Participant Handbook - Logistics (3)

["PHB Logistics \u2012 goods are kept in storage & under proper protection until needed Pick goods: \u2012 items required from stock must be selected from storage & brought to a marshalling area Marshal shipment: \u2012 goods making up a single order are brought together & checked for omissions or errors; order records are updated Dispatch shipment \u2012 orders are packaged, shipping documents are prepared, & goods loaded on the vehicle Operate an information system \u2012 a record must be maintained for each item in stock showing the quantity on hand, quantity received, quantity issued, & location in the warehouse 7.2 \\\"Receiving\\\" in a Warehouse Operational Process:- Receiving:- An administrative function that involves checking of the quality, quantity, and condition of the incoming goods followed by their proper storage. Receiving is that activity concerned with the orderly receipt of all materials coming into the warehouse. Receiving Objectives \uf0b7 Right Product \uf0b7 Right Quality \uf0b7 Right Quantities \uf0b7 Right Weight \uf0b7 Right PPB \uf0b7 Right Condition \uf0b7 Right Standards \uf0b7 Right Time 53","PHB Logistics Receiving Procedures \uf0b7 Prepare to receive goods and materials \uf0b7 Check Temperature \uf0b7 Unload the product (manual or automated) \uf0b7 Count the product \uf0b7 Check the product (quality, quantity & expiry) \uf0b7 Check Methods(100 % accept,100 %check, 10% sample check) \uf0b7 Identify the product \uf0b7 Mark the product \uf0b7 Enter the product on the receipt register \uf0b7 Transfer the product to stage area \uf0b7 Enter the product in stock \uf0b7 Re-Stack the product 7.3 \\\" Processing\\\" in a Warehouse Operational Process:- Pre-packaging (optional): Pre-packaging is performed in a warehouse when products are received in bulk from a supplier and subsequently packaged singly, in merchandisable quantities or in combinations with other parts to form kits or assortments. An entire receipt of merchandise may be processed at once, or a portion may be held in bulk form to be done later. This may be done when packaging greatly increases the storage cube requirements or when a part is common to several kits or assortments. Put-away: Put-away is the act of placing merchandise in storage. 54","PHB Logistics It includes both transportation and a placement component. Storage: Storage is the physical containment of merchandise while it is awaiting a demand. The form of storage will depend on the size and quantity of the items in inventory and the handling characteristics of the product or its container. 7.4 \\\"Picking & Packaging\\\" in a Warehouse Order picking \uf0b7 Order picking is the process of removing items from storage to meet a specific demand. \uf0b7 Its represents the basic service that the warehouse provides for the customer and is the function around which most warehouse designs are based. Packaging and\/or Pricing (optional) \uf0b7 Packaging and\/or pricing may be done as an optional step after the picking process. \uf0b7 As in the pre-packaging function, individual items or assortments are boxed for more convenient use. \uf0b7 Waiting until after picking to perform these functions has the advantage of providing more flexibility in the use of on-hand inventory \uf0b7 Individual items are available for use in any of the 55","PHB Logistics packaging configurations right up to the time of need \uf0b7 Pricing is current at the time of sale \uf0b7 Pre-pricing at manufacture or receipt into the warehouse inevitably leads to some re-pricing activity as price lists are changed while merchandise sits in inventory 7.5 \\\" Dispatching\\\" in a Warehouse Dispatch is a procedure for assigning employees (workers) or vehicles to customers. Industries that dispatch include taxicabs, couriers, emergency services, as well as home and commercial services such as maid services, plumbing, HVAC, pest control and electricians. Sortation and\/or Accumulation \uf0b7 Sortation of batch picks into individual orders and accumulation of distributed picks into orders must be done when an order has more than one item and the accumulation is not done as the picks are made. Packing and Shipping Packing and shipping may include the following tasks: \uf0b7 Checking orders for completeness \uf0b7 Packaging of merchandise in an appropriate shipping container \uf0b7 Preparation of shipping documents, including packing list, address label and bill of lading \uf0b7 Weighing of order to determine shipping charges \uf0b7 Accumulation of orders by outbound carrier \uf0b7 Loading trucks (in many instances, this is a carriers responsibility Transportation \uf0b7 In some cases warehouses provide transport arrangement to the bulk depositors. \uf0b7 It collects goods from the place of production and also sends goods to the place of delivery on request of the depositors Dispatchers are communications personnel responsible for receiving and transmitting pure and reliable messages, tracking vehicles and equipment, and recording other important information. 56","PHB Logistics 7.6 Formats in a Warehouse Dispatch Instruction Form: 57","PHB Logistics Loss\/Damage Report: 58","PHB Logistics Waybill: 59","PHB Logistics Commodity Dispatch Authorization: Stack Card: 60","PHB Logistics Receiving Log: Shipment Planning Worksheet: 61","PHB Logistics Stock Card: Bin\/Stack Card: 62","PHB Logistics Incoming Shipments: Outgoing Shipments: 63","PHB Logistics Space Utilization: Goods Receiving Note: 64","PHB Logistics Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Summary Types of Warehouse Space: \u2012 Commercial: in rented building used for business. \u2012 Government or state: such as at the ports or harbours. This is common in emergency situations. \u2012 Transit: for temporary storage of goods destined for different locations and need storage for a very short time. \u2012 Bonded warehouses: for storage of goods whose duty is unpaid and especially where the goods are destined to another country. Pre-positioned stock is often held in bonded warehouses so that export is quick and can sometimes be stored for long periods. \u2012 Open storage: not ideal for perishable products but in emergencies, sometimes the only alternative. \u2012 Space that is owned and managed by the organisation. \u2012 Pre-fabricated warehouses where there are no permanent structures available. This is common practice in emergencies Exercise 1. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..is a part of development of facility structures. a. Transportation b. Warehousing c. Logistics 2. The sequence of a typical manufacturing supply chain is: a. Storage\u2013Supplier\u2013manufacturing\u2013storage\u2013distributor\u2013retailer\u2013customer b. Supplier\u2013Storage-manufacturing\u2013storage\u2013distributor\u2013retailer\u2013customer c. Supplier\u2013Storage-manufacturing\u2013 distributor\u2013storage\u2013retailer\u2013customer 65","PHB Logistics Chapter 8: Picking, Packing, Kitting, Labelling and Binning Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand the Picking & Packing Activities in a Warehouse 2. Labeling & How to read and understand a Label 3. Know about the Binning Process 8.1 \\\"Picking & Packaging\\\" in a Warehouse Order picking \uf0b7 Order picking is the process of removing items from storage to meet a specific demand. \uf0b7 Its represents the basic service that the warehouse provides for the customer and is the function around which most warehouse designs are based. Packaging and\/or Pricing (optional) \uf0b7 Packaging and\/or pricing may be done as an optional step after the picking process. \uf0b7 As in the pre-packaging function, individual items or assortments are boxed for more convenient use. \uf0b7 Waiting until after picking to perform these functions has the advantage of providing more flexibility in the use of on- hand inventory \uf0b7 Individual items are available for use in 66","PHB Logistics any of the packaging configurations right up to the time of need \uf0b7 Pricing is current at the time of sale \uf0b7 Pre-pricing at manufacture or receipt into the warehouse inevitably leads to some re-pricing activity as price lists are changed while merchandise sits in inventory 8.2 \\\"Kitting\\\" in a Warehouse Order fulfillment can often be a stressful and complex process for online merchants, especially during the busy holiday shopping season. Warehouse kitting can be a great way for online businesses to save time and money as well as optimize their inventory management. Warehouse kitting is the process of taking different yet related SKUs and combining them together to create a new SKU. Essentially, warehouse kitting involves fulfilling customer orders by pre-assembling individual items into kits that are ready to ship out right away, rather than picking and packing them individually. For example, if a customer orders a personal computer online, they may also select certain software, USB drive, monitor and other components. The supplier would then assemble all of these items into a single kit to be shipped to the customer. Kitting offers a number of great benefits for companies to consider. Just a few of these include: \uf0b7 Organizes Your Inventory \uf0b7 Increases Efficiency \uf0b7 Reduces Labor Costs \uf0b7 Faster, More Seamless Shipping Process \uf0b7 Improved Packaging \uf0b7 Frees Up Warehouse Space \uf0b7 Improves Workplace Safety \uf0b7 Smart Sales Strategy 67","PHB Logistics Warehouse kitting is a simple but effective order fulfillment strategy that can save your business time and money, not to mention make your warehouse considerably cleaner, safer and more organized! Kitting and Labelling Executive in the Logistics industry is also known as Kitter, Labeller, Warehouse Associate and Kitting Executive. Individuals in this role need to collect components required to make one complete product, verify this with the bill of materials and pack them. Their responsibilities include labelling the packed kit for easy identification. 