CU-SEM III-BA-History III -Second Draft-converted

BACHELOR OF ARTS SEMESTER-III HISTORY- III BAQ-210

2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Bawa Pro Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel &Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Gurpreet Singh Executive Director – Liberal Arts Director – IDOL © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: TeamLease Edtech Limited www.teamleaseedtech.com CONTACT NO:- 01133002345 For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY 3 Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

First Published in 2021 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. CONTENT 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Unit - 1: Foundation Of British Rule: Battle Of Plassey And Buxar.......................................6 Unit - 2: Doctrine Of, Annexation Process Of Dalhousie .....................................................28 Unit –3: The Uprising Of 1857: Causes, Spread Of Uprisings, Nature And Aftermath ......39 Unit – 4: Growth Of Educational And Political Organisations .............................................56 Unit – 5: New Education: Rise Of Middle Class, Political Institutions.................................70 Unit – 6: Socio Religious Movement: Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj , Aligarh Movement ....85 Unit – 7: Rise Of Political Consciouness In India: Moderates, Extremists, Revolutionary 107 Unit – 8: Freedom Struggle(1919-1947), Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ................................156 Unit – 9: Non- Cooperation Movement: Civil Disobedience Movement & Quit India Movement ............................................................................................................................173 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 1: FOUNDATION OF BRITISH RULE: BATTLE OF PLASSEY AND BUXAR Structure 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Battle of Plassey 1.3 Battle Buxar 1.4 Summary 1.5 Keywords 1.6 Learning Activity 1.7 Unit End Questions 1.8 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to: • List of the how British Empire set the base in India • Explain the Cause of Battle of Plassey • Learn about the Battle of Buxar • Describe the features of Indian economy. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The English had immovably settled their situation by the nineteenth century and a huge piece of India went under their immediate principle. The regions that stayed autonomous were in a roundabout way under English impact. There are different purposes behind the accomplishment of the English against Indian rulers and some of them are recorded as follows: 1. There was a vacuum of force in India after the Mughal Domain got cracked falling under its own weight. Its different lead representatives and revolutionary commandants set up their prevalence at better places and began battling against one another. This allowed the English the chance to build up their general stores in India. 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2. Flag followed the exchange: These general stores were utilized to store the merchandise and for that English assembled numerous stockrooms, which gave them a pardon to construct fortifications and to develop armed forces to \"secure\" them. The East India Organization made settlements with the majority of the rulers to keep them fulfilled so they would not attempt to battle against the English. 3. Lack of solidarity among Indian states - Despite the fact that there were amazing Indian states like Punjab, Mysore and the Marathas that managed Indian subcontinent during the mid-nineteenth century, large numbers of them were battling with one another for various reasons. They neglected to see the risk emerging from the East India Organization and couldn't join against a typical unfamiliar foe. 4. British were solid adrift. The English got through the ocean; they set up their maritime force in the Indian Sea prior to going to the Indian Territory. Since none of the Indian states had a solid naval force to challenge the English matchless quality, they had a simple hurried to build up themselves in the waterfront locales of India. 5. Gap and Rule: The English exploited the circumstance as the Indian rulers neglected to make a steady friendly, political and monetary request. The English exploited the profound division of Indian, social, political and financial construction. They embraced the arrangement of 'Gap and Rule,' strategy and played one state against the other. Gradually numerous Indian states had fallen prey to the English plans and had to battle with one another. 6. The English additionally exploited individuals, preparing them to be fighters and utilizing them for the English armed force; the new armed force was better prepared and more focused then the Indian militaries. 7. The English utilized their Indian soldiers agreed with Indian realms in overcoming its adversaries. The English truth be told, caused a sum of 111 conflicts among the Indian states. 1.2 BATTLE OF PLASSEY 1. Like other European, Englishmen also were desirous of getting the things produced in India, and the Far East. After their victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588, their desire to trade directly began to increase. In September 1599, a resolution was passed under the chairmanship of Lord Mayor to form an association to trade directly with India. Thus, the English formed their East India Company on the last day of 1600. Sovereign 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Elizabeth allowed a sanction to the Lead representative and Friends of dealers of London, who were exchanging into East Indies. The Sanction approved the London Organization to traffic and exchange uninhibitedly, into and from the East Indies, in the nations and parts of Asia, Africa and America. The contract was allowed for a very long time and the equivalent could be in the wake of giving a notification of 3 years. 2 For a couple of years, the English East India Organization limited its exercises to the zest exchange with Java, Sumatra and the Malacca. The English beginnings in India were revolt exceptionally encouraging by virtue of Portuguese adversary However here the English was helped by three elements - (I) the disagreeability of the Portuguese, whose control of the Bedouin Ocean and the explorer traffic was hated by the Mughals. (ii) The fading Portuguese assets tied as they were to Spain and frustrated by the Dutch in the east and the north, (iii) and their own sea ability. The English went first to Surat and applied to the Mughal court for advantages. In 1608, William Hawkins went to the court of Jahangir, with a letter from James I, lord of Britain mentioning authorization for the English vendors to set up in India. Yet, because of passionate resistance of the Portuguese and the Surat shippers, Head Jahangir needed to alter his perspective and Hawkin's central goal fizzled. 3 The first defining moment came in 1612, when the organization's boats crushed the Portuguese in the Swally estuary off Surat. The aftereffect of this triumph was that the Portuguese impact declined and the English organization got the authorization to set up a production line at Surat. By 1618, Sir Thomas Roe, the imperial diplomat from Ruler James I, to the Mughal head prevailing with regards to getting two ranchers, one of the lord and the other of Sovereign (Khurram) affirming the exchange and its continuation just as exception from inland costs, as a trade-off for the security of the business and explorer ocean traffic from the Portuguese. The Organization implicitly turned into the oceanic helper of the domain. This arrangement covered the Organization's connection with the Mughal all through the seventeenth century. This was the subsequent defining moment was the attack of Ormuz from the Portuguese with the assistance of the Lord of Iran, in 1622. The English additionally set up their exchanging stations at Aramgaon and Masulipatam. In 1640, the site of Madras was purchased by the English organization. In 1651, a manufacturing plant was set up at Hugli. 4 The first 50% of the seventeenth century was very little prosperous to the extent that the English exchange was concerned. In any case, the recharging of the personality of the Organization by Cromwell and Charles-II and James-II and the monetary help it got 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

from him prompted quick advancement in the organization's exchange which got prosperous right away. 5 The Organization got from the Nawab Shuja-ud-clamor a farman in 1651, allowing the English the right to carry on their exchange on installment of a fixed obligation of Rs.3,000 each year. In 1657, by another nishan, for example order, the English were conceded security of exchange, for it set out that the English were not to be grieved for installment of customs or costs for their import and fare and exchange either via land or water up or down the country and they were additionally offered rights to purchase and sell uninhibitedly with no obstruction.In 1661, London Company got the island of Bombay from Charles II at a nominal rent of £ 10 a year. The English had secured Bombay at a very crucial moment when Surat was being repeatedly attached by the Marathas. Great Aungier, who was President of Surat and Governor of Bombay from 1669 to 1677, resolved to make Bombay completely safe for shipping and trade, free from danger on the land side from the Marathas and on the sea-side from the Portuguese and pirates of the coast. He fortified the Citadel, constructed a dock, laid out a town, established a court of justice, created a pol ice force and a militia, and started a mint which coined both silver and copper money. After 1677, the general decline of Bombay began which continued till the close of the first quarter of the 1811 century. During this period, interloper (the individual English merchants independent of the Company's control) created problems. At the close of the seventeenth century, these interlopers took to open piracy. 6. Abrahim Khan who succeeded Shaista Khan as Governor of Bengal, granted by a farman in 1691 the right of duty free trade to the English on payment of fixed duty of Rs.3,000 per year. From that time the Company’s trade in Bengal began to prosper without any break. In 1696, a fort was built at Calcutta, which the English had got in 1690 from Auranozeb and the same was called Fort William. In 1698, the English were granted the Zamindari of the three villages of Sutanuti, Govindapur and Kalighata or Kahata on payment of Rs.1,200 to the previous Zammdar Sabarna Chaudhari. 7. In 1700, the directors constituted Bengal as a separate presidency independent of Madras, and nominated Sir Charles Eyle as its first President. A as constructed at Bengal and named after King William II of England which became the seat of the newly constituted council. The period from 1707 (death of Aurangzeb) up to the middle of the 18th century, when political motives began to dominate, saw the expansion of the Company’s trade and influence in India. The most important event in the history of the company during these years was the diplomatic mission led by John Surman in 1715 to the court of the Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar for securing trading facilities for the company: He succeeded in obtaining from Emperor Farukhsiyar a farman in 1717, by which the Company was permitted to carry on trade in Bengal, Bombay and Madras free 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of customs duty in lieu of an annual payment of Rs.3,000. The Company was also permitted to mint its own coins. The Company was allowed to rent additional lands around Calcutta. At Surat, the Company was exempted from the levy of all-duties for its exports and imports in lieu of an annual payment of Rs.10,000. 8. The pattern of trade which developed was one of steady rather than spectacular returns. And it presupposed reasonable tranquillity in the country. In the west the main articles were cotton piece-goods cotton yarn, and indigo from Gujarat; from the Malabar Coast pepper and such other spices as could be bought second-hand from Ceylon and the East Indies, from Madras and the south-east coast again piece-goods and yarn and sugar; from Bengal specially silks and saltpetre. The opium trade was to come later. In return India bought metals such as tin lead and quick silver, novelties, especially mechanical ones, tapestries, and ivories. But these purchases never equalled the company's payments. India would take little of England’s stable product of broadcloth so that the balance had to be made up with silver bullion. The drain on silver made the company a target for attack at home, which in turn spurred them to seeking alternative means of payment through inter- Asian trade. These difficult and competitive conditions caused the English merchants to study local conditions, markets and temples far more closely than the Dutch with their monopolies. By giving them a detailed knowledge of Indian conditions and an insight into Indian character they provided an unconscious preparation for their later debut on the Indian political sage. In the process they acquired a skill in dealing with the Indians that even the French with their more attractive manners, never achieved. Chronology Of English East India Company 1608 Captain William Hawkins visited the Mughal Court of Jahangir. 1609 Emperor Jahangir issued farman permitting the English to establish a factory at Surat. 1613 East India Company set up a factory at Surat. 1615 Sir Thomas Roe obtained two farmns from Mughal Court confirming free trade with exemption from inland toll. 1632 Company obtained the Golden farman with the right to trade in the kingdom of Golkunda, from the Sultan of Golkunda. 1639 The local king of Madras granted the company a lease. 1651 Nawab Shuja-ud-din of Bengal granted the English, the right to carry on their trade on payment of a fixed duty. 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1667 The English obtained the royal forman to trade in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. 1687 The English East India Company replaced its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. 1691 The Governor of Bengal gave the English Company Dastaks (free trade passes) on the payment of a fixed duty. 1717 English obtained a number of trade concessions from the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar. British Occupation Of Bengal It was from Bengal, not from Madras or Bombay that the English power first struck inland into the heart of the country, and discovered the right road to supremacy in India. The earliest English settlement in eastern India dates back to 1633 when they established their factories at Hariharpur and Balasore in Orissa. The first English factory in Bengal was established at Hughli in 1651 under permission from Sultan Shuja, Subedar of Bengal. The same year, he granted the company the privileges of free trade throughout Bengal, Bihar and Orissa for a nominal lump sum payment of Rs. 3,000. Soon after English factories sprang up at Qasim-bazar, Patna and other places in the province. The main items of English trade were silk cotton piece goods, saltpetre and sugar. Through a series of farmans in 1656, 1651and 1672, the British were exempted from custom duties in return for fixed sums to be paid by the company to the Indian authorities. But after 1680, there was trouble between the English and the Mughal officials in Bengal over the payment of custom duties. As a result, the English decided to fortify their settlements in Bengal and started looking for a secure place in the province. Thus in 1690, Job Charnoch, Chief of Qasim Bazar factory, laid the foundation of Calcutta as an English settlement. In 1698, \"the English obtained the Zamindari of the villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata and Govindpur on payment of Rs.1200. Here the English built Fort Williams around its factory and Sir Charles Eyre was the first President of the Fort William. The death of Aurangzeb marked the decline of the Mughal empire and various parts of the empire became independent under different heads. Nizam-ul-Mulk had made himself free in the Deccan and Murshid Quli Jafar Khan in Bengal. The Mughal Subah of Bengal comprised the present province of Orissa also. Murshid Quli Khan was a strong and able governor who tried his best to better the economic lot of his people. He grew jealous of the trade and prosperity of the English and thought it unjust that they should have the right to trade duty-free or for a small consideration while his own subjects were denied this privilege. So in 1713 he annulled all the privileges of the English and ordered that they should thereafter pay the same duties as the local merchants. An Embassy was sent by English under John Surman to the Mughal emperor Farukhsiyar. The East India Company secured valuable privileges in 1717 under a royal farman by the Mughal emperor, 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Farukhsiyar, which had granted the company the freedom to export and import their goods in Bengal without paying taxes and right to issue passes or dastaks for the movements of such goods. The company servants were also permitted to trade but were not covered by this farman. They were required to pay the same taxes as Indian merchants. This farman was a perpetual source of conflict between the company and the Nawabs of Bengal. Murshid Quli Khan died in 1727 and was succeeded by his son-in-law Shuja-ud-din. Shuja-ud-din annexed Bihar in his Subah and sent Alivardi Khan as its Deputy Governor. Shuja having died in 1739, was succeeded by his son Sarfraz Khan. Alivardi was a very ambitious person and had his eyes on the Nawabship of Bengal. He in complicity with some other persons, succeeded in murdering Sarfraz Khan and occupying the Gaddi of Bengal. Alivardi was a very able and successful ruler who asserted complete independence of his Subah. He was very conscious of the importance of foreign trade for the economic prosperity of Bengal. Therefore, he did not wilfully injure the interests of the traders, whether European or Asiatic; but he was opposed to the attempts of the English to strength hen their fortifications in Calcutta. Thus, all the Nawabs of Bengal from Murshid Quli Khan to Alivardi Khan had objected to the English interpretation of the farman of 1717. They had compelled the company to pay the lump-sums to their treasury, and firmly suppressed the misuse of dastaks. Matters reached a crucial stage in 1756, when the youthful and temperamental Siraj-ud- daulah succeeded his granddad, Alivardi Khan. The new Nawab other than confronting rival petitioners to the seat like Shaukat Jang of Purnea and Ghasiti Begum of Dacca had genuine anxieties about the plans of the English. As the seven years war moved toward both French and English started strengthening their settlements. At the point when the Nawab requested the English, to annihilate their strongholds at Calcutta the English wouldn't do as such.' Besides, the English took up the reason for Shaukat Jang who was an opponent of Siraj-ud- daula. The English additionally offered asylum to a rich shipper of Bengal and wouldn't hand him over to the Nawab in any event, when the last made interest with that impact. It was additionally tracked down that the Brits were manhandling the exchange advantages, which were given to them by the Public authority. English East India Organization was currently resolved to stay in Bengal against the desires of Nawab and to exchange there on its own terms. All things considered, the English Organization requested unquestionably the option to exchange openly in Bengal regardless of the Bengal Nawab's orders, Siraj-ud-daulah couldn't endure this rebellion. The consequence of this was that he caught the English industrial facility at Qasim Bazar and furthermore took the ownership of the city of Calcutta on twentieth June 1756. It was during this control of Calcutta that the so- called Dark Opening episode happened. It is said one hundred and 46 people including one lady were caught and quieted down on a blistering summer night in a little room of Stronghold Williams. The warmth was so incredible and the space was little to the point that 123 of them were choked to death. Just 23 endure and one 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of them was Holwell. This is recognized as a shocking scene. The Nawab set Calcutta under the charge of Manik Chand and got back to Murshidabad. The information on the debacle at Calcutta arrived at Madras in August 1756. In October 1756, an undertaking was sent from Madras under the order of Robert Clive and Chief of naval operations Watson. Clive walked up the eastern bank of the waterway. Move was involved, Calcutta was recuperated in January 2, 1757 and Hugli was pillaged. The Nawab was forcea to sign the settlement of Alinagar on February 9, 1757, wherein every one of the requests of the English were surrendered. Siraj-ud-Daulah perceived their advantages, conceded them consent to sustain Calcutta and to mint coins, and guaranteed remuneration for what had been looted at Calcutta by his soldiers. The English, nonetheless, were not fulfilled; they were reaching skyward. They had chosen to inst.al a more malleable instrument in Siraj-ud-Daulah's place. They joined an intrigue coordinated by the foes of the Nawab like Manikchand, the authority responsible for Calcutta, Aminchand a rich vendor, Jagat Seth, a notable investor, Mir Jafar, the Mir Bakshi and Rai Durlabh, the Nawab's general. They chose to put Mir Jafar on the seat of Bengal. On 23rd June 1757, the opponent powers met each other in the war zone of Plassey, 20 miles from Murshidabad It is a fight battled between the East India Organization power headed by Robert Clive and Siraj-Ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal). The wild abuse by EIC authorities of exchange advantages incensed Siraj. The proceeding with offense by EIC against Siraj-Ud-Daulah prompted the skirmish of Plassey in 1757. Causes of the Battle of Plassey Significantly, the explanations behind the Clash of Plassey to happen were: • The uncontrolled abuse of the exchange advantages given to the English by the Nawab of Bengal • Non-installment of assessment and obligation by the specialists of the English East India Organization Different reasons that upheld the happening to this fight were: • Fortification of Calcutta by the English without the Nawab's consent • Misleading Nawab on different fronts by English • An refuge was given to Nawab's adversary Krishna Das 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The East India Association had a strong presence in India altogether at Post St. George, Post William and Bombay Royal residence. The English relied upon having an association with the Nawabs and rulers as a trade-off for insurance from an outside and internal attack and were ensured concessions as a compromise for their prosperity and confirmation. The issue arose when the intrigue was upset under the norm of Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-Ud- Daulah). The Nawab started clutching the post of Calcutta and confining various English Experts in June 1756. The prisoners were kept in a jail at Post William. This event is known as the Dim Opening of Calcutta since simply an unassuming pack of the prisoners persevere through the detainment where more than 100 people were kept in a cell inferred for around 6 people. The East India association organized an attack and Robert Clive took care of Mir Jafar, the leader of the Nawab's military, and besides promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal. The Engagement of Plassey was fought at Palashi, on the banks of Bhagirathi stream near Calcutta on June 23, 1757. Following three hours of exceptional fighting, there was a generous tempest. One justification the deficiency of Nawab was the shortfall of proposing to get their weapons during the considerable tempest which turned the table for the English outfitted power isolated from the critical clarification being the injustice of Mir Jafar. Siraj-Ud-Daulah's military with 50,000 warriors, 40 firearms and 10 struggle elephants was squashed by 3,000 officials of Robert Clive. The battle completed in 11 hours and Siraj-Ud- Daulah got away from the battle post his misfortune. According to Robert Clive, 22 men kicked the pail and 50 were hurt from the English officers. The Nawab furnished power lost around 500 men, including a couple of key specialists and countless them even persevered through a couple of misfortunes. Who Fought the Battle of Plassey? Participants of Battle of Role in the Battle of Plassey 14 Plassey CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Siraj-Ud-Daulah (Nawab • Involved in Black-Hole Tragedy (imprisoned 146 of Bengal) English persons who were lodged in a very tiny room due to which 123 of them died of suffocation) • Adversely affected by the rampant misuse of trade privileges by the EIC • Attacked and seized the English fort at Calcutta, it brought their hostility into the open Robert Clive (EIC) • Gave asylum to political fugitive Krishna Das, disappointing Siraj-Ud-Daulah • Misuse of trade privileges • Fortified Calcutta without the nawab’s permission Mir Jafar (Commander-in- • Bribed by East India Company (EIC) Chief of Nawab’s army) • Was to be made the Nawab by EIC for conspiring Rai Durlabh (One of the against Siraj-Ud-Daulah Commanders of the • Cheated Siraj-Ud-Daulah during the battle Nawabs Army) • Joined his army with Siraj-Ud-Daulah’s but did not Jagat Seth (Influential participate in the battle Banker) • Betrayed Siraj Omi Chand (Bengal Merchant) • Involved in the conspiracy involving the imprisonment and ultimate killing of Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah • One of the principal authors of the conspiracy against Nawaband associated