random basis, to find out their level of satisfaction and other problems identified in the park. Group discussions with the management staff, villagers and infrastructure owners provided information on the current situation and problems associated with tourism in the park. The secondary data have been collected from the Directorate of Kaziranga National park, Directorate of Tourism, Assam, published news items, reports, and articles in newspapers, magazines, etc. Tentative list of fauna recorded in Kaziranga National Park is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Tentative list of fauna recorded in Kaziranga National Park Mammals Reptiles Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Assam Roofed turtle (Kachuga sylhetensis) Asiatic Wild Buffalo (Bubulas bubalis) Indian Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tecta) Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) Indian Tent Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) Capped Langur (Presbytis pileatus) Tricarinate Hill Turtle (Melanochelys tricarinata) Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) Indian Eyed Turtle (Morena petersi) Leopard (Panthera pardus) Gangetic Softshell Turtle (Aspideretes gangeticus) Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus hurum) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle (Aspideretes Indian Elephant (Elephus maximus) Narrow Headed Softshell Turtle (Chitra indica) Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) Indian Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata) Otter (Lutra lutra) Oldham's Leaf Turtle (Cyclemys oldhami) Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) Gaur (Bos gaurus) Keeled Box Turtle (Pyxidea mouhotii) Sambar (Cervus unicolor) Malayan Box turtle (Cuora amboinensis) Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli) Spotted Pond Turtle (Geoclemys hamiltonii) Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) Brown Roofed Turtle (Kachuga smithii) Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) Common Indian Skink (Mabuya carinata) Common langur (Presbytis entellus) Assam Olive-Brown Skink(Mabuya multifasciata) Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Tuckto Gecko (Gecko gecko) Assamese Macaque (Macaca assamensies) Ticticky House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) Common Bengal Monitor (Varanus bengalensis) Fishing Cat (Felis viverrina) Common Indian Skink (Mabuya carinata) Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) Assam Olive-Brown Skink(Mabuya multifasciata) Large Indian Civet (Viverra zibetha) Tuckto Gecko (Gecko gecko) Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica) Indian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) Mongoose (Herpestes edwrdsi) Assam Greyish-Brown Gecko (Hemidactylus 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
garnotii) Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica) Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) Light-OliveAssam Garden Lizard (Calotes emma) Jackal (Canis aureus) Assam Garden Lizard (Calotes maria) Black Krait (Bungarus niger) Eastern Mole (Talpa micrura) Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) Squirrel (Dremnonys lokriah) Bats (various species) Dotted Garden Skink (Lygosoma Chinese Ferret Badger (Melogale moschata) punctata) Hog Badger (Arctonyx collaries) Indian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) Birds Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius) Swamp Francolin (Francolinus gularis) Lesser Adjutant (L. javanicus) LesserWhite fronted Goose (Anser Finn’s Weaver (Ploceus megarhynchus) erythropus) Black breasted Parrot bill (Paradoxornis Ferruginous Pochard (Aythya nyroca) flavirostris) Jerdon’s Babbler (Chrysomma altirostre) Baer’s Pochard (A. baeri) Mah Babbler (Pellorneum palustre) Blyth’s Kingfisher (Alcedo hercules) Bristled Grassbird (Chaetornis striatus) Pale capped Pigeon (Columba punicea) Rufous vented Prinia (Prinia burnesii) Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis Hodgson’s Bushchat (Saxicola insignis) bengalensis) Nordmann’s Greenshank (Tringa guttifer) Dalmatian Pelican (P. crispus) Black bellied Tern (Sterna acuticauda) Spot billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) TourismInfrastructures The Kaziranga had a very uneventful existence for long, due to the inaccessible tract with impenetrable masses of reeds and swamps. There was no road/ path /track inside the forest except the trails laid out by the regular movement of the animals, hence only forest officers were allowed to travel inside the park. However, with the decrease in the Wild Life population due to the destruction of habitat and indiscriminate killing, there was a growing awareness to preserve our wildlife; due to which people started taking interesting wildlife tourism. As a result, Kaziranga was opened to interested visitors in 1937 and two elephants were implemented for visitors to conduct elephant safaris, since then it started gaining fame among wildlife lovers. Visitors willing to view wildlife by motor cars are conducted through these roads by the staff of this department. Foot safari and driving inside the park at night is prohibited. Central and State governments have taken various initiatives for the development of eco-tourism in Kaziranga National Park. The state government’s continuous effort helped in increasing both domestic and foreign tourists. The number of 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
tourists visited Kaziranga and the revenue earned are shown in Table 3. In present-day Kaziranga occupies a significant position in the national and international tourism as one of the best wildlife resorts in the world[12]. Table 3 Number of Visitors and Revenue Collection by the forest Department Year No. of Visitors Total Total Revenue (Rs.) Indian Foreigner 100284 2008-09 5767 106051 11220689 2009-10 105264 7580 112844 12168000 2010-11 112392 7447 119839 13673000 2011-12 117308 7521 124829 14946000 2012-13 93747 7418 101165 20576098 2013-14 119289 6922 126211 26865775 2014-15 123360 7994 131354 28392304 2015-16 162799 11417 174216 41976727 2016-17 159669 7383 167052 49315104 2017-18 81721 3891 85612 26728821 Source: Directorate of K.N.P. AnalyzingReports The details of the animal census of some major animals are given in Table 4. The table shows an increase in elephant mortality in the last few years, however, there is an increase in the population of other animals. There are also records of illegal Rhino poaching in the last 10 years (Table 5). The records also show that there is an increase in the rate of animal mortality associated with road accidents in the last few years (Table 6). The records also reveal that there is a fall in the number of tourist visits in the past years (Table7). To understand the effect of tourism on the ecology a survey was conducted among the tourist, the management staff, and the entrepreneurs of the study area. The demographic details of the tourist are mentioned in Table 7. The survey showed that around 30 % of both domestic and international tourist are not satisfied with the tourism practices and reports the 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
lack of better implementation of ecotourism practices (Figure 2). The survey depicts that the key threats to ecology in the area include tourism pressure, illegal poaching, erosion, invasive species and livestock grazing. The management needs a long-term strategy for dealing with tourism-related issues, human-wildlife conflicts and boundary issues relating to the additional areas to the national park. Proper research and periodic monitoring of the park should be carried out regularly for proper implementation of scientific management practices and ecotourism principles. Table 4 List of the animal census from 1991 to 2017 Year Rhino Elephant Tiger Swamp Deer Buffalo 1991 1993 1069 515 50 635 1090 1997 1999 1164 1094 72 427 1034 2000 2001 - 945 80 - - 2002 2003 1552 - - 398 1192 2004 2005 - -- 86 468 - 2006 2007 -- -- 1431 2008 2009 -- - -- 2010 2011 - -- - -- - 2012 2013 -- -- 2014 -- -- - 1855 - - - -- - 681 - - 1293 -- 1937 2048 - -- - -- 106 - - - 1165 1168 - 2290 - -- - 2329 -- -- - -- -- - 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
2015 2401 -- - 1129 - 2016 - 2017 -- - 1148 - - 1089- - Source: Directorate of K.N.P. Table 5 Rhino Poaching Death in the last 10 years in Kaziranga National Park Year Number Poached of Rhinos 2008 06 2009 06 2010 05 2011 03 2012 11 2013 2014 27 2015 27 2016 17 2017 18 06 Source: Directorate of K.N.P. Table 6 Animal Mortality due to road accidents during 2011-2017 Species 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rhino 32 13 9 15 14 Hog Dear 2 1 Swamp Deer 1 48 Buffalo 7 Samber Wild Boar CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Hog 2 9 15 1 Badger 16 Porcupine 45 13 Pelican Source: Directorate of K.N.P. Bird Python Fox Leopard cat Total Table 7 Details of Tourist Visit Category Age Domestic Foreign Tourist Tourist A 60 & above 18% 30% B 40-59 58% 50% C 18-39 24% 20% Figure 2 Tourist Satisfaction Survey (Source: Directorate of K.N.P.) Discussions The Kaziranga National Park is unique for its diverse flora and fauna and it attracts a large number of tourists every year. As a biodiversity hotspot, it is a classic tourist spot however it 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
needs scientific approach sustainable tourism development practices. The main problems associated with the park are the flood and erosion in the area; feeding of animals, animal accidents, illegal poaching, and pollution from tourism activities. To get more benefit from eco- tourism practices, infrastructure development, especially road, transport, accommodation should be enhanced. More focus should be given in promoting wildlife ecotourism advertisements in national and international levels. Proper cooperation and coordination between the state tourism department, forest department, and local N.G. Os are needed for enhancing tourism. Besides, the following management practices are suggested for better implementation of ecotourism and to reduce the environmental implications of tourism: 1. Reducing erosion: Strategies may be needed to stabilize river banks to decrease the likelihood oferosion. 2. Construction of Underpasses/ Overpasses: Road accidents are a negative impact of tourism, which has increased the number of animal mortality in the last few years, with the increase in tourism. To avoid road accidents of animal’s underpasses/ overpasses can be constructed that can protect animals escaping from floods and traffic. Further corridors should be avoided while planning the road safaris to reduce the disturbances to the animals. 3. Avoiding animal feeding: The most common approach to managing wildlife feeding is to prohibit suchpractices. 4. Pollution reduction strategies: Proper steps should be taken to reduce the various pollutions created though the rise in tourism. The major pollutions affecting the ecology of the area are the noise pollutions and air pollutions arising from the safaris and other tourist activities. The use of pesticides and insecticides also creates soil pollution. Proper noise management techniques should be implemented and control of visitor activities by sanctuarymanagementatlocationswhereanimalhabitatsexistshouldbemonitoredto reduce the impact of noise pollution. Limiting the number of vehicles and promoting the elephant and other eco safaris could reduce the impact of vehicular pollution. The use of organic pesticides and insecticides can reduce the harmful impact on soil. Conclusions The study presented above shows that the ecotourism practices provides an opportunity for sustainable use of biodiversity resources, and can be used to improve the well-being of forest- dependent local communities. This case study of Kaziranga National park provides an insight into the tourism dynamics and conservation ecology which together forms ecotourism. Considering the wide geographical and biological diversity, the scope of ecotourism in Kaziranga National Park is very high; if these resources are utilized successfully, we can 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
