CU-SEM III-BA-History III -Second Draft-converted

faced the first assassination attempt. While in Poona, a bomb was thrown by an unidentified assailant (described only as a sanatani in the press at a car belonging to his entourage but Gandhi and his family escaped as they were in the car that was following. Gandhi later declared that he \"cannot believe that any sane sanatanist could ever encourage the insane act ... The sorrowful incident has undoubtedly advanced the Harijan cause. It is easy to see that causes prosper by the martyrdom of those who stand for them.\" In 1935, Ambedkar announced his intentions to leave Hinduism and join Buddhism. According to Sankar Ghose, the announcement shook Gandhi, who reappraised his views and wrote many essays with his views on castes, intermarriage, and what Hinduism says on the subject. These views contrasted with those of Ambedkar. Yet in the elections of 1937, excepting some seats in Mumbai which Ambedkar's party won, India's untouchables voted heavily in favour of Gandhi's campaign and his party, the Congress. Gandhi and his associates continued to consult Ambedkar, keeping him influential. Ambedkar worked with other Congress leaders through the 1940s and wrote large parts of India's constitution in the late 1940s, but did indeed convert to Buddhism in 1956 According to Jaffrelot, Gandhi's views evolved between the 1920s and 1940s; by 1946, he actively encouraged intermarriage between castes. His approach, too, to untouchability differed from Ambedkar's, championing fusion, choice, and free intermixing, while Ambedkar envisioned each segment of society maintaining its group identity, and each group then separately advancing the \"politics of equality\". Ambedkar's criticism of Gandhi continued to influence the Dalit movement past Gandhi's death. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, \"My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now\". According to Ramachandra Guha, \"ideologues have carried these old rivalries into the present, with the demonization of Gandhi now common among politicians who presume to speak in Ambedkar's name.\" Basic Education Gandhi rejected the colonial Western format of the education system. He stated that it led to disdain for manual work, generally created an elite administrative bureaucracy. Gandhi favoured an education system with far greater emphasis on learning skills in practical and useful work, one that included physical, mental and spiritual studies. His methodology sought to treat all professions equal and pay everyone the same. Gandhi called his ideas Nai Talim (literally, 'new education'). He believed that the Western style education violated and destroyed the indigenous cultures. A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases. Nai Talim evolved out of his experiences at the Tolstoy Farm in South Africa, and Gandhi attempted to formulate the new system at the Sevagram ashram after 1937. Nehru 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

government's vision of an industrialised, centrally planned economy after 1947 had scant place for Gandhi's village-oriented approach. In his autobiography, Gandhi wrote that he believed every Hindu child must learn Sanskrit because its historic and spiritual texts are in that language. Swaraj, self-rule Gandhi believed that swaraj not only can be attained with non-violence, but it can also be run with non-violence. A military is unnecessary, because any aggressor can be thrown out using the method of non-violent non-co-operation. While the military is unnecessary in a nation organised under swaraj principle, Gandhi added that a police force is necessary given human nature. However, the state would limit the use of weapons by the police to the minimum, aiming for their use as a restraining force. According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an \"ordered anarchy\". In a society of mostly non-violent individuals, those who are violent will sooner or later accept discipline or leave the community, stated Gandhi. He emphasised a society where individuals believed more in learning about their duties and responsibilities, not demanded rights and privileges. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, \"in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties.\" Swaraj to Gandhi did not mean transferring colonial era British power brokering system, favours-driven, bureaucratic, class exploitative structure and mindset into Indian hands. He warned such a transfer would still be English rule, just without the Englishman. \"This is not the Swaraj I want\", said Gandhi. Tewari states that Gandhi saw democracy as more than a system of government; it meant promoting both individuality and the self-discipline of the community. Democracy meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life. Khadi Khadi, Gandhi argued, had the potential to bring the Raj to its knees. He promoted Khadi to emphasize the dignity of labour, a life based on non-violence and the value of self-reliance. Khadi and Gandhi caps brought unity among people during the freedom struggle. He believed Indian masses would only be free from European domination, both politically and economically, by spinning, weaving and wearing homespun cloth, khadi. Khadi became a symbol of political resistance, and it had great impact on Britishers. Some European employers even banned the donning of white Khadi caps in office. But foreign cloth meant civilisation to some Indian elites. To persuade them Gandhi invoked moral obligation to take the homegrown attire. He put psychological pressure by emphasising on the virtue and purifying attributes of wearing Khadi. His speeches on virtues of khadi were so stirring that there were numerous episodes of people stripping themselves off their foreign garments and burning them. 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Hindu nationalism and revivalism Some scholars state Gandhi supported a religiously diverse India, while others state that the Muslim leaders who championed the partition and creation of a separate Muslim Pakistan considered Gandhi to be Hindu nationalist or revivalist For example, in his letters to Mohammad Iqbal, Jinnah accused Gandhi to be favouring a Hindu rule and revivalism, that Gandhi led Indian National Congress was a fascist party. In an interview with C.F. Andrews, Gandhi stated that if we believe all religions teach the same message of love and peace between all human beings, then there is neither any rationale nor need for proselytisation or attempts to convert people from one religion to another. Gandhi opposed missionary organisations who criticised Indian religions then attempted to convert followers of Indian religions to Islam or Christianity. In Gandhi's view, those who attempt to convert a Hindu, \"they must harbour in their breasts the belief that Hinduism is an error\" and that their own religion is \"the only true religion\".[374][375] Gandhi believed that people who demand religious respect and rights must also show the same respect and grant the same rights to followers of other religions. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage \"a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian.\" According to Gandhi, religion is not about what a man believes, it is about how a man lives, how he relates to other people, his conduct towards others, and one's relationship to one's conception of god It is not important to convert or to join any religion, but it is important to improve one's way of life and conduct by absorbing ideas from any source and any religion, believed Gandhi. Gandhian economic Gandhi believed in the sarvodaya economic model, which literally means \"welfare, upliftment of all\". This, states Bhatt, was a very different economic model than the socialism model championed and followed by free India by Nehru – India's first prime minister. To both, according to Bhatt, removing poverty and unemployment were the objective, but the Gandhian economic and development approach preferred adapting technology and infrastructure to suit the local situation, in contrast to Nehru's large scale, socialised state owned enterprises. To Gandhi, the economic philosophy that aims at \"greatest good for the greatest number\" was fundamentally flawed, and his alternative proposal sarvodaya set its aim at the \"greatest good for all\". He believed that the best economic system not only cared to lift the \"poor, less skilled, of impoverished background\" but also empowered to lift the \"rich, highly skilled, of capital means and landlords\". Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong, believed Gandhi. He stated that the mandate theory of majoritarian democracy should not be pushed to absurd extremes, individual freedoms should never be denied, and no person should ever be made a social or economic slave to the \"resolutions of majorities\". 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Gandhi challenged Nehru and the modernisers in the late 1930s who called for rapid industrialisation on the Soviet model; Gandhi denounced that as dehumanising and contrary to the needs of the villages where the great majority of the people lived.[381] After Gandhi's assassination, Nehru led India in accordance with his personal socialist convictions. Historian Kuruvilla Pandikattu says \"it was Nehru's vision, not Gandhi's, that was eventually preferred by the Indian State.\" Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries.[385] Gandhi's economic thinking disagreed with Marx, according to the political theory scholar and economist Bhikhu Parekh. Gandhi refused to endorse the view that economic forces are best understood as \"antagonistic class interests\". He argued that no man can degrade or brutalise the other without degrading and brutalising himself and that sustainable economic growth comes from service, not from exploitation. Further, believed Gandhi, in a free nation, victims exist only when they co-operate with their oppressor, and an economic and political system that offered increasing alternatives gave power of choice to the poorest man. While disagreeing with Nehru about the socialist economic model, Gandhi also critiqued capitalism that was driven by endless wants and a materialistic view of man. This, he believed, created a vicious vested system of materialism at the cost of other human needs, such as spirituality and social relationships. To Gandhi, states Parekh, both communism and capitalism were wrong, in part because both focused exclusively on a materialistic view of man, and because the former deified the state with unlimited power of violence, while the latter deified capital. He believed that a better economic system is one which does not impoverish one's culture and spiritual pursuits. Gandhism Gandhism designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted; of central importance is nonviolent resistance. A Gandhian can mean either an individual who follows, or a specific philosophy which is attributed to, Gandhism. M. M. Sankhdher argues that Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or in political philosophy. Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. It is an effort not to systematise wisdom but to transform society and is based on an undying faith in the goodness of human nature. However Gandhi himself did not approve of the notion of \"Gandhism\", as he explained in 1936: There is no such thing as \"Gandhism\", and I do not want to leave any sect after me. I do not claim to have originated any new principle or doctrine. I have simply tried in my own way to apply the eternal truths to our daily life and problems...The opinions I have formed and the conclusions I have arrived at are not final. I may change them tomorrow. I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and nonviolence are as old as the hills. Gandhian Techniques Of Mass Mobilisation 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

It was through involvement in two agrarian disputes, Champaran and Kheda and a labour dispute in Ahmedabad in 1917-18, that Gandhiji emerged as an influential political leader. At all the three places Gandhiji used his technique of Satyagraha or passive resistance. His role in Champaran has already been discussed in connection with the peasant movement. In 1918, Gandhiji intervened in a dispute between the workers and owners of Ahmadabad. He asked the workers to go on strike and demand a 35% increase in their wage and he himself went on a fast unto death. The mill-owners gave way and a settlement was reached after 21 days strike. In 1918, the Kheda peasants struggle involved Gandhiji and Sardar Vallab Bhai Patel. These three significant struggles brought Gandhiji in close contact with the masses. During the last two years of the First World War (1917-18) he maintained close contacts with the Congress, Home Rule League and also with the Muslim leaders. Satyagrah Against Rowlatt Act Along with other nationalists, Gandhiji was also aroused by Rowlatt Act. The 1917 Sedition Committee headed by Justice Sydney Rowlatt led to the passing of Rowlatt Act (1919), whereby the committee made recommendations to arm the government with dictatorial powers called the Black Act, it was widely opposed. As soon as the Government introduced the Rowlatt Act, Gandhiji decided to organise a Satyagraha campaign. He made an appeal to the people to observe a total haital on 6th April 1919, against the Rowlatt Act. This was followed by mass protest and mob violence in Bombay, Ahmedabad and several other towns. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar on 13th April 1919, on the order of General Dyer stunned the whole nation. The unarmed crowd had gathered at the Bagh in defiance of the ban on public meeting to protest against the popular leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. After this Jallianwala massacre, the anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha lost momentum. The anti-Rowlatt Act Satyagraha transformed the Congress into a national body, with a new ideology and a new strategy under a new leader. The Khilafat Movement The Muslims of India had been feeling uneasy at the prospects of ill treatment towards Turkey at the end of the First World War. A Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal, Khan and Hasrat Mohapi and a countrywide agitation was organised. The main object of the Khilafat Movement was to force the British Government to change its attitude towards Turkey and restore the Turkish Sultan (Khalifa) to his former position. Gandhiji and other Congress leaders viewed the Khilafat agitation as- a golden opportunity for cementing the Hindu-Muslim unity and bringing the Muslim masses into the national movement. In February 1920, Gandhi suggested to the Khilafat Committee to adopt a programme of non-violent non-cooperation to protest the government behaviour. On June 9, 1920, the Khilafat committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted his suggestion and asked Gandhiji to lead the movement.From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Kolkata session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co- 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

operation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for dominion status. The first satyagraha movement urged the use of khadi and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, resign from government employment, refuse to pay taxes, and forsake British titles and honours. Although this came too late to influence the framing of the new Government of India Act 1919, the movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off the movement because he was scared after Chauri Chaura incident, which saw the death of twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob that India would descend into anarchy. 9.2 NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT The non-cooperation movement was launched on 5th September 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In September 1920, in Congress session in Calcutta, the party introduced the Non-Cooperation programme. It signified a new chapter in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was the main force behind the non-cooperation movement. In March 1920, he issued a manifesto declaring a doctrine of the non-violent non-cooperation movement. Gandhi, through this manifesto, wanted people to: 1. Adopt swadeshi principles 2. Adopt swadeshi habits including hand spinning & weaving 3. Work for the eradication of untouchability from society Gandhi travelled across the nation in 1921 explaining the tenets of the movement. Features of the Non-Cooperation Movement • The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India. • Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest. • People were asked to resign from their government jobs. • People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges. • People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods. • People were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils. • People were asked not to serve in the British army. • It was also planned that if the above steps did not bring results, people would refuse to pay their taxes. 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government. • Only completely non-violent means would be employed to get the demands fulfilled. • The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step in the independence movement because, for the first time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional means to achieve self-rule. • Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was continued to completion. Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement • Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support. • Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character. • Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government. • The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government. • The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was one of the Central Powers, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. Muslims regarded Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph (religious head of the Muslims). The Khilafat movement was launched under the leadership of Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. It got the support from Mahatma Gandhi to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement suspended? 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Gandhiji called off the movement in February 1922 in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident. • In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement. • Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa. Several leaders like Motilal Nehru and C R Das were against the suspension of the movement only due to sporadic incidents of violence. Significance of Non-Cooperation Movement • Swaraj was not achieved in one year as Gandhiji had told. • However, it was a truly mass movement where lakhs of Indians participated in the open protest against the government through peaceful means. • It shook the British government who were stumped by the extent of the movement. • It saw participation from both Hindus and Muslims thereby showcasing communal harmony in the country. • This movement established the popularity of the Congress Party among the people. • As a result of this movement, people became conscious of their political rights. They were not afraid of the government. • Hordes of people thronged to jails willingly. • The Indian merchants and mill owners enjoyed good profits during this period as a result of the boycott of British goods. Khadi was promoted. • The import of sugar from Britain reduced considerably during this period. • This movement also established Gandhiji as a leader of the masses. Facts about Non-Cooperation Movement for UPSC Personalities Role in the Non-Cooperation Movement Associated with Non- Cooperation Movement Mahatma Gandhi • The main force behind the movement • Announced a manifesto in 1920 C.R. Das • Moved the main resolution on non-cooperation in the annual session of the Congress in Nagpur in 1920 • His three subordinates and supporters, Birendranath Samsal in Midnapore, J.M. Sengupta in Chittagong 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and Subhash Bose in Calcutta played a major role in uniting the Hindus and Muslims Jawaharlal Nehru • Encouraged the formation of Kisan Sabhas • Was against Gandhi’s decision to withdraw the movement Subhash Chandra • Resigned from the civil service Bose • Appointed as the Principal of the National College in Calcutta Ali brothers (Shaukat • At the All India Khilafat Conference, Muhammed Ali Ali and Muhammad declared that ‘it was religiously unlawful for the Muslims Ali) to continue in the British Army’ Motilal Nehru • Renounced his legal practice Lala Lajpat Rai • Initially did not favour the movement • Later, he was against its withdrawal Sardar Vallabhbhai • Spread the movement in Gujarat Patel Table 9.1 Aspirants preparing for UPSC 2021 should read the facts given below about the movement: 9.3 BACKGROUND OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT OR SALT SATYAGRAHA CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT PHASE I (1930-31) After Lahore Congress, Gandhi put before the government a number of demands warning it that non- acceptance of these would force him to launch a movement. As government did not respond to h is overtures he decided to inaugurate the movement by violating the Salt Laws on the sea coast at Dandi: Salt was made an issue, because the Government controlled the sale of this indispensable commodity, and imposed a tax on it which was felt most keenly by the poor. Mahatma Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha on March 12 1930, when he marched 'from h is Sabarmati Ashram, with some eighty hand - picked followers. On 5th April 1930 he reached there and on 6th April he started making salt on the sea shore. He thus broke the Salt Law. Programme Of The Civil Disobedience Movement 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Gandhiji finalised this programme as:- 1. The violation of the Salt Law and other laws. 2. Foreign cloth should not be used. 3. Liquor shops should be picketed and closed. 4. Government servants should leave their work. 5. Students should boycott the Government Schools and colleges. 6. Organise mass strikes and demonstration. Progress Of The Movement In all provinces people pursued the above programmes with great enthusiasm. A notable feature of the movement was the wide participation of women. In the NWFP, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly known as frontier Gandhi under the banner of his Khudai Khidmatgar organisation, most actively participated in the movement. The government resorted to ruthless repression, lathi charges and firing. Over 90,000 Satyagrah is, including Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were imprisoned and Congress declared illegal. First Round Table Conference (1930) To solve the Constitutional problem of India, Mac Donald, the British Prime Minister invited a Round Table Conference at London. Among the 89 participants 16 were from the British Parliament, 16 from Indian states and 57 from British Indian. The Congress did not participate in it and no result could be attained thus the Conference was postponed. Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931) Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931 due to the efforts of Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Dr. Jayakar and others to bring about a compromise between the Congress and the British. The Government agreed to release all political prisoner’s, to withdraw all ordinances and prosecutions and permitted the free collections or manufacture of salt. The Congress in turn agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience movement and to participate in the Second Round-Table Conference. Second Round Table Conference (1931) On 7th September, 1931, the Second Round Table Conference was convened, Gandhi participated in it. On the insistence of the British government Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Jinnah demanded concessions for their own caste and community respectively. It shocked Gandhi and he went back empty handed. Civil Disobedience Movement (1932-34) Phase Ii Even before coming back of Mahatma Gandhi to India, the government had gone back on Gandhi- Irwin Pact and adopted repressive measures. Congress was declared illegal and ousted most of the leading Congress leaders. It forced Gandhi to start the Civil Disobedience Movement again. The movement was gaining strength when it was suddenly side-tracked with the announcement of Communal Award (1932) by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The movement gradually waned and came to an end in April 1934. 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Third round table conference It was held at London in 1932. The Congress boycotted it. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1935, which worked in India with some modification till the Republic constitution was adopted in 1950. The Communal Award (1932) British Prime Minister Ramsay Mac Donald announced the Communal Award on August 16, 1932. He arranged separate electorates for Musl ims, Sikhs, Christians and Harijans. The main object of this declaration was to harm the Indian National Congress. Gandhi warned through a letter to Mac Donald to take back his decision till 20 September 1932. He also declared that failing it, he would start fast unto death. The British Government did not pay any heed to this letter of Gandhi and so he started his fast. On 26 September, a pact was signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar, which is known as Poona Pact. The principle of reservation of seats in legislations for the Scheduled Castes was accepted and Gandhi gave up his fast. The Viceroy Lord Linlithgow, offered a set of proposals to the Congress for securing its cooperation during the war, which are popularly known as 'August Offer'. The establishment of Dominion Status in India, to include the maxim um number of Indians in the Viceroy's council, Advisory Committee of Indians to decide the war issue etc. were main points of the declaration. The Congress and the League both rejected it. Individual Satyagraha (1940-41) Disillusioned with the August Offer, the Congress decided to launch Individual Satyagraha, which was intended to preach openly against the War. Launched on 17 October 1940, by the Congress, Vinoba Shave was the first Satyagrahi. But the movement created little enthusiasm and Mahatma Gandhi suspended it on December 17, 1940. The movement was started again on January 5, 1941. During the second phase of the movement, more than 20,000 Satyagrahis were arrested. The Cripps Proposals, March - April 1942 As the war situation worsened, President Roosevelt of USA and Chiang hai Shek of China pressurised. Cripps was sent to India in March 1942. Cripps promised to the Indians to give dominion status to India after the War. He assured that a Constituent Assembly would be elected to frame the new Constitution of India. It will have Indian members. The Pakistan demand was accommodated by the provision that any province which was not prepared to accept the new Constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future states. Though these proposals were better than the August proposals but the Indians were not satisfied. The Congress and Muslim League rejected it. On 11 April 1942, the British government withdrew the Cripps proposals. • By 1930, the Congress Party had declared the sole objective of the freedom struggle to be Poorna Swarajya or complete independence. • It began to be celebrated as Poorna Swarajya Day on 26 January, and it was decided that the civil disobedience movement was to be the way used to achieve it. 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Mahatma Gandhi was requested to plan and organise this first act. In defiance of the government, Gandhiji chose to break the salt tax. • Some Congress members were sceptical of the choice, and this choice of salt was rejected with disdain by other Indians and the British. • Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy, was hardly disturbed by the danger of a salt protest, and the government did nothing to stop the salt march from taking place. • But the choice of using salt by Gandhiji was nothing short of brilliant because it touched every Indian with a chord. • It was a commodity that everyone needed, and because of the salt tax, poor people were hurt. • Until the passing of the 1882 Salt Act, which gave the British monopoly over salt and authority production to impose a salt tax, Indians had been making salt from seawater free of cost. Violating the salt act was a criminal offence. • Gandhiji was also hoping to unite Hindus and Muslims, as both groups had a common cause. • The salt tax accounted for 8.2% of the British Raj’s tax revenues, and Gandhiji knew that the government could not ignore this. Course of the Civil Disobedience Movement • On 2nd March 1930, Gandhiji informed Lord Irwin of his plan. • On 12th March 1930, he would lead a group of people from his Ashram at Sabarmati and walk through Gujarat villages. • He will make salt from seawater upon reaching the coastal village of Dandi, thereby violating the salt act. With 80 of his supporters, Gandhiji began the march. Strict orders were given to them not to resort to any form of violence. • To witness the historical event, thousands of people thronged the road from Sabarmati Ashram to Ahmedabad. • Gandhiji would address thousands of people at the end of the day and criticise the government in his speeches. • Gandhiji met with foreign journalists and wrote newspaper articles along the way. This pushed the movement for Indian independence into the mainstream of the world media. • In West India, Gandhiji became a household name. • On the way, Sarojini Naidu followed him. Many people joined him each day, and they entered Dandi on 5th April 1930. • There were nearly 50,000 participants involved in the march at this time. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• By making salt, Gandhiji broke the salt law on the morning of 6th April 1930. Thousands of individuals followed suit. Outcome of the Civil Disobedience Movement • About 60,000 people were arrested by the army, including Gandhiji himself. • Civil disobedience carried out by the citizens was widespread. In addition to the salt tax, other unpopular tax laws, such as forest laws, chowkidar tax, land tax, etc., were defied. • With more laws and censorship, the government aimed to suppress the movement. • They called the Congress Party illegal. But the satyagrahis who continued the campaign were not deterred by this. • In Calcutta and Karachi, there were several instances of violence, but Gandhiji did not call off the protest, unlike the previous non-cooperation movement. • C Rajagopalachari led a similar march on the southeast coast from Trichy to Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu. He was arrested for salt-making, too. • K Kelappan led a march from Calicut to Payyanur in the Malabar region. • Similar marches were conducted, and salt was illegally produced in Assam and Andhra Pradesh. • The Satyagraha was organised in Peshawar and headed by the disciple of Gandhiji, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. He was convicted in April 1930. In a marketplace called the Qissa Khwani Bazaar, Khan’s followers (called Khudai Khidmatgars) whom he had educated in Satyagraha had gathered. There, despite being unarmed, they were shot at by the British Indian Army. • Thousands of women also attended the Satyagraha. • They boycotted foreign clothing. Liquor stores were picketed. Strikes were going on all around. • On 21st May 1930, there was a protest against the Dharasana Salt Works by Sarojini Naidu’s non-violent protestors. The police lathi-charged the protesters brutally, resulting in the deaths of 2 people with injury to countless others. This incident was reported in the international media, and the British policies pursued in India were condemned. • The revolution shook the British government. It’s non-violent made it impossible for them to suppress it aggressively. • There were three primary consequences of this movement: • In western media, it brought the Indian freedom fight into the limelight. 