Unit-5, Neo-Psychoanalytic View point, 06-04-2021

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M.A.(Psy) 2 NEO-FREUDIANS NEO-FREUDIANS  Course Code: MAP601 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL  Semester: First  E-Lesson: 5  SLM Unit: 5 www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601)

NEO-FREUDIANS 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION  To enable students to gather a creative and in  The unit develops the understanding depth understanding of psychology as a science. of the neo- Freudians and how it is different from Freudians  To understand the role and importance of various school of psychology. The contributions of Carl Jung and the major concepts covered by him are To familiarize students with recent development  addressed.  in the fields in the field of Psychology. The unit further discusses the contribution of Alfred Adler and his Students will acquire and demonstrate major concepts knowledge of information pertaining to  personality and individual differences.  INSTITUTE OF DAISllTArNigChEt AaNreDrOesNeLrIvNeEdLwEAitRhNCINUG-IDOL . Unit-5(MAPP 601) www.cuidol.in

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Neo- Freudians: Introduction NEO-FREUDIANS > Biography of Carl Jung > Concepts given by Carl Jung > Biography of Alfred Adler > Concepts given by Alfred Adler > Critical evaluation of theories by Carl Jung and Alfred Adler www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

NEO- FREUDIANS 5 Over the years, Freud attracted many followers who adapted and modified his psychoanalytic theories to create new theories of personality. These other theorists became known as Neo-Freudians. Neo-Freudians, such as Adler, Horney, Jung, and Erikson, agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter; however, they expanded on Freud's ideas by focusing on the importance of sociological and cultural influences in addition to biological influences. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CARL JUNG 6 • Jung was a Swiss psychologist who was interested in understanding the way in which symbols and myths penetrate through thinking on both conscious and unconscious mind. • Jung initially worked with fellow psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. •Jung was appointed Permanent President of the Association of Psycho-Analysis at its Second Congress in 1910. •However, Jung and Freud later took different paths, with the former disagreeing with Freud's emphasis on the influence of biological factors such as libido on behavior and personality. https://images.app.goo.gl/QSodFiTHpzNk7XjPA www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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CONCEPTS OF CARL JUNG 8 The Psyche Jung referred to the total personality as the psyche. Psychic energy, like physical energy, is an abstraction representing something real that cannot be touched or felt but that we know exists through its effects. Psychic energy manifests itself in our various feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. The Collective Unconscious According to Jung, there are two levels of the unconscious mind. a. Personal unconscious: It lies beneath the conscious mind and contains memories, impulses, wishes, faint perceptions, and other experiences in a person’s life that have been suppressed or forgotten. • This level of unconsciousness is not very deep. Incidents from the personal unconscious can easily be recalled to conscious awareness. b. Collective unconscious: This state of unconscious lies below personal unconscious and is unknown to the individual. It contains the cumulated experiences of previous generations, including our animal ancestors. These universal, evolutionary experiences form the basis of personality. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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CONCEPTS OF CARL JUNG 10 ARCHETYPES The archetypes that occur most frequently are the persona, the anima and animus, the shadow, and the self. • PERSONA: The persona is the mask each of us wears when we come in contact with other people; the mask represents us as we want to appear to society. As such, the persona may not correspond to an individual’s true personality. • ANIMA- ANIMUS: The anima and animus archetypes reflect the idea that each person exhibits some of the characteristics of the other sex. The “anima” refers to feminine characteristics in man; the “animus” denotes masculine characteristics in woman. • SHADOW: The shadow archetype, is the animalistic part of personality. Jung considered it to be inherited from lower forms of life. The shadow contains immoral, passionate, and unacceptable desires and activities. The shadow urges us to do things we ordinarily would not allow ourselves to do. • SELF: Integrating and balancing all aspects of the unconscious, the self provides the personality with unity and stability. Jung likened it to a drive toward self-actualization, by which he meant harmony, completeness, and the full development of our abilities. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES . 11 • Besides the levels of the psyche and the dynamics of personality, Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion— and four separate functions—thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting Attitudes Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. • Introversion: According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions. • Extraversion: Extraversion is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES 12 Functions https://images.app.goo.gl/v8ExSnWj1Dg6Kd9v8 Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. The four functions are sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting. • Thinking: Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas is called thinking. • Feeling: Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. • Sensing: The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness is called sensation. Sensing is not identical to the physical stimulus but is simply the individual’s perception of sensory impulses. • Intuiting: Intuition involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. Like sensing, it is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts, ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling. Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or subtracting elements from conscious sensation. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES 13 The two attitudes of introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of the four functions—thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition—to produce eight basic types. 1. Extraverted sensing people perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist in reality. 2. Introverted sensing people are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth. They are guided by their interpretation of sense stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves. 3. Extraverted intuitive people are oriented toward facts in the external world. Rather than fully sensing them, however, they merely perceive them subliminally. Because strong sensory stimuli interfere with intuition, intuitive people suppress many of their sensations and are guided by hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data. 4. Introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES 14 5. Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been transmitted to them from without, for example, from parents or teachers. Mathematicians and engineers make frequent use of extraverted thinking in their work. 6. Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves. Inventors and philosophers are often introverted thinking types. 7. Extraverted feeling people use objective data to make evaluations. They are not guided so much by their subjective opinion, but by external values and widely accepted standards of judgment. 8. Introverted feeling people base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts. Critics of the various art forms make much use of introverted feeling, making value judgments on the basis of subjective individualized data. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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CRITICISM 16 • Verification and falsification of Jung’s theory is impossible because the theory revolves around the concepts of unconscious mind which is difficult to test empirically. • The concepts of archetype and the collective unconscious are not recognized much by the scientific investigators. His ideas are mystical and stray very far from scientific thinking. • The concept of a collective unconscious does not easily lend itself to empirical research which makes it low on practicability. • Some of the terminology he uses is vague and tough to understand. • Jung tried with his theories to include religion in psychology, and this is seen as a primary weakness in his theories. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