transform the face of the wildlife tourismindustry 3.6 SUMMARY • It wasn’t until the 21st century and the conclusive proof was found in the form of a live specimen being entangled in a fishing net. It was taken in and studied by scientists who concluded that it was a new species of squid. Since then, there has been undisputed confirmation about the existence of giant squids. • The earth is beautiful because of all these life forms. Other life forms depend on them for various resources and exploit them. • Conservation of flora and fauna is thus necessary for future survival. Biosphere reserves, national parks, zoos, and sanctuaries are few instances of the measures taken by the government for conservation of flora and fauna. Another example is the Tiger project launched by the government of India with the goal of saving the tigers in the country from extinction. • Indian subcontinent is a store of all type of weathers, forests and different living condition. India is one of those places of the world where you can find almost all types of climate and wildlife conditions. The diversity in Indian weather is also very unique. India is home for some of the rarest plants and animals of world also. Indian flora and fauna hold a special place in the devotional aspects of the life of Indian population. This clearly shows the respect of the plants and animal in the Indian society. Indian government is also working very responsibly in order to conserve and protect the plants and wildlife in Indian subcontinent. We have special forest departments, where designated officials take care of forests and animals and also protect them from any adversaries. • India is a home for many species of birds local as well as migrant birds. Bird sanctuaries in India are therefore a hot spot for personality lovers and birdwatchers. Some of the beautiful local inhabitants like The National Bird of India “Peacocks” , Great Indian bustard, Indian Horn-bill, Kingfishers and Indian Eagle “Garuda”, a Sacred Bird of Hindus. The Great Indian Horn-bill is the largest amongst all the horn- bills found in the forests of India. There are over 1200 species of birds found in the India, so one can enjoy birding or bird watching in India. Kulik (Raiganj) Bird Sanctuary is one of the largest bird sanctuaries in Asia. Nawabganj is one of the luckiest sanctuaries that have such enormous range of wildlife creatures in India. is an ideal tourist destination for birding, twitching and Bird watching in India? Twitching is referring to those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would call as twitcher. 51 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
3.7 KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS • Benthic: Pertaining to the sub-aquatic bottom. • Plunging – a crest curls over air pocket; breaking is usually with a crash. Smooth splash-up usually follows. • Collapsing – breaking occurs over lower half of wave. Minimal air pocket and usually no splash-up. Bubbles and foam present. • Desert: is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. • Buoyancy: The resultant upward forces, exerted by the water on a submerged or floating body, equal to the weight of the water displaced by this body. 3.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss how flora and fauna is important for habitat of various breeds. 2. Discuss difference between artificial and natural habitat? 3.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS (MCQ AND DESCRIPTIVE) 52 A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain the importance of flora and fauna? 2. List the prominent flora and fauna of India. 3. Discuss, how are flora and fauna economically important? 4. Discussabout any two-bird sanctuary in India. 5. Discuss any three wild life sanctuary. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The 10 degree channel is located on which of the following Islands? a. Arabian Sea Islands CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
b. Bay of Bengal Islands c. Offshore Islands d. None of the above 2. Which of the following is the biggest island in the Andaman group of Islands? a. Middle Andaman b. Ross Island c. Saddle Peak d. Pilomillow Island 3. Which of the following is the biggest island in the Nicobar group of Islands? a. Middle Andaman b. Ross Island c. Great Nicobar d. Pilomillow Island 4. Which of the following is the smallest island in the Nicobar group of Islands? 53 a. Middle Andaman b. Ross Island c. Great Nicobar d. Pulomilo island CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
5. The extreme southernmost point of India, i.e., Pygmalion point is location in which of the following Islands? a. Arabian Sea Islands b. Bay of Bengal Islands c. Offshore Islands d. None of the above Answer 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. B 3.10 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • Vermeij, Geerat (2009), Nature: An Economic History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400826490. p. 267 • Josef Rusek (1998). \"Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem\". Biodiversity and Conservation. 7 (9): 1207–1219. doi:10.1023/A:1008887817883. S2CID 22883809. • Clifford E. Starliper; Rita Villella; Patricia Morrison; Jay Mathais. \"Sampling the bacterial flora of freshwater mussels\" (PDF). • John, D.M.; Whitton, B.A.; Brook, A.J. (2002). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guid to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770514. • Rengel, Kathleen N. Daly; revised by Marian; Daly, Kathleen (2009). Greek and Roman mythology, A to Z (3rd ed.). New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 1604134127. 54 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT 4 GEOGRAPHICAL ATTRACTIONS 55 Structure 4.0. Learning Objective 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Hill stations 4.3. Beaches 4.4. Adventure Destinations – Land, Air, Water 4.4.1 Adventure Destinations – Land 4.4.2 Adventure Destinations Air 4.4.3 Adventure Destinations Water 4.5. Summary 4.6. Key Words/Abbreviations 4.7. Learning Activity 4.8. Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 4.9. References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVE After studying this Unit, students will be able to: • State various regions of India. • Locate directions of tourist places of India. • State distance from one place to another • Discuss adventures destinations-land, water and air. • Explainabout hill stations and beaches. 4.1 INTRODUCTION CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Figure: 4.1 Map Of India Modern touristry is transportation Increasing numbers of tourists worldwide, each international and domestic, leading to increasing social, economic and environmental impacts on at multiple geographic scales. traveller motivations replicate a spread of wants and form traveller higher cognitive process and behavior. touristry geographics has evolved from being extremely centered on place description within the earlier periods, whereas nowadays the main focus is additional on learning touristry development and therefore the relationship between tourists and place, reflective the increase in crucial and cultural turns in geographic theory and analysis, as well as currentness, mobility, globalization, production, consumption, identity, and property. A sort of natural space touristry that specifically focuses on landscape and earth science. It promotes touristry to geosites and therefore the conservation of geo-diversity Associate in 56 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Nursing a learning of Earth sciences through appreciation and learning. this can be achieved through freelance visits to geologic options, use of geo-trails and viewpoints, radio-controlled tours, geo-activities and patronage of geosite visitant centres. 4.2 HILL STATIONS A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The term was used mostly in colonial Asia (particularly India), but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonial rulers as refuges from the summer heat, up where temperatures are cooler. In the Indian context, most hill stations are at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft); very few are outside this range.Hill stations in India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of the British rulers. After the revolt of 1857 the \"British sought further distance from what they saw as a disease- ridden land by escape to the Himalayas in the north. Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them \"fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land.\" The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton's statement about Ootacamund, in the 1870s, \"such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud. “Shimla was officially made the \"summer capital of India\" in the 1860s and hill stations \"served as vital centres of political and military power, especially after the 1857 revolt.\" The Indian subcontinent has seven principal mountain ranges and the largest of all is the Himalayas that lies in the northern part of India. The famous peaks and ranges include the Kangchenjunga range in the Eastern Himalayas which frames the hill stations of Darjeeling and Gangtok as well as the Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. The Shivalik range that also lies within the same region also has some famous hill stations that include Mussoorie, Drass, Dalhousie, Kullu, Shimla, Nainital and many more.[citation needed] Most of the hill stations in India were developed by the British around a central mall to get respite from the oppressive summer heat. Many have picturesque lakes as their focal point, making them excellent places for boating activities. Most of the hill stations in India are located in Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Meghalaya in the Himalayas and in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Tamilnadu, and Kerala in Western ghats. Some are located in Eastern ghat Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Some of the hill stations in India are listed below by state. 