8.3 Labeling & How to read and understand a Label A Location Without a Label Is Nothing. Close-up of a shelving unit in Sec. \\\"C\\\" (fig. 1) Let's take a closer look at our \\\"BEST\\\" example from the above illustration. We have: Close-up of bottom shelf label, \\\"BEST\\\" (fig. 2) 68","PHB Logistics 1) Arrow points up, removing any doubt about which location the label is referring to 2) Zone abbreviation \u201cS\u201d for the storage zone 3) Section \u201cC\u201d 4) \u201cVertical\u201d or \u201cshelf\u201d location number Warehouse labels are essential in inventory management and the picking process throughout warehouses. The use of warehouse labeling and mobile pick management software increase picking efficiency, and decrease picking mistakes. Implementing the correct label structured tailored to an individual warehouses\u2019 needs can reduce time spent picking and increase inventory location accuracy. Whether in a new or existing facility, choosing the right picking hardware and label combination can mean the difference between man hours lost, versus man hours saved. 4 Most Commonly Used Picking Software & Label Combinations: \uf0b7 Radio Frequency (RF) scanners: RF scanners are the most commonly used order picking software by far. Most warehouses across the globe use this method that was developed over 30 years ago. Bar code scanners were developed into mobile units, giving warehouse operators the ability to obtain data collection on the fly. Radio Frequency scanners are the most cost effective and flexible picking technology by being able to be used across most warehouse operations. The RF scanner operates by delivering text instructions to an operator, who in turn scans a barcode placed on a pallet, racking, aisle, bin or product. The barcodes allow the scanner to capture product or customer specific data. \uf0b7 Visual Scanners: Visual Scanners are similar to the RF scanners. Instead of text based directions for picking, the RF handhelds will display text and images to aid the operator in picking tasks. This strategy is particularly useful for case flow or pallet flow systems, the handheld will display the SKU and an image of the item location, quantity with the correct units to be picked. The labels are a slight variation to typical RF barcoded labels, most will use a symbol with a barcode and SKU to represent the correct item, the labels are placed on the front of rack beams. \uf0b7 Pick to Light method: Similar to the previous picking strategies, a Pick to light method consists of light displays installed per each fixed location on racking or picking lanes. Tasks are uploaded to a system that lights up units as operators pick each order line. The light marks where the product location is and the task that is to be carried out at the pick area. Pick to light systems are better utilized for facilities that to use reverse picking where goods received and transported into locations specific to customers\u2019 orders. This method supports high speed picking rates and increased accuracy. 69","PHB Logistics \uf0b7 Voice Picking: The most advanced picking method yet. An operator is delegated picking tasks via a headset and can confirm picks via voice control. The operator is guided to picking location from the computer voice. The ability to use the headset enables operators to be hands free and the ability to pick heavier products. The application has become popular in cold storage facilities that require an operator to wear gloves in order to operate within the cooler or freezer. The labels required for voice picking ranged from simple digits, to barcodes. Voice picking cuts more time by simplifying the picking process. Types of Warehouse Labels: Warehouse labels vary dependent on the picking strategy used, where the product is stored and how the product is stored. \uf0b7 FREEZER LABELS: Labels exposed to extreme temperatures require special adhesives that can withstand temperatures as low as -22F, without heating beams or increasing facility temperatures. The labels can be printed for any type of picking strategy from barcodes to voice picking. The labels are printed to be effective with a warehouses\u2019 current picking method. \uf0b7 SHELF LABELS: Labels exposed to extreme temperatures require special adhesives that can withstand temperatures as low as - 22F, without heating beams or increasing facility temperatures. The labels can be printed for any type of picking strategy from barcodes to voice picking. The labels are printed to be effective with a warehouses\u2019 current picking method. \uf0b7 FLOOR LABELS: Labels exposed to extreme temperatures require special adhesives that can withstand temperatures as low as - 22F, without heating beams or increasing facility temperatures. The labels can be printed for any type of picking strategy from barcodes to voice picking. The labels are printed to be effective with a warehouses\u2019 current picking method. \uf0b7 TOTE LABELS: Also Known as bin labels, are used for warehouses with a need for the use of bins\/totes. The label is placed on the bins to indicate SKU data. Widely used for online stores and third party logistic companies that utilize the use of bins to pick product and manage returns. 70","PHB Logistics There are many other labels and signage that can be used throughout a warehouse. Three sided aisle signs with long range scanning reflective bar code labels can help when navigating to product within a facility. Dock door labels assist with the proper management of inbound shipments and proper loading of trucks. Outdoor signage direct trucks to correct docking stations and correct entry\/exit points of a building. When considering a labeling solution, warehouses have to take into account the pick method used, pick path, and the SKU to be picked. If one label is miss printed, placed in the wrong position, or the wrong picking strategy is implemented, it can create major picking inefficiency, by causing the picking operation to become very labor intensive and drive up costs in the long run. Using a company that understands building needs, and SKU data to suggest the correct solution with a highly trained licensed label installation team is of the highest importance. Various label groups include: \uf0b7 Rack Labels - used to identify pallet locations in racking systems. \uf0b7 Shelf Labeling - used for SKU (Stock Keeping Unit) and slot locations. \uf0b7 Floor Labels - used for floor storage location identification. \uf0b7 Metal Tags - used as the most durable barcode label available. \uf0b7 Magnetic Rack Labels - used for temporary location referencing. \uf0b7 Blank Magnetic \u2013 dry erase for changing data. \uf0b7 Freezer Label Solutions - used in cold and freezer stores. \uf0b7 Variable Image Labels - Used for parts and retail storage. Shipping labels provide key information to each actor of your supply chain to move your package from one hand to another, from the warehouse to your customer\u2019s doorstep. Each carrier (UPS, DHL, FedEx, Amazon\u2026) uses a specific template for its shipping labels. You need to follow the templates provided by your carrier to ensure good delivery. Each carrier designed their label so that they are optimized with their own process, at the routing center and at the storage warehouse. Shipping labels are designed to be read by both machines and humans. Being clear and easy to read is a top priority. On a shipping label, you\u2019ll see barcodes, numbers and letters. Each area is being used along the way to inform specific partners of the supply chain. 71","PHB Logistics If you look at this sample from a UPS label, here is what you see: \uf0b7 A\/ The name and address of the sender (you) \uf0b7 B\/ The name and address of the recipient (your customer) \uf0b7 C\/ A MaxiCode: it\u2019s a code that can be read in any direction by the machine. It contains all information needed for the delivery: postal code, country code, service class, tracking number, date, package quantity and weight, address validation, and ship street, city and state. \uf0b7 D\/ The Routing Code: it tells how to route the package within the UPS building. \uf0b7 E\/ The Postal Barcode: it shows the zipcode of the destination \uf0b7 F\/ 1Z Tracking Number: that\u2019s the number you give to your customer so that he can track his package \uf0b7 G\/ Level of Service: it describes your chosen level of service provided by the carrier \uf0b7 Don\u2019t worry. Most of these information are automatically generated by your carrier. The main information you need in order to fill a label are: \uf0b7 your name and address \uf0b7 the name and address of your customer \uf0b7 the level of service (priority, by air\u2026). 8.4 \\\"Binning\u201d Process \/ Storage Bin in a Warehouse Supervisor assigns each storage bin to a specific warehouse number and storage type according to its location. He must also assign each storage bin to a storage section. With certain stock placement strategies, the storage bin type plays a significant role in optimizing the automatic search for a storage bin in connection with the pallet type. If he finds any mistake in binning, he needs to rectify it according to the company\u2019s procedures. 