AALLFFRREEDDAADDLLEERR 17 • Alfred Adler was born in Vienna on February 7, 1870. • He became the president of the Viennese Analytic Society. • A debate between Adler and Freud resulted in Adler leaving the society with nine other the society and form a society distinct for that of Freud and named it Free Psychoanalysts in 1911. • Adler later decided to rename it and called it Individual psychology which means “un-divided” which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority. https://images.app.goo.gl/1HKRR3prvBBRxfBP9 www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BBAASSICICCCOONNCCEEPPTTSS 18 1. Inferiority : Adler felt that we are all born with a sense of inferiority (as children are, of course, smaller and both physically and intellectually weaker than adults). a. Everyone suffers from inferiority in one form or another. For example, Adler views on organ inferiority are that each of us has weaker, as well as stronger, parts of our anatomy or physiology. b. Some of us are born with heart murmurs, or develop heart problems early in life etc. Some people have psychological inferiorities. Like, some are told that they are dumb, or ugly, or weak.  Many people respond to these inferiorities with compensation through direct or indirect ways.  If the individual becomes overwhelmed with the feeling of inferiority, it results in Inferiority complex.  People respond to inferiority besides compensation and the inferiority complex by developing a superiority complex. The superiority complex involves covering up your inferiority by pretending to be superior. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BBAASSICICCCOONNCCEEPPTTSS 19 2. Factional Finalism Fictions are people's expectations of the future. Adler held that fictions guide behavior, because people act as if these fictions are true. Adler accentuated teleology over causality, or explanations of behavior in conditions of future goals rather than past causes. 3. Social Interest: Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community. It manifests itself as cooperation with others for social advancement rather than for personal gain. 4. Masculine Protest According to Adler, cultural and social practices not anatomy influence many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly, a condition he called the masculine protest. Some women fight against their feminine roles, developing a masculine orientation and becoming assertive and competitive; others revolt by adopting a passive role, becoming exceedingly helpless and obedient. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BBAASSICICCCOONNCCEEPPTTSS 20 5. Psychological types Although all neurosis is, for Adler, a matter of insufficient social interest, he did note that three types could be distinguished based on the different levels of energy they involved: RULING • They tend to be aggressive and dominant over others. Their energy -- the strength of their striving TYPE. after personal power -- is so great that they tend to push over anything or anybody who gets in their way. LEANING • They are sensitive people but they rely on others to carry them through life's difficulties. They have low TYPE. energy levels and so become dependent. When overwhelmed, they develop neurotic symptoms: phobias, obsessions and compulsions, general anxiety, and so on, depending on individual details of their lifestyle. AVOIDING • They have lowest levels of energy and only survive by essentially avoiding life especially other TYPE people. When pushed to the limits, they tend to become psychotic, retreating finally into their own personal worlds. SOCIALLY • This is the healthy person, one who has both social interest and energy. Note that without USEFUL TYPE energy, you can't really have social interest, since you wouldn't be able to actually do anything for anyone. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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BBIRIRTTHHOORRDDEERR 22  According to Adler, not only a child's mother and father and other adults as early influence on the child, but the child's brothers and sisters as well. • Begins life as an only child, • He or she has the first • The most pampered in a • They are more likely with all the attention to child as a sort of \"pace- family with more than than others to be him- or herself. Sadly, just setter,\" and tends to one child. the youngest pampered. If the as things are getting become quite may also feel incredible parents are abusive, comfortable, the second competitive, constantly inferiority, with everyone