57 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Since a number of these hill stations attract large numbers of tourists in summer as well as other times of the year, they are well connected by rail, road and air services to major Indian cities. The Most Popular Hills in India are: 1. Shivalik Hills 2. Annamalai Hills 3. Ashambu Hills 4. Cardamom Hills 5. Biligiriranga Hills 6. Palani Hills 7. Nilgiri Hills 8. Nallamala Hills 9. Lushai Hills 10. Garo-Khasi-Jainitia Hills Darjeeling, West Bengal Surrounded by infinite slopes of emerald-green tea plantations and set against a backdrop of jagged white Himalayan peaks, Darjeeling is nestled away in the northern regions of West Bengal. A journey on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway fondly known as the ‘Toy train’ is a great way to explore and soak in the magnificent surroundings of this hill station. Shillong, Meghalaya The capital city of Meghalaya, Shillong sits amidst the Khasi Hills. One of the most charming hill stations of India, it’s famous for receiving the highest rainfall in the world and for its dynamic music scene—being home to the country’s favourite Blues band, Soulmate and India's most popular blues man, Lou Majaw. Coorg, Karnataka Spread out on the Western Ghats, the misty valley of Coorg is enveloped in emerald landscapes and acres of coffee, tea and spice plantations. Fondly referred to as the ‘Scotland of India’ due to its verdant beauty and pleasant weather conditions, Coorg is a major centre for spice and coffee production. So, just back and watch the fog roll by. Ooty, Tamil Nadu Established as a summer retreat by the British and nicknamed ‘Snooty Ooty',Ooty is a visual delight filled with pretty cottages, fenced flower gardens, thatched-roof churches and terraced botanical gardens. Venture a few kilometres out and you'll find yourself surrounded by greener, quieter areas dotted with an abundance of pine trees. Coonoor, Tamil Nadu Smaller and quieter than its neighbour Ooty, Coonoor is nestled in the Nilgiri Mountains and is surrounded by rolling hills and tea and coffee plantations. The ride on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway’s quaint toy train—from Coonoor to Ooty—covers the region’s most scenic spots including the cantonment area of Wellington. Manali, Himachal Pradesh With mountain adventures beckoning from all directions, Manali is one of the best hill stations in North India for those looking to unwind. Backpackers come to hang around in the 58 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
villages near the main town and adventure tourists come for trekking, paragliding, rafting and skiing. About 53 km away from Manali is the famous Rohtang Pass which offers breathtaking sights of glaciers, peaks and valleys. McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh McLeod Ganj, the home of Dalai Lama is the destination for many travelers visiting Dharamshala. Walk along the Temple road, hop into one of the many colourful shops, spin the Tibetan prayer wheels or simply devour steaming hot momos—there are a lot of charming things packed in just a couple of blocks. Munnar, Kerala Sprawling tea plantations, picture-perfect vistas and winding lanes make Munnar a favourite amongst Indian hill stations. Although the town itself is forever alive with activity, wander a few kilometres out and you’ll be engulfed in a thousand shades of green. 4.3 BEACHES A beach may be a slim, gently sloping strip of land that lies on the sting of associate degree ocean, lake, or river. Materials like sand, pebbles, rocks, and shell fragments cowl beaches. Most beach materials square measure the merchandise of weathering and erosion. Over a few years, water and wind wear away at the land. The continual action of waves beating against a rocky formation, as an example, might cause some rocks to come back loose. vast boulders are often worn city to small grains of sand. Beach materials might travel long distances, carried by wind and waves. because the tide comes in, as an example, it deposits ocean sediment. This sediment might contain sand, shells, seaweed, even marine organisms like crabs or ocean anemones. once the tide goes out, it takes some sediment with it. Tides and ocean currents will carry sediment a number of meters or many kilometers away. Artificial beaches Some beaches are artificial; they are either permanent or temporary (For examples see Monaco, Paris, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Nottingham, Toronto, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tianjin). The soothing qualities of a beach and the pleasant environment offered to the beachgoer are replicated in artificial beaches, such as \"beach style\" pools with zero-depth entry and wave pools that recreate the natural waves pounding upon a beach. In a zero-depth entry pool, the bottom surface slopes gradually from above water down to depth. Another approach involves 59 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
so-called urban beaches, a form of public park becoming common in large cities. Urban beaches attempt to mimic natural beaches with fountains that imitate surf and mask city noises, and in some cases can be used as a play park. Famous Beaches in India Baga Beach, North Goa Situated at about 30kms north of Panaji, Baga is one of the most popular beaches in Goa. You can enjoy cool breezes by the shore and avail for their famous water sports, like, para sailing, banana rides and dolphin cruises. And if you think that isn’t happening enough, wait till the sun sets and the shacks come to life with music. Have a drink in your hand and enjoy the sunset. You’ll have the best time of your life. Mandvi Beach, Gujarat One of the few beautiful beaches in India, Mandvi beach, situated in Kutch is famous for its gigantic windmills and versatile bird species. You could go for their famous camel rides or just stroll by on the soft sand. Best time to visit: Oct – March Agatti Island Beach, Lakshadweep Known as ‘The Coral Paradise of India’, Agatti beach has breath-taking sceneries and the most beautiful coral fishes and coral reefs to offer. Situated on the island Agatti, it has various water adventure sports to offer, like, scuba diving, snorkeling and kayaking. A trip to this island is all you need to fall in love with nature. Marina Beach, Tamil Nadu Marina beach in Chennai is India’s longest and the world’s second longest beach. It offers beautiful sceneries and fun activities, like, horse riding, shooting, shell jewelleries and artifacts. You can also try a few south Indian delicacies at food stalls nearby. Note: Do try their sukku-coffee. Kovalam Beach, Kerala Internationally recognized, Kovalam beach has the most sensational and magnificent sceneries that make your trip to Kerala worthwhile. A massive rocky promontory on the beach has created a beautiful day of calm waters ideal for sea bathing. It has various leisure activities to offer like sunbathing, herbal body toning massages, swimming, catamaran cruising. And don’t forget their lighthouse. Go to the top and watch the sun set. It’s pure bliss. Best time to visit: Sept – March 60 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
4.4 ADVENTURE DESTINATIONS– LAND, AIR, WATER Adventure tourism is defined as the movement of the people from one to another place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic and possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is a type of tourism in which tourist do some adventures activities like as skydiving, hill climbing, scuba diving. Adventure tourism is very popular among young age tourists. Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing the tourists to step outside their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing cultural shock or through the performance of acts, that required some degree of risk (real or perceived) and physical danger. Adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination. It tends to be associated with high levels of activity by the participant, most of it outdoors. Adventure travellers expect to experience various level of risk, excitement, and tranquillity and be personally tested. In particular, they are explorers of unspoiled, exotic parts of the planet and also seek personal challenges. The main factor distinguishing adventure tourism from all other forms of tourism is the planning and preparation involved. 4.4.1 Adventure Destinations – Land Trekking Trekking is one of India’s favourite adventure activities. The country is blessed with a diverse topography and has hillocks, plateaus, mountains and caves that make for excellent trekking destinations. There are many unique trekking options available such as Zanskar Chadar Trek that will have you hiking over a frozen lake, or the eerie Glacial Roopkund Lake Trek where you can trek past the actual skeletal remains of the people who died while trying to complete the distance themselves. • Places to Experience Trekking: Chadar Trek, Gangotri Gomukh trek Caving Caving is an adventure sport that has gained traction in recent times in India. The activity takes you through some massive underground structures. Reaching the caves in itself can be an adventure, taking you through green forest and beautiful waterfalls. 61 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Caving is conducted by certified professionals and is completely safe. You can try the Aurangabad Caves in Maharashtra or the Araku Valley in Visakhapatnam. • Places to Experience Caving: Badami Caves, Khandagiri Caves Rock Climbing With a diverse landscape, there are many places in India where you can engage in this activity. Rock climbing, also known as bouldering in some locations, has you climbing massive monolithic rocks. The sport tests your endurance and requires a certain level of fitness. So the next time you are bored with your gym routine, head out to do some rock climbing for a serious body workout. There are natural rock-climbing activities in Himachal Pradesh or in Sikkim. There are places throughout the country where you can engage in indoor rock climbing as well. • Places to Experience Rock Climbing: Sattal, Mahabaleshwar, Sar Pass, Miyar Valley Motorcycling Tour If you are a biker then this adventure activity will surely blow your socks off. A motorcycling tour mixes camaraderie with activity. While organizing a biking tour, you get to select your own routes and get to know fellow bikers. You can participate in a biking tour to Leh, Ladakh or the Spiti Valley. The Kochi Munnar route is also a much-loved route. • Places to Experience A Motor Cycle Tour: Srinagar, Leh and Ladakh Mountain Biking Mountain biking is an adventure activity that has gained popularity in the last decade or so. Trekking routes such as Singalila Ridge in West Bengal are now a popular mountain biking route as well. Sikkim also has great terrain for mountain biking and is popular with Indian as well as international travellers from all over the world. There are organised tours who can plan your trip down to the last detail. • Places to Experience Mountain Biking: the Western Ghats, Khardungla, Leh and Ladakh 62 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
