MA Psy_Sem-3_Psychotherapies_Unit-5

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M.A.Psychology Problem-Solving Therapy) Course Code MAP613 Problem-Solving Semester: III Therapy e-Lesson: 10 5 INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE AND ONLINE LEARNING SLM Unit: P 6013)

Problem-Solving Therapy INTRODUCTION 3 OBJECTIVES Types of Problems Treated. THE THERAPY FRAMEWORK AND SPECIFIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING. Application of the Problem-Solving THE CLINICAL UTILITIES BY Guidance. PROBLEM SOLVING. TYPES OF PROBLEMS TREATED. P 6013) INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE AND ONLINE LEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED THE THERAPY FRAMEWORK AND SPECIFIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING. CLINICAL UTILITY USAGE OF PROBLEM-RESOLVING SKILLS Problem-Solving Therapy

TOPICS ❑ Critical thinking of problem identification and formulation ❑ Cognitive processes involved in problem recognition ❑ Forces affecting problem formulation ❑ Formulating an effective problem statement using comparative methods ❑ Problems and decision, problem solving processes and methods of problem solving 2

INTRODUCTION • Problem solving is an important managerial skill. It involves person’s ability to integrate organizational goals with available organizational resources. The coordination of these various responsibilities in turn requires and the ability to understand, communicate and cooperate with people. Without these various abilities and skills, problem solving is difficult. • Problems come in many types and forms. Managers face these problems requiring decisions. Some of these problems are routine type. Others are less predictable and are more complex. The process of analyzing a problem to determine its source and developing possible solution is the key to making good decisions. 6

Definition of Problem. ‘A problem is a question to be answered.’ ‘A problem is deviations between the actual and the desired performance.’ Types of problems Problems can be classified on the basis of the followings: Frequency Urgency Impact Source

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ❑ Problem identification is the first strategy of solving a problem. ❑ Problem Identification refers to seeing a problem before you can try solving it. ❑ Problem identification means to investigate, to identify and to solve the problem in a critical way like match the problem solving and decision making goals, make use of available resources.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ❑ The initial step of problem solving process is to understand the real problem exactly. ❑ People involved in problem identification should have sufficient knowledge and should have the ability to make the use of available resources.

IMPROVING PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION Identify the situation : The problem solver should be full aware of the situation in which problem occurs. Conversation with people : Conversation with the people who are familiar with the problem helps to get additional information about the problem.

Discover source of problem : If we discover the real source of the problem, we can identify the actual problem. Asking Questions : Asking questions related to the problem and taking advices from experts helps in successful problem identification.

Turn the problem : Turning the problem helps to improve problem identification by making the strange familiar to the situation and familiar to strange. It helps to twist and turn our understanding of the current situation.

Problem Formulation Problem formulation is a creative and one of the most important step in an entire problem solving process. It is a model building process in which the relevant data are discriminated from the irrelevant ones.

Types of Problem Formulation Model ❖ Physical model : ❖ It is a schematic or tangible representation of the real thing to solve the problem. ❖ For example : Model of sun and planet housed in a planetarium ❖ Symbolic model: ❖ It is a representation in which letter, numbers and other types of symbols are used to solve the problem.

COGNITIVE PROCESS Cognitive process are the mental process involved in knowing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving and decision making approach that differs from individual to individual. 12

COGNITIVE PROCESS INVOLVED IN PROBLEM RECOGNITION Thinking : It is cognitive assignment. It is manipulation of both information from the environment and the symbol stored in long term memory. Conceptualization : It is important language symbols used in thinking about the solving the problem that we face 1

Problem Solving : It is an ability to solve the problem which may differ from individual to individual because of differences in linguistic habit. Decision Making: It is a kind of problem solving process in which the decision maker generates several alternatives and choose the best among them 4

Perception: It is a process by which individual organize and interpret their sensory impression in order to keep meaning to their environment.

FACTORS AFFECTING PROBLEM FORMULATION ❖ Personal ❖ Emotional Immediate ❖ Economic ❖ Contextual ❖ Emergent ❖ organizational

STATEMENT USING COMPARATIVE METHODS ⚫ This methods are strategies usually based on past experience with problems that are likely to lead to a solution but do not guarantee success. ⚫ In this method the present problem is compared with previous problem and then solution to the problem is brought. ⚫ Because we do not have algorithm for must of the problem we encountered therefore we must use comparative method like heuristics rule. ⚫ Example: Three pegs problem.

PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESSES ⚫ Step 1: Identification of problem. ⚫ Step 2:Generate the possible solution. ⚫ Step 3: Evaluate the possible solution. ⚫ Step 4: Implement the preferred solution.

PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS A commonly used problem solving methods is the SARA model. The SARA model contain the following elements: ❖ Scanning: Identifying the problem. ❖ Analysis: Learning the problem’s causes, scope and effects. ❖ Response: Acting to alleviate the problem. ❖ Assessment: Determining whether the response worked.

The SARA Mode (Method of problem solving) A commonly used problem-solving method is the SARA model (Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment). The SARA model contains the following elements:

Scanning It is the technique for scanning the environment to identify problem. It includes: Identifying recurring problems of concern to the public and the police. Identifying the consequences of the problem for the community and the police. Prioritizing those problems. Developing broad goals. Confirming that the problems exist. Determining how frequently the problem occurs and how long it has been taking place. Selecting problems for closer examination.