on the other hand, child arrive s and trying to surpass the older and \"therefore\" the only child will \"dethrones\" the first. Some older child superior. But, with all have to bear that become disobedient and those \"pace-setters\" abuse alone. rebellious, others sullen and SECOND ahead, the youngest can withdrawn. They tend to be CHILD:. also be driven to exceed ONLY relatively solitary and more all of them. CHILD: conservative than the other children in the family. YOUNGES T CHILD FIRST CHILD www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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CCRRITITICICISISMM 24 •The theory has many concepts which are difficult to verify or falsify e.g. relationship between early childhood recollections and a person’s present style of life. •The theory suffers from a lack of precise operational definitions. Terms such as goal of superiority and creative power have no scientific definition. •Individual psychology is somewhat philosophical and even moralistic and does not provide answers to many questions. •There are concepts which are fictitious in nature and cannot be scientifically proven. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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SUMMARY 27 • Alfred Adler was the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic person and coined the idea of the \"inferiority complex”. • One of Jung's major contributions was his idea of the collective unconscious, which he deemed a \"universal\" version of Freud's personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, that are common to all of us. • He also believed in the importance of social connections, seeing childhood development as emerging through social development rather than via the sexual stages outlined by Freud. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 29 1. An ______________________ is an ongoing sense of feeling less than others, which leads to discouragement and lack of proactive development. a. inferiority complex b. ego wound c. inferior disposition d. Superiority complex 2. The founder of individual psychology was which ONE of the following? d. Sigmund Freud b. Carl Gustav Jung c. Alfred Adler d. Karen Horney 3. Sawto is a young man who expects to get everything from others. He is not very independent and tends to leans on others to get his needs met. Sawto most likely represents which ONE of the following four character types as defined by the author? a. The ruling type b. The getting type c. The avoiding type d. The useful type Answers: 1. a) 2.c) 3.b) www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 4. Jung (1959) called the universal ideas that we are born with: 30 a. the collective unconscious. c. Ego b. Archetypes d. Persona 5. Of the following terms, which ONE term BEST fits this statement? \"It is the person's presentation put forth to the world. It is structured from parental introjects, social role expectations, and peer expectations.\" c. Psyche c. Self d. Animus d. Persona 6. Of the following terms, which ONE term BEST fits this statement? \"It includes symbols, images, and archetypes common to all peoples”. e. The collective unconscious c. The ego f. The collective ideals d. The heiros gamos Answers: 4.a) 5. d) 6.a) www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 31 1. Explain what Adler meant by “style of life.” According to Adler’s theory, how do inferiority feelings develop? The style of life is reflected in the unity of an individual’s way of thinking, feeling, and acting. Often, bending an individual away from the needs of others or common sense, movements are made to relieve inferiority feelings or to compensate for those feelings with an unconscious fictional final goal. For further detail refer PPT. 2. Describe the Jungian concepts of the collective unconscious and the archetypes. Collective unconscious, term introduced by psychiatrist Carl Jung to represent a form of the unconscious (that part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is not aware) common to mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain. For further detail refer PPT Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

REFERENCES 32 •Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2008). Theories of Personality, 7th edition. McGraw hill. • Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th edition. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. www.cuidol.in Unit-5(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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