So there you have it, the top adventure sports and activities in India that will have your heart racing. Some of them will require a little courage on your part and some of them will leave you with a sense of ecstasy, but what all of them have in common is the ability to break the monotony of your daily life. So pack your bags and get going and let us know of your experiences in the comments section. 4.4.2 Adventure Destinations Air Skydiving Skydiving is a sport that doesn’t require any introduction. Do you have dreams of flying like a bird? Skydiving is your go-to sport. Beginners can skydive along with an instructor, who guides you through the entire freefall. Go skydiving to feel an ultimate adrenaline rush. You can skydive at places like Mysore, surrounded by greenery, or at Dhana in Madhya Pradesh, amidst palaces. • Places to Experience Skydiving: Mysore, Pondicherry, Aamby Valley Parasailing Parasailing is an activity in which you are suspended mid-air, attached to a parachute, and pulled by a boat. The result? You are floating with the wind, above the deep blue sea. Parasailing gives you an aerial view of the surroundings, lending an entirely new perspective on how you view the place. The adrenaline rush will surely excite the adventure junkie in you. You can indulge in parasailing activities in Goa, Mumbai and other coastal towns. • Places to Experience Parasailing: Goa, Andaman, Chennai, Bangalore Bungee Jumping Bungee Jumping is the age-old go-to adventure sport. You get to jump off a ledge with a harness tied around your leg or chest. You are in freefall until the harness gives you a ‘tug’ that pulls you back up again. Post the tug, you are left swinging until you come to a complete halt. The sheer adrenaline rush of jumping from a great height is like no other. You can bungee jump at various states in India such as Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Delhi. • Places to Experience Bunjee Jumping: Rishikesh, Goa 63 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
4.4.3 Adventure Destinations Water Scuba Diving Scuba Diving is a relatively calm adventure sport, but it is physically engaging and exciting nevertheless. Scuba diving lets you spend some serene, quiet time underwater, marvelling at nature’s beauty and marine life. You can experience the feeling of being under clear waters and admire the coral reef line by India’s coastline. This activity while raising your adrenaline levels also provides a sense of calm. You can go scuba diving in Goa and Pondicherry in India, and the union territory of Lakshadweep. • Places to Experience Scuba Diving: Goa, Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar . Flyboarding Flyboarding is a water-based adventure activity that is relatively new in India. It essentially consists of a skateboard-like structure that is powered by a machine that thrusts water at it with massive force. The force propels you into the air and you are literally floating, powered by the water’s thrust. Places such as Goa and Gokarna offer flyboarding activities. • Places to Experience Flyboarding: Goa 4.5 SUMMARY • The hill stations are high-altitude towns for recreation, enjoyment and used as a place of refuge to escape the blistering heat in India during summer time. As India is a vast peninsular country with limited amounts of coastal area most of its towns and districts faces continental type of climate with summer being very hot so hill stations (as situated on high altitude due to which it faces low temperature) becomes an excellent spot to escape such hot and humid conditions as well as a place of enjoyment to spend quality time with your family and partner during summer break. • The Indian subcontinent has seven principal mountain ranges and the largest of all is the Himalayas that lies in the northern part of India. The famous peaks and ranges include the Kangchenjunga range in the Eastern Himalayas which frames the hill stations of Darjeeling and Gangtok as well as the Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. The Shivalik range that also lies within the same region also has some famous hill stations that include Mussoorie, Drass, Dalhousie, Kullu, Shimla, Nainital and many more. 64 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
• Most of the hill stations in India were developed by the British around a central mall to get respite from the oppressive summer heat. Many have picturesque lakes as their focal point, making them excellent places for boating activities. • There are several conspicuous parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form and shape it. The part mostly above water (depending upon tide), and more or less actively influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The berm is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline. The berm has a crest (top) and a face—the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a trough, and further seaward one or more longshore bars: slightly raised, underwater embankments formed where the waves first start to break. 4.6 KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS • Adventure tourism this may be from experiencing cultural shock or through the performance of acts that required some degree of risk (real or perceived) and physical danger. • Adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination. • A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. • A beach is a narrow, gently sloping strip of land that lies along the edge of an ocean, lake, or river. • Leisure: time when one is not working or occupied; free time. 4.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. List down the beached of south and north and do the comparative study between them. 2. Do a detailed study of a city in India which has both hill stations and beaches. 4.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS (MCQ AND DESCRIPTIVE) 65 A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explainadventure tourism and adventure travel? 2. State different types of adventure tourism. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
3. Write a brief note on hills stations of India. 66 4. State famous beaches of India. 5. Explain beaches and hill stations. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which is the only drive -in beach in Kerala? a. Muzhuppilangad b. Cherai c. Kovalam d. Bakel 2. Scuba Diving is a a. Water based adventure tourism b. Land based adventure tourism c. Air based adventure tourism d. All of these 3. Nilgiri Mountain Railway is situated in a. Kerala b. Tamil Nadu c. Karnataka d. Gujarat 4. Hogenakkal is famous for a. Beaches b. Forest CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
c. Waterfalls d. Hill Stations 5. Rock Climbing is a a. Water based adventure tourism b. Land based adventure tourism c. Air based adventure tourism d. All of these Answer 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. b 4.9 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • Crossette, Barbara. The Great Hill Stations of Asia. ISBN 0-465-01488-7. • Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Full text, searchable). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20188-4, ISBN 978-0520201880. • \"Sun, Sea and Sand: Top 10 must-visit beaches in India\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 February 2016. • ATTA Values Statement\" (PDF). adventuretravel.biz. Adventure Travel Trade Association. February 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 27 July 2015. • \"South America Adventure Travel 10 Top Tours, Trips & Vacations\". • https://www.toursmongolia.com/top-5-adventure-tours-mongolia 67 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -5 CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ATTRACTIONS Structure 5.0. Learning objectives 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Historical Places in India 5.2.1 Few famous historical places in India 5.3. Monuments and Museum 5.4. Pilgrimage 5.5. UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. 5.6. Summary 5.7. Keywords 5.8. Learning activity 5.9. Unit end questions 5.10.References 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • Explain cultural and historical attractions of India • State importanceof Pilgrimage tourism • Discuss the museum and monuments • Describe UNESCO world heritage sites • Study about few case studies 5.1 INTRODUCTION Cultural tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler's engagement with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, 68 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do.[citation needed] This form of tourism is also becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions. Cultural tourism has been defined as 'the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs'. These cultural needs can include the solidification of one's own cultural identity, by observing the exotic \"others\". One type of cultural tourism destination is living cultural areas. Visiting any culture other than one's own such as traveling to a foreign country. Other destinations include historical sites, modern urban districts, \"ethnic pockets\" of town, fairs/festivals, theme parks, and natural ecosystems. It has been shown that cultural attractions and events are particularly strong magnets for tourism. The term cultural tourism is used for journeys that include visits to cultural resources, regardless of whether it is tangible or intangible cultural resources, and regardless of the primary motivation. In order to State properly the concept of cultural tourism, it is necessary to know the definitions of a number terms such as, for example, culture, tourism, cultural economy, cultural and tourism potentials, cultural and tourist offer, and others 5.2 HISTORICAL PLACESIN INDIA The development of historical tourism is necessary for the growth and development of the country. The main areas in the ninth plan that have led to the development of tourism have been stated as follows: (Chapter IV, n.d.). Infrastructure Development - The development of the selected tourist places and areas for integrated infrastructure development are considered important. Since most of the infrastructural constituents and delivery systems are within the purview of the state Governments or private sector, the infrastructure for tourism is primarily to be developed by providing financial assistance to state governments and union territories and by providing various incentives to the private entrepreneurs. When the development of tourism takes place, then it is vital to bring about development in the infrastructural facilities. In all types of tourism and not only historical tourism, the individuals transfer from one place to another, 69 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
