E-LESSON-7 ,

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

BSc. TTM 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Introduction to Tourism Industry Course Code: BTT 101 Semester: First SLM Units : 7 E-LESSON : 4 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101)

Advancement in Tourism over the year 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Students will be able In this unit we are going to learn about To Understand the Development of Tourism at tourism development at National Levels National Level To study the Development of Tourism at Inter Under this you will learn and understand the National Level Tourism development at international Level . www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Advancement in Tourism at National Level > Ministry of Tourism > ITDC > IITTM > Advancement in Tourism at Inter National Level > Evolution of Transport -Road ,Railway ,Air ,Water > Tourism Organizations www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Tourism Development At National Level 5 • Indian history dates back to 3000 BC. • Excavations in Punjab and Gujarat reveal that the Indus Valley civilization was a highly developed urban civilization. • In fact the two cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, situated on two sides of the river Ravi , are known to have been built on a similar plan. But that only meant a new wave of urbanization was taking place along the Ganges around 1500 BC. • This has been recorded in the Rig Veda - the earliest known literary source composed in this period that sheds light on India 's past. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Great Dynasties  By 6th century BC, the Magadh rulers dominated the Northern plains. 6  It was also the time when new thinking emerged in the form of Buddhism and Jainism to challenge Hindu orthodoxy.  The Magadha rule was followed by the rule of Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 B.C.), one of India 's greatest emperors.  The Mauryan reign peaked under the reign of Ashoka the Great who extended his empire from the Kashmir and Peshawar in the North to Mysore in the South and Orissa in the East.  Not only was Ashoka a great ruler, he was one of the most successful propagators of Buddhism in the country.  After Ashoka's death in 232 B.C. the empire began to disintegrate and the country was repeatedly raided and plundered by foreign invaders, leaving India disunited and weak for the next 400 years.  Stability returned with the reign of Chandra Gupta I (380-412 A.D.).  His rule is considered the golden period in Indian history when art and culture flourished and the country prospered. Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

 Unlike the North of India, foreign invasions had little impact on life in South India which also saw the rise and 7 decline of many empires.  These included the Cholas whose rule extended to Sri Lanka and South East Asia , the Pandyas, the Cheras, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas.  Under the various rulers, arts and craft in the South also saw the emergence of various styles of architecture and some of the grandest architectural accomplishments in the South - the most famous being the exquisitely crafted Chola bronzes.  These were followed by the Hoysala and the Vijaynagar empires - among the greatest Hindu empires.  India is a center of two ancient civilizations of the world called the Indus valley civilization, and the Aryan civilization. Tourism development in India started in the early sixties.  As the time passed many other organizations came up for tourism development. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MINISTRY OF TOURISM  The Ministry of Tourism, is the nodal agency for the formulation of national policies and programs and for the co- 8 ordination of activities of various Central Government Agencies, State Governments/UTs and the Private Sector for the development and promotion of tourism in the country.  This Ministry is headed by the Union Minister of State for Tourism (Independent Charge).  The administrative head of the Ministry is the Secretary (Tourism).  The Secretary also acts as the Director General (DG) Tourism.  The office of the Director General of Tourism {now merged with the office of Secretary (Tourism) provides executive directions for the implementation of various policies and programs  Directorate General of Tourism has a field formation of 20 offices within the country and 14 offices abroad and one sub-ordinate office/project i.e. Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering (IISM)/ Gulmarg Winter Sports Project.  The overseas offices are primarily responsible for tourism promotion and marketing in their respective areas and the field offices in India are responsible for providing information service to tourists and to monitor the progress of field projects. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

 The activities of IISM/GWSP have now been revived and various Ski and other courses are being conducted 9 in the J&K valley.  The Ministry of Tourism has under its charge a public sector undertaking, the India Tourism Development Corporation and the following autonomous institutions:  Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM) and National Institute of Water Sports (NIWS)  National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology (NCHMCT) and the Institutes of Hotel Management.  The Ministry of Tourism functions as the nodal agency for the development of tourism in the country.  It plays a crucial role in coordinating and supplementing the efforts of the State/Union Territory Governments, catalyzing private investment, strengthening promotional and marketing efforts and in providing trained manpower resources. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ITDC 10  In 1966, Government decided to merge three public sectors tourism bodies into one complete corporation.  The objective of securing coordination in tourism planning and in the policy. Efficiency and economic working of three corporation is:- Hotel Corporation of India Limited, India Tourism Corporation Limited, India Tourism Transport Undertaking.  In October, 1966 Government established with Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)  Limited under the provision of companies act 1956 with an authorized capital of five crores the capital was financed by the central Government.  It is also the prime mover in the development, promotion and expansion of tourism in India.one of the biggest Hospitality companies in India.  ITDC is running hotels, restaurants, provides transportation facilities for tourists, provides entertainment and duty free shopping.  The company has several departments to cater to several requirement of travelers. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