72","PHB Logistics If any customer report damaged items, he need to quickly send the replacement item for the damaged good. After every delivery, he needs to update the inventory tracking sheet about the stored goods in the warehouse. He also needs to make sure that the inventory counting is done by the inventory clerk using the physical vs. system method. \uf0b7 Physical counting: Physical inventory in that physical inventory stops operation at a facility and all items are counted, audited, and recounted at one time. \uf0b7 System or cycle counting: It is the process of continually validating the accuracy of the inventory in your system by regularly counting a portion of your inventory, on a daily or weekly basis, so that every item in your inventory is counted at least several times a year. Binning:- Binning is a way to group a number of more or less continuous values into a smaller number of \\\"bins\\\". For example, if you have data about a group of people, you might want to arrange their ages into a smaller number of age intervals. Steel Tote Pans & Binning Units:- 73","PHB Logistics Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Summary \uf0b7 Bin locations are used to designate where items of inventory are to be stored which is essential for good warehouse organisation. They can represent a shelf, a pallet location, a storage area, or any other place where products are stored. \uf0b7 Bin stocking is an inventory management system that helps track how much of a specific item is available or what products get stocked. Using bin stocking and inventory control, a company can ensure that the stock they need is always available when they need it without using rush orders or finding space for storage. \uf0b7 Bin cards, which are sometimes referred to as inventory cards or stock cards, are record- keeping documents used in retail and other businesses that require a stock room. They keep a running balance of a business's inventory. Exercise 1) The activities carried by the company to design and produce a differentiated container for particular product is classified as................. a. Guarantees b. Packaging c. Labeling 2) In the product life cycle, the emphasis in marketing mix during introduction stage is: a. Distribution b. Price c. Promotion 74","PHB Logistics Chapter 9: PPE to be used for Loading\/Unloading of various types of Goods Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand Good Lifting Techniques 2. Understand PPE required for Warehouse Workers 9.1 Good Lifting Techniques No matter what you are lifting, you should always use the approved manual handing lifting technique that will help to keep you safe and balanced: \uf0b7 Get into a good lifting posture, so bend your knees \u2013 not your back! Then you can use your stronger leg muscles to lift the load and bear the weight, avoiding potential injury to your back. \uf0b7 You should always spread your feet in order to give yourself a good stable and supportive base from which to lift. \uf0b7 Always lift your head first to keep you neck straight as it will automatically cause your back to straighten and it allows you to check nothing has changed around you and, of course, you can see where you are going. \uf0b7 Lift your load smoothly and try to avoid sudden movements. This way if something is too heavy or you begin to feel excessive strain you can reverse the action and lower the load before it causes serious injury. \uf0b7 When lifting, keep the load as close to your body as possible as the further away the load is held, the more stress you will feel on your lower back. Workers who are loading and unloading materials from docked trailers must wear appropriate personal protective equipment to remain in compliance with Safety Standards. 75","PHB Logistics 9.2 PPE for Warehouse Workers PPE, or \u2018Personal Protective Equipment\u2019, refers to the essential clothing and equipment that has the potential to ensure the safety of employees who work onsite or in a warehouse environment. Some common PPE for warehouse workers can include: \uf0b7 Hard hats \uf0b7 Hi vis jackets \uf0b7 Safety goggles \uf0b7 Warehouse safety boots, with a steel toe cap \uf0b7 Overalls \uf0b7 Safety gloves These items can vary depending on the work environment, but once official warehouse safety rules are in place, even those who only access these areas infrequently would need to adhere to the specified PPE regulations. PPE is likely to be a key requirement written into most general warehouse safety rules as they have the potential to help to minimise levels of risk and ensure the health and safety of employees working onsite. In most warehouses, risk assessments are carried out prior to any work commencing there, which detail any potential risks in the workplace and how employers can either prevent them or protect their employees. Some of the risks to health and safety in a warehouse may include protection from: \uf0b7 extreme weather \uf0b7 falling materials landing on hands or feet \uf0b7 flying particles making contact with eyes \uf0b7 splashes of corrosive liquids on skin \uf0b7 exposure to high-level noise It may not be possible to fully prevent many of these potential hazards on construction sites or in warehouses, which is why PPE might be necessary to protect employees. These 7 tips will help you on your way. 1. Safety for the Head Wearing a helmet offers protection and can prevent head injuries. Select a sturdy helmet that is adapted to the working conditions. These days you can find many elegant designs and you can choose extra options such as an adjustable interior harness and comfortable sweatbands. 76","PHB Logistics 2. Protect your Eyes The eyes are the most complex and fragile parts of our body. Each day, more than 600 people worldwide sustain eye injuries during their work. Thanks to a good pair of safety glasses, these injuries could be prevented. Do you come into contact with bright light or infrared radiation? Then welding goggles or a shield offer the ideal protection! 3. Hearing Protection Do you work in an environment with high sound levels? In that case it is very important to consider hearing protection. Earplugs are very comfortable, but earmuffs are convenient on the work floor as you can quickly put these on or take them off. 4. Maintain a Good Respiration Wearing a mask at work is no luxury, definitely not when coming into contact with hazardous materials. 15% of the employees within the EU inhale vapours, smoke, powder or dusk while performing their job. Dust masks offer protection against fine dust and other dangerous particles. If the materials are truly toxic, use a full-face mask. This adheres tightly to the face, to protect the nose and mouth against harmful pollution. 5. Protect your Hands with the Right Gloves Hands and fingers are often injured, so it is vital to protect them properly. Depending on the sector you work in, you can choose from gloves for different applications: \uf0b7 protection against vibrations \uf0b7 protection against cuts by sharp materials \uf0b7 protection against cold or heat \uf0b7 protection against bacteriological risks \uf0b7 protection against splashes from diluted chemicals. 6. Protection for the Feet Even your feet need solid protection. Safety shoes (type Sb, S1, S2 or S3) and boots (type S4 or S5) are the ideal solution to protect the feet against heavy weights. An antiskid sole is useful when working in a damp environment, definitely if you know that 16,2% of all industrial accidents are caused by tripping or sliding. On slippery surfaces, such as snow and ice, shoe claws are recommended. Special socks can provide extra comfort. 7. Wear the Correct Work Clothing Preventing accidents is crucial in a crowded workshop. That is why a good visibility at work is a must: a high-visibility jacket and pants made of a strong fabric can help prevent accidents. Just like the hand protection, there are versions for different applications. 77","PHB Logistics 9.3 Prerequisites for Loading \/ Unloading in Warehouse A loading dock or loading bay is an area of a building where goods vehicles (usually road or rail) are loaded and unloaded. They are commonly found on commercial and industrial buildings and warehouses in particular. Loading docks may be exterior, flush with the building envelope, or fully enclosed. They are part of a facility's service or utility infrastructure, typically providing direct access to staging areas, storage rooms, and freight elevators. Vehicle Reporting at Warehouse: On arrival of vehicle at warehouse, vehicle should reports to the warehouse supervisor. Warehouse supervisor should note down the following details: \uf0b7 Vehicle Reporting Date \uf0b7 Vehicle Reporting Time \uf0b7 Supplier Name \uf0b7 Supplier Invoice No. \uf0b7 Supplier Invoice Date \uf0b7 Transporter Name \uf0b7 LR No. \uf0b7 Vehicle No. \uf0b7 No. of cases\/variant\/sku 78","PHB Logistics After capturing the entire information vehicle is directed to Material Inward Gate. Vehicle Reporting at Material Inward Gate: At material inward gate, vehicle driver should hand over shipping document to warehouse supervisor. Warehouse supervisor should check availability of following documents: \uf0b7 Check the supplier invoices with Client Schedule and gate entry details. \uf0b7 Unload the boxes and stack the cartons in assigned area. \uf0b7 Check No. of boxes received and verify their contents through weight with G.R. and Supplier\u2019s Invoice. \uf0b7 Give Acknowledgement with proper remarks in case of any discrepancy\/variance. \uf0b7 Put manual tags with all relevant details on unloaded boxes. \uf0b7 Offer the parts for QA inspection if required as per sampling plan with G.R copies. \uf0b7 Check, Count and Put away the stocks in proper location using barcodes and update in the warehouse management software. \uf0b7 Prepare the MRN and Discrepancy Note in case of any variance. \uf0b7 In case of any rejection, prepare a rejection note and send back to the supplier. \uf0b7 If \u201cHold\u201d instruction received from QA, the parts, to be kept in Hold area. Let us look at 6 safety measures for secure loading operations: i. Ensure that the Load is Stable \uf0b7 First and foremost, you need to ensure that the load is secured properly and is stable. Check for damages in the load before you move them \uf0b7 When you are transporting the loads, they should be tilted back with the forks sitting low to increase truck stability \uf0b7 Position the loads correctly across both the forks \uf0b7 Don\u2019t lift or move loads that are unstable or unsafe. Check all the overhead objects before you lift or stack them \uf0b7 Securing measures such as bindings and ropes must be employed. Use industrial weighing scales to weigh the loads before you move and secure them ii. Examine Equipment Before Use \uf0b7 Conduct a routine check of all the equipment before using them. For example, check for brake faults, controls, steering, tires, warning devices, etc. \uf0b7 Notify the management if you find any problem and do not use the equipment till it is repaired or replaced iii. Don\u2019t Handle Goods in Poor Visibility Conditions \uf0b7 If there is poor visibility, do NOT handle the cargo \uf0b7 Poor visibility can arise from a number of conditions such as weather change, improper lighting in the workspace, etc. \uf0b7 Handling goods in such conditions can lead to accidents or damage the cargo iv. Use Lifting Equipment Properly 79","PHB Logistics \uf0b7 Generally, handling the cargo includes lifting equipment such as wire ropes, forklifts, hooks, cranes, etc. You need to make sure that all such equipment is tested and well-maintained according to the necessary rules and regulations. \uf0b7 Ensure that the operators use the equipment exactly the way they are supposed to be used as the incorrect use of lifting equipment can jeopardize the lives of people working in and around the loads v. Cargo Inspection \uf0b7 It is important that you check the cargo as soon as it arrives. Inspect its physical condition, whether the goods have been damaged in any way or not. Check if any equipment has been repaired in the past \u2014if it was, ensure that the repair did not compromise the original quality, strength and integrity of the equipment \uf0b7 Check if the goods container is clean or not. Inspect if it is weatherproof and odor- free, if there are any leakages and whether the doors are locked properly to prevent dust entry. \uf0b7 Ensure that the container is fitted with cargo restraint devices and whether they are in good condition or not \uf0b7 Lastly, check the weight of the container using truck scales or belt scales once all the inspections are completed vi. Avoid Hazards \uf0b7 Avoid bumps, uneven surfaces and slippery routes while loading and transporting goods \uf0b7 Look out for loose ground objects as they could cause the load to move around or lose control over the equipment \uf0b7 Alert your colleagues and pedestrians by using the horn when you turn around a corner to avoid a collision. \uf0b7 Maintain a safe distance from other vehicles to ensure that you can stop safely if they move in an unpredictable manner. Following these tips can significantly improve the safety of the cargo handling process. It is important to have a clear idea of how to maintain and enhance safety at every stage. 80","PHB Logistics Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Summary \uf0b7 Bin locations are used to designate where items of inventory are to be stored which is essential for good warehouse organisation. They can represent a shelf, a pallet location, a storage area, or any other place where products are stored. \uf0b7 Bin stocking is an inventory management system that helps track how much of a specific item is available or what products get stocked. Using bin stocking and inventory control, a company can ensure that the stock they need is always available when they need it without using rush orders or finding space for storage. \uf0b7 Bin cards, which are sometimes referred to as inventory cards or stock cards, are record- keeping documents used in retail and other businesses that require a stock room. They keep a running balance of a business's inventory. Exercise 1) What is prevention? a. Taking precautions to prevent or reduce risks. b. Investigating accidents and incidents. c. Supervising safety at work. 2) Which of the following hand tools is unsafe? a. A hammer whose shaft has been replaced. b. A hammer with a heavy head. c. A hammer with a dented head. 81","PHB Logistics Chapter 10: Handling Procedure for Breakage\/Spillage of Package\/Consignment Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand Action to be taken during Spillage\/Breakage of Materials 2. Understanding Ways to Prevent Cargo Damage in Supply Chain 10.1 Action to be taken during Spillage \/ Breakage of Materials For Solid Materials: \uf0b7 If any spillage \/ breakage are occurred, Store person shall segregate or shift other surrounding materials to avoid contamination. \uf0b7 Store person shall intimate to QA person about the incidence for corrective action. \uf0b7 With the help of vacuum cleaner or nylon broom, spilled material shall be collected by taking sufficient safety precautions before cleaning the area (i.e., wear safety goggles, nose mask, hand gloves etc.). \uf0b7 Transfer the contents of affected container or bag to another good and cleaned container or bag. \uf0b7 Weigh and note the quantity of the spilled material and destroyed as per SOP in presence of QA person. After approval from HOD QA\/QC and Unit Head, same quantity is to be deducted from the SAP and from respective bin card. \uf0b7 Prepared the incident report with the cause of the accident and appropriate corrective action to avoid recurrence of such incident. For Solvent: \uf0b7 In case of spillage or leakage of solvent, immediately open the windows and doors (if possible) for proper ventilation. \uf0b7 Store person shall restrict the area for minimum man movement. \uf0b7 Mop the area as per the SOP with all safety precautions like wearing nose mask and safety goggles and discard the spilled solvent in the ETP. Transfer the contents of affected container or drum to another good and cleaned container or drum (if possible). Weigh and note the quantity of the spilled material and destroyed as per SOP in presence of QA person. 82","PHB Logistics After approval of HOD QA\/QC and Unit Head, the same quantity is to be deducted from the SAP and from respective bin card. Note the cause of the accident and take appropriate corrective action to avoid recurrence of such incident. 10.2 Ways to Prevent Cargo Damage in Supply Chain The supply chain is a vital part of your business, therefore an essential component to ensure the arrival of the product in good condition to the customer's hands. Ensuring that the product arrives without damage is necessary to satisfy any customer, as well as saving costs and avoiding rework loops, while allowing your business to grow in the short, medium and long term. The following are 12 tips to prevent cargo damage in your Supply Chain. 1. Shipment damage prevention starts with adequate packaging practices This is the first and most important point to prevent shipment damage. Considering the fact that packaging costs are a minimal percentage of the overall supply chain expenses, the proper packaging practices will reduce the total overhead costs. Choose the correct packaging and correct size. Avoid excess slack, as well as compression, in addition to maintaining protection against impacts. The packaging must be kept free of any damage, without holes, corner damages, punctures, tears, dents, bumps or water damage. Maintain the maximum weight stipulated in the packaging. Fill the empty spaces inside the packaging with filling materials, such as foam or bubble plastic. Use strong spill-resistant adhesive tape and make use of proper sealing techniques. 2. Adopt adequate palletizing techniques Standardize the dimensions of your packages and pair packages with the correct pallet size, avoiding packaging being outside the pallet borders, or empty spaces between packages. Use corner posts and wrap with stretch film to ensure that each handling unit remains stationary. The amount of wrapping and proper tension is important for securing products on pallets. Lay boxes like bricks and avoid \u201cpyramids\u201d on top. A regular check and rotation of pallets is essential to maintaining a stock of useable pallets. Heavy and bulky products require a stable strapping solution that can reliably secure heavy loads. 3. Avoid extra-handling and reduce manpower resources by appropriate labelling 83","PHB Logistics Labels help shippers make decisions during the shipping process. A label should indicate the content\u2019s ability to withstand added weight. Include the amount of weight the box or package can withstand before being crushed and an indicator of fragile contents. Properly label each pallet, with concise and visible information, easy to identify and free of damage. 4. Improve your loading practices Stacking should be uniform and stable. The weight should be evenly distributed on the pallets and the height of the pallets uniform. The lightest load must be stacked on the heaviest load. Step-wise documentation, established processes and procedures are of the utmost importance when it comes to freight loading. Avoid double stacking cartons or pallets, use a cushion to avoid product damage due to swings and utilize proper dunnage to fill up any gaps, to protect the goods from shifting. 5. Include an effective containerization process In essence, a container is a package that allows the storage and transport of goods without the danger of crashing due to its strength and facilitates its handling to transporters, using the appropriate machinery. Distribute the load evenly on the ground, without empty spaces and correctly locate the centre of gravity inside the container. Ensure that the containers are clean and free of previous transport residues. Use longitudinal and\/or transversal lashings if necessary, avoiding empty spaces. Maintain prudential space without loading pressure on the doors to avoid the risk of falling merchandise when the container is opened. 6. Prevent container rain and sweat Preventing is cheaper than fixing the damage. Ensure proper ventilation; use the right type of pallets and desiccants to maintain the state of dryness in containers. 7. Warehouse conditions as a key factor to reduce cargo damages A logical warehouse layout is the first step towards smarter working. Ensure also that cross docks and warehouses have uncluttered clean aisles so man labor and equipment can manoeuvre easily. Improve your warehouse space availability, prevent goods damages and load \/unload trucks faster using the right system. 8. Adequate material-handling equipment Use equipment that adapts well to the situation; the speed and the effectiveness will be increased and good damage, as well as accidents, can be greatly reduced. Make sure all of your material- handling equipment (conveyors, loading\/unloading systems, cranes, forklifts, strapping machines, pallet jacks, trucks, etc.) are in working condition. 9. Improve your handling practices Poor judgment, work ethic, lack of training and a high-pressure environment to produce more are some of the reasons that force employees to mishandle packages and cause products damage. Employees must be adequately trained in the safe use of the equipment in the workplace; for example, forklift operators should understand the weight restrictions when picking up heavy loads. 84","PHB Logistics Keep your employees trained with a solid training plan that allows you to guarantee maximum productivity and minimum accidents and goods damages. 10. Associate with a correct 3PL operator According to Eurostat about freight damage statistics, three-quarters of total inland freight transport in the EU is by road. Outsourcing the logistics management to a 3PL company will contribute to improving your efficiency, reduce the damage during transportation, let your company focus on the core of your business and finally contribute to get a higher service level and Return on Investment (ROI). Consider not only the goods transport cost but also its safety. Increase the packaging strength when considering Less than Truck Load shipments (LTL), in which more manipulation takes place. 11. Plan your supply chain Create, document and maintain a plan to reduce product damage and improve indicators that ensure the correct arrival of the merchandise to your customer, from the design of packaging to the methods of consolidation and selection of the appropriate transport modalities. 12. Build and sustain a continuous improvement culture. Continuous Improvement is an ongoing process of looking for improvements in every area of the supply chain process. 85","PHB Logistics 10.3 Other Ways for Managing Spillage \uf0b7 Equipment Maintenance o Establish a maintenance plan and replace malfunctioning or damaged equipment. Machine parts, pallets, containers, and racking systems become old and worn with repetitive use, and should be inspected frequently to detect potential safety risks. \uf0a7 Have a documented maintenance schedule for all equipment. \uf0a7 Ensure machines and machine guards are working correctly. \uf0a7 Immediately report any defects or damage. \uf0a7 Inspect pallets and racking systems on a regular basis. \uf0a7 Load pallets correctly to ensure stability. If you have drums of hazardous material, use spill containment pallets. \uf0a7 For racking systems and mezzanines, use netting or anti-collapse mesh to prevent objects from falling. \uf0a7 Store flammables in safety cabinets. \uf0b7 Clean and Organize o Ensure the warehouse floors are free of all potential \u201cslip and trip\u201d hazards. Ask employees to conduct a regular safety check, making sure the floors are free of liquids, stray cords, tools, or anything else that could cause a potential hazard. Also, make sure there are no pits or cracks in the flooring. \uf0a7 Have a cleanup system in place. \uf0a7 If something has spilled on the floor, clean it up immediately. \uf0a7 Use anti-slip rugs, paint, and tape on the work area floor. \uf0a7 Cover hoses and power cords that run across walkways with durable cord covers to prevent tripping. \uf0a7 Plan workflows so products, equipment, and trash do not cause obstructions. \uf0a7 Place warning signs and brightly colored tape along loading dock edges to prevent staff from accidentally walking off the edge. \uf0a7 Inspect the planned route of the forklift, pallet jacks and other mobile equipment for any obstacles or potential hazards. 86","PHB Logistics Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Summary \uf0b7 Shipping is a vital part of any supply chain \u2013 but it\u2019s also the process where damage is most likely to occur. \uf0b7 Seal packages with high-quality, pressure-sensitive plastic tape to ensure they are securely closed and impenetrable to environmental odors and moisture. Place adequate cushioning between products and shipping containers to protect goods from the rigors of handling. \uf0b7 Educate receiving and delivery workers on safely wielding box cutters to avoid scratches, rips, and other costly product damage\u2014as well as injury. The boxes should display opening instructions\u2014including where to cut and where not to cut\u2014to protect merchandise inside. \uf0b7 Ensure that crossdocks and warehouses have clear, uncluttered aisles so forklifts can maneuver easily. Emphasize the importance of using only the handling equipment designated for a task\u2014some product loads can be easily broken or toppled if handled by the wrong kind of equipment. Exercise 1. Corrugated Fiberboard is commonly known as? a. Corrosive Board b. Card board c. Case board 2. The first thing that the consumer will notice about the product is the \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. Of the product? a. Price b. Packaging c. Expiry date 87","PHB Logistics Chapter 11: Identify various activities in land transportation, warehouse, port yard, land, ship and air transportation Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand various activities in land transportation 2. Learn the Activities related to Warehousing, Shipping, Ports and Air Transportation 11.1 Land Transportation Land transport is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one location to another location on land. The two main forms of land transport can be considered to be rail transport and road transport. Land transport is also referred to as ground transport. The movement of goods, people, and animals is from one place to another on land by means of rail or road. Roadways The transportation of goods and personnel from one location to another on roads is referred as Road transport. Road is a route between two destinations, either paved or unpaved that enable transportation by way of vehicular or non-vehicular transport. It is the best suitable mode of transportation of delivery of goods between urban areas and small villages. In the pursuit of leisure and tourism novelty activities road transport has becomes inseparable, as it offers excited and thrilling experiences. It is among the basic infrastructure that links people of remote villages to the mainstream life. Road transport is the only option to reach remote places for enjoying rural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, wildlife tourism etc. Road transportation makes it easy to see and appreciate local culture and places. It presents more flexibility than to other modes of transportation. Road Transport is the essential modes of transport. The history of Road Transport goes back to ancient civilizations, slowly it becomes more popular and general means of transport for people. Road Transport further subdivided into Vehicular Transport: 88","PHB Logistics A vehicle usually with wheels and an engine runs especially on roads and used for transporting goods and people on land. For example \u2013 Car, Bus, Auto rickshaw, Hand Carts, Bullock Carts, and Tonga etc.) \uf0b7 Car. It is one of the most popular types of transport that are used by most people for short and long journeys daily. \uf0b7 Bicycles. It is the cheapest and environmentally friendly method of transport for travelling around in nature without damaging it \uf0b7 Buses. It is ideal for those who takes short journeys from one part of an area or town to another. As it is available in almost every villages, cities, and towns. It is preferred mode of transport for city tour. However, it is a cheap method of transport, it offers a range of travel cards, passes and long term tickets for tourists. Non-vehicular Transport: It means mode of transport for transporting goods and people on land that use human or animals as a bearer. For example -Human, Animals like Horse, Camel, Elephant, and Bulls etc.) \uf0b7 Human o Palanquin: A palanquin is a covered litter typically for one or two passenger. Palanquin is carried mostly by an even number of bearers on their shoulders. o Porter: A porter is also known as bearer. He is a person who carries goods or people for others. The porters are paid to bear heavy burdens at altitude in mountaineering expeditions. Porters are frequently called Sherpas in the mountain region of Himalayas. o Pulled Ricksha: A pulled rickshaw is also a mode of human-powered transport. In a pulled rickshaw a runner or carrier draws a two-wheeled cart seated by one or two people. \uf0b7 Animal o Tanga: A Tanga or tonga is a light carriage drawn by one or two horses. Tanga are popular mode of transportation among tourists because it is fun to ride in and are usually cheaper to hire in tourist destination. Tanga were still in practice in some parts of South Asia. o Cart: A cart is a vehicle pulled by one or a pair of draught animals using two wheels for transport of goods and people. For transporting, typically two or more horses, oxen, donkeys, camels, or even smaller animals such as large dogs, were used exclusively for transporting humans. Advantages of Road Transport \uf0b7 Flexibility of Service: Road transport provides more flexible service than other modes of transport. It can change or adjust routes and timings according to requirements without much inconvenience. \uf0b7 Service at Door: The road transport provides door to door service. The transportation starts from residence so it reduces loading and unloading expenses. \uf0b7 Service in Rural Areas: It is most suitable for people in rural areas as they have less or no option of rail, water or air transport. It is also convenient and comfortable mode for travel of people and carrying goods. Road transportation builds the link between large towns and small villages. 89","PHB Logistics \uf0b7 Suitable for Short Distance: Passenger board directly to a road vehicle and ply directly to their place of destination. It is more economic and quicker for tourist to travel over short distances. \uf0b7 Feeder to other Modes of Transport: Road transport act as a feeder to the other transport. It helps people by connection them to other mode of transport like railways, ships and airways. The movement of tourist begins and ends at their home place by making use of roads. \uf0b7 Ownership: People can have their own motor vehicles and initiate their travel or movement without causing any delay in their tour. Disadvantages of Road Transport \uf0b7 Nature Dependent: Road transport is more dependent of nature than other as during rainy or cold season. During these roads become less fit and safe for use due to water flooding and fog. \uf0b7 Accidents and Breakdowns: The vehicles are less prepared for incidents like accidents and breakdowns in any moment in ways of tour. Road transport is less safe and fit. \uf0b7 Unsuitable for Long Distance: Road transport is less suitable for movement of goods and people over long distances. It is costly and more time consuming for long travel as compared to rail or air transport. \uf0b7 Less Organised: The road transport is less organised compare to other transport. Road transportation mostly irregular and undependable and the rates charged are also uneven and unequal. Tramways Tramway is one of the cheapest, quickest, safest and suitable modes of Land Transport in large cities. A tram is also known as tramcar; streetcar, or trolley car in different part of world. It is a rail vehicle, typically with two or three bogies which runs on laid tracks along public urban streets. Railways Rail transport also referred as train transport. It is a means of transport on which vehicles run on tracks and has fixed routes and schedules. The services of rail transport are more organized, uniform and regular as compared to road transport. It is very cost effective modes of transportation for commuting goods and passengers over long and short distances. It is the fastest and dependable as it is the least affected by usual weather turbulences modes of land transport in terms of safety. Railway is one of the most powerful motives for mass travel in this century. It is most suitable for long distance travel. It offers tourist a fascinating experience and an insight into the country and its people as it passes through green vegetation of villages and towns. It plays a key role in accelerating development in commercial and industrial sectors of various countries in remote areas. Railway has brought the greatest revolution in modern mechanical transport. 90","PHB Logistics \uf0b7 Train: A train consists of a series of connected vehicles that runs along a fixed rail track to transport goods or passengers. Trains are generally classified by the average speed. Indian trains are classified according to speed as superfast, mail and express, followed by passenger, Mainline Electric Multiple Unit (MEMU) and Double Multiple Unit (DMU). \uf0b7 Monorails: A train running on a single rail bogie, typically elevated. It is developed to meet growing medium-demand traffic in urban transit. \uf0b7 Rapid Transit: Rapid transit known by various name like metro, subway, tube, or underground. It is a type of high-capacity public transport to cater the increasing demand of urban areas. Metro systems are electric railways that function on grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways in an exclusive right-of-way. Advantages of Rail Transport \uf0b7 Safety. Rail transport is safer than other transport in case of any accident. The injuries and deaths related to other transport are much lower. \uf0b7 Speed. It is one of the fastest mode of transport, with advent of bullet train. The improved train speeds and reduced length of their routes, the average time needed to transport people has become quite competitive. \uf0b7 Comfort. Rail transport offer passengers more comfort. It also provide freedom of movement inside the trains\u2019 bogie than road and air transport. \uf0b7 Environmental Protection. Rail transport consumes lesser energy than other modes of transport. Trains are most energy-efficient means of transportation. It emits less pollution than other transport. \uf0b7 Capacity. The carrying capacity of trains can be increased or decreased in certain limit and are capable of carrying higher number of than other means of transportation. Disadvantages of Rail Transport \uf0b7 Inappropriate for Short Distance. This mode of transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distance. \uf0b7 Lesser Service in Rural areas. Rail transport is less economical in rural areas. The railway service is not operated in large rural areas due to high cost. These rural or remote area are connected through feeder services of road transport and it causes much inconvenience to tourist and people living in the area. \uf0b7 Lack of Flexibility. The routes and timings is non-adjustable according to the individual requirements. In case of any emergency or requirement passenger have to wait for scheduled timing of train. 11.2 Warehouse A simple definition of a warehouse is: \u2018A warehouse is a planned space for the storage and handling of goods and material.\u2019 Warehouse is a storage structure constructed for the protection of the quality and quantity of the stored produce. The need for a warehouse arises due to the time gap between production and 91","PHB Logistics consumption of products. Warehousing or storage refers to the holding and preservation of goods until they are dispatched to the consumers. By bridging this gap, storage creates time utility. There is a need for storing the goods so as to make them available to buyers as and when required. Storage enables a firm to carry on production in anticipation of demand in future. Warehouses enable the businessmen to carry on production throughout the year and sell their products, whenever there is adequate demand. Need for warehouses arise also because some goods are produced only in a particular season but are demanded throughout the year. Similarly, certain products are produced throughout the year but demanded only during a particular season. Warehousing and warehouse management are part of a logistics management system, which is itself a component in supply chain management. Although viewed by some as simply a place to store finished goods, inbound functions that prepare items for storage and outbound functions that consolidate, pack and ship orders provide important economic and service benefits to both the business and its customers. Warehouse is a large building in which goods, raw materials, or commodities are stored. Importance of Warehouses: \uf0b7 Protection of goods against climatic conditions \uf0b7 Protection from theft \uf0b7 Producers can store raw material for future production \uf0b7 Surplus created can be stored before being finally sold \uf0b7 Shortages in the market can be avoided \uf0b7 Price fluctuations can be minimized \uf0b7 International trade is not possible without warehousing. \uf0b7 Traders can keep their cargo in bonded warehouses, before they pay the duty. \uf0b7 Plays important role when demand for products or the time of production is seasonal. \uf0b7 Provides place for display of goods. Types of Warehouses:- Warehouses can be classified into four groups viz: \uf0b7 Private warehouses \uf0b7 Public warehouses \uf0b7 Bonded warehouses \uf0b7 other type of warehouses (a) Private Warehouses: Private warehouses are constructed and owned by the business enterprises in order to store the products produced by them. These are exclusively owned and used by the producers themselves and are not meant for other manufacturing or business units. On account of heavy cost of construction and maintenance of these warehouses, there number is quite small. Only big business houses can afford to have such type of warehouses. 