hence, it is vital to make improvements in roads, infrastructure and other modes of transportation. Product Development - Diversification of tourism takes into consideration, holiday and leisure tourism. India has an appearance, which identifies the country as only a cultural tourist destination. But any major attempt has not been made to present its diverse attractions nor developed in an appropriate manner to bring it to the suitable standards of the tourists. A conscious policy has been implemented for the diversification and improvement of tourism products of the country, including the cultural tourist attractions. Promotion of festivals and fairs, rural craft fairs etc. renovation of monuments and heritage buildings, flood lighting and sound and light shows, development of traveler centres, development of precise circuits through external assistance, discovering new source markets in regions and countries having cultural affinity, initiation of national image building and marketing plans in the main markets, providing economic accommodation in different tourist centres and improving service efficacy in the public sector corporation are the main aspects of product development. Human Resource Development - Human resource development to meet the needs of tourism industries is a major responsibility of the central government. It was decided to be achieved through the services of the National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology; Indian Institute of Tourism & Travel Management; Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering; National Institute of Water Sports, Goa; guide training courses; training of trainees in collaboration with the Department of Personnel and Training. All such training will make provision of rationalized knowledge in terms of the emerging trends in the tourism field, in terms of its various segments and improved in the efficiency of the service providers. Promotion and Marketing - India is a multi-destination country with a diversity of tourist attractions and facilities. It however, experiences from the problems of economic under- development, including insufficient basic infrastructure, lack of hygiene, cleanliness in public places etc. On the other hand, there is severe competition in tourist generating market from several nations for attracting a large share of the traffic to their countries. Thus, special emphasis was put upon to strengthen its promotional and marketing efforts to maintain its existing market share as also to penetrate into new markets, like Korea, South Africa, Israel, and C.I.S countries. Measures were implemented to undertake market research and marketing segmentation analysis. The promotional efforts of the overseas field offices are to be augmented and incorporated with the efforts of Indian missions and other agencies abroad. Air India, Indian Airlines sales offices abroad also lead to an increase in the efforts of the Ministry of Tourism. 5.2.1 Few famous historical places in India It’s hardly an exaggeration to say that India’s civilization is one of the oldest in the world. All 70 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
throughout its history, it has witnessed the rise and fall of several kings, dynasties and empires. Each of those in power, however, left behind their legacy in the form of a monument, maybe a fort, palace or any other historical structure. Apart from that, there are temples and caves which bear testament to the artistic excellence attained in the past ages. These places of historical importance aren’t just significant as tourist destinations, they also attract lovers of art and history. As a result, India today is dotted with several historical places that remind you of its illustrious past and glorious reign. How much do you know about the history of India? Is your knowledge about its history confined to textbooks? If yes, then this blog of 15 historical places in India that you can’t miss is for you. Taj Mahal, Agra One can go on praising the Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with an uninterrupted flow of adjectives – magnificent, outstanding, amazing and incredible. However, none of those can accurately do justice to its beauty. The only way to do that is to visit this incredible structure made of pure white marble. Everything about it reflects grandeur, from its minarets to its dome. Shah Jahan had this monument built for his wife Mumtaz to express his undying love for her, and today, lovers cite this as an example when expressing their love to each other. The construction of the Taj Mahal, which is also one of the must visit UNESCO World Heritage Sites In India, took around 22 years to complete, and no wonder, the effort of every year is reflected in its construction. Do you know? Inspired by the Taj Mahal, Dubai is planning to build a hotel and shopping complex which is estimated to be four times larger than the original structure. Red Fort, Delhi 71 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a symbol of the Mughal Empire at its peak. The enormous size, aesthetic proportions and style, all represent an age of unrestrained opulence. Amidst the unceasing bustle of Old Delhi, stands this colossal monument, evoking nothing but admiration from the onlookers. Red Fort, which is one of the popular forts and palaces in India, was also built by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan. It took over 10 years to complete, and was constructed when the emperor decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Back then, the fort was known as Qila-e-Mubarak. It is from the ramparts of Red Fort that the Prime Minister delivers his speech on Independence Day. Do you know? The Red Fort, as you know it, wasn’t always red. In fact, it was white as it was made of limestone. It was the British who painted it red when the limestone began peeling off. Qutub Minar, Delhi 72 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
The Qutub Minar, another UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an incredible example of Indo- Muslim architecture that touches the skies at an incredible height of 240ft. It is named after Qutub-ud-din Aibak, the first Muslim ruler of North India. The place where Qutub Minar stands is usually regarded as the site of the first Muslim kingdom in northern India. Verses from the Quran are finely carved onto its red sandstone stories, with most of them being mostly in Arabic. Another interesting fact is that the first mosque in India, Quwwat-ul- Islam Masjid, is located at the foot of the Qutub Minar. Do you know? The Qutub Minar Complex also consists of an iron pillar which has not rusted even after a period of 2,000 years. Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh 73 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
The Mughals can be credited with having built some of the finest monuments in India, and Fatehpur Sikri, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is yet another example of that. Although, it should be said that it is more a small city than just a monument. Built during the reign of Akbar, this royal city is home to several buildings like Birbal’s Palace, Tomb of Salim Chisti and Jama Masjid. This royal city, which, for a brief period of time, served as the capital city of Akbar, today wears a look of melancholy while its rich sandstone walls reflect the glory of a past age. You will also come across the place where Tansen, the legendary singer, practiced his singing. Watch out for the Buland Darwaza at the entrance, which measures almost 54 meters. Do you know? It is believed that many women, who were unable to give birth to a child, would come to the tomb of Salim Chisti to seek blessings. Don’t miss: Two of the buildings which you must check out on your visit here are Diwan-i- Aam and Diwan-i-Khas. Agra Fort, Uttar Pradesh 74 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Looking at Agra Fort, one would get the impression that for the Mughals, opulence and grandeur were seemingly alien terms. Located in Agra, a city included in the Golden Triangle Tour Circuit India, it beautifully brings the elements of aesthetics to size. The massive fort was built by Akbar in 1565 AD, and stands out for its fabulous design and incredible construction. The fort also consists of two ornately designed gates, the Amar Singh Gate and the Delhi Gate. Visitors can only enter through the Amar Singh Gate. The Agra Fort, which is always included among the must visit forts and palaces in India, consists of a number of buildings like Moti Masjid, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas and Musamman Burj, where Shah Jahan died in imprisonment. Do you know? Agra Fort found a mention in one of the cases of the famous detective, Sherlock Holmes, “Sign of the Four”. This was also the location for the Bollywood movie, “Jodha Akbar”. 5.3 MONUMENTS AND MUSEUM India is a charming country of rich architectural beauty, culture, traditions and historical past. Being ornamented with historical monuments, it has a majestic past of Mughals and British that speak of the history. In each destination of India, travelers can come across a museum that displays the magnificent past of the region. And no tour to India is complete without paying a visit to a museum of the city that reflects the culture and history of ancient India in a most beautiful way. There are many popular museums in India that unfold lots of unheard truth of a bygone era. 75 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
National Museum One of the largest museums of India, National Museum has diverse articles from the magnificent ancient era. It was constructed in 1949 on the corner of Janpath in the lively city of Delhi. It is a best place to visit as one gets to know about the luxury coaches of trains, which were a long time back used by the great kings. It houses a variety of collections that include jewelry, paintings, armors, decorative arts and manuscripts. There is also a Buddhist section where one can find head of a Buddha statue, and Buddha Stupa having remnants of Gautam Buddha, constructed in 3rd century BCE by Sovereign Ashoka. Indian Museum Established in 1814 by Asiatic society of Bengal in Kolkata, Indian Museum has a unique collection of armors, skeletons, Mughal paintings and ornaments. It possesses six sections containing five galleries of creative and scientific work of arts that is archaeology, geology, economic beauty and art. Being one of the oldest museums in the globe, it is one of the most sought after places of India that one must not give a miss on holidays in Kolkata. Government-Museum Also hailed as Madras Museum, Government Museum is positioned in Egmore, which is among the busiest spots of Chennai. It was established in 1851 and exhibits different varieties pertaining to geology, zoology and anthropology and botany. The museum has excellent sections showcasing the main south Indian times encompassing, Chaulkyas, Chola and Vijayanagar. There are separate sections for children also. Moreover, one can have a glimpse at the different collection of books from yesteryear at the well-stocked library. Chhatrapati Shivaji Vaastu Museum, Mumbai Positioned in proximity to the Gateway of India, Mumbai, Chhatrapati Shivaji Vaastu Museum Mumbai was erected in the starting of the 20th century. It comprises of three main sections such as the archeology section, natural history section and art section. Each section shows a variety of work of arts dating back to Gupta and Chaulkyas era. Shankar-International-Dol Displaying the largest collection of dolls from wide and far in the beautiful city of Delhi, Shankar’s International Dolls Museum has two sections exhibiting more than 160 glass cases from New Zealand, Africa, India and Australia. Moreover, the collection of dolls have been divided into two sections; one section consists of the dolls gathered from New Zealand, UK, USA, commonwealth of independent states while the other one comprises of dolls gathered from Middle East, India, Asian countries and Africa. In addition to dolls displaying different 76 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