ANALYSIS It helps to Analysis the problem or issues. It includes: Identifying and understanding the events and conditions that precede and accompany the problem. Identifying relevant data to be collected. Researching what is known about the problem type. Taking inventory of how the problem is currently addressed and the strengths and limitations of the current response. Narrowing the scope of the problem as specifically as possible. Identifying a variety of resources that may be of assistance in developing a deeper understanding of the problem 25

RESPONSE It helps to response the analyzed alternatives. It includes: ❑ Brainstorming for new interventions. ❑ Searching for what other communities with similar problems have done. ❑ Choosing among the alternative interventions. ❑ Outlining a response plan and identifying responsible parties. ❑ Stating the specific objectives for the response plan. ❑ Carrying out the planned activities.

ASSESSMENT It helps to assessment of response to evaluate the impact of the police effort. It includes: ✔ Determining whether the plan was implemented (a process evaluation). ✔ Collecting pre- and post-response qualitative and quantitative data. ✔ Determining whether broad goals and specific objectives were attained. ✔ Identifying any new strategies needed to augment the original plan. Conducting ongoing assessment to ensure continued effectiveness.

APPLICATIONS OF PROBLEM-SOLVING THERAPY • Problem-solving therapy is a form of therapy that provides patients with tools to identify and solve problems that arise from life stressors, both big and small. Its aim is to improve your overall quality of life and reduce the negative impact of psychological and physical illness. • Problem-solving therapy can be used to treat depression, among other conditions.It can be administered by a doctor or mental health professional and may be combined with other treatment approaches.

TECHNIQUES • Problem-solving therapy is based on a model that takes into account the importance of real-life problem-solving. In other words, the key to managing the impact of stressful life events is to know how to address issues as they arise. Problem-solving therapy is very practical in its approach and is only concerned with the present, rather than delving into your past. • This form of therapy can take place one-on-one or in a group format and may happen in-person or online via telehealth. Sessions can be anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours long.

components • There are two major components that make up the problem-solving therapy framework: 1. Applying a positive problem-solving orientation to your life 2. Using problem-solving skills • A positive problem-solving orientation means viewing things in an optimistic light, embracing self-efficacy, and accepting the idea that problems are a normal part of life. Problem-solving skills are behaviors that you can rely on to help you navigate conflict, even during times of stress. This includes skills like:

PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS • Knowing how to identify a problem • Defining the problem in a helpful way • Trying to understand the problem more deeply • Setting goals related to the problem • Generating alternative, creative solutions to the problem • Choosing the best course of action • Implementing the choice you have made • Evaluating the outcome to determine next steps

PROBLEM-SOLVING THERAPY • Problem-solving therapy is all about training you to become adaptive in your life so that you will start to see problems as challenges to be solved instead of insurmountable obstacles. It also means that you will recognize the action that is required to engage in effective problem-solving techniques.

• One problem-solving technique, called planful problem-solving, involves following a series of steps to fix issues in a healthy, constructive way: • Problem definition and formulation: This step involves identifying the real-life problem that needs to be solved and formulating it in a way that allows you to generate potential solutions. • Generation of alternative solutions: This stage involves coming up with various potential solutions to the problem at hand. The goal in this step is to brainstorm options to creatively address the life stressor in ways that you may not have previously considered.

• Decision-making strategies: This stage involves discussing different strategies for making decisions as well as identifying obstacles that may get in the way of solving the problem at hand. • Solution implementation and verification: This stage involves implementing a chosen solution and then verifying whether it was effective in addressing the problem.

OTHER TECHNIQUES • Problem-solving multitasking, which helps you learn to think clearly and solve problems effectively even during times of stress. • Stop, slow down, think, and act (SSTA), which is meant to encourage you to become more emotionally mindful when faced with conflict. • Healthy thinking and imagery, which teaches you how to embrace more positive self-talk while problem-solving.

PROBLEM-SOLVING THERAPY MAY HELP ADDRESS MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES • Anxiety • Chronic stress due to accumulating minor issues • Complications associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) • Depression • Emotional distress • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • Problems associated with a chronic disease like cancer, heart disease, or diabetes • Self-harm and feelings of hopelessness • Substance abuse • Suicidal ideation

BENEFITS OF PROBLEM-SOLVING THERAPY • Being able to identify which stressors trigger your negative emotions (e.g., sadness, anger) • Confidence that you can handle problems that you face • Having a systematic approach on how to deal with life's problems • Having a toolbox of strategies to solve the problems you face • Increased confidence to find creative solutions • Knowing how to identify which barriers will impede your progress • Knowing how to manage emotions when they arise • Reduced avoidance and increased action-taking • The ability to accept life problems that can't be solved • The ability to make effective decisions • The development of patience (realizing that not all problems have a \"quick fix\")

CONCLUSION Thus in conclusion we came to know that a problem is a difficulty or an obstacle existing in a situation. It indicates a perceived gap between what is and what should be. The gap is a problem to the organization. Solving problems effectively requires an understanding of the nature and types of problem. Problems can be classified on the basis of frequency, impact, source and urgency. The success of a manager depends on his or her ability to get the job done. This needs problem solving skills. Problems not handled properly and in time lead to a crisis situation. A crisis situation has serious implications for the organization.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Problem-solving therapy has the model of ___________ at its foundation. a. Stress b. Well-being c. None of these d. Stress and well- being Answer- D Experiential avoidance means ________. a. Efforts to stop thinking b. Feelings, memories c. Bodily sensations and other kinds of internal happenings d. All of these Answer-D

REFERENCES ❑ D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2007). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Co ❑ Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (in press). Problem-solving therapy. In S. Richards & M. G. Perri (Eds.), Relapse prevention for depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ❑ Feldman, R . S. (2008). Essentials of Understanding Psychology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. ❑ Galotti , K.M. (2008). Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory. Canada: Nelson Education.

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