OBJECTIVES OF ITDC 11  To develop tourism infrastructure.  The construction, management and, marketing of tourism products including hotels and catering units.  Establishment and management of tourist transport.  The setting up of shopping facilities and to provide duty free and tax free shops.  Creating convention and conferencing facilities.  Providing consultancy services and training for tourism related project.  Promote tourism traffic in the country through food, festivals, fairs and joint ventures abroad. Organize cultural and entertainment programs.  Provide publicity abroad. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

OPERATIONS OF ITDC  Presently ITDC has the following business groups:- 12 1. Ashoka Group of Hotels (accommodation and cultural division). 2. Ashoka Travel & Tours (travel trade division). 3. Duty and Tax Free Shops (shopping division).  Ashoka Groups of Hotels  The Ashoka chain is the largest hotel chain in public sector undertaking.  Originally it was providing accommodation at those places where the private sector afraid to invest in the lodging sector.  Now it runs hotels all over the country.  ITDC hotels industry ranges from Five Star to lodge.  It has thirty-eight properties at twenty-eight permanent tourist places.  These properties are divided into elite, classic and comfort hotels as ‘Samrat’ in New Delhi, ‘Kaniska’ in New Delhi, ‘Ashoka’ in Jaipur and ‘Traveler Lodge’ in Manali. Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

ROLE OF ITDC  ITDC is at the four front of Indian Tourism which elaborate infrastructure of hotels, beach resorts, travel agencies,1 3 car rental services, convention and conference facility across length and breadth of the country.  In recent years, the corporation has entered into the joint venture agreement with several State Govts. to set up mid market over budget hotel.  It has also offered tour packages in collaboration with Air India, State Tourism Corporation and Indian Railways as ‘Enjoy India’ for domestic tourist and ‘Discover India’ pilgrim tours and Buddhist tours etc.  Help India as a tourist destination.  Help in the development of infrastructure.  Helps in the promotion of domestic tourism in collaboration with railway.  Provides consultancy services.  Provides inbound tourist traffic.  Provides training facilities. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IITTM  Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM) is an institute based in Gwalior, Madhya 14 Pradesh, India, with campuses in Bhubaneswar, Noida, Nellore, and Goa., offering training, education and research in sustainable management of tourism, travel and other allied sectors  It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India  It was established in 1983.  INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TOURISM & TRAVEL MANAGEMENT (IITTM) MISSION  To help improve tourism practices and to develop quality human resources for tourism and allied services.  To develop and sustain world – class, scientific research and foster the values which students need to excel, ensuring that they are fully equipped for the world of work. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Tourism Development At Inter National Level 15  Travel for leisure purposes has evolved from an experience reserved for very few people into something enjoyed by many.  Historically, the ability to travel was reserved for royalty and the upper classes.  From ancient Roman times through to the 17th century, young men of high standing were encouraged to travel through Europe on a “grand tour”.  Through the Middle Ages, many societies encouraged the practice of religious pilgrimage, as reflected in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and other literature.  The word hospitality predates the use of the word tourism, and first appeared in the 14th century.  It is derived from the Latin hospes, which encompasses the words guest, host, and foreigner  The word tourist appeared in print much later, in 1772 (Griffiths and Griffiths, 1772).  William Theobald suggests that the word tour comes from Greek and Latin words for circle and turn, and that tourism and tourist represent the activities of circling away from home, and then returning (Theobald, 1998). www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Cox & Kings, the first known travel agency, was founded in 1758 when Richard Cox became official travel agent of the British Royal Armed Forces (Cox & Kings, 2014). 16  Almost 100 years later, in June 1841, Thomas Cook opened the first leisure travel agency, designed to help Britons improve their lives by seeing the world and participating in the temperance movement. In 1845, he ran his first commercial packaged tour, complete with cost-effective railway tickets and a printed guide (Thomas Cook, 2014). Fast forward to 1952 with the first commercial air flights from London, England, to Johannesburg, South Africa, and Colombo, Sri Lanka (Flight global, 2002) and the dawn of the jet age, which many herald as the start of the modern tourism industry. The 1950s also saw the creation of Club Méditérannée (Gyr, 2010) and similar club holiday destinations, the precursor of today’s all-inclusive resorts. The decade that followed is considered to have been a significant period in tourism development, as more travel companies came onto the scene, increasing competition for customers and moving toward “mass tourism, introducing new destinations and modes of holidaying” Industry growth has been interrupted at several key points in history, including World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Evolution And Development Of Transport 17 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

18 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

INVENTION OF WHEEL 19  The wheel was invented around 3,500 BC.  It was a major milestone in the history of human development.  The wheel can be used for many purposes like making toys, vehicles, clocks etc.  The wheel is the base for most of the inventions made by humans. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ROAD TRANSPORT 20  The history of road transport begins with the introduction of the wheel and its subsequent application to goods movement.  Copper miners in Central Europe around 4000-5000BC  The spread of private toll roads in the UK and the construction of the state-managed network in France, together with an expanding postal service went hand-in-hand with a rapid growth in road transport during the eighteenth century.  By the end of it, in the UK at least, nearly all major cities were within a days’ journey from London by stagecoach (so called because they changed horses every hour or so at stages, which were also inns).  These could average 15 km an hour carrying about twelve passengers, but were, very expensive. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

 Early in the nineteenth century, the converging technologies of road construction and light high pressure steam 21 engines stimulated the introduction of motorized road vehicles.  In the UK and to a far lesser extent, France, a number of interurban and local services started up during the 1830’s.  Some operated reliable scheduled services carrying eighteen passengers at average speeds of up to 25km per hour.  The high-speed internal combustion engine, with a far superior power to weight ratio, appeared in the 1860’s  During the 1880’s the bicycle brought mobility to many people www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

RAILWAY TRANSPORT 22  It all began in over 2000 years ago in ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon and Greece.  widespread work on steam powered locomotives started only after his patent lapsed in 1800.  First steam engines started running along primitive rail tracks in 1804.  Commercial appearance of train networks came in late 1820s,  First section of now famous “London Underground” begun its work in 1863  Another very important moment in the history of the trains was introduction of Diesel engines, which brought the end to the age of steam locomotives. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

AIR TRANSPORT 23  Deutsche Lufthansa started first ever flight in 1903  Charles A. Levin was the first International and transatlantic Passenger  In 1926 the first US Airline was launched .  In 1927 first mile carried Aircraft was Launched  In 1967 Concord was the first high speed aircraft which was launched  Tata Airlines in India were Founded in 1932 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

WATER TRANSPORT In ancient maritime history, the first boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes, developed 24 independently by various stone age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel.  A dugout or dugout canoe is a boat made from a hollowed tree trunk.  The Ancient Egyptians had knowledge of sail construction. This is governed by the science of aerodynamics Most probably the first sailing boat. This boat is entirely made out of wood and it is held together by ropes. Viking Longboats (Northern Europe, 1000A.D.)  These ships used 60 men to row the ship.  Chinese Junks (1,100 A.D.)  They were used as fighting and transport ships.  Various ships were in use during the Middle Ages. Long ships were sea vessels made and used by the Vikings from the Nordic countries for trade, commerce, exploration, and warfare during the Viking Age although scientific analysis of the oak timber shows at least one well known ship was built in Dublin, Ireland. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TOURISM ORGANISATIONS  UNWTO INTRODUCTION 25  Formation : 1975  Headquarters : Madrid , Spain  Parent Organization :United Nations  Website : UNWTO website World tourism organization  It is the United Nation agency responsible for the promotion of responsible , sustainable and universally accessible tourism.  It promote tourism as a driver of economic growth, development and environment sustainability.  WTO was started as the International Congress of official Tourist Traffic Associations set up in 1925 in the Haghe.  In 1934 International Union of Official Tourist propaganda Organization (IUOTPO) was created.  IUPTPO was renamed as the International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO) after world war II in Geneva.  In 06 December 1969 it get permitted to establish WTO. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

WTTC 26 FORMED IN 1991 The World Travel &Tourism Council (WTTC) is a business leaders' forum for Travel and Tourism  It is composed of Chairmen and Chief Executives of 100 of world organizations, representing all regions and sectors of the industry. Membership to WTTC recognizes that the travel and tourism industry is the largest services industry, supporting 255 million jobs and generating 9 percent of world GDP.  Monitoring the growth of the industry allows WTTC to set specific strategic priorities to identify issues that most impede the operation or development of the sector. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IATA  By the end of the world war 1 in 1919 , The International air traffic association was founded in the hague.. 27  It was also limited to a European dimension until 1939 when Pan American joined  Afterwards by the end of the world war 2 in 1945, the international air transport association came as a successor in April 1945 , and it is founded in Havana , Cuba which had at its founding 57 members from 31 nations mostly in Europe and North America  IT was considered as the prime vehicle for the inter-air line cooperation in promoting safe and economical air services nowadays  The international scheduled air transport industry became 100 times larger than it was in 1945  IATA seeks to improve understanding of the industry among decision makers and increase awareness of the benefits that aviation brings to national and global economies.  IATAs aim is to help airlines help themselves by simplifying processes and increasing passenger convenience while reducing costs and improving efficiency. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