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• It brought many people directly into touch with the liberation movement, including women and the depressed classes. • As a tool in the war against imperialism, it showed the power of the non-violent Satyagraha. • In 1931, Gandhiji was released from prison, and he met Lord Irwin, who was willing to bring an end to the civil disobedience movement and the media attention it had gained. • As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the civil disobedience movement would be terminated, and Indians would be permitted to make salt for domestic use in exchange. Lord Irwin has promised to free the Indians who were arrested. As an ‘equal’, Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference in London. Drawbacks of the Civil Disobedience Movement • The movement did not gain any important concessions from the government. • There was restricted support of Muslims The non-cooperation and the civil disobedience movements were landmark moments during India’s independence struggle. Both played a key role in ensuring that India’s independence from British rule was guaranteed on 15th August 1947 and both were the brainchild of Mahatma Gandhi. Although both the movements had the complete independence of India in mind, the manner in which they were executed and the methodology employed were remarkably different. The non-cooperation movement sought the attention of the British colonial authorities by bringing the government to a standstill. The civil disobedience movement sought to paralyze the government by breaking a specific set of rules and administration. The differences between the non-cooperation movement and civil-disobedience movement are given in the table below: Non-cooperation Civil-Disobedience It was launched on September 5th, It began on March 12, 1930, through the launch of 1920 and it ended on 5th February the Salt Satyagraha 1922 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Non-Cooperation Movement The Civil Disobedience Movement was an sought to bring the working of the attempt at paralysing the administration by government to a standstill by not breaking some specific rules and regulations. cooperating with the administration. There was large scale participation of The Civil-Disobedience movement saw less Muslim working class in the Non- participation from the Muslim community due to Cooperation movement the policy of divide and rule by the British and the communal propaganda of the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha The non-cooperation movement was The civil disobedience movement saw widespread geographically confined to certain geographical coverage and mass participation in parts of India comparison to the non-cooperation movement The movement was called off in 1922 The movement was withdrawn after the signing of due to the Chauri-Chaura incident the Gandhi-Irwin pact (Occurred on Feb 5th, 1922) Table 9.2 Differences between the Non-cooperation and Civil-Disobedience Movements 9.4 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Mumbai’s Gowalia Tank Maidan also known as August Kranti Maidan is the place where the quit India movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi. He along with other leaders gathered here on August 8 and 9, 1942. The outcome of the movement was that Congress was declared an unlawful association and its offices all over the country were raided. The leaders were arrested and there rose a chaotic moment with this incident. Quit India Movement (1942) With the failure of Cripps Mission the hope of amicable solution of constitutional problem was lost. At the same time there was danger of Japan's attack on Indian Territory. After this, the only course left was that of agitation movement. Forced by circumstances, the executive of the Congress passed 'Quit India' on 14 July, 1942, a resolution at Wardha. It proposed the starting of a non-violent mass struggle under Gandhiji's leadership to achieve this aim. Gandhiji said that it would be the last struggle of his life. He gave the slogan 'do or die' to the freedom fighters. The British Government was closely monitoring the situation and had made elaborate preparation to crush the proposed rebellion. Thus, before the 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Congress could start a movement, the government arrested Gandhiji and other Congress leaders on 9th August 1942. Without any effective leadership, the people reacted in any manner they could. There were hartals, concerted outbreak of mob violence and sabotage directed either against communication of all kinds or against the Army and police. There was widespread destruction of the property of the railways and post and telegraphs. All this continued till February 1943. It extended up to May 1944. In the end, the government succeeded in crushing the movement Communal Politics And Genesis Of Pakistan During the 19th century and especially after the Mutiny, Muslim communalism emerged on the Indian national scene and ultimately, it culminated in the partition of the country. There were several other causes responsible for it - 1. British Policy of Discrimination - The English not only exploited India but also sowed the seeds of communalism in the country. The far- reaching effect of the communalism was the division of India into two parts - India and Pakistan. The British pursued a policy of discrimination against the Muslims. In army and other general professions, Muslim representation was very small. Proud of their own culture and literature, the Muslims refused to avail themselves of the educational facilities provided by the British. The Muslim leaders laid emphasis on the separate religion and separate life. The teachings of Kabir, Nanak and Sufis were forgotten. 2. The Role of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan- The drift from nationalism to communalism was initiated by Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan when in August 1888 he set up the United Indian Patriotic Association with the avowed object of countering the Congress propaganda and policy and to wean away people from the Congress. The Mohammedan Defence Association was founded in 1893 with the help of Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan. The aims of this Association were to support measures designed for strengthening British rule in India, to prevent political agitation from spreading among the Muslims, to help the Government in maintaining peace and to foster a spirit of loyalty among the Muslims. 3. The All India Muslim League- The British Government left no stone unturned to encourage Hindu-Muslim discord. Lord Curzon played a prominent role in this respect. His partition of Bengal in 1905 gave impetus to communal feelings. When Hindus and Congress opposed this partition, the Muslims were annoyed. A need for a separate organisation for the Muslims was felt. On 30th December 1906 Muslim leaders met at Dacca and the Muslim League was founded. The first achievement of the founders of the Muslim League was the provision of communal electorate in the Act of 1909. 4. Lucknow Pact (1916) - The Muslim had secured the best consideration in the Act of 1909. But in due course of time, certain circumstances led to an estrangement between the British and the Muslims. The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911, the Muslim differences with the government on creating a Muslim University at Aligarh, the hostile English attitude towards Turkey in the Turko-Italian War of 191 1 -12 and in the Balkan war of 1912 and the Congress sympathy for Turkey led to a change of attitude of Muslims towards the British. In 1916 both the Congress and the Muslim League reached an 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

agreement known as the Lucknow Pact. In this pact, the Congress accepted the principal of separate electorate for Muslims and a weightage to Muslims in the minority provinces. Several other concessions were given to the Muslim League. From 1920-23 the activities of this Muslim League remained suspended. 5. Short-lived Rapprochment between Hindus and Muslims - The Hindu-Muslim rapprochement manifested in the Lucknow pact did not last long because the Muslim 'League was always suspicious that transfer of power would mean the transfer of power to the Hindus. The appointment of the Simon Commission (1927-30) and the Round Table Conferences at London (1930-32) the followed again brought the Muslim League into activity. The average Muslim regard the absorptive tendencies of the Congress as prejudicial to- the interests of the Muslim Community. 6. Origin of Idea of Pakistan - Inspired by the spirit of Pan-Islamic poet and political thinker Mohaimad Iqbal gave the idea of a separate state for Indian Muslims at the Allahabd session of the Muslim League (1930). In 1933, while the attention of all was fixed on the forthcoming constitutional reforms, an idealist dreamer Choudhari Rahmat Ali, a student of the Cambridge University, coined the word Pakistan'. Rehmat Ali's scheme was regarded as chimerical fantasy. Even the Muslim league in the initial stages di not aim at partition of the country. The most unequivocal declaration of the Hindus and Muslims as separate nationalities was made by M.A. Jinnah at the Lahore Session of the League in March 1940. Thus, the Muslim League wanted Pakistan and stuck to this demand so tenaciously that responsible leader of the Congress had to agree to the partition of India, however reluctantly. Towards Partition And Indepenpedence: The Post-1945 Development 1. Cabinet Mission (1946) In a further attempt to solve India's constitutional problem, a Cabinet Mission was sent to India. The proposed mission consisting of Lord Pattrick Lawrence, the Secretary of State, Mr. A.Y. Alexander the first Lord of Admiralty, and Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, arrived in Delhi on 24th March 1946, and immediately started d1scuss1ons with Indian leaders. As the Congress and League could not come to any agreement on the fundamental issue of the unity or partition of India, the m1ss10n put forward its own plan, which was issued on May 16, 1 946. The main proposals were - (1) The Cabinet Mission ruled out the possibility of the formation of Pakistan as desired by the Muslim League. (2) In order to frame a constitution a Constituent Assembly was proposed. It was to consist of 389 members, 292 of whom were to represent British Indian, 93 would represent Indian states while 4 were to represent Chief Commissioners’ provinces. (3) The Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of three sections in the existing provincial assemblies Section A - Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, United Provinces Bihar and 217 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Orissa. Section B - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh. Section C - Bengal and Assam. (4) The Cabinet Mission also proposed that until the new constitution was framed, an interim government should be formed with the support of all major political parties. (5) Princely states to be no longer under paramountcy of British government and would be free to enter into an arrangement with successor governments or the British government. The Cabinet Mission Plan was accepted by the Congress and the Muslim League though with mental reservations. In July 1946, Congress found a glorious victory in the election of the Constituent Assembly. The Muslim league became afraid and it rejected the Cabinet Mission, August 16, 1946 was fixed 'Direct Action Day by the Muslim League. From 16 August 1946, the Indian scene was rapidly transformed. There were communal riots on an unprecedented scale, which left 5000 dead. The worst h it areas were Silhat Noakhali, Tripura, Garhmukteshwar and Bihar. 2. The Interim Government – 2 Septem Ber 1946 Jawaharlal Nehru was invited by the viceroy to form the Interim government. It assumed- the office on 2 September 1946. Initially the Muslim League kept out but later on October 13, decided to join the interim government to safeguard the interests of the Muslim and other minorities. 3. Attlee's Announcement (February 20, 1947) After Direct Action Day, Communal riots broke out throughout India. The situation became so alarming that Atlee the British Prime Minister announced on 20 February 1947 that the British government would leave India before June 1948. Atlee also announced the appointment of Lord Mountbatten as viceroy in place of Lord Wavell. This was followed by violence all over India by Muslim League. 4. The Mountbatten Plan - 3 June, 1947. The prevailing communal violence in the country led Mountbatten to announce the partition plan or the June 3rd Plan. Mountbatten requested J.L. Nehru and Sardar Patel to accept the demand of Pakistan raised by Jinnah and League. The plan provided for immediate transfer of power on the basis of grant of dominion status. The important points of the plan were: (1) The Provincial Legislative Assemblies of Bengal and the Punjab would meet in two part separately, one representing the Muslim - Majority districts and the other representing the remaining districts, to decide by vote for the partition of the provinces. (2) Legislative Assembly of Sindh and Baluchistan would take their own decision. (3) In case of the North-West Frontier province, a referendum was to be held whether the province would join India or Pakistan. (4) Independence for princely states ruled out, they would either join India or Pakistan. 218 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(5) Provision for the setting up of a boundary. Commission to demarcate boundaries in case partition was to be effected. 5. Partition Of India The plan of 3rd June was accepted by all political parties in the country. The Provincial Assemblies of East Bengal and West Punjab and Sind voted for Pakistan. The referendum in the Sylhet resulted in the incorporation of that district in East Bengal. Baluchistan decided to join Pakistan. The non-Muslim-majority areas in the Punjab and in Bengal, as also the entire province of Assam (except a part of Sylhet) remained within the boundaries of India. 6. The Indian Independence Act, July 1947 Soon after partition was decided upon, the Indian Independence Bill was drafted, which was passed by the British Parliament in July 1947. Its main provisions were as follows. (1) Two separate Dominions of India and Pakistan would be brought into existence of 15th August, 1947, and all the powers which were previously exercised by the British Parliament would be transferred to them. (2) Territories of the two dominions were to be defined. (3) Each dominion would have its own Governor-General, though one person could act for both in a dual capacity. (4) The office of the Secretary of State for India was abolished and his work was taken over by the Secretary for Commonwealth affairs. As per the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, Pakistan became independent on 14 August while India got her freedom on 15 August 1947. Jinnah was made the Governor General of the new nation Pakistan. India, however, decided to continue Lord Mountbatten as the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten retired from his post and C. Raja Gopalachari was appointed the new Governor General. On 26 January 1950 the Indian Constitutions as enforced and it became the Republic Day of India. Quit India Movement Fact • Also known as the India August Movement or August Kranti. • It was officially launched by the Indian National Congress (INC) led by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942. • The movement gave the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’. Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’. • In line with the Congress ideology, it was supposed to be a peaceful non-violent movement aimed at urging the British to grant India independence. • The Quit India Resolution was passed by the Congress Working Committee on 8 August 1942 in Bombay. Gandhi was named the movement’s leader. • The resolution stated the provisions of the movement as: 219 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. An immediate end to British rule over India. 2. Declaration of the commitment of free India to defend itself against all kinds of imperialism and fascism. 3. Formation of a provisional government of India after British withdrawal. 4. Sanctioning a civil disobedience movement against British rule. • Gandhi’s instructions to various sections of the public: 1. Government servants: do not resign your job but proclaim loyalty to the INC. 2. Soldiers: be with the army but refrain from firing on compatriots. 3. Peasants: pay the agreed-upon rent if the landlords/Zamindars are anti- government; if they are pro-government, do not pay the rent. 4. Students: can leave studies if they are confident enough. 5. Princes: support the people and accept the sovereignty of them. 6. People of the princely states: support the ruler only if he is anti- government; declare themselves as part of the Indian nation. Causes of Quit India Movement – Why was it launched? • The Second World War had started in 1939 and Japan, which was part of the Axis Powers that were opposed to the British in the war were gaining onto the north- eastern frontiers of India. • The British had abandoned their territories in South-East Asia and had left their population in the lurch. This act did not garner much faith among the Indian population who had doubts about the British ability to defend India against Axis aggression. • Gandhi also believed that if the British left India, Japan would not have enough reason to invade India. • Apart from hearing news about British setbacks in the war, the war-time difficulties such as high prices of essential commodities fostered resentment against the British government. • The failure of the Cripps Mission to guarantee any kind of a constitutional remedy to India’s problems also led to the INC calling for a mass civil disobedience movement. Read about the allied, axis and central powers from below: 1. Difference Between Axis and Allied Powers 2. Difference Between Axis and Central Powers Response to Quit India Movement • The British government responded to the call of Gandhi by arresting all major Congress leaders the very next day. Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, etc. were all arrested. This left the movement in the hands of the younger leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and 220 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ram Manohar Lohia. New leaders like Aruna Asaf Ali emerged out of the vacuum of leadership. • Over 100000 people were arrested in connection with this movement. The government resorted to violence in order to quell the agitation. They were mass floggings and lathi charges. Even women and children were not spared. About 10000 people died in police firing in total. • There was no communal violence. • The INC was banned. Its leaders were jailed for almost the whole of the war. Gandhi was released on health grounds in 1944. • The people responded to Gandhi’s call in a major way. However, in the absence of leadership, there were stray incidences of violence and damage to government property. Many buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were cut and communication and transport lines were broken. • Some parties did not support the movement. There was opposition from the Muslim League, the Communist Party of India (the government revoked the ban on the party then) and the Hindu Mahasabha. • The League was not in favour of the British leaving India without partitioning the country first. In fact, Jinnah asked more Muslims to enlist in the army to fight the war. • The Communist party supported the war waged by the British since they were allied with the Soviet Union. • Subhas Chandra Bose, was by this time, organizing the Indian National Army and the Azad Hind government from outside the country. • C Rajagopalachari, resigned from the INC since he was not in favour of complete independence. • In general, the Indian bureaucracy did not support the Quit India Movement. • There were strikes and demonstrations all over the country. Despite the communist group’s lack of support to the movement, workers provided support by not working in the factories. • In some places, parallel governments were also set up. Example: Ballia, Tamluk, Satara. • The chief areas of the movement were UP Bihar, Maharashtra, Midnapore, and Karnataka. The movement lasted till 1944. Importance of Quit India Movement – Significance/What it achieved? • Despite heavy-handed suppression by the government, the people were unfazed and continued their struggle. • Even though the government said that independence could be granted only after the end of the war, the movement drove home the point that India could not be governed without the support of the Indians. 221 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• The movement placed the demand for complete independence at the top agenda of the freedom movement. Quit India Movement Fact • Also known as the India August Movement or August Kranti. • It was officially launched by the Indian National Congress (INC) led by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942. • The movement gave the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’. Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’. • In line with the Congress ideology, it was supposed to be a peaceful non-violent movement aimed at urging the British to grant India independence. • The Quit India Resolution was passed by the Congress Working Committee on 8 August 1942 in Bombay. Gandhi was named the movement’s leader. • The resolution stated the provisions of the movement as: 1. An immediate end to British rule over India. 2. Declaration of the commitment of free India to defend itself against all kinds of imperialism and fascism. 3. Formation of a provisional government of India after British withdrawal. 4. Sanctioning a civil disobedience movement against British rule. • Gandhi’s instructions to various sections of the public: 1. Government servants: do not resign your job but proclaim loyalty to the INC. 2. Soldiers: be with the army but refrain from firing on compatriots. 3. Peasants: pay the agreed-upon rent if the landlords/Zamindars are anti- government; if they are pro-government, do not pay the rent. 4. Students: can leave studies if they are confident enough. 