92","PHB Logistics (b) Public Warehouses: These are also known as duty paid warehouses. A public warehouse or duty paid warehouse is one which is open for public at large. Most of the business organisations, especially small and medium scale, can\u2019t afford to have their own warehouses on account of large financial investment in their construction and maintenance. They make use of these types of warehouses, which may be owned by an individual or some agency whose main object is to provide storage facilities to people for certain fees or charges. These warehouses operate within rules and regulations formed by the government. Public warehouses are very useful to businessmen. These warehouses are usually situated near railway lines or main roads, so as to provide quick transportation services. Goods lying in the warehouse can be hypothicated to banks and other financial institutions for getting loan and financial assistance. Public warehouses ensure greater security and handling of goods on account of latest mechanical devices used in handling and preserving the goods. Goods can be branded, graded and packed in desired sizes in the warehouses. (C) Bonded Warehouses: Bonded warehouses are used for imported goods which are not granted clearance on account of non-payment of custom duty by the importer of these goods. Such warehouses are situated near the ports. Goods can\u2019t be removed from these warehouses until the custom duties are paid. Bonded warehouses may be run by the government or private agencies (when granted licenses to operate such warehouses). In both the cases there is a strict control and supervision imposed by custom authorities on their operation and functioning. Importer of the goods has some control over his goods and he can inspect and check the goods as and when he wants. After making part payment of the custom duty, goods can be proportionately withdrawn from these warehouses. Goods kept in these warehouses can be branded, packed, graded, labeled and canned in the warehouse itself. Bank loans can be raised with the help of receipt issued by these warehouses by giving that receipt as collateral security. There is a least possibility of goods being exposed to any risk of theft, damage and deterioration. The entrepot trade i.e., re-export of imported goods is greatly facilitated as the importer can have the delivery of goods without paying any custom duty. Other type of Warehouses: These include: o Special Commodity Warehouses. o Cold Storages or Refrigerated Warehouses. 93","PHB Logistics o Institutional Warehouses. (A) Special Commodity Warehouses: These warehouses are constituted for storing a particular type of commodity, e.g., tobacco, cotton, wheat etc. Mature of commodity is important in selecting the type of warehouse. For storing petrol, storage tanks are needed and for storing agricultural products, godowns are needed. (B) Cold Storage or Refrigerated Warehouses: These are the warehouses which are used for storing perishable commodities like eggs, butter, fruits, vegetables, fish, fresh meat etc. Goods stored in cold storages can be held for longer time. Infact, cold storages have made possible the regular supply of certain commodities throughout the year. For example, fruits and vegetables of all types can be made available to the people throughout the year. Refrigerated warehouses have greatly improved the modern way of life. (C) Institutional Warehouses:Different institutions and bodies have their own warehouses on account of the nature of their operations. For example, Banks, Railways, Food Corporation of India etc. has their own warehouses for conducting their activities. Banks keep the stock of the parties in these warehouses as security against the loans advanced. Railways maintain warehouses to store large quantity of goods. Goods to be dispatched to different parts of the country are kept in warehouses before they are sent. Similarly, goods received for the purpose of delivery are kept till they are disbursed to the claimant. Various transport agencies also maintain warehouses for storing the goods which are to be dispatched and received. Food Corporation of India has built many big warehouses throughout the country for storing agricultural products. An example of Organization Structure of a \u201cWarehouse\u201d:- 94","PHB Logistics 11.3 Ports Yard As one of the biggest peninsulas in the world, India is a bustling hub for global imports and exports. With so many major ports in India that help to sustain India\u2019s developing economy, corporations from all over the world are taking a closer look at India as a potential headquarters for global trade operations. The nine coastal states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal host the majority of seaports in India. Here are ten of the largest container and cargo shipping ports in India. 1. Kandla Port: Located 90 kilometers from the Gulf of Kutch, the Kandla Port was built in the 1950s in the Kandla Creek area as the first export processing port in India. It is the biggest container port in India when it comes to the value and amount of cargo that travels through it each year. It\u2019s also known as the most affluent and the busiest port, thanks to its high profitability for exporting grain and importing oil. Today, imports include petroleum, heavy machinery, salt, textiles, and chemicals. 2. Mumbai Port: Mumbai Port is India\u2019s largest port by size and shipping traffic. Located in west Mumbai on the western coast of India, the Mumbai Port is situated in a natural harbor. The water reaches depths of 10-12 meters, allowing easy docking and passage for large cargo ships. Handling about 20-percent of India\u2019s foreign trade, Mumbai Port is critical to the Indian economy and trade operations. It has four jetties that handle numerous imports and exports, including crude and petroleum oil, as well as liquid chemicals, textiles, tobacco, manganese, leather, and heavy machinery. 3. Chennai Port: As the second biggest port in India, Chennai Port (also known as the Madras port) handles over 100 million metric tons of cargo per year. It began operations in 1881 as the third established port in India. Chennai Port is located on the Coromandel Coast in the Bay of Bengal. It serves as Tamilnadu\u2019s main port and a large contributor to the local economy. In addition to its bustling cargo and container shipping activity, Chennai Port attracts a large number of tourists each year because of its surrounding lighthouses. 4. Port Blair Port: One of the youngest major ports in India, Port Blair was declared an official shipping and cargo port by the Indian government due to its significant contributions to the economy. It sits inside a natural harbor with a depth of twelve to thirteen meters. It can accommodate cargo ships up to 500 feet in length. Named after the capital city of Andaman, in the Nicobar Islands, Port Blair serves as a connection point between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. 5. Kolkata Port: Known as the \u201cGateway of Eastern India,\u201d the Kolkata Port manages cargo that arrives from Australia and Southeast Asia. It utilizes two dock systems, Haldia docks and 95","PHB Logistics Kolkata docks. It is the busiest port for the trade of jute, and a major exporter of steel, iron ore, copper, leather, tea, and coal. Imports include heavy machinery, paper, fertilizers, chemical products, and crude oil. It\u2019s a natural river port and can easily accommodate ships up to 500 feet in length. 6. Tuticorin Port: Tuticorin Port is an all-weather port that attracts large volumes of global shipping traffic. Located inside an artificial harbor, it has an anchorage depth of 10 meters. Tuticorin was once known as the main port for maritime trade and pearl fishing. Main imports and exports include salt, grain, cooking oil, petroleum, and coal. 7. Cochin Port: Cochin Port is one of the fastest-growing ports in India and the Arabian Sea. Nestled between the islands of Willingdon and Vallarpadam, it moves 11 million metric tons of imported goods alone each year. Imports and exports consist mainly of tea, coffee, spices, fertilizers, and mineral oils. With an anchorage depth of nearly 14 meters and a cargo depth of over nine meters, it can easily accommodate ships of over 500 feet in length. 8. Ennore Port: With both railway and road links to support sea transport, Ennore Port handles large volumes of coal (over 16 million metric tons per year). There are plans in place to expand the port with three more multi-purpose berths and five container berths. The port is privately owned, unlike many Indian ports that are owned by the government. It has an anchorage depth of 16 meters and is a coastal breakwater port with a relatively small harbor. Ennore Port is located 24 kilometers from the Chennai Port on the Coromandel Coast. 9. Panambur Port: Panambur Port is located in the coastal city of Mangalore and was inaugurated as a major seaport of India in 1974. It is a deep, all-weather port with 17 berths, and operates all year long. Serving as a trading point for Karnataka and Kerala, it moves many major imports like fertilizer, timber, wood pulp, petroleum, and more. Exports include coffee, iron ore, manganese, and cashew nuts. 10. Vizag Port: Vizag Port (or Visakhapatnam) is the oldest shipyard in India. It is one of the only natural harbors in the Bay of Bengal. It was inaugurated as a major seaport in 1933 and manages 1.2 million metric tons of cargo in its 24 berths each year, including sea trade of iron ore, pellets, coal, aluminum, and oil. Plans are underway for continued modernization of the harbor thanks to continued investment by the Indian government. 11.4 Ship Transportation The Indian ports and shipping industry play a vital role in sustaining growth in the country\u2019s trade and commerce. India is the sixteenth-largest maritime country in the world with a coastline of about 7,517 kms. The Indian Government plays an important role in supporting the ports sector. It has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of up to 100% under the automatic route for port and harbour construction and maintenance projects. It has also facilitated a 10-year tax holiday to enterprises that develop, maintain and operate ports, inland waterways and inland ports. 96","PHB Logistics India has 12 major ports (6 on the eastern coast and 6 on the western coast) and 200 non major ports. Out of the 200 non major ports, 44 are functional and strategically located on the world\u2019s shipping routes. Ports in India handle almost 95% of trade volumes in India. Shipping is a global business whose performance is closely linked to the state of the global economy. The Government of India has announced several initiatives over the years to support the shipping and ports industry. The Government also initiated the National Maritime Development Program, an initiative to develop the maritime sector with a planned outlay of US$ 11.8 billion. 11.5 Air Transportation Air transport is an aircraft design for transporting passengers and freight from one location to another in the air using airplanes, jets, rockets helicopters, and drones. Each of these type of air transport has a unique way of achieving speed and the sustainability of it voyage, However there are other types of air transport which may or may not be used for conveying goods, but could be used for recreational purposes, they include,hot air balloons, blimps,gliders,hang gliding,parachuting etc. Types of air transport \uf0fc Commercial airplanes \uf0fc Helicopters \uf0fc Private planes \uf0fc Blimps \uf0fc Gliders \uf0fc hang gliders \uf0fc Zeppelin \uf0fc Parachute \uf0b7 Commercial airplanes: these are the common ways in which people travel through the air, the commercial planes provide a fast means of transportation compared to other modes of 97","PHB Logistics transport such as road transport, rail transport and water transport. Airplanes are capable of carrying hundreds of people from on location to another at a time; the seating is sometimes divided into two or four classes. For instance, most domestic flights usually have two classes which are: First Class and Economy Class. While international flights may have up to four classes such as First Class, Club Class, Business Class, Premium Economy and Economy Class. \uf0b7 Helicopters: helicopters are another fast means of air transport; these move people through the air. Helicopters when compared with commercial airplanes are much more limited when it comes to passengers space and can only transport a few people at a time, whereas some commercial airplanes can transport hundreds of people at a time. \uf0b7 Private planes: private planes are made to provide transportation service for a single person or at most five (5) people at a time. Private planes range from the smallest Cessna to luxury jets such as the Citation CJ1, which carries up to five people in leather-seated comfort. These planes provide comfort and privacy during the trip and these could travel from one location to another for a business purpose or for pleasure. \uf0b7 Blimps: blimps and hot air balloons are used to transport people for recreational purposes. They cover a limited area that enables tourists to see a location on a larger scope than if they tried to view the area from the ground. Blimps used to be a form of commercial transport but are no longer used for that. \uf0b7 Glider: a glider, which is also called sailplane, is a type of glider aircraft used in the sport of gliding or for recreational activity. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined and are capable of gaining altitude when flown in rising air. Some modern gliders are made of an aluminium, alloy or composite frame covered with synthetic sailcloth which forms the wings. \uf0b7 Rocket: a rocket is any vehicle that uses a rocket engine; it includes a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle. Rockets have been used at least since the 13th century for small-scale military applications and recreational displays. Rockets work more in space than in the atmosphere, the engines work by action and reaction of pushing the rockets forward simply by expelling their exhaust in the opposite direction at high speed, and can therefore work in the vacuum of space. \uf0b7 Zeppelin: a Zeppelin was a type of rigid air ship named after the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, it consists of a cigar-shaped, trussed, and covered frame supported by internal gas cells. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin designed Zeppelin in the early 20th century. Zeppelins almost look like blimps but they differ by two points: Zeppelins have a metal skeleton with a rigid covering, and they use hydrogen gas to float. These two elements made zeppelins larger when compared to blimps. \uf0b7 Parachute: this is a cloth canopy that is filled with air and allows a person, package or a heavy object attached to it to descend slowly when dropped from an aircraft, or which is released from the rear of an aircraft on landing to act as a brake. Back then, the military developed parachuting technology as a way of saving aircrews from emergencies aboard balloons and aircraft in flight, and later as a way of delivering soldiers to the battlefield. Nowadays, parachuting is performed as are creational activity and as a competitive sport in various places. Advantages of Air Transport \uf0fc Air transport is a fast and efficient system which is especially suited to passenger traffic, offering comfort and high quality service; today long distance passenger movements are made almost entirely due to air transport. 98","PHB Logistics \uf0fc Air transport involves the use of direct routes. \uf0fc It is suited to high quality, expensive and perishable cargoes for which speed is essential; aircraft may also carry freight too small to interest the providers of other transport systems. \uf0fc It can often reach areas inaccessible to other modes of transport. For instance, areas of in hospitable environment such as Central Brazil and Northern Canada. \uf0fc It offers complete freedom of movement and this provides potentially flexible routes and services (although most air movements are channelled along strict routes and political factors may restrict both landing and flight paths). Disadvantages of Air Transport \uf0fc Air transport is very expensive and as a result of this, it disqualifies all heavy, bulky or low- value cargoes. \uf0fc Aircraft are expensive to build and operate; it requires elaborate provisions in the form of airport facilities, controlling systems and maintenance. \uf0fc It depends on weather conditions and therefore can provide and unreliable services. \uf0fc As aircraft becomes larger, the number of airports capable of being used is declining. This reduces flexibility. There is a growing difficulty of finding suitable sites for airport building as well. \uf0fc Some airports are far away from urban centres and this offsets the advantage of speed and convenience. \uf0fc It offers no access between termini and therefore minimum potential for intervening opportunity. \uf0fc Airports use up valuable land and aircraft cause a lot of noise and air pollution. 99","PHB Logistics Notes __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Summary \uf0b7 Shipping is a vital part of any supply chain \u2013 but it\u2019s also the process where damage is most likely to occur. \uf0b7 Seal packages with high-quality, pressure-sensitive plastic tape to ensure they are securely closed and impenetrable to environmental odors and moisture. Place adequate cushioning between products and shipping containers to protect goods from the rigors of handling. \uf0b7 Educate receiving and delivery workers on safely wielding box cutters to avoid scratches, rips, and other costly product damage\u2014as well as injury. The boxes should display opening instructions\u2014including where to cut and where not to cut\u2014to protect merchandise inside. \uf0b7 Ensure that cross docks and warehouses have clear, uncluttered aisles so forklifts can maneuver easily. Emphasize the importance of using only the handling equipment designated for a task\u2014some product loads can be easily broken or toppled if handled by the wrong kind of equipment. Exercise 1. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..refers to supply chain practices that strive to reduce energy and environmental footprints in terms of freight distribution. a. Inbound Logistics b. Green Logistics c. Outbound Logistics 2. Which of the following is not a part of supply chain management system? a. Supplier b. Manufacturer c. Competitor 100","PHB Logistics Chapter 12: Consignment Booking and Processing Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand Steps in performing Consignment Booking 2. Understanding GPS Tracking in Logistics 12.1 Steps in performing Consignment Booking Consignment is a business arrangement in which a business, also referred to as a consignee, agrees to pay a seller, or consignor, for merchandise after the item sells. Consignment businesses are typically retail stores that specialize in a particular type of consumer product. The business accepts items for sale and agrees to pay the seller a percentage of the proceeds if and when the goods do sell. Common products sold through consignment, or second-hand, stores include: \uf0b7 Clothing \uf0b7 Shoes \uf0b7 Athletic equipment and gear \uf0b7 Baby furniture and accessories \uf0b7 Antiques and collectibles \uf0b7 Furniture \uf0b7 Toys \uf0b7 Musical instruments Steps in performing Consignment Booking: 1) Collect Customer orders 2) Check Loading arrangements 101","PHB Logistics 3) Determine the truck to be used 4) Cross check rates 5) Contact Transport Companies 6) Arrange Economical transport after receiving quotations 102"]