UFTAA  It is an important organization of travel agent on world wide basis. 28  Founded in Rome in 1966  It is formed by the merging of two associations - INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRVEL AGENCIES ASSOCIATION (IFTAA) and UNIVERSAL ORGANISATION OF TRAVEL AGENTS ASSOCIATION (UOTAA).  The General Secretariat is in Monaco. • Head Quarters - Belgium and Brussels.  UFTAA started its operation as a confederation on 1st January 2003.  It is a non-profit confederation of international scope.  It comprises regional federations comprising 80 national associations.  It is a world wide body representing the travel agency and tourism industry  It effectively represents travel agents and tour operators views on both inbound and outbound travel by continuous dialogue and consultation with other international organizations like International Air Transport Association (IATA), International Hotel and Restaurant Association(IHRA), International Union of Railways (IUR) and the International Road Union (IRU)  It works closely with other world bodies such as UNESCO, WHO etc. for a sustainable and responsible tourism. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IH&RA 29  Founded in 1869 in Koblenz (Germany), the IH&RA is the only business organization representing the hospitality industry worldwide.  Its members are national hotel and restaurant associations throughout the world, and international and national hotel and restaurant chains representing some 50 brands.  Officially recognized by the United Nations, IH&RA monitors and lobbies all international agencies on behalf of this industry, estimated to comprise 300,000 hotels and 8 million restaurants, employ 60 million people and contribute 950 billion USD annually to the global Economy. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Q1. Indian history dates back to 30 A) 2000 B.C B) 4000 B.C C) 3000 B.C D) 5000 B.C Q2. By ……………. Magadha rulers dominated the Northern plains. A) 5th century BC C) 6th century BC B) 7th century BC D) 8th century BC Q3. This Ministry of Tourism is headed by the ____________ A)Union Minister of State for Tourism C) State minister B)Cabinet Minister D) Foreign minister Q4. In October, 1966 Government established A)ITDC C)PATA B)IITTM D)UFTAA Answers: 1.(c) , 2.(c) , 3. (a) , 4. (a) Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

SUMMARY  Indian history dates back to 3000 BC. It passed through various stages where different rulers and dynasties 3 1 ruled over India And contributed in growth and development of Architecture and Tourism  The Ministry of Tourism, is the nodal agency for the formulation of national policies and programs and for the co-ordination of activities of various Central Government Agencies, State Governments/UTs and the Private Sector for the development and promotion of tourism in the country.  ITDC was established in 1966  IITTM was founded in 1983  The tourism at international level developed with the advancements in wheel and later road ,rail ,air and water transportation .  The various s other organization which play an important role in tourism development at international level are  UNWTO  IATA  WTTC  UFTAA  IH&RA www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Q1. Describe the various organizations which play an important role in tourism development at National 32 Level? Ans: The various organizations which play an important role in tourism development at National Level are 1)Ministry of Tourism 2) ITDC 3) IITTM For further details Refer to the SLM. Q2. Describe the various organizations which play an important role in tourism development at Inter National Level Ans: The various organizations which play an important role in tourism development at Inter National Level are : 1)UNWTO,WTTC,IATA,UFTAA,IH&RA For further details Refer to the SLM. Q3.Describe the role of IATA in tourism development ? 1.IATA seeks to improve understanding of the industry among decision makers and increase awareness of the benefits that aviation brings to national and global economies. 2. It fights for the interests of airlines across the globe, challenging unreasonable rules and charges, holding regulators and governments to account, and striving for sensible regulation. 3. ATAs aim is to help airlines help themselves by simplifying processes and increasing passenger convenience while reducing costs and improving efficiency. For further details Refer to the SLM. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 33  Negi, Jagmohan.(1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House  Bhatia, A.K.(1991).International Tourism.Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications.Seth, P.N.(1999).Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2).New Delhi:Sterling Publishers.  Mill and Morrison.(2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication.  Kamra, K.K. and M.Chand.(2006) Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi:Kanishka Publication. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

34 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BTT-101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL