E-LESSON-2 HISTORY _ CULTURE OF PUNJAB-1

1 IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

B.A. 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL HISTORY AND CULTURE OF PUNJAB Course Code: BAQ 103 Semester: First SLM Unit : 2 E-lesson: 2 www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103)

HISTORY AND CULTURE OF 33 PUNJAB INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES By 2002, over 1,000 Mature Harappan After studying this unit, you will be able to: cities and settlements had been reported, of Understand Harappan Culrtue which just under a hundred had been Excavated. Identify Principal Places in Harappan Culture Understand and recognize the materials used in building Town Planning during Harappan Civilization Explain Town Planning and materials used in buildings www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ10Q3)103) AllINriSgThITt UaTreE rOeFseDrIvSeTAdNwCiEthACNUD-IODNOLLINE LEARNIN

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Harappan Culture-1 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF > Extent Principal Places in Harappan PUNJAB Culture > Materials Used in Buildings > Types of Buildings https://note-world.blogspot.com/2017/08/harappan- www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HARAPPAN CULTURE 5 The Indus Valley Civilisation is the earliest known culture of the Indian subcontinent of the kind now called “urban” (or centered on large municipalities), and the largest of the four ancient civilisations,which also included Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. The society of the Indus River Valley has been dated from the Bronze Age,  Technology The people of the Indus Valley, also known as Harappan (Harappa was the first city in the region found by archaeologists), www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

 Architecture of Harappan Culture 6 The Harappan culture blossomed as the first urban civilisation of ancient India. Each of its facets was unique in artistic creativity. The uniqueness of its art and architecture is traceable in everything ranging from the fort and buildings up to its earthenware and metal products.  Pillars: A rich column of big pillars supporting houses are found in Harappan culture. This is another of its unique heritages bequeathed to the posterity  Earthenware: One of its principal attractions even throughout the world then was the Harappan earthenware pots and decorative pieces  Sculpture: The artisans and sculptors of Harappan culture were equally competent. Precious stones were hewn into beads to be worn as necklace  Metal Works: In metal works, too, the Harappan culture sealed great heights. They knew how to make different pots, flower-vases and images of human beings, animals and birds in copper and bronze. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

• Burnt Clay: 7 They also prepared many articles out of burnt clay. Outstanding https://www.harappa.com/indus/25.html among these are the ox,monkey, sheep, dog, birds, cart and All right are reserved with CU-IDOL female figures. • Seals and Sealings: The seals and sealing system also allude to their rich artistic sense. Seals discovered at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal and elsewhere depict on them images of ox, deer, rhino and other animals. These convey not only their artistic sense but also a kn owledge of the animal world. • Trade and Transportation The civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103)

Extent Principal Places in Harappan 8 Culture  Origin and Period Indus Valley civilisation is now considered as a continuation of the neolithic Mehrgarh culture which flourished between 7000-5000 BC. The overall period assigned to Indus Valley Civilisation is 3300-1300 BC, with its mature period between 2600-1900 BC.  Origin and Period Indus Valley civilisation is now considered as a continuation of the neolithic Mehrgarh culture which flourished between 7000-5000 BC. The overall period assigned to Indus Valley Civilisation is 3300-1300 BC, with its mature period between 2600-1900 BC. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Extent Principal Places in Harappan 9 Culture Indus Valley Sites Harappa Harappa is the first discovered site of this civilisation excavated in 1921 by a team led by Daya Ram Sahni. It was a major urban centre during its mature phase surrounded by extensive walls. It is located in Punjab Province, Pakistan, Important Findings of Harappa The important material findings at Harappa include pottery, chert blades, copper or bronze implements, terracotta figurines, seals and sealing, weights, etc. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Great Bath 10 The most famous building found at Mohenjo-daro is a great bath. It is a 6 × 12 meter specimen of beautiful brick work. Kalibangan Kalibangan (black bangles) is in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. It was located on the banks of now dried up Sarwaswati River; and flourished for at least 5 centuries Important Findings at Kalibangan The oldest ploughed field, evidence of earliest recorded Earthquake (which might have ended this city itself), Fire-Altars, Charging bull, tiled floor, https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Bath-Mohenjo-daro www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MATERIALS USED IN 11 BUILDINGS Materials used in buildings are as follows: (a) Most settlements were situated in the alluvial plains where the most common building materials were mud-bricks and kiln-fired-bricks, wood and reeds. (b) In the foothills and on the Islands of Kutch and in Saurashtra, dressed stone replaced bricks (due to an abundance of stone). (c) The sizes of bricks have been found identical proportions 1:2:4, that the width is double the thickness and the length four times, the thickness (d) Doors and windows were made up of wood and mats (e) Floors of houses were generally hard-packed earth that was often plastered. (f) Drains and bathing areas were made with baked bricks or stone. (g) Roofs were probably made of wooden beams covered with reeds and packed clay. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF BUILDINGS 12 Excavations have uncovered many types of houses and public buildings at both large and small settlements. The architecture may be grouped into three categories with some variations as: (a) Private houses, (b) Large houses surrounded by smaller units, and (c) Large public structures. The dockyard found at Lothal was another important structure. It was a large structure measuring 223 m. in length, 35 m. in width and 8 m. in depth, provided with an inlet channel (12.30 m. wide) in the eastern wall and a spillway. The inlet channel was connected to a river. By its side, it was 240 m. long and 21.6 m wide wharf. This was a dockyard where ships and boats used to come for loading and unloading of trading goods. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