with the treaty negotiated by Robert Clive before the Battle of Plassey in 1757 Table 1.2 The Battle of Plassey and their significance in the battle: Effects of Battle of Plassey Apart from the British getting political power of Northern India but only after Nawabs, there were several other effects in many forms that came out as a result of the Battle of Plassey. They can be categorised as: • Political Effects • Economic Effects 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Effects • The Battle of Plassey resulted at the end of the French forces. • Mir Jafar was crowned as the Nawab of Bengal • Mir Jafar was unhappy with the position and instigated the Dutch to attack the British in order to consolidate his foundation. • Battle of Chinsura was fought between the Dutch and British forces on November 25, 1759. • The British installed Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal. • The British became the paramount European power in Bengal. • Robert Clive was titled “Lord Clive”, Baron of Plassey and also obtained a seat in the British House of Commons. Economic Effects • The economy of India was affected severely. • Post the victory, the British started imposing severe rules and regulations on the inhabitants of Bengal in the name of tax collection. Importance Of The Battle Of Plassey • The battle of Plassey was hardly important from the military view-point. It was a mere skirmish and only a battle in name. In all, the English lost 29 men while the Nawab lost nearly 500. The English army showed no military superiority either in manoeuvres or strategy of the battle. The Battle of Plassey important because of the events that followed it. Plassey paved the way for the conquest and mastery of Bengal by English and subsequently the whole of India. It boosted the morale of the English. An English army of 6,000 troops was maintained in Bengal to help the Nawab to maintain his position. Gradually all real power passed into the hands of the Company. Before Plassey the English company was just one of the European Companies trading in Bengal and suffering various executions at the hands of the Nawab's officials. After Plassey the English Company virtually monopolised the trade and commerce of Bengal. Thus, Plassey proved a battle with far- reaching consequences in the fate of India. • MIR JAFAR (A.D. 1757-1760) • Although Mir Jafar owed the company a position, he soon regretted the deal he had made. The demands of bribes and gift company officials quickly depleted his inventory. He soon discovered that he could not meet all the requirements of the company and its officials, and they began to criticize Nawab for failing to meet their expectations. As a result, his failure to comply with the requirements resulted in him being forced to abdicate in October 1760 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• MIR QASIM (1760-1763 AD) •Mir Qasim rewarded his donors with gifts from Burdwan, Midnapore and Chittagong by awarding the company zamindari, and gave a total of 2.9 million to senior British officials Beautiful gift of rupee. However, Mir Qasim disguised Britain's hopes and soon posed a threat to their status and design in Bangladesh. He moved the capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr. He tried to organize his army like the Europeans. Organized the manufacture of locks and firearms in Monghyr. He realized that to maintain independence, he must have a full treasury. Therefore, he forced the former officers to hand over the money they had misappropriated and imposed some additional taxes or deposits on them. He tried to prevent company servants from abusing the 1717 farmer to evade internal fees. Therefore, he took drastic measures to abolish all tariffs on internal trade, thus giving his subjects a concession that the British had occupied Britain by force. Mir Qasini thought he was an independent ruler, and the British demanded that it be the only tool in their hands because they had put him in power. With the arrival of the Europeans in India, the British East India Company gradually conquered Indian territory. The Battle of the British Army was a showdown between the British Army and the Indian Alliance, which paved the way for Britain to rule India for the next 183 years. The Battle of Buxar took place in 1764 and is an important chapter in the history of India. The political implications of the Battle of Buxar If the Battle of Plassey made Great Britain a powerful factor in Bangladeshi politics, Buxar's victory made them a powerful force for the people of North India and a supreme competitor for the whole country. This battle exposed the political weakness and military deficiencies of the Indians and the emptiness of the Mughal Empire. At the same time, a series of economic plunder, bribery and corruption began to occur in Bangladesh, and people like Lord Clive became wealthy overnight. In the final battle for the Hindustan Empire, the British are now facing the Afghans and Marathas, which are their important opponents. Therefore, the Battle of Baksar was a decisive battle that had a profound political impact on India’s destiny. 1.3 BATTLE OF BUXAR With the advent of Europeans in India, the British East India Company gradually conquered Indian territories. The Battle of Buxar is one such confrontation between the British army and their Indian counterparts which paved the way for the British to rule over India for the next 183 years. The Battle of Buxar took place in 1764 and is an important chapter in Indian history. Political Implications Of The Battle Of Buxar On the off chance that the clash of Plassey had made the English an incredible variables in the legislative issues of Bengal, the triumph of Buxar made them an extraordinary force of Northern India and competitors for the incomparability of the entire country. This fight drew out the political shortcoming and military deficiencies of the Indians and the emptiness of 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the Mughal domain. Simultaneously, an arrangement of monetary loot, pay off and defilement started in Bengal in which individuals like Ruler Clive got rich short-term. The English currently confronted the Afghans and the Marathas as genuine opponents in the last battle for the realm of Hindustan. In this manner, the clash of Buxar end up being an unequivocal battle with broad political results in the fate of India. Clive made the last settlement through the arrangement of Allahabad with Shuja-ud-daulah and Mughal sovereign Shah Alam-II. As indicated by this settlement the English got the privilege of streamlined commerce in Awadh and they were permitted to keep an English armed force to the detriment of the Nawab of Awadh. Shah Alam-II got the areas of Kara and Allahabad and was additionally given a yearly benefits of Rs.26 lakh. As a trade-off for this courtesy, Shah Alam gave the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the English. Robert Clive Robert Clive started his vocation in Madras on a yearly compensation of 5 pounds for each annum. His quality in the fruitful attack of Arcot acquired him hero worship and his association in the triumph of Bengal made him a cynosure of the English public. He was made the Legislative leader of Bengal twice from A.O. 1757-1760 and A.O. 1765-1767. During the period A.O. 1757-1760, he made wonderful accomplishments. He got the restraining infrastructure of saltpeter exchange Bihar for English East India Organization. In 1757, he faced the conflict of Plassey and got the virtual authority of Bengal. He crushed the Dutch in l 759. Along these lines, we see that Clive set up and kept up the incomparability of the English in Bengal by his character and character. Clive left India in February l760 in the wake of making the most huge and enduring accomplishments during the most recent three years. He was designated Legislative head of Bengal in A.D. 1765-1767 for the subsequent time. In 1765, he presented the Double arrangement of Government for the Bengal region. By his double framework, he made the Organization an extraordinary force yet with no obligation. He likewise presented certain common and mi1itary changes with the end goal of cleansing the organization of the Organization. Private exchange was disallowed and the additional stipend for the military in harmony time was annulled. In this way we see that where during his first governorship he set out on an effective approach of victory his subsequent governorship was set apart with his capacity for change and diplomacy. Dual System Of Administration In Bengal (A.D 1765-1772) Under this System, the administration was divided between the Company and the Nawab but the whole power was actually concentrated in the hands of the Company. This Complex system remained in practice during the period from 1765 to 1772. During the Dual Government, the Company undertook the defence and left the civil administrations in the hands of the Nawab. Nawab was paid Rs.53 lakhs annually for administration, but after two years, it was reduced to 32 lakh rupees. Mr Jafar's son Najm-ud-daulah remained the Nawab of Bengal and the British appointed two deputy Nawabs to collect land revenue. The administration of Bengal was divided between the British and the Nawab of Bengal - so it 18 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

was known as Dual System. The Dual System proved very unsatisfactory -while the Nawab was burdened with all responsibilities, the company retained all the power. At last, after seven years, in 1772, Warren Hastings put an end to this Dual System on the recommendation of the directors. The Nawab was given a pension. Warren Hastings took over the direct - charge of administering Bengal and concluded the Treaty of Benaras (1773) with the Nawab of Oudh Under this treaty Allahabad and Kara was handed over to the Nawab for Rs.50 lakhs. The Nawab paid a subsidy, the English company was to lend him the aid of British troops whenever required. What was the Battle of Buxar? It was a battle fought between the English Forces, and a joint army of the Nawab of Oudh, Nawab of Bengal, and the Mughal Emperor. The battle was the result of misuse of trade privileges granted by the Nawab of Bengal and also the colonialist ambitions of East India Company Background of the Battle of Buxar Before the battle of Buxar, one more battle was fought. It was the Battle of Plassey, that gave the British a firm foothold over the region of Bengal. As a result of the Battle of Plassey, Siraj-Ud-Daulah was dethroned as the Nawab of Bengal and was replaced by Mir Jafar (Commander of Siraj’s Army.) After Mir Jafar became the new Bengal nawab, the British made him their puppet but Mir Jafar got involved with Dutch East India Company. Mir Qasim (son-in-law of Mir Jafar) was supported by the British to become the new Nawab and under the pressure of the Company, Mir Jafar decided to resign in favour of Mir Kasim. A pension of Rs 1,500 per annum was fixed for Mir Jafar A few reasons which were the key to the Battle of Buxar are given below: • Mir Qasim wanted to be independent and shifted his capital to Munger Fort from Calcutta. • He also hired foreign experts to train his army, some of whom were in direct conflict with the British. • He treated Indian merchants and English as same, without granting any special privileges for the latter. • These factors fuelled the English to overthrow him and war broke out between Mir Kasim and the Company in 1763. Who were the combatants of the Battle of Buxar? Participants of Battle of Role in the Battle of Buxar 19 Buxar CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Mir Qasim – (Administering He disliked misuse of dastak, farmans by the English, Bengal in place of Mir Jafar – hence tried to conspire against them by forming an alliance with Nawab of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Nawab of Bengal) Shah Alam II Shuja-Ud-Daulah – Nawab of Was a part of a confederacy with Mir Qasim and Shah Awadh (Oudh) Alam-II Shah Alam II – Mughal He wanted to overthrow English from Bengal Emperor Hector Munro – British Army He led the battle from the English side Major Robert Clive Signed the treaties with Shuja-Ud-Daulah and Shah Alam-II after winning the battle 1.2 Participants of Battle of Buxar & role in the Battle of Buxar The Course of Battle of Buxar When the battle broke out in 1763, English gained successive victories at Katwah, Murshidabad, Giria, Sooty and Munger. Mir Kasim fled to Awadh (or Oudh) and formed a confederacy with the Shuja-Ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor). Mir Qasim wanted to recover Bengal from the English. Read the course of battle in the points below: • Mir Qasim fled to Oudh • He planned a confederacy with Shuja-Ud-Daula and Shah Alam II in a final bid to overthrow the English from Bengal • Mir Qasim’s soldiers met the English army troops directed by Major Munro in 1764. • The joint armies of Mir Qasim were defeated by the British. • Mir Qasim absconded from the battle and the other two surrendered to the English army. • The battle of Buxar ended with the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. Result of Battle of Buxar • Mir Qasim, Shuja-Ud-Daula and Shah Alam-II lost the battle on October 22, 1764. 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Major Hector Munro won a decisive battle and Robert Clive had a major role in that. • English became a great power in northern India. • Mir Jafar (Nawab of Bengal) handed over districts of Midnapore, Burdwan and Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army. • The English were also permitted duty-free trade in Bengal, except for a duty of two per cent on salt. • After the death of Mir Jafar, his minor son, Najimud-Daula, was appointed nawab, but the real power of administration lay in the hands of the naib-subahdar, who could be appointed or dismissed by the English. • Clive made political settlements with Emperor Shah Alam II and Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh in the Treaty of Allahabad. Shuja-ud-Daulah: : was the child of the Mughal Stupendous Vizier Safdarjung picked by Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Not at all like his dad Shuja-ud-Daulah was known since the beginning for his capacities to blend his subordinates, this expertise would ultimately make him arise as the picked Stupendous Vizier by Shah Alam II. • Shuja-ud-Daulah was a monster man. Almost seven feet tall, with oiled mustaches that projected from his face like a couple of outstretched hawk's wings, he was a man of colossal actual strength. By 1763, he was over the hill, yet at the same time supposedly sufficiently able to remove the top of a wild ox with a solitary swing of his sword, or lift up two of his officials, one in each hand. • Shuja-ud-Daulah is likewise known to have helped the acclaimed Alivardi Khan on different events when the domains of the Nawab of Bengal, were being attacked by Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Marathas. Subsequently Shuja-ud-Daulah is known to have been an extremely regarded figure among the servicemen of Alivardi Khan. • Procession of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daa at Faizabad. From a collection of eighteenth century Indian watercolors. • After the passing of his dad the Mughal Great Vizier Safdarjung in the year 1753, Shuja- ud-Daula was perceived as the following Nawab by the Mughal Ruler Ahmad Shah Bahadur. • Shuja-ud-Daula scorned Imad-ul-Mulk, a partner of the Marathas of the Maratha Domain whose system arose after the Clash of Sikandarabad with the help of the Sadashivrao Bhau. Imad-ul-Mulk dazed Ahmad Shah Bahadur and put Alamgir II on the Mughal royal seat. Alamgir II and his child Ruler Ali Gauhar, were frequently abused by Imad-ul-Mulk in light of the fact that they wouldn't surrender their tranquil terms with Ahmad Shah Durrani, they additionally requested the acquiescence of Imad-ul-Mulk essentially because of his relations with the Marathas. 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Prince Ali Gauhar escaped from Delhi when he understood a connivance that would in the long run lead to the homicide of the Mughal Ruler Alamgir II. Shuj-ud-Daula invited and ensured Ruler Ali Gauhar, who at that point proclaimed himself Shah Alam II and formally perceived Shuja-ud-Daulah as the Great Vizier of the Mughal Domain. Together they tested the usurper Shah Jahan III, who was set on the Mughal magnificent seat by Sadashivrao Bhau and his powers, which pillaged a large part of the Mughal Domain. • Shah Alam II was then encouraged to lead an undertaking that would endeavour to retake the eastern areas of the Mughal Domain from Mir Jafar who was upheld by the English East India Organization. While Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ul-Daula and Mirza Jawan Bakht aligned themselves with Ahmad Shah Durrani and helped his powers during the Second Skirmish of Sikandarabad in the year 1760 and later drove a Mughal Multitude of 43,000 during the Third Clash of Panipat. • After getting away from Delhi because of the homicide of his dad the Mughal Head Alamgir II, the youthful Sovereign Ali Gauhar was generally welcomed by Shuja-ud-Daula. The Nawab of Awadh and the recently named Mughal Fantastic Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula guaranteed Ruler Ali Gauhar that he and Najib-ud-Daula would start a battle that would oust the Maratha if Sovereign Ali Gauhar would lead what survived from the Mughal Armed force against the extending English East India Organization in Bengal • Shuja's choice about whom to join as a partner in the Third Skirmish of Panipat was one of the conclusive variables that decided the result of the conflict as absence of food because of the Afghans cutting the inventory lines of Marathas was one reason that Marathas couldn't support the day-long fight. Their powers were feeble because of starvation and furthermore battling pointing toward the sun • Shuja was before not extremely certain about whose side should he take before the Third Clash of Panipat. Marathas were even more south at that point and it would have required some investment to arrive at Shuja's territory. Notwithstanding His mom was of the assessment that he should join the Marathas as they had assisted his with fathering beforehand on various events he Joined Abdali. • As the picked Fantastic Vizier of the Mughal Realm, Shuja-ud-Daula directed a sizeable multitude of Mughal troopers, who remove the provisions of the Marathas and surprisingly crushed them in pitched conflicts during the Third Skirmish of Panipat and dispatched the Maratha chief Sadashivrao Bhau. Shah Alam II : Child of the sovereign ʿālamgīr II, he had to escape Delhi in 1758 by the priest ʿImād al- Mulk, who kept the head a virtual detainee. He took asylum with Shujāʿ al-Dawlah, nawab of Oudh (Ayodhya), and after his dad's death in 1759 he announced himself ruler. Determined to look to catch Delhi, he requested accolade from Bihar and Bengal and in this way collided with the East India Organization. After Shujāʿ al-Dawlah's loss at Buxar (in 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

current Bihar state) in 1764, nonetheless, Shah ʿālam turned into the organization's retired person, as a trade-off for which he sanctioned the organization's situations in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa (1765) by allowing the option to gather income. Serenely settled at the city of Allahabad, he looked for Delhi, and in 1771 a concurrence with the Maratha individuals of western India returned it to him. During 1772–82 his priest, Najaf Khan, attested magnificent authority over the Delhi domain from the Sutlej to the Chambal stream and from the province of Jaipur to the Ganges (Ganga) Waterway. In 1788, be that as it may, the head of the Rohillas (warlike Afghan clans got comfortable India), Ghulām Qādir, held onto Delhi and, angered at his inability to discover treasure, dazed Shah ʿālam. Shah ʿālam spent his last a long time under the assurance of the Maratha boss Sindhia, and, after the Subsequent Maratha War (1803–05), of the English. With power just inside his royal residence, he saved in excess of 1,000,000 rupees in his depository. He was designated \"Lord of Delhi\" by the English, who gave coins bearing his name for a very long time after his demise. What is the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) Two important treaties were concluded in Allahabad between Robert Clive, Shuja-Ud- Daulah & Shah Aam-II. The key-points of the treaty of Allahabad are given below: Treaty of Allahabad between Robert Clive & Shuja-Ud-Daulah: • Shuja had to surrender Allahabad and Kara to Shah Alam II • He was made to pay Rs 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity; and • He was made to give Balwant Singh (Zamindar of Banaras) full possession of his estate. Treaty of Allahabad between Robert Clive & Shah Alam-II: • Shah Alam was commanded to reside at Allahabad which was ceded to him by Shuja-Ud-Daulah under the Company’s protection • The emperor had to issue a Farman granting the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh; • Shah Alam had to abide by a provision of Rs 53 lakh to the Company in return for the Nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice) of the said provinces. • After the Battle of Buxar, English did not annex Awadh even after Shuja-Ud-Daulah was defeated because it would have placed the Company under an obligation to protect an extensive land frontier from the Afghan and the Maratha invasions. • Shuja-Ud-Daulah became a firm friend of British and made Awadh a buffer state between English and foreign invasions. 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• The treaty of Allahabad with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-II made emperor a useful ‘rubber stamp’ of the Company. Besides, the emperor’s Farman legalised the political gains of the Company in Bengal. 1.4 SUMMARY • Britishers gained firm foot in India • Advantage of science and technology • India was torn apart • There was no strong leadership • Battle of Plassey • Battle of Buxar • Establishment of British Rule in India 1.5 KEWORDS • Battle of Plassey: It is a battle fought between the East India Company force headed by Robert Clive and Siraj-Ud-Daulah : Nawab of Bengal). • Battle of Buxar: It was a battle fought between the English Forces, and a joint army of the Nawab of Oudh, Nawab of Bengal, and the Mughal Emperor. • Mir Jafar: Commander in Chief of Nawab's Army • Shuja-Ud-Daulah : Nawab of Awadh (Oudh) • Mir Qasim :Administering Bengal in place of Mir Jafar – Nawab of Bengal • Robert Clive : Governor of Bengal • Shah Alam 2 :Mughal Emperor • Treaty Of Allahabad :Signed betwenn Robert Clive and Shuja Ud Daula and Shah Alam 2 1.6 LEARNING ACITIVITY 1. Causes of British hold in India __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a note on Battle of Plassey __________________________________________________________________________ 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

_____________________________________________________________________ 1.7UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the cause that let to Battle of Plassey. 2. Events that let to Battle of Buxar . 3. Write anote on Mir Qasim 4. Explain the Role of Shah Alam 2 5. Who was Shuja Ud Daula Long Questions 1. Explain in detail the how British gained hold in India 2. Write an Essy on Battle of Plassey. 3.Explain the Britisg Occupation of Bengal 6. Explain the treaty of Allahabad 7. Effects of Battle of plassey B. Multiple Choice Questions 1.The Battle of Plassey was fought at ----------- on the banks of Bhagirathi river near Calcutta on June 23, 1757. a. Palashi b. Ganga c. Brahamaputra d. Hoogly 2 . -------- fought the Battle of Plassey against Robert Clive a. Siraj ud Daula b. Mir Jafar c. Mir Qasim d. Shah Suja 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. The battle of Buxar was fought by ______ against Britishers . a. Bahadur Shah b. Shah Alam c. Mir Qasim d. Shuja-Ud-Daulah 4. -------------------- fought the battle of Buxar from the British Side. a. Clive b. Curzon c. Munro d. Hastings 5 . The Treaty of Allahabad was signed by--------------- the Mughal Emperor . a. Shah Alam 2 b. Shah Shuja c. Shah Jahan d. Shah Alam 1 Answer 1.a 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.a 1.8 REFERENCES Reference Books • P.E. Roberts : History of British India • Ishwari Prasad and others: A History of Modern India • P. Spear. History of Modern India. • V.A. Smith : The Oxford History of India • Bisheswar Prasad : Bondage and Freedom. • R.C. Majumdar : British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Others (Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan Publications). 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• R.C. Majumdar and : Struggle for Freedom, others (eds.) • R.C. Majumdar and : An Advanced History of India. • Thompson and Garret : Rise and Fulfillment of British Rule in India. • S.L. Sikri : Constitutional History of India (English, Punjabi and Hindi). • R.C. Aggarwal : Constitutional History of India (English and Punjabi) Web Resources • History of India-Wikipedia • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/historyofindia • https://selfstudyhistory.commodern- Indian-history/ 27 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 2: DOCTRINE OF, ANNEXATION PROCESS OF DALHOUSIE Structure 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2History 2.3doctrine of Lapse before Dalhousie 2.4. Doctrine of lapse by Dalhousie 2.5 Effects of Doctrine of Lapse 2.6 Summary 2.7 Keywords 2.8. Learning Activity 2.9. Unit End Questions 2.10 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able: • Outline the administrative process of British • Explain the way in which Britishers took over the kingdoms • State how they annexed the properties 2.1 INTRODUCTION The doctrine of lapse was a strategy of extension started by the English East India Organization in India comparable to the royal states, and applied until 1859, two years after Organization rule was prevailing by the English Raj. Components of the precept of pass kept on being applied by the post-Freedom Indian government to derecognise individual royal families until 1971, when the previous decision families were all things considered derecognised. As indicated by the teaching, any Indian regal state under the suzerainty of the English East India Organization (the predominant royal force in the Indian auxiliary framework), would have its regal status nullified (and in this manner be added into English India) if the ruler was either \"obviously bumbling or kicked the bucket without a male beneficiary\". The last displaced the since quite a while ago settled right of an Indian sovereign without a 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

beneficiary to pick a replacement. What's more, the English chose whether potential rulers were adequately skillful. The principle and its applications were generally viewed by numerous Indians as ill-conceived. The arrangement is most normally connected with Dalhousie, who was the Lead representative General of the East India Organization in India somewhere in the range of 1848 and 1856. In any case, it was enunciated by the Court of Heads of the East India Organization as ahead of schedule as 1847 and a few more modest states had effectively been attached under this principle before Dalhousie assumed control over the post of Lead representative General Dalhousie utilized the approach most overwhelmingly and widely, however, so it is by and large connected with him. 2.2 HISTORY At the hour of its selection, the English East India Organization had majestic authoritativepurview over wide areas of the subcontinent. The organization assumed control over the august states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur(1849), Bhagat (1850), Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854), Tore and Arcot (1855) under the details of the convention of pass. Oudh (1856) is broadly accepted to have been added under the Precept of Pass. Anyway it was added by Master Dalhousie under the appearance of misgovernance. For the most part asserting that the ruler was not decision appropriately, the Organization added around 4,000,000 pounds real to its yearly income by excellence of this doctrine.Udaipur State, in any case, would have nearby principle reestablished by the English in 1860. With the expanding force of the East India Organization, discontent stewed among numerous segments of Indian culture and the generally native military; these revitalized behind the ousted traditions during the Indian Insubordination of 1857, otherwise called the Sepoy Uprising. Following the resistance, in 1858, the new English Emissary of India, whose standard supplanted that of the English East India Organization, disavowed the convention. The august territory of Kittur managed by Sovereign Chennamma was taken over by the East India Organization in 1824 by forcing a 'convention of pass'. So it is begging to be proven wrong whether it was concocted by Ruler Dalhousie in 1848, however he ostensibly made it official by archiving it. Dalhousie's additions and the regulation of pass had caused doubt and anxiety among most decision sovereigns in India. At the hour of its selection, the English East India Organization had majestic managerial purview over wide areas of the subcontinent. The organization assumed control over the royal statesof Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur(1849), Bhagat (1850), Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854), Tore and Arcot (1855) under the details of the regulation of slip by. Oudh (1856) is broadly accepted to have been added 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

under the Precept of Pass. Anyway it was added by Master Dalhousie under the appearance of misgovernance. For the most part asserting that the ruler was not decision appropriately, the Organization added around 4,000,000 pounds real to its yearly income by uprightness of this doctrine.Udaipur State, in any case, would have neighborhood rule reestablished by the English in 1860. With the expanding force of the East India Organization, discontent stewed among numerous segments of Indian culture and the to a great extent native military; these mobilized behind the removed traditions during the Indian Resistance of 1857, otherwise called the Sepoy Rebellion. Following the resistance, in 1858, the new English Emissary of India, whose standard supplanted that of the English East India Organization, revoked the convention. The regal province of Kittur managed by Sovereign Chennamma was taken over by the East India Organization in 1824 by forcing a 'teaching of slip by'. So it is begging to be proven wrong whether it was concocted by Master Dalhousie in 1848, however he ostensibly made it official by recording it. Dalhousie's additions and the teaching of slip by had caused doubt and disquiet among most decision sovereigns in India. 2.3 DOCTRINE OF LAPSE BEFORE DALHOUSIE Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely his invention. The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834.As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842. As per the policy, Kings without a male heir or son cannot declare an adopted child or any relative as the heir. He is required to relinquish his rights to the throne and surrender his kingdom to the East India Company. 2.4 DOCTRINE OF LAPSE The doctrine of lapse was an addition strategy followed broadly by Dalhousie when he was India's Lead representative General from 1848 to 1856. It was utilized as a managerial strategy for the expansion of English Centrality. James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, Marquess of Dalhousie, referred to normally as General Dalhousie, was the Lead representative General of India from 1848 to 1856. He had been an acclaimed Scottish legislator. Presently, in spite of the fact that he is usually connected with the doctrine of lapse by, it was concocted by the Court of Heads of the East India Organization as ahead of schedule as 1847 and a few more modest states had effectively been attached under this convention before Dalhousie took the situation of the Lead representative General. The strategy was utilized undeniably more widely by him to extend the regional reach of the East-India Organization. 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

This was an addition strategy widely applied by East India Organization in India until 1859. The regulation expressed that any regal state under the vassalage of the organization will a how its area added should the leader of the said state neglect to create a beneficiary. The teaching and its application were viewed by numerous Indians as ill-conceived. The Regulation of Pass was one of the hidden elements that prompted the revolt of 1857. The Subah of Awadh, was an enormous and prosperous area. It reached out from Kanauj region in the west to the stream Karmanasa in the east. It turned out to be basically free in 1722 when a Persian Shia globe-trotter named Saadat Khan was selected its lead representative by Muhammad Shah. Before his passing in l 739, he had become for all intents and purposes autonomous and had made the territory a genetic belonging. From the start to the second 50% of the eighteenth century Awadh had no struggles with the English. The enemity among Awadh and the English began in 1764 from the Skirmish of Buxar. In this fight, the English crushed the consolidated powers of the Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh, Mughal sovereign Shah Alam and contemporary Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim. After this fight, the Settlement of Allahabad was endorsed between Nawab of Awadh and the English. Master Dalhousie was enthusiastic about adding the realm of Awadh. The Nawab of Awadh had numerous beneficiaries and couldn't accordingly be covered by the Precept of Pass. Some other affection must be found for denying him of his domains. At last, Ruler Dalhousie hit upon easing the predicament of individuals of Awadh. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was blamed for having misgoverned his state and of declining to present changes. His state was accordingly added in 1856. Without a doubt, the degeneration of the organization of Awadh was a difficult reality for its kin. Judicial Administration Immediately after his taking charge as Governor in Bengal, Hastings drew up a plan for the Judicial reforms, the aim of which was not to do away with the existing judicial machinery but to make it more efficient and amenable to the British supervision and control. Changes Done By Hastings (1) In each district there was to be a Diwan-i-Adalat (Civil Court) which was to be presided over by a collector who would be a covenanted servant of the Company. The collector was to be assisted by Indian Judges and other court officials. His decree was final upto the value of Rs.500 (2) The Judges now enjoyed regular salaries. (3) Besides, each district was to have a Nizamat Adalat or a court of criminal justice which was to consist of a qazi, a mufti, two maulvis and four deputy qazis in addition to its clerks and orderlies. The District Collector was to supervise the working of these courts. That impartial decision was passed. (4) Appeals from the district Diwani Adalat lay in the Sadar Diwani Adalat which was to be presided over by the governor and 2 members of his council at Calcutta. It was shifted from Murshidabad to Calcutta. 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(5) The appeals from the district Nizamat Adalat lay in the Sadar Nizamat Adalat which was to be presided over by a Daroga-i-Adalat who would be assisted by chief Qazi, chief Mufti and three Maulvis. (6) Nawab's deputy (Raza Khan) was appointed at Calcutta to fix the Nizam's seal and signature on his behalf to the warrants issued for the execution of the sentences of the N izamat Adalat in order to prevent the de lays caused the process of sending to Murshidabad the fatwas. (7) The decoits who infested the whole country were to be executed in their own village, and if a dacoit could not be traced out his village was to sutler a tine. This was the first set of reforms in the judicial department introduced by Hastings and it was a commendable attempt: Result: The Muslim law still continued as the law of the criminal courts. The number of dacoits who infested the country increased. Changes Between 1774 And 1784 Judicial Reforms of 1781-1782 (1) Institution of Faujdar was abolished. (2) The zamindars were authorised once again to apprehend criminals and maintain law and order in their jurisdiction. (3) Powers of Deputy nawabs were further curtailed. (4) Number of criminal courts were reduced from 23 to 18. Judicial Reforms Of Cornwallis (1787-1790) (1) Sadar Nizamat Adalat was again shifted to Calcutta (2) The Governor-General and council, assisted by experts in Indian laws, presided over it in the place of a Muhammadan judge. (3) District criminal courts (Nizmat adalat) were abolished. (4) The new courts were presided over by two servants of the company, assisted by Indian experts. (5) The magisterial powers of the collectors were increased in 1787 (6) He increased the salaries of the judicial officers in a liberal manner. Judicial changes in 1793 (1) The Collectors were deprived of their judicial powers. (2) The Revenue courts were also abolished. (3) Diwani adalats were established one each in district, Presided over by a covenanted servant of the company. (4) Four Provincial Courts of appeal were established at Calcutta, Patna, Murshidabad and Dacca. 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(5) Indian Munsiffs were appointed, who would work on an honorary basis and decide cases up to the value of Rs.500. It was the lowest court. (6) Next was the Registrar's Court which could try a case up to value of Rs.200. (7) Cornwall is was not ready.to entrust the Indians with any responsibility or authority in matters of administration. He deprived the zamindars of the power and responsibility of maintaining peace within their jurisdiction. Changes Between The Period 1793-1828 During this period more changes were introduced. (1) Number of the district judges was increased. (2) The power and n umber of the lower courts were enhanced. (3) Indians were appointed as Munsiffs with larger powers than those of 1793. (4) The powers of the magistrate were increased. (5) The Collectors were again empowered to try certain revenue cases. (6) The Sadar diwani adalat was completely reconstituted. (7) In order to maintain peace, an efficient police system was organised. The doctrine of lapse by was an addition strategy followed broadly by Dalhousie when he was India's Lead representative General from 1848 to 1856. It was utilized as a regulatory approach for the expansion of English Centrality. James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, first Marquess of Dalhousie, referred to Lord Dalhousie, was the Lead representative General of India from 1848 to 1856. He had been a well known Scottish legislator. Presently, in spite of the fact that he is usually connected with the Tenet of Slip by, it was concocted by the Court of Overseers of the East India Organization as ahead of schedule as 1847 and a few more modest states had effectively been seized under this convention before Master Dalhousie took the situation of the Lead representative General. The arrangement was utilized undeniably more broadly by him to extend the regional reach of the East-India Organization. The doctrine of lapse by was an addition strategy widely applied by East India Organization in India until 1859. The teaching expressed that any regal state under the vassalage of the organization will a how its area attached should the leader of the said state neglect to create a beneficiary. The tenet and its application were viewed by numerous Indians as ill- conceived. Highlights of the doctrine 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Prior to the presentation of this convention, the august states had a ritualized strategy for reception rehearsed for quite a long time. A beneficiary evident would ultimately be chosen from a pool of competitors, who were prepared for progression since the beginning, called bhayats if no able conceived to child were created (a clearly unacceptable or backstabbing conceived to child could be prohibited from the progression). In the event that the ruler kicked the bucket prior to receiving a replacement, one of his widows could embrace a beneficiary, who might quickly acquiesce to the seat. The adoptee would cut all binds with his introduction to the world family. When the Principle of Pass came into place the accompanying highlights were currently looked by the Indian rulers. • According to this tenet, any royal state under the immediate or backhanded (as a vassal) control of the East India Organization, should the ruler not produce a lawful male beneficiary, would be added by the organization. • This was not presented by Ruler Dalhousie despite the fact that it was he who archived it and utilized it generally to get domains for the English. • As per this, any received child of the Indian ruler couldn't be broadcasted as beneficiary to the realm. The received child would just acquire his temporary dad's very own property and homes. • The embraced child would likewise not be qualified for any benefits that his dad had been getting or to any of his dad's titles. • This tested the Indian ruler's for quite some time held power to delegate a beneficiary of their decision. The Doctrine of Lapse – States Annexed The states that were annexed under this policy are given below in chronological order: States Annexed by Doctrine of Lapse Year of Annexation Satara 1848 Jaitpur 1849 Sambalpur 1849 Baghat 1850 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Udaipur 1852 Jhansi 1853 Nagpur 1854 • In 1824, before the time of Dalhousie, the princely state of Kittur was acquired by the East India Company by this doctrine. • It was as per this policy that Nana Sahib, the adopted son of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II was denied his titles and pension. • The final moment straw came when Awadh was annexed to the English East India Company under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse on the grounds of internal misrule on 7 February 1856 AD. This annexation was one of the reasons for the Revolt of 1857. 2.5 EFFECTS OF DOCTRINE OF LAPSE • Many Indian states lost their sovereignty and became British territories. • This led to a lot of unrest among the Indian princes. • A lot of people were unhappy with the ‘illegal’ nature of this doctrine and this was one of the causes of the Indian Revolt of 1857. • Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi had grievances against the British because the former’s pension was stopped by the British after his foster father died, and the Rani’s adopted son was denied the throne under the doctrine of lapse. • Dalhousie returned to Britain in 1856. After the Indian Revolt broke out in 1857, his governance was widely criticised as one of the causes of the rebellion. 2.6 SUMMARY • The Doctrine of Lapse dictated that if a ruler died without a natural male heir, then the ruler’s kingdom would pass or ‘lapse’ to the British authorities. • Curiously, the Doctrine held that the dependant states did not have the rights of adoption in this regard. • The doctrine was applied in the case of several important states such as Jhansi, Nagpur and Satara. • Under the pretext of this policy, the rulers of these states were pensioned off and their kingdom was annexed to the British empire. This caused a lot of disenchantment in the Indian ruling class. 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Awadh was one of the first states to become a part of the Subsidiary Alliance system and had stayed true to its commitment to its terms and conditions. • Although the Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, was an inefficient ruler, the maladministration in Awadh was as much a result of the Subsidiary system as it was of the incompetency of the Nawab. • Despite this, Dalhousie annexed Awadh under the pretext of misgovernment in 1856. • This played a major role in the subsequent rebellion of 1857. 2.7. KEYWORDS • Doctrine of Lapse: policy of seizure initiated by the British East India Company in India in relation to the princely states, • Lord Dalhousie: Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. 2.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Find out about the doctrine of lapse prior to Lord Dalhousie 2.Changes between 1793 and 1828 2.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS 36 A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the main features of Doctrine of lapse. 2. Expound the effects of the doctrine of lapse. 3. What existed before doctrine of lapse 4. Name the states which were annexed 5. Who was lord Dalhousie. Long Questions 1. Discuss the Features of Doctrine of Lapse 2. Write a note on Doctrine of lapse and Annexation Process. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Explain the Judicial Process 4. why was doctrine of lapse important for Britishers 5. Mnetion the effects of the doctrine of lapse B . Multiple Choice Questions 1. --------- is the official counting responsible for the annexation of states of India a. Curzon b. Dalhousie c. Benedict d. Clive 2. The Doctrine of Lapse is applied when------- a. A girl Child dies b. There is no male heir to throne c. There is fall of the kingdom d. There is no king 3.The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy extensively applied by East India Company in India until --------- a. 1857 b. 1859 c. 1858 d. 1860 4. ------------------ was governor general when the doctrine of lapse was applied a. Curzon b. Hastings c. Dalhousie d. Clive 5. The annexation process led to ---------------- 37 a. 1857 Uprising b.Battle of Buxar CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c.Battle of Plassey 5. a d. Battle of Jhansi Answer 1.b 2.b 3 b 4.b 2.10 REFERENCES Reference Books • P.E. Roberts : History of British India • Ishwari Prasad and others: A History of Modern India • P. Spear. History of Modern India. • V.A. Smith : The Oxford History of India • Bisheswar Prasad : Bondage and Freedom. • R.C. Majumdar : British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Others (Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan Publications). • R.C. Majumdar and : Struggle for Freedom, others (eds.) • R.C. Majumdar and : An Advanced History of India. • Thompson and Garret : Rise and Fulfillment of British Rule in India. • S.L. Sikri : Constitutional History of India (English, Punjabi and Hindi). • R.C. Aggarwal : Constitutional History of India (English and Punjabi) Web Resources • History of India-Wikipedia • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/historyofindia • https://selfstudyhistory.commodern- Indian-history. 38 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT –3: THE UPRISING OF 1857: CAUSES, SPREAD OF UPRISINGS, NATURE AND AFTERMATH Structure 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Immediate Reason of Revolt of 1857 3.3Effects of the Uprising 3.4 Summary 3.5Keywords 3.6 Learning Activity 3.7 Unit End Questions 3.8 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able: • Elaborate the Spread of the uprising • Learn about Effects of the Uprising 3.1 INTRODUCTION The great upsurge of 1857, termed variously as 'mutiny', 'revolt' and 'First War of Independence' was the result of the culmination of large-scale discontent that had been accumulating for long against British policies in India. The record of the company of the last hundred years in India was that of extension of political power and economic exploitation. It created dissatisfaction and distrust both among the Indian elite and the masses, which resulted in several local risings prior to the Revolt. The people had revolted at Bareilly in 1816, the kols in 1831-33, the people in the Kangra valley in 1848 and the Santhals in 1855- 56. These uprisings were proofs of a gradually increasing discontent of the Indian people against the British rule. By 1857, certain factors involved Indian soldiers as well in it, which sparked the revolt. Then, the dissatisfied native rulers, landlords, and their subjects and certain opportunistic people also became a party to it. Thus, the revolt of 1857 was the result of certain deep-rooted causes though its immediate cause was pr6vided by the Indian soldiers. The revolt was an event which neither the British rulers nor the people of India could ever afford to forget. It was a turning point in the history of India. It marked the end 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of an era, the period of the British East India Company's rule and ushered in an era of the rule of the British Crown. 3.2 IMMEDIATE REASON OF REVOLT OF 1857 Causes Of The Revolt The Anglo-Indian historians have greatly emphasised the importance of military grievances and the greased cartridge affair as the most potent causes, which led to the great rising of 1857. But the modern Indian historians have established beyond doubt that 'the greased cartridge' was not the only cause, nor even the most important of them. The causes of the rebellion lay deeper and are to be found in the history of the hundred years of British rule from the Battle of Plassey (June 1757) to the rebellion of Mangal Pandey when on March 29, 1857, he murdered an English Adjutant. The greased cartridge and the mutiny of soldiers was merely the match-stick which exploded the inflammable material which had gathered in heap on account of a variety of causes - political, social, religious and economic. A. Political Causes: Following were the political causes of the revolt: a. The East India Company steadily proceeded to gain effective control over the Indian native states. With Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse, the pol icy of annexation reached its culmination. Dalhousie's refusal to continue the pension to Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II, and annexation of Napur and Satara extinguished the three historic and royal families upon whom the Marathas used to look with pride. Dalhousie's proposal to remove the titula11 Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II from his ancestral palace in Delhi created suspicion among the Muslims. The Rani of Jhansi felt that she had been deprived of her ruling rights in violation of recognised Hindu law. b. In the course of eight years, Dalhousie annexed eight states. The annexation of Avadh was the most unjustified act of British aggression and the most damaging to the British faith. c. The arbitrary abolition of titles and pensions by the British generated great resentment among the native princes. Lord Canning even declared that the title of the Mughal emperor would be abolished after the death of Bahadur Shah and his palace and fort would be taken over by the British. B. Social and Religious Causes: The socio- religious causes of the revolt were as follows a. An ever growing number of Christian missionaries were granted unrestricted entry into India, by the Charter Act of 1813. Indian religions began to be ridiculed in the missionary schools. Many Indians were converted to Christianity. There was a widespread belief that Lord Canning had been commissioned to convert Indians to Christianity. 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b. The suppression of sati and female infanticide, the legislation of widow remarriage the right of in heritance to Christian convert, the promotion of western education at the expense of traditional learning was supposed to be-a naked British interference into the religious beliefs of India. C. Economic Causes: The economic causes of the revolt were as follows: a. The economic exploitation of the country, the huge drain of wealth from Bengal and the destruction of its industry impoverished one of the richest countries in the world. The British deliberately crippled Indian trade and manufacture by imposing heavy protective duties in Britain, while British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty. The machine-made British goods flooded the Indian markets and ruined Indian manufactures. b. The agrarian policy followed by the Company ruined the cultivators as well as the Zamindars. The permanent settlement introduced by Cornwallis in Bengal brought misery in the early stages. D. Military Causes: Despite all the causes referred to above, the general civil population might not perhaps have mutinied in 1857 if the Indian soldiers had not risen in revolt. The Indian soldiers were dissatisfied because of the following reasons - a. Indian soldiers were dissatisfied as they were pad far less pay than their European counterparts for doing the same type of military duties. b. The British military authorities never trusted Indian soldiers bonafides towards British rule. They were ever apprehensive of possible uprisings on the part of Indian soldiers. c. Another cause of resentment among the Indian soldiers was that they were denied promo ions to higher ranks in the army. d. The practice of sending Indian soldiers to foreign countries caused great dissatisfaction among the Hindu soldiers as they had to face the risk of being ex- communicated by their caste councils. e. The Indian soldiers were mistreated by the British soldiers. E. The Immediate Cause: The Immediate cause of the Mutiny was the one connected with the greased cartridges. The Government introduced a new Enfield rifle in the army. Its cartridges had a greased paper cover which had to be bitten off before the cartridge was loaded into the rifle. It was believed that the grease was composed of beef and pig fat. The Hindu as well as Muslim sepoys were enraged because the use of greased cartridges was against their religion and they feared that the government was deliberately trying to destroy their religion and convert them to Christianity. The sepoys got infuriated and broke out into a mutiny at Barrackpore and later at Berhampore. 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Revolt On 10 May, 1857, the sepoys broke out in open rebellion, shot their officers, released their fellow sepoys and headed towards Delhi, with the cry Delhi Chalo. Delhi was seized by the rebels on 12 May, 1857. Bahadur Shah IIwas proclaimed the Emperor of India. Delhi became the centre of revolt and Bahadur Shah was its symbol. Very soon the rebellion spread throughout Northern and Central India at Lucknow, Allahabad, Kanpur, Bareilly, Benaras, in parts of Bihar, Jhansi, and other places. In many Indian states, the rulers remained loyal to British Government but their soldiers revolted. Important Indian rulers like Rani Laxmi Bai, Nana Saheb, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Khan Bahadur Khan, Tantiya Tope etc. actively participated in the Revolt. But by July 1858, the rebellion was completely suppressed. Causes For The Failu Re Of Revolt (1) The area of the revolt remained limited. The whole of India did not participate in the mutiny and those who participated had no solidarity among themselves. A large civil population which included intellectuals as a class remained quiet. (2) The British had better resources than the rebels. The English possessed a good artillery while the rebels either lacked it or could not utilize it in the battlefield. (3) Many native rulers gave useful support to 'the English. (4) The rebels had neither a general plan of action nor any rapport between different groups. Their armies failed to combine together in order to offer a joint front to the British. (5) There was infact no towering personality among the leaders of the mutiny. Tantya tope, Rani Laxmi and Kunwar Singh had no calibre to conduct war on a national scale. Bahadur Shah was only a figure head. As compared to these leaders of mutiny, however, Lawrence, Outram. Havelock, Edwards and Nicholson were not only great generals, but also greater organisers and planners. Resu Lt Of The Revolt Of 1857 (1) The mutiny of 1857 marked the end of an era. The rule of the British East Company was brought to an end. The rule of the Crown commenced in 1858 when Queen Victoria made her famous proclamation. (2) The queen's proclamation promised non- interference in the religious affairs of the people. The government would respect the religious customs, traditions and usages. (3) British Army was reorganised. Hence forward, the Europeans treated Indians with contempt, which widened the gulf between them. (4) The strength of the Indian army was reduced by 50 per cent. The artillery was placed only in the hands of Europeans and Indians were excluded. Important military positions and strategic areas were placed in European hands. (5) The British in a bid to perpetuate their light grip over their empire resorted to the notorious policy of divide and rule. 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(6) The Muslim Renaissance which blossomed during the period before the meeting, received an irreparable blow. Natu Re Of The Revolt (1) Cannot be called a mutiny because - Military discontent was a minor cause. The civilians played a major role and leadership was with them. (2) Cannot he called a war of races because - Cultural superiority was unknown then and later only British introduced it. (3) Cannot be called Feudal or Peasant Uprising because - both the peasants and the Feudal Lords had their own independent grievances. They united only at a later stages of the Revolt. (4) Cannot be called First War of Independence because - Concept of nationhood had not emerged, idea of complete independence emerged only in 1929 (Lahore Session) the revolt remained confined to a part of North India only and even here the Jats, Marathas, Rajputs and the Sikhs remained aloof, and anti-British sentiment were more dominant than nationalist feelings. The Causes Of Tribal Uprisings The establishment of British power in India was a prolonged process of piecemeal conquest and consolidation and the colonialisation of the economy and society. This process produced discontent resentment and resistance at every stage. The century after 1707 witnessed a number of popular mobilization, revolts and mutinies against foreign rule and its attendant evils. The tribal people spread over a large part of India, organised hundreds of militant outbreaks and insurrections during the 19th century. Tribal movements in colonial India were distinguished from the movements of other communities in that they were the most militant, most isolated (at least initially) and most frequent. There were about 70 listed tribal revolts from 1778 to 1947. The tribal uprisings were marked by immense courage on the parts of the tribal, and their butchery by the official machinery of suppression. Causes - The tribals had cause to be upset for a variety of reasons. (1) The colonial administration ended their relative isolation and brought them fully within the ambit of colonialism. (2) The British land settlements in India had eroded the tribal traditions of joint ownership and sharpened tensions within the tribal society. (3) It encouraged the influx of Christian missionaries into the tribal areas. It created varied reactions amongst the tribals. (4) It introduced a large number of moneylenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen among the tribals. These middlemen were the chief instruments for bringing the tribal people within the vortex of the colonial economy and exploitation. The middlemen were outsiders who increasingly took possession of tribal lands and ensnared the tribals in a 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

web of debt. In time, the tribal people increasingly lost their lands and were reduced to the position of agricultural labourers, share-croppers and rack-rented tenants on the land they had earlier brought under cultivation and held on a communal basis. Major Tribal And Peasant Revolts Tribal Revolts (1) Santhal Uprising: Among the numerous tribal revolts, the Santhal uprising; was the most massive. It occurred in 1855-56. The rebellion covering the districts of Birbhum, Singh bhum: Bakura, Hazaribagh, Bhagalpur and Monghyr in Orissa and Bihar was precipitated mainly by economic causes. The money lenders and colonial administrators both exploited them. The tribals turned against the British Government when they found that the British officers, instead of redressing their grievances, were more anxious to protect their oppressors from the tribals' wrathful vengeance. The Santhals revolted under the leadership of two brothers - Siddhu and Khanhu in June 1855. They attacked the houses of money lenders, zamindars, White planters, railway engineers and British officials. The open war with the British continued till February 1856, when the rebellion was crushed ruthlessly. More than 15 000 Santhals were killed while tens of villages were destroyed. Even though British crushed the rebellion with iron hand, the Government pacified the Santhals by creating a separate district of Santhal Parganas. (2) The Ahoms Revolt: The Ahom nobility in Assam accused the Company's authont1es of nonfulfillment of pledges of withdrawal from their territory after the conclusion of the Burman War. The attempt of the English to incorporate the Ahoms' territory in the Company's dominion sparked off a rebellion. In 1828 the Ahoms proclaimed Gomdhar Konwar as their king and planned a march to Rangpur. The superior military power of the company abo1ted the move. A second revolt was planned in 1830. The Company followed the pacific policy and in 1838 handed over upper Assam to Maharaja Purander Singh Narendra and a part of the kingdom was restored to the Assamese Raja. (3) Khasi Rising: As a result of the Burmese War the British got possession of the Brahmaputa Valley and conceived the idea of linking up this territory with Sylhet by a road passing through the entire length of the Khasi domain. Tiral Singh, the ruler of Nunklow, resented the intrusion into his teritories, won over the support of the Garos, the Khomptis and Singhpos in a bid to drive away the low land strangers. The insurrection developed into popular revolt against British rule in the area. The superior English military force suppressed the revolt in 1833. (4) Pagal Panthis' Revolts: Pagal Panthis, a semi - religious sect founded by Karam Shah, lived in the northern district of Bengal. Tipu, the son and successor of Karan Shah, was inspired both by religious and political motives. He took up the cause of the tenants against the oppressions of the zamindars. In 1825, Tipu captured Sherpur and assumed royal power. The insurgents spread their activities to the Garo hills. The area remained disturbed in the 1830's and 1840's. (5) Bhil Rising: The Bhils, and aboriginal tribe, lived in the Western Ghats with their stronghold in Khandesh. During 1817-19 the Bhils revolted against their new masters, the 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