5. Princes: support the people and accept the sovereignty of them. 6. People of the princely states: support the ruler only if he is anti- government; declare themselves as part of the Indian nation. Causes of Quit India Movement – Why was it launched? • The Second World War had started in 1939 and Japan, which was part of the Axis Powers that were opposed to the British in the war were gaining onto the north- eastern frontiers of India. • The British had abandoned their territories in South-East Asia and had left their population in the lurch. This act did not garner much faith among the Indian population who had doubts about the British ability to defend India against Axis aggression. 222 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Gandhi also believed that if the British left India, Japan would not have enough reason to invade India. • Apart from hearing news about British setbacks in the war, the war-time difficulties such as high prices of essential commodities fostered resentment against the British government. • The failure of the Cripps Mission to guarantee any kind of a constitutional remedy to India’s problems also led to the INC calling for a mass civil disobedience movement. Read about the allied, axis and central powers from below: 3. Difference Between Axis and Allied Powers 4. Difference Between Axis and Central Powers Response to Quit India Movement • The British government responded to the call of Gandhi by arresting all major Congress leaders the very next day. Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, etc. were all arrested. This left the movement in the hands of the younger leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Ram Manohar Lohia. New leaders like Aruna Asaf Ali emerged out of the vacuum of leadership. • Over 100000 people were arrested in connection with this movement. The government resorted to violence in order to quell the agitation. They were mass floggings and lathi charges. Even women and children were not spared. About 10000 people died in police firing in total. • There was no communal violence. • The INC was banned. Its leaders were jailed for almost the whole of the war. Gandhi was released on health grounds in 1944. • The people responded to Gandhi’s call in a major way. However, in the absence of leadership, there were stray incidences of violence and damage to government property. Many buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were cut and communication and transport lines were broken. • Some parties did not support the movement. There was opposition from the Muslim League, the Communist Party of India (the government revoked the ban on the party then) and the Hindu Mahasabha. • The League was not in favour of the British leaving India without partitioning the country first. In fact, Jinnah asked more Muslims to enlist in the army to fight the war. • The Communist party supported the war waged by the British since they were allied with the Soviet Union. • Subhas Chandra Bose, was by this time, organizing the Indian National Army and the Azad Hind government from outside the country. 223 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• C Rajagopalachari, resigned from the INC since he was not in favour of complete independence. • In general, the Indian bureaucracy did not support the Quit India Movement. • There were strikes and demonstrations all over the country. Despite the communist group’s lack of support to the movement, workers provided support by not working in the factories. • In some places, parallel governments were also set up. Example: Ballia, Tamluk, Satara. • The chief areas of the movement were UP Bihar, Maharashtra, Midnapore, and Karnataka. The movement lasted till 1944. Importance of Quit India Movement – Significance/What it achieved? • Despite heavy-handed suppression by the government, the people were unfazed and continued their struggle. • Even though the government said that independence could be granted only after the end of the war, the movement drove home the point that India could not be governed without the support of the Indians. • The movement placed the demand for complete independence at the top agenda of the freedom movement. • Public morale and anti-British sentiment were enhanced. 9.5 SUMMARY • Gandhi’s arrival on scene led to a different course of action • The momentum gained in Non-cooperation movement was throught out india • Dandi March • Swadeshi and its importance laid importance of Indian made goods • Final call , the quit India Movement 9.6 KEYWORDS • Non Cooperation Movement : a reaction towards the oppressive policies of the British Indian government such as the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar . A large crowd had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh near the Golden Temple in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. • Civil Disobedience Movement: The movement in protest against the formation of the Simon Commission and visit of its members to India is an important event in the history of freedom movement in India. 224 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Dandi March: Known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. • Quit India Movement : known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India . 9.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. How and what does independent India mean to you. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Non Violence means . .. Significance in Indian freedon struggle. _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 9.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. write a note on Non Cooperation Movement. 2. Explain the Khilafat Movement 3. Write a note on Salt Satyagraha 4. Explain the significance of Non Cooperration movement 5. Whatv was the res[one to quit India Movement Long Questions 1. Explain the civil disobedience Movement 2. Expound on the quit India Movement. 3. What are the difference between Civil disobedience and Non Cooperation movement 4. Why did Non Cooperation mOvemnet fail 225 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Elaborate on the role of Gandhi in freedon struggle. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. When did the Civil Disobedience Movement Start ? a.22nd February 1922 b. 5th March 1930 c. 5th September 1920 d. 12th March 1930 2. What caused the cessation of Non – cooperation movement? a. Gandhi Irvin Pact b. Chauri Chaura Incident c. Jallianwala Baug Massacre d. Salt Satyagraha 3. The Slogan ‘Do or Die’ was quoted by Mahatma Gandhi during which struggle? a. Non-Cooperation Movement b. Civil Disobedience Movement c. Quit India Movement d. Salt Satyagraha 4. Who led the Salt Satyagraha from Trichy to Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu? 226 a. Sarojini Naidu b. K Kelappan c. C Rajagopalachari d. Tapan Nair 5. When did the Non – Cooperative movement commence ? a.22nd February 1922 b. 5th March 1930 c. 5th September 1920 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. 12th March 1930 Answer 1. d 2. b 3. c 4 c 9.9 REFERENCES Reference Books • P.E. Roberts : History of British India • Ishwari Prasad and others: A History of Modern India • . Spear. History of Modern India. • V.A. Smith : The Oxford History of India • Bisheswar Prasad : Bondage and Freedom. • R.C. Majumdar : British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Others (Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan Publications). • R.C. Majumdar and : Struggle for Freedom, others (eds.) • R.C. Majumdar and : An Advanced History of India. • Thompson and Garret : Rise and Fulfillment of British Rule in India. • S.L. Sikri : Constitutional History of India (English, Punjabi and Hindi). • R.C. Aggarwal : Constitutional History of India (English and Punjabi) Web Resources • History of India-Wikipedia • = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/historyofindia • = https://selfstudyhistory.commodern- Indian-history/ 227 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)