countries, the visitors can also have a glimpse of various collections of costumes dolls, representing Indian dances and traditions, pairs of bride and groom etc. 5.4 PILGRIMAGE Hindu pilgrimage Somnath and Dwarka The majestic seaside temples of Dwarka and Somnath are truly awe-inspiring. Dwarka is one of the four shrines comprising the Char Dham and home to the Jagat Mandir, also known as Dwarkadheesh Temple dedicated to Lord Krishna. The Somnath temple is one of the 12 holy Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva. Vaishno Devi One of the most important Indian pilgrimages is to the Vaishno Devi shrine, near Katra in Jammu. The temple is at a height of 5,300 feet and can be reached by an arduous climb. It’s dedicated to the goddess Shakti and is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. Navratri is the biggest festival celebrated here. Buddhism Pilgrimage The most important places in Buddhism are located in the Gangetic plains of Northern India and Southern Nepal, in the area between New Delhi and Rajgir. This is the area where Gautama Buddha lived and taught, and the main churches connected to his life are now important places of pilgrimage for both Buddhists and Hindus. However, many countries that are or were predominantly Buddhist have shrines and places which can be visited as a pilgrimage. Bodhgaya Bodh Gaya is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous as it is the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have attained Enlightenment (Pali: bodhi) under what became known as the Bodhi Tree. Since antiquity, Bodh Gaya has remained the object of pilgrimage and veneration for both Hindus and Buddhists. Sarnath Sarnath is a place located 10 kilometres north-east of Varanasi city near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India. The deer park in Sarnath is where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into 77 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna (Sanskrit: Kauṇḍinya). Singhpur, a village approximately one kilometer away from the site, was the birthplace of Shreyansanath, the Eleventh Tirthankara of Jainism. A temple dedicated to him is an important pilgrimage site. Jain India is truly a hub of diversity that boasts a rich heritage and spirituality. Jainism is one of the oldest religions that have found its roots in this diverse land. As a result, many Jain temples are built in different parts of the country. However, these temples are much more than just places of worship. They boast an architecture that is simply unparalleled. The remarkable pillars, intricate designs and the carved ceilings exude irresistible charm and reflect the grandeur of the ancient period. Here is a list of 20 Most Famous Jain Temples in India that you must visit to soak up the spiritual bliss. Ranakpur Jain Temple, Ranakpur (Rajasthan) The 15th century Ranakpur Temple is a major pilgrimage site for the Jain community and is often regarded as an architectural icon worldwide. It is set in the Ranakpur village, 95 kilometres north of Udaipur. The temple is built by a reputed businessman of that time, Dharna Shah with the help of the Mewar ruler. The complex comprises of a number of temples namely the Chatutmukha Temple, Parsavanth Temple, Surya Temple and the Amba Temple. The most significant amongst all of them is the four-faced Chaturmukha Temple dedicated to Adinath, the first Jain Tirthankara. Ranakpur Jain Temple never fails to dazzle visitors with its grandeur. The entire structure is constructed with light coloured marble with turrets and cupolas majestically rising out of the jagged hilly terrain. Thousands of beautifully carved pillars support this heritage landmark and each one of them is designed uniquely. In every nook and cranny, finely engraved Jain scriptures can be found. The historic Ranakpur Temple was among the best 77 wonders while deciding the ‘7 Wonders of the World‘. Indeed, the temple is truly a jewel that lights up the royal state of Rajasthan. Gomateshwara Temple, Vindhyagiri Hill (Karnataka) Gomateshwara Temple commonly known as the Bahubali Temple is set in the small town of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. Apart from being a religious landmark, it is also a renowned heritage site. The 57 feet mammoth statue of Bahubali stands erected on Vindhyagiri Hill. This historic Jain figure is regarded as one of the largest monolithic statues worldwide. Right 78 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
at the bottom of the Bahubali statue, there are inscriptions in Prakrit that praises the King who funded for this site. On both the sides of the statue, there are two standing figures of Yaksha and Yakshi (Chauri bearers). The Bahubali figure is enclosed by a massive pillared structure with 43 carved images of the Tirthankaras, who preaches the teachings of God and considered sacred by the followers of Jainism. The large temple is bordered by a wall that is adorned with carved figures of animals and females. The auspicious occasion of Mahamastakabhisheka draws pilgrims from around the world. This festival takes place once in 12 years when the Bahubali sculpture is bathed with milk, sugarcane juice, saffron and ghee. In the year 2007, the statue was also ranked as one of India’s Seven Wonders. Muslims It is not surprising that many of the Heritage Monuments in India were built by the Mughals who were followers of Islam. The luxury these rulers enjoyed is a proof of the rich lifestyle of Muslims in India. Inspite of their lavish lives, Mughals took their religion seriously and built Dargahs and Mosques in India to spread the word of Allah. If you’re planning to visit prominent dargahs and mosques in India anytime soon, make sure you cover these five sites in your Muslim pilgrimage tour to India. Dargah Sharif, Ajmer Dargah Sharif in Ajmer is the most famous pilgrimage site for Muslims in India. The shrine was built by Emperor Humayun, in memory of Sufi saint Khawaja Moin-Ud-Din-Chishti, who established the Chishti order of Sufism which works on the principles of renunciation, prayer and self-discipline. The dargah has a tomb of the Sufi saint which is placed inside a mausoleum, a mosque and many other buildings built by Akbar which draw a lot of attention from tourists from various cornets of the world. Haji Ali Dargah, Mumbai One of the chief landmarks of Mumbai, Haji Ali Dargah is a notable place for religious excursions. The shrine is located on a beautiful spot in an islet lying at the centre of Arabian Sea close to the Mumbai coastline. The dargah has a tomb of saint Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari whose body floated back in a casket to this spot, after he died when he was on his way to Mecca. The breathtaking sight of the whitewashed dargah situated on the shores of Arabian Sea compels people of all religions to pay a visit to this holy place of Muslims. Sikh Religion and spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or search of great moral significance. 79 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members of every major religion participate in pilgrimages. A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim. Golden Temple The Gurdwara is built around a man-made pool (Sarovar) that was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das in 1577. Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru of Sikhism, requested Sai Mir Mian Mohammed, a Muslim Pir of Lahore, to lay its foundation stone in 1589. In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in Harmandir Sahib. The Gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of persecution and was destroyed several times by the Mughal and invading Afghan armies. Maharaja Ranjit Singh after founding the Sikh Empire, rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple. Patna Sahib Patna City, popularly known as Patna Saheb or Patna Sahib, is a neighbourhood in Patna, Bihar, India. It is regarded as very sacred by the Sikhs in India. The tenth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh was born there. The Patna Saheb Gurudwara is considered to be one of the holiest of the five \"Takhts\" or seat of authority of the Sikhs. The place is named Harminder Takht though the Sikhs respectfully call it Patna Sahib. The famous Guru Gobind Sahib Gurudwara is an important shrine for Sikhs from all over the world. Ashok Rajpath (road) connects Patna City to Patna. 5.5 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are important places of cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. There are 38 World Heritage Sites located in India. These include 30 cultural sites, 7 natural sites and 1 mixed-criteria site. India has the sixth largest number of sites in the world. Top World Heritage Sites in India by UNESC Manas Wildlife Sanctuary it was listed as being in danger in 1992, but was exceptional in 2011 following significant improvements. Hampi was added to the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger in 1999, but removed in 2006 following successful conservation efforts. Kumbh Mela which is organised in every 12 years in different holy places in India viz. Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Haridwar in Uttarakhand and Nashik, Maharashtra is selected in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2017. 80 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
1. Ajanta cave The Ajanta Caves are Buddhists caves built in two phases. The first, was from the reign of Emperor Ashoka. The second, further additions were made during the 5th and 6th centuries AD of the Gupta period. The caves depict richly decorated fresco paintings, reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings and sculptures in Sri Lanka. There are 31 rock-cut cave monuments which are unique representations of the religious art of Buddhism. 2. Ellora Caves The Ellora Caves, also known as the Ellora Complex, are a cultural mix of religious arts of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. 34 monasteries and temples sculpted contiguously into rock walls of a high basalt cliff are seen along a length of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). Dated to 600 to 1000 AD, they are a reflection of artistic creation of the ancient civilization of India. 3. Agra Fort The Agra Fort, also known as the Red Fort of Agra, represents Mughal opulence and power as the center piece of their empire. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982, under Category iii as a cultural monument. The fortress is located on the right bank of the Yamuna River, built in red sandstone, covering a length of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi). It is surrounded by a moat which encloses several palaces, towers, and mosques. They were built from the 16th century onward until the early 18th century. This corresponds to Emperor Akbar's reign in the 16th century to that of Aurangzeb in the early part of the 18th century, including the contributions made during the reign of Jahangir and Shahjahan of the Moghul Rule in India. The impressive structures built within the precincts of the fort are the Khas Mahal, the Shish Mahal, Muhamman Burje (an octagonal tower), Diwan-i-Khas (1637), Diwan-i-Am, white marble mosque or the Pearl Mosque (built during 1646–1653) and the Nagina Masjid (1658–1707). These monuments are remarkable for the fusion of Persian art of the Timurid and Indian art forms. It is near the famous Taj Mahal, with a buffer zone separating the two monuments. 4. Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is a mausoleum — a funerary mosque. It was built by Emperor Shahjahan in memory of his third wife Begum Mumtaz Mahal who had died in 1631. It is a large edifice made in white marble in typical Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles. This much acclaimed masterpiece was built over a 16-year period between 1631 and 1648 under the Chief Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri supported by several thousand artisans under the guidance of an Imperial Committee. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World 81 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Heritage List in 1983, under Category i, as a cultural property/monument. It is set amidst the vast Mughal Gardens, which cover 17 hectares (42 acres) of land on the right bank of the Yamuna River. It has an octagonal layout marked by four exclusive minarets at four corners with a pristine elevation of a central bulbous dome below which the tombs are laid in an underground chamber. Calligraphic inscriptions in-crusted in polychromatic pierra dura, decorative bands and floral arabesques glorify the monument's graphic beauty and provide a picture perfect impression to the viewers 5. Sun Temple, Konark The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Sun Temple (also known as the \"Black Pagoda\"), at Konark, in Odisha. Located on the east coast of the Bay of Bengal in the Mahanadi Delta, it is built in the form of the chariot of Surya (Arka), the sun god with 24 wheels, and is heavily decorated with symbolic stone carvings and led by a team of six horses. It was constructed from oxidizing weathered ferruginous-coloured sandstone by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. The temple is one of the most renowned temples in India and is a World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984 as a cultural property under categories (i), (iii) and (vi). CASE STUDIES Heritage Tourism is the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Heritage Tourism is travelling for recreational or leisure purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who \"travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited\". Heritage Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2014, there were over 903 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6% as compared to 20013. International tourist receipts were USD 856 billion in 2011. Despite the uncertainties in the global economy, arrivals grew at around 5% during the first four months of 2015, almost a similar growth than the same period in 2014. Tourism in India has seen exponential growth in the recent years. India is one of the most preferred destinations for both overseas and domestic travellers. Tourism enables the international traveller to understand and experience India's cultural diversity first hand. According to official estimates the Indian tourism industry has outperformed the global tourism industry in terms of growth in the volume of foreign tourists as well as in terms of revenue. United Nations has classified three forms of Tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: (i) Domestic tourism, which involves Residents of the given country travelling only within the country; (ii) Inbound Tourism, involving non- residents travelling in the given country; and (iii) Outbound Tourism, involving residents 82 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
travelling in another country. The UN also derived different categories of Tourism by combining the three Basic forms of tourism: (a) Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound Tourism; (b) National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound Tourism; and (c) International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound Tourism. The historic and cultural resources associated with people, events, or aspects of a community’s past give that community its sense of identity and help tell its story. These resources are the most tangible reflections of a community’s heritage. History can and should be used as a selling point for a community. The recognition of an area’s historic resources can bring about neighbourhood revitalization, increased and sustainable tourism, economic development through private investment, and citizenship building. When communities’ travel-related entities partner with public or private organizations, the historic, cultural, and natural resources are more effectively promoted to meet the heritage traveller’s desire for an integrated and enriching experience. II. Related Work This publication is related to the field of heritage tourism produced by the Historic Preservation Division of the Indian tourism Development to assist communities in leveraging their historic assets to realize economic and cultural goals such as: • Attracting new investment • Creating new jobs • Revitalizing downtowns and neighbourhoods • Building community pride and a sense of place • Educating children about their heritage Nominating properties to the National Register of Historic Places • Surveying a community’s historic resources Heritage tourism is an important component of the tourism industry. According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, visiting historic sites or museums ranks only third behind shopping and outdoor pursuits for travellers in this country. The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a non-profit organization that provides leadership, education, advocacy, and assistance to save India’s diverse historic places and revitalize communities. • Well educated – Most heritage tourists have advanced degrees. Education level is the single most significant factor that influences cultural and heritage participation and travel. • Older – Participation in cultural and heritage events peaks between ages 45 and 65, when people are at the height of their careers, earning power, and discretionary income. 83 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
• Influenced by women – Women typically plan family vacations and group trips, and also control more personal discretionary income. • Cosmopolitan – International travel is growing. Those travellers seeking heritage or cultural events are just as likely to travel to India. Heritage tourism protects historic, cultural, and natural resources in towns and cities by involving people in their community. When they can relate to their personal, local, regional, or national heritage, people are more often motivated to safeguard their historic resources. Heritage tourism educates residents and visitors about local and regional history and shared traditions. Through involvement and exposure to local historic sites, residents become better informed about their history and traditions. Understanding the importance of one’s heritage provides continuity and context for a community’s residents, and it strengthens citizenship values, builds community pride, and improves quality of life. III. CASE STUDY FINDINGS Tourism, including both foreign and domestic visitors, is considered the second most important industry in India behind heritage. Tourism in India generates direct expenditures of $20 billion and a total estimated economic impact of over $34 billion annually. Tourism impact numbers from 2014 include category 1,2,3 and 4 for the classification of sectors • Direct domestic expenditures of $19 billion, up 1.9% from 2012. • Direct international expenditures of $1.7 billion, up 14% from 2013. • Domestic and international travellers spent nearly $20.8 billion, up 2.8% from 2007. • Combined direct expenditures generated 241,000 jobs within India. • Combined expenditures generated $1.6 billion in tax revenue for state and local governments in 2012, up 1.8% from 2013. • Combined expenditures generated $6.9 billion payroll income for travel industry employees, up 0.5% from 2012. • On average, every $86,155 spent in Georgia by domestic and international travellers generated one job in 2014. Tourism is an important sector of the economy and contributes significantly in the country’s GDP as well as Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE). With its backward and forward linkages with other sectors of the economy like transport, constriction, handicrafts, manufacturing, horticulture, agriculture etc, tourism has the potential to not only be the economy driver, but also become an effective tool for poverty alleviation and ensuring growth with equity. 5.6 SUMMARY • Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles. Vernacular architecture is also regional in its flavours. Vaastu shastra, literally \"science of construction\" or \"architecture\" and ascribed to Mamuni 84 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
Mayan, explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings; it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs. • As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vaastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the \"absolute\". The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as \"the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage\". Indo- Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture. • India is a charming country of rich architectural beauty, culture, traditions and historical past. Being ornamented with historical monuments, it has a majestic past of Mughals and British that speak of the history. In each destination of India, travelers can come across a museum that displays the magnificent past of the region. And no tour to India is complete without paying a visit to a museum of the city that reflects the culture and history of ancient India in a most beautiful way. There are many popular museums in India that unfold lots of unheard truth of a bygone era. • The development of historical tourism is necessary for the growth and development of the country. The main areas in the ninth plan that have led to the development of tourism have been stated as follows: (Chapter IV, n.d.). • Infrastructure Development - The development of the selected tourist places and areas for integrated infrastructure development are considered important. Since most of the infrastructural constituents and delivery systems are within the purview of the state Governments or private sector, the infrastructure for tourism is primarily to be developed by providing financial assistance to state governments and union territories and by providing various incentives to the private entrepreneurs. When the development of tourism takes place, then it is vital to bring about development in the infrastructural facilities. In all types of tourism and not only historical tourism, the individuals transfer from one place to another, hence, it is vital to make improvements in roads, infrastructure and other modes of transportation. 5.7 KEYWORDS • Journal: A periodical which normally deals with a specific issue, for instance, National Geographic. By periodical, we mean a sort of magazine. • Past, the: Events which happened previously in time. It might sound strange to have 85 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
‘history’ and ‘the past’ meaning different things, but the distinction is important when you remember that all our attempts to narrate and explain earlier events are affected by our own biases and difficulties of time and transmission. What historians have done is used ‘The Past’ as a base point: this is what happened, this is what most people think of as history. Historians then consider ‘history’ as the product of our attempts to recreate the past. • Primary Sources: Material from, or directly related to, the past. In History, primary sources are usually letters, records or other documents created during the period that is being studied, such as diaries, legal notices or accounts. However, primary sources can include photographs, jewelry, and other items. • Reference Work: A text, usually in the form of a dictionary or encyclopedia which contains facts and information, but not normally discussions. • Secondary Sources: Material created by somebody removed from the event being studied - who was either not at the event, or was working later. For instance, all history textbooks are secondary sources. 5.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What are the UNESCO world heritage for 7 world wonders? 2. Discuss about the Mughals architecture contribution in India’s heritage. 5.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS 86 A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Discuss the cultural attractions in India. 2. Explain the significance of Taj mahal. 3. List the reasons Indian museum is famous for. 4. Explainthe significance of Haji Ali dargah. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
5. Write a short note on importance of UNESCO. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. 'The movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs' a. Historic tourism b. Social tourism c. Cultural Tourism d. None of these 2. The promotional efforts of the overseas field offices are to be augmented and incorporated with the efforts of Indian missions and other agencies abroad. a. Promotional b. Motivational c. Historical d. Systematical 3. The are Buddhists caves built in two phases, the first, was from the reign of Emperor Ashoka. The second, further additions were made during the 5th and 6th centuries AD of the Gupta period a. Allora Caves b. CSV museum c. Red fort d. Ajanta Caves 4. Displaying the largest collection of dolls from wide and far in the beautiful city 87 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
of , Shankar’s International Dolls Museum has two sections exhibiting more than 160 glass cases from New Zealand, Africa, India and Australia. a. Delhi b. Mumbai c. Chennai d. Kolkata 5. The Gurdwara is built around a man-made pool (Sarovar) that was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das in 1577 a. Golden temple b. Bangla sahib c. Patna sahib d. None of these Answer 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. a 5.10 REFERENCES • A. K. Raina. (2010). Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practices Paperback. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House. • Dimitrios Buhalis, John Crotts, Roger March. (2000). Global Alliances in Tourism and Hospitality Management. UK and New York: Routledge publishing. • A.K Bhatia. (2006). International Tourism Management. Noida: Sterling Publishers. • National geography. (2016) Destinations of a Lifetime (National Geographic).Washington D.C.: National geography publishers • \"Promotion of Medical Tourism\". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 28 April 2016. • Sanjay Kumar (15 January 2018). \"15.2% Growth in Foreign Tourist Arrivals in December, 2017 Over December, 2016; 48.3% Growth in Foreign Tourist Arrivals on 88 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
e-Tourist visa in December, 2017 Over December, 2016\". Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 7 March 2018. • Team, BS Web (17 January 2018). \"India attracted 10 mn foreign tourists in 2017, sports to bring more\". Business Standard India. Retrieved 11 February 2018. 89 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
UNIT -6PUNJAB 90 STRUCTURE 6.0. Learning objectives 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Cultural Life 6.3. History 6.4. Capital-Chandigarh 6.4.1 History 6.4.2 The Contemporary City and Territory 6.5. Tourist Circuits of Punjab 6.6. Major tourists’ attractions of Punjab 6.7. Summary 6.8. Keywords 6.9. Learning activity 6.10.Unit end questions 6.11.References 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • Discuss about state of Punjab. • Explain significance of Chandigarh as capital of Punjab state. • Identify tourist circuits in Punjab. • List downmajor attractionsin Punjab state. • Discuss case study ofPunjab CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
6.1 INTRODUCTION Punjab, state of India, located in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. It is bounded by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest and by the country of Pakistan to the west. Punjab in its present form came into existence on November 1, 1966, when most of its predominantly Hindi-speaking areas were separated to form the new state of Haryana. The city of Chandigarh, within the Chandigarh union territory, is the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana. The word Punjab is a compound of two Persian words, panj (“five”) and āb (“water”), thus signifying the land of five waters, or rivers (the Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej). The word’s origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for “five rivers” and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata. As applied to the present Indian state of Punjab, however, it is a misnomer: since the partition of India in 1947, only two of those rivers, the Sutlej and the Beas, lie within Punjab’s territory, while the Ravi flows only along part of its western border. Area 19,445 square miles (50,362 square km). Pop. (2011) 27,704,236. Land Relief, drainage, and soils Punjab spans three physiographic regions, the smallest being the Siwalik Range in the northeast, where elevations reach about 3,000 feet (900 metres). Farther south, the narrow, undulating foothill region is dissected by closely spaced seasonal torrents, locally known as chos, several of which terminate in the plain below without joining any stream. To the south and west of the foothills lies the broad flat tract, with low-lying floodplains separated by slightly elevated uplands. This region, with its fertile alluvial soils, slopes gently from an elevation of about 900 feet (275 metres) in the northeast to about 550 feet (170 metres) in the southwest. The southwestern part of the plains, formerly strewn with sand dunes, has mostly been levelled off with the expansion of irrigation projects. Climate Punjab has an inland subtropical location, and its climate is continental, being semiarid to subhumid. Summers are very hot. In June, the warmest month, daily temperatures in Ludhiana usually reach about 100 °F (upper 30s C) from a low in the upper 70s F (mid-20s C). In January, the coolest month, daily temperatures normally rise from the mid-40s (about 7 °C) into the mid-60s F (upper 10s C). Annual rainfall is highest in the Siwalik Range, which may receive more than 45 inches (1,150 mm), and lowest in the southwest, which may 91 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
receive less than 12 inches (300 mm); statewide average annual precipitation is roughly 16 inches (400 mm). Most of the annual rainfall occurs from July to September, the months of the southwest monsoon. Winter rains from the western cyclones, occurring from December to March, account for less than one-fourth of the total rainfall. Plant and animal life With the growth of human settlement over the centuries, Punjab has been cleared of most of its forest cover. Over large parts of the Siwalik Range, bush vegetation has succeeded trees as a result of extensive deforestation. There have been attempts at reforestation on the hillsides, and eucalyptus trees have been planted along major roads. Natural habitats for wildlife are severely limited because of intense competition from agriculture. Even so, many types of rodents (such as mice, rats, squirrels, and gerbils), bats, birds, and snakes, as well as some species of monkeys, have adapted to the farming environment. Larger mammals, including jackals, leopards, wild boar, various types of deer, civets, and pangolins (scaly anteaters), among others, are found in the Siwaliks. People Population composition The people of Punjab are mainly descendants of the so-called Aryan tribes that entered India from the northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE, as well as the pre-Aryan population, probably Dravidians (speakers of Dravidian languages), who had a highly developed civilization. Relics of this civilization have been unearthed at Rupnagar (Ropar). Successive waves of invaders—Greeks, Parthians, Kushans, and Hephthalites (Hunas)—added to the diversity of earlier social, or caste, groups (jatis). Later, invaders under the banner of Islam forced several vanquished groups (such as the Jat peasant caste and the Rajput class of landowners) to convert to the Muslim faith, although many conversions were voluntary under the influence of Sufi saints. Today, however, the majority religion of Punjab is Sikhism, which originated from the teachings of Nanak, the first Sikh Guru. Hindus make up the largest minority, but there also is a significant population of Muslims. There are small communities of Christians and Jains in some areas. Some two-fifths of Punjab’s population consists of Hindus and Sikhs who officially belong to the Scheduled Castes (formerly called “untouchables”), which occupy a relatively low position within the traditional Indian caste system. Punjabi is the official state language. Along with Hindi, it is the most widely spoken. However, many people also speak English and Urdu. 92 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)
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