English East India Company. Agrarian hardships and fear of the worst under the new regime were their apprehensions. Several Bnt1sh detachments ruthlessly crushed the revolt. However, the Bhils were far from being pacified. Encouraged by the British reverses in the Burmese war, the Bhils under their leader Sewaram again revolted in 1825. The trouble erupted in 1831 and again in 1846 signifying the popular character of the discontent. Other Tribal rebellions were: Koli disturbances in Maharashtra (1784-85); Chauri Movement in Bihar (1798), Munda uprising (1820, 1832 and 1837); Gond uprising in Bastar (1842); Jivo Vasuo revolt in Gujarat (1850 and 1857-58); Khonda Dora uprising in 1900; Bhil uprising in Rajasthan (1913); Bastar uprising in 1910 etc. The immediate factor was the introduction of the ‘Enfield’ rifle. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. This was against the Hindu and Muslim sentiments and religious ideologies. Thus they were reluctant to use the ‘Enfield’ rifle. This was a flashpoint to enrage the soldiers against the Britishers. This was believed to be the immediate factor for the revolt of 1857. Causes of Revolt of 1857 The revolt of 1857 was initiated due to various factors which are stated below: • Religious and Social Causes – bigotry or racial separation was accepted to be a significant justification the revolt of 1857 wherein Indians were abused and were avoided blending in with Europeans. The whites additionally began meddling in the strict and social issues of Indians and tormented them too. • A critical piece of the English principle over India. Changed the decision arrangement of England in India. No other occasion offered more noteworthy regarding England's evolving strategy. From 1757-1857, the EIC set up solid pilgrim footings in India. However, during this time the EIC was associated with the 'noticeable' parts of imperialism and that abuse incredibly hampered the possibilities of Indians as far as the social, political, financial and military situation of India. • Thus, the misuse completed by the East India Organization in 100 years, discovered responses in different rebellions. However, the size of the revolt of 1857 was a lot bigger and uncommon. This revolt incited the English Parliament to assume direct responsibility for India. Reasons for Revolt 1. Social 2. Economical 3. Political 4. Military 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Immediate Factor Social Components 1. Racial segregation was the great factor. Indians endured severely in the possession of the Europeans. There was apparent racial abuse wherein Indians were not permitted to blend in with the Europeans. There was segregation that was likewise done in broad daylight places. This created net uneasiness against the mastery of the whites in India. 2. The English were likewise watchful about meddling in the strict and social issues of Indians. What's more, that if there was to be any impedance in their strict and social issues, at that point that would produce boundless rebellions contrary to the English standard and the recently settled English guideline would be removed without any problem. 3. Until 1800, the English were subsequently not quick to meddle in the social and strict issues of Indians. Be that as it may, toward the start of the nineteenth Century, the English started to help their bid of social changes by the techniques for enactment. 4. Thus, it very well may be summed up that Indians started to question the goals of the English since the approach of these enactments. Some glaring instances of this period are the 1813 Sanction Act which moderate Indians saw as a burden of Christianity over them. Thusly, they forcefully responded. 5. At a similar time, when a portion of the social enactments were passed, similar to, the annulment of Sati, 1829 was passed by Master William Bentinck (which was executed across all administrations across English India), Restriction of kid marriage, widow remarriage, and so forth were completely perceived by Indians as a bid to force Christianity over them. 6. Therefore, in the primary portion of the nineteenth Century, the English proposition of social change through the methods for enactment in spite of the fact that it was coordinated towards the adequacy of English standard over India, moderate areas saw this as an inconvenience of Christianity over them. Along these lines, social variables contributed to a great extent to the revolt which was communicated in 1857. • Political Causes – The English development had prompted the spread of unfair arrangements that prompted the deficiency of force of the Nawabs and Zamindars living at different spots of India. The presentation of baseless strategies like the arrangement of Exchange and Trade, the approach of roundabout subjection (auxiliary collusion), the strategy of war and extension, the strategy of direct subjection (regulation of pass), the approach of misgovernance (through which Awadh was added) incredibly hampered the interests of the leaders of the local states, and they individually became survivors of 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

English expansionism. In this way, those rulers, who lost their states to the English, were normally against the English and favored one side against them during the revolt. • Economic Components - There were different changes in the tax collection and income framework that influenced the labourers’ vigorously. English Government had forced and acquainted different regulatory approaches with extend their region. The significant approaches are recorded underneath: • Permanent Settlement in Bengal • Mahalwari settlement in Focal India and Ryotwari settlement in southern India These three settlements were profoundly shady, and specifically, the Perpetual settlement had made an overwhelming effect. Accordingly the workers were enormously urged to oust the English Government from India and prompted their dynamic interest in the revolt of 1857. Military Variables – The Indian fighters confronted a great deal of separation from the English authorities concerning their compensations, annuities, advancements. Indians were enslaved in the military while their European partners confronted no such separation. This prompted discontent and was a significant military factor that brought about the revolt of 1857. Vellore Mutiny The Vellore Rebellion occurred even before the revolt of 1857 (50 years prior). It emitted on tenth July 1806 in Vellore, present-day Tamil Nadu, and endured distinctly for a day, yet it was ruthless and it was the principal significant uprising by the Indian sepoys in the East India Organization. Place Revolt of 1857 -Important Leaders Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan Jhansi Rani Laxmibai 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bihar Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan Assam Kandapareshwar Singh, Maniram Dutta Baruah Orissa Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi Table 3.1 List of Important Leaders associated with the revolt of 1857 3.3 EFFECTS OF THE UPRISING The revolt of 1857 shook the establishment of English East India Organization and revealed their shortcoming in dealing with the Indian organization. The significant effect was the presentation of Administration of India act which abrogated the standard of English East India Organization and denoted the start of English raj that offered powers in the possession of the English government to run India straightforwardly through agents. Loss of life and barbarities .The two sides perpetrated monstrosities against regular people. In Oudh alone, a few evaluations put the cost at 150,000 Indians slaughtered during the conflict, with 100,000 of them being regular folks. The catch of Delhi, Allahabad, Kanpur and Lucknow by English powers were trailed by broad slaughters. Another outstanding monstrosity was completed by Broad Neill who slaughtered a huge number of Indian double-crossers and Indian regular people associated with supporting the defiance. The revolutionaries' homicide of English ladies, youngsters and injured warriors (counting sepoys who agreed with the English) at Cawnpore, and the ensuing printing of the occasions in the English papers, left numerous English fighters shocked and looking for retribution. Just as hanging double-crossers, the English had some \"blown from gun,\" (an old Mughal discipline received numerous prior years in India), in which condemned rebels were tied over the mouths of guns and blown to pieces when the cannons were shot. A specific demonstration of cold-bloodedness for the benefit of the English soldiers at Cawnpore included driving numerous Muslim or Hindu revolutionaries to eat pork or meat, just as licking structures newly stained with blood of the dead before ensuing public hangings 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Practices of torment included \"singing with hot irons...dipping in wells and waterways till the casualty is half suffocated...sequencing the testicles...putting pepper and red chillies in the eyes or bringing them into the private pieces of men and women...prevention of sleep...nipping the tissue with pinners...suspension from the parts of a tree...imprisonment in a room utilized for putting away lime...\" English officers additionally dedicated sexual viciousness against Indian ladies as a type of reprisal against the disobedience. As towns and urban areas were caught from the sepoys, the English troopers delivered their retribution on Indian regular folks by perpetrating monstrosities and assaults against Indian ladies. As one record peruses, The [British] victors fought back against the regular folks [at Fatehpur] by terminating towns, assaulting ladies, slaughtering youngsters and draping many men. At the point when individuals of Cawnpore [Kanpur] heard this, they dreaded comparable retaliation..... At Fatehgarh, for instance, when the English crushed the adversary, their officials requested a mass scale executing [of] the dissidents and the residents on the spot. General Neill had additionally requested Hanging parties.... No proof was looked for and none given prior to executing the victim.... At the point when the [78th] Highlanders moved to another town, they got around 140 men, ladies and youngsters. They chose sixty men from the gathering, constrained them to assemble the scaffold of wooden logs taken from the consuming homes. They at that point picked ten men of the gathering [and] draped them with no proof or preliminary. For other people, they had saved whipping and beating to show them a lesson..... At one of the towns, around 2,000 townspeople equipped just with their lathis [wooden canes] turned out in fight. They rose up to confront the [78th] Highlanders. The English soldiers encompassed them and set their town on fire.... The locals attempting to escape were shot to death. One fighter depicts the occurrence hence: 'We took eighteen of them detainees; they were all integrated, and we discharged a volley at them and shot them on the spot' .... Hanging and shooting the men before their family was a game the soldiers appreciated. Watching ladies stooping and asking for the existences of their men appeared to excite the youthful fighters and their officials. The detainees were made to remain under the sweltering summer sun for quite a long time till they swooned. It was not difficult to whip them when they were half-cognizant, else, they would wriggle and make it difficult to strike. Flagellating constantly finished in slaughtering of the people in question. The English needed to break the confidence of their Hindu and Muslim detainees. The greater part of the English press, offended by the narratives of supposed assault submitted by the revolutionaries against English ladies, just as the killings of English regular citizens and injured English warriors, didn't advocate leniency of any sort towards the Indian populace. Lead representative General Canning requested balance in managing local sensibilities and acquired the contemptuous sobriquet \"Mercy Canning\" from the pressand later pieces of the English public. 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Regarding sheer numbers, the losses were a lot higher on the Indian side. A letter distributed after the fall of Delhi in the Bombay Transmit and imitated in the English press vouched for the size of the Indian setbacks: .... Every one of the city's kin found inside the dividers of the city of Delhi when our soldiers entered were bayoneted on the spot, and the number was extensive, as you may assume, when I disclose to you that in certain houses forty and fifty individuals were stowing away. These were not double-crossers but rather occupants of the city, who trusted to our notable gentle guideline for pardon. I'm happy to say they were baffled. From the finish of 1857, the English had started to make progress once more. Lucknow was retaken in1858. On 8 July 1858, a truce was marked and the defiance finished. The last renegades were crushed in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. By 1859, rebel pioneers Bakht Khan and Nana Sahib had either been killed or had escaped. Edward Vibart, a 19-year-old official whose guardians, more youthful siblings, and two of his sisters had passed on in the Cawnpore slaughter, recorded his experience: The orders went out to shoot each soul.... It was in a real sense murder... have seen numerous grisly and dreadful sights recently yet a particularly one as see yesterdayI ask I never see again. The ladies were completely saved yet their shouts on seeing their spouses and children butchered, were generally difficult... Paradise realizes I have no sympathy, however when some old dark whiskery man is brought and shot right in front of you, hard should be that man's heart I figure who can look on with apathy ... Some English soldiers received an arrangement of \"no detainees\". One official, Thomas Lowe, recollected how on one event his unit had taken 76 detainees – they were simply too tired to even think about continuing murdering and required a rest, he reviewed. Afterward, after a speedy preliminary, the detainees were agreed with an English officer several yards before them. On the request \"discharge\", they were all the while shot, \"cleared... from their natural presence\". The outcome of the disobedience has been the focal point of new work utilizing Indian sources and populace contemplates. In The Last Mughal, antiquarian William Dalrymple inspects the consequences for the Muslim populace of Delhi after the city was retaken by the English and tracks down that scholarly and financial control of the city moved from Muslim to Hindu hands in light of the fact that the English, around then, saw an Islamic hand behind the uprising. Around 6,000 of the 40,000 English living in India were executed. 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)