13 The streets cut each other on the right angles and the width of these streets was in a set ratio. No encroachment on the streets was to be seen. Even smaller towns and villages had impressive drainage systems. This indicates that people had a great civic sense of sanitation and care for health and hygiene. Burnt bricks were used to make drains. Small drains connected with bathing platforms and latrines of private houses were joined with the medium sized drains in the side streets then these drains ran into larger sewers in the main streets which were covered with bricks or dressed stone blocks. www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Key Words/Abbreviations 14  Indus civilisation: The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation.  Mehrgarh: Mehrgarh is a Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) site to the west of the Indus River valley near the Bolan Pass.  Arts and crafts: Various sculptures, seals, bronze vessels pottery, gold jewellery, and anatomically detailed.  Trade and transportation: Trade focused on importing raw materials to be used in Harappan city workshops www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Learning Activity 15 1. You are suggested to identify the Harappan Civilisation and preapare a report on the same. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. You are required to make a team of 5 members and prepare a live project on “Harappan Culture”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary 16 The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation, after its type site, Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the Punjab province of British India and now is Pakistan. Indus Valley excavation sites have revealed a number of distinct examples of the culture’s art, including sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewellry, and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, and steatite more commonly known as Soapstone. The Great Bath was a brick structure, w hich measured 12 m by 7 m and is nearly 3 m deep from the surrounding pavement. Water was evidently supplied by 3 large well placed in an adjacent room. https://www.newswire.com/blog/how-to-write-a-press-release-summary-and-why-it-matters www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 17 1. Describe Harappan Civilisation? Ans: The Indus Valley Civilisation is the earliest known culture of the Indian subcontinent of the kind now called “urban” (or centered on large municipalities), and the largest of the four ancient civilisations, which also included Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. (For more information see SLM) 2. Explain Indus Valley Sites ? Ans: Harappa is the first discovered site of this civilisation excavated in 1921 by a team led by Daya Ram Sahni. It was a major urban centre during its mature phase surrounded by extensive walls. It is located in Punjab.(For more information see SLM) 3. What is the other name of Indus civilisation? Ans: The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation. (For more information see SLM) 4. Explain the Great Bath. Ans .The great bath was a brick structure, which measured 12 m by 7 m and is nearly 3 m deep from the surrounding pavement. (For more information see SLM) www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The people of the Indus Valley, also known as __________. 18 (a) Aarayan (b) Vedic (c) Harappan (d) None of the above 2. The Principal attractions of Harappan was _________. (a) Earthenware (b) Coins (c) Statues (d) Clothes 3. Seals discovered at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal and elsewhere depict on them images of________. (a) Deer (b) Rhino (c) Ox (d) All of the above 4. Drains and bathing areas were made with________. (a) Baked Bricks (b) Stone (c) Both a and b (d) None of the above Answers: 1.(c) 2.(a) 3.(d) 4.(d) www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

References 19 • Basham, A.L.(1992). The Wonder that was India. Calcutta: Rupa Books. • Walia, J.M.(1992). A History of the Punjab. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers. • Joshi, L.M. and Singh, F.(1977). History and Culture of the Punjab.Vol. I. Patiala: Punjabi University https://indusvalley-harappa.weebly.com/social-life-of-harappans.html • https://www.google.com/search?q=references&sxsrf=ALeKk03moO2oC4MzzjcoPQPZnUbCVBLJbA www.cuidol.in Unit--2 (BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

20 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-1